Objetivos Describir los elementos de la prctica epidemiolgicaEnumerar los mtodos para desarrollar una presentacin oralDeterminar las ventajas y desventajas de las presentaciones oralesEnumerar los pasos para elaborar las diapositivas y ayudas audiovisuales que se necesita una presentacin oral

Metodologa PresentacinEstudiar materiales suministradosAplicar lo aprendido en el rea de trabajo

Comunicacin en EpidemiologaUna de las habilidades de un Epidemilogo de Campo es la capacidad de saber comunicarse efectivamente

Las capacidades deben ser en la comunicacin oral y/o escrita

Se privilegia la comunicacin escrita

Elementos de la Prctica EpidemiolgicaVigilanciaInvestigacinComunicacinAccin

Una tpica presentacin cientfica sigue la estructura del IMRADPortada 10-15 segIntroduccin & Anteced 1-2 minutos Mtodos1-2 minutosResultados3-4 minutosAnlisis/ Discusin2-3 minutosAgradecimientos 10-15 segPreguntas y respuestas 5-10 minutos

Cuatro mtodos generales para desarrollar una presentacin oralLeer

Memorizar

Improvisar

Guiarse por notas y breves apuntes

Leer un guin tiene varias ventajas

Muy fcil para expositores de hablar poco fluido

Se seleccionan bien las palabras

Bien organizado (si lo est el guin)

Puede reproducirse o publicarse

Pero, tiene algunas desventajasFalta de espontaneidad y contacto visual

Sugiere falta de dominio y confianza

No puede adaptarse a la audiencia

Los esfuerzos por ser expresivo te pueden perjudicar

Algunas ventajas cuando memorizas tus palabras

La presentacin es bien organizada

Las palabras son cuidadosamente escogidas

Te libera de la lectura

Permite expresarte ms

Cuales son las desventajas de memorizar tu presentacin?

Mucho tiempo para preparar

No se puede adaptar a la audiencia

Falta de espontaneidad Aburrimiento

Riesgo de olvido

Las ventajas de una presentacin improvisada

Espontnea

Permite expresividad

Poco tiempo de preparacin

Fcil de adaptar a la audiencia

Pero, tiene ms desventajasDificultad para terminar a tiempo

Palabras no bien escogidas

Tendencia a olvidar puntos importantes por dedicar tiempo a los no importantes

Puede verse desorganizada

El mejor abordaje es usar palabras claves y notasIndica dominio del tema

Espontaneidad contacto visual expresin

Organizado

Secuencia ayuda a entender

Puede adaptarse a la audiencia

Uso de Palabras claves y notas tiene pocas desventajasRequiere tiempo de preparacin

Uso de Palabras no exactas

Difcil cuando se expone en otro idioma

Ayudas Visuales Folletos Material de apoyo

Gua para Ayudas VisualesUse tablas, cuadros, grficos, mapas, fotos, y diagramasMinimice la cantidad de textoUse palabras claves en vez de frasesLimtese a 1 lnea por ideaLimite los datos en tablas a lo esencialProvea los datos completos en folletos si es necesarioNo utilice tablas complejas

Gua general para preparar diapositivasUse colores con alto contrasteUse lneas gruesas para los datos y delgadas para el marcoNo use rojo para letras, lneas o dibujosUse letras fciles de leerEvite mltiples colores y decoracin Evite poner muchos detalles

Use estilos de letras y colores que permitan una lectura rpidaUse letra tamao de 18 a 32 puntosUse fuentes Sans SerifUse fuentes en negritaEVITE ESCRIBIR TODO EN MAYUSCULASUse colores con alto contrasteLetras oscuras en fondo claro se mira bienLetras claras en fondo oscuro en salones oscurosCambie colores, use itlicas, o sub-rayado para hacer nfasis

TODO EN MAYUSCULA IMPIDE UNA RAPIDA LECTURAUSE LETRAS TAMAO DE 18 a 32 PUNTOSUSE FUENTES SANS SERIFUSE FUENTES EN NEGRITAEVITE SOLO MAYUSCULASUSE COLORES CON ALTO CONTRASTEPRC, TEPHINET son aceptables

Use fuentes san serif ya que se pueden leer ms rpidoArial: Use letras de 18 a 32 puntosTahoma: Use fuentes Sans SerifArial Narrow: Use fuentes en negritaVerdana: EVITE MAYUSCULASEvite fuentes serifGaramond: Use colores con alto contrasteTimes New Roman: Cambie colores, use itlicas, o sub-rayado para hacer nfasis

Use letras de 18 a 32 puntos16 es muy pequea para la mayora de situaciones18 Use fuentes Sans Serif20 Use fuentes en Negrita24 EVITE MAYUSCULAS28 Use colores con alto contrasteLetras oscuras en fondo claro se mira bienLetras claras en fondo oscuro en salones oscuros 32 Cambie colores, use italicas, o sub-rayado para hacer nfasis36 Fuente usualmente innecesaria

Use colores con alto contrasteLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bienLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bien sin poner en negritaEvite fondo todo blanco -- deslumbraLetras claras y lneas en fondo oscuro se ve bien en saln oscuro

Use colores con alto contrasteLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bienLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bien sin poner en negritaEvite fondo todo blanco -- deslumbraLetras claras y lneas en fondo oscuro se ve bien en saln oscuro

Use colores con alto contrasteLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bienLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bien sin poner en negritaEvite fondo todo blanco -- deslumbraLetras claras y lneas en fondo oscuro se ve bien en saln oscuro

Use colores con alto contrasteLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bienLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bien sin poner en negritaEvite fondo todo blanco -- deslumbraLetras claras y lneas en fondo oscuro se ve bien en saln oscuro

Letras claras y lneas en fondo oscuro se ve mejor en saln oscuroLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bienEvite fondos todo blanco -- deslumbraLetras claras y lneas en fondo oscuro se ve bien en saln oscuroPero las letras requieren estar en Negritas

Evite mltiples colores, a menos que haya una razn especialUse letras grandes ( 20 )Evite todo en MAYUSCULASEvite fuentes no usualesUse colores con alto contrasteLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bienLetras claras y lneas en fondo oscuro se ve bien en saln oscuroNo use mltiples colores, decoracin

Fondos con efecto de colores no tienen propsito y slo dificultan su comprensinLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bienLetras oscuras y lneas en fondo claro se mira bien Evite fondo todo blanco -- deslumbraLetras claras y lneas en fondo oscuro se ve bien en saln oscuro

Cmo titular las diapositivasUse un encabezado informativo (mejor)

Use un ttulo formal que oriente e incluya datos

No use : Antecedentes, Mtodos, Resultados, Discusin, etc.

Residencias de 36 casos de dengue,Favela Serviluz, Fortaleza, Brazil, Junio-Julio, 1999*NDireccin del viento*J Heukelbach et.al. Trop Med Internat Health, 6:635-42, 2001Resultados (2)

Residencias de 36 casos de dengue,Favela Serviluz, Fortaleza, Brazil, Junio-Julio, 1999**J Heukelbach et.al. Trop Med Internat Health, 6:635-42, 2001NDireccin del viento

32 de 36 residentes con dengue vivan a favor del viento del primer casoNDireccin del viento*J Heukelbach et.al. Trop Med Internat Health, 6:635-42, 2001

Diseo de grficos, cuadros, mapas, diagramasOptimizar tinta eliminandoDecoracin Marcos 3-dimensiones

Disear grficos que muestren detalles en general

Seguir los principios matemticos de las escalas X, Y

Nuevos casos de Sfilis primaria y secundaria por grupos de edad y sexo Estados Unidos, 1989x x x x x x x

Nuevos casos de Sfilis primaria y secundaria por grupos de edad y sexo Estados Unidos, 1989

Usar imagen si tiene un propsito

Distribuidor

MataderoFincaProductoRuta de la Investigacin

Evite 3 dimensiones, lneas extras y marcos xxxxx

Elimine elementos sin funcin

El grfico anterior puede simplificarse para reflejar el patrn de tendencia EsteOesteNorte

Evite lneas o rtulos en rojo

Lneas y rtulos en rojo son difciles de observar en fondo oscuro

Categora de Peso de 281.630 Estudiantes Condado Los ngeles, 2001Pastel es muy pobre para mostrar datos

Chart18

57.8319

20.6086

18.7203

2.8392

Los Angeles County

Sheet1

EthnicityMaleLower 95CIFemaleLower95CIMaleCIFemaleCI

All0.2370.2360.0010.1740.1730.00123.70.117.40.1

White0.1579580.1554730.0024850.099870.0977790.00209115.79580.24859.9870.2091

Latino0.2896890.2879840.0017050.2137650.2122050.0015628.96890.170521.37650.156

Black0.1839410.1805830.0033580.2029750.1995250.0034518.39410.335820.29750.345

Asian0.1628520.1598240.0030280.0709250.0687170.00220816.28520.30287.09250.2208

Pacific Islander0.2366630.2267470.0099160.1634480.1549450.00850323.66630.991616.34480.8503

American Indian0.2069970.1906080.0163890.1424150.1278470.01456820.69971.638914.24151.4568

cat=At Risk527220.1872030.0003970.1864240.187982

cat=Overweight580400.2060860.0004120.2052780.206894

Normal0.5783190.57733357.831957.73330.0986

Sobrepeso0.2060860.20527820.608620.52780.0808

En riesgo sobrepeso0.1872030.18642418.720318.64240.0779

Bajo peso0.0283920.028062.83922.8060.0332

EthnicityMaleFemale

All23.717.4

White15.79589.987

Latino28.968921.3765

Black18.394120.2975

Asian16.28527.0925

Pacific Islander23.666316.3448

American Indian20.699714.2415

EthnicityAllWhiteLatinoBlackAsianPacific IslanderAmerican Indian

Male23.715.795828.968918.394116.285223.666320.6997

Female17.49.98721.376520.29757.092516.344814.2415

Sheet1

Los Angeles County

Sheet2

Sheet2

23.717.40.10.10.10.1

15.79589.9870.24850.24850.20910.2091

28.968921.37650.17050.17050.1560.156

18.394120.29750.33580.33580.3450.345

16.28527.09250.30280.30280.22080.2208

23.666316.34480.99160.99160.85030.8503

20.699714.24151.63891.63891.45681.4568

Male

Female

Race/Ethnicity

Prevalence (%)

Sheet3

Categora de peso de 281.630 Estudiantes Condado Los Angeles, 2001La tabla muestra los datos ms fcilmentey exactos, que el pastel

Categora de Peso de 281.630 estudiantes, Condado Los ngeles, 2001

40% de los estudiantes tenan ya sea Sobrepeso o en riesgo de sobrepeso

Ponga fotos simples abarcando la pantalla y seale con etiquetasSmbolo ZiaSmbolo ZiaNew MexicoNew Mexico

Sangre Perifrica

Sangre Perifrica

Folletos

Cmo manejar el perodo de Preguntas y respuestasTome un momento para pensarRespuestas cortas y directasUse diapositivas extras pero no exagereSi no lo sabe dgalo Si no lo entiende pida una aclaracinNo se ponga a la defensiva aunque la pregunta sea agresivaEnsaye respuestas para preguntas obvias

Utilice las ventajas de los programas de presentacinImporte Resumen de reporte Grficos, diagramas y mapas completos Tablas CompletasUse pginas de notasEscriba el texto completoFrases claves, palabras importantesInstrucciones para ayudas visuales

El perfil de su reporte de campo puede ser importado directamente a PowerPoint

El grfico original y los datos de Excel pueden ser copiados (copy)

Entonces pegue el grfico de la diapositiva de PowerPoint

Chart1

0.2230.1570349016

0.7580.450036866

0.9280.6411957633

0.930.7659107087

0.9380.8472766185

0.9110.9003609643

p

Predicted Value

Sheet4

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Multiple R0.7985221727

R Square0.6376376603

Adjusted R Square0.5470470754

0.6734060642

6

dfSSMSFSignificance F

13.19186813973.19186813977.03867472410.0568006459

41.81390290920.4534757273

55.0057710489

Coefficientst StatP-valueLower 95%Upper 95% 95.0% 95.0%

Intercept-0.78835475180.5417626473-1.4551663090.219319223-2.29253211750.7158226139-2.29253211750.7158226139

X Variable 1-0.08541486170.0321949677-2.65305007950.0568006459-0.17480260750.003972884-0.17480260750.003972884

RESIDUAL OUTPUT

Y

1-0.95918447520.70686954661.1735923104

2-1.3862587839-0.0325587689-0.0540562555

3-1.8133330926-0.8177560674-1.3576935618

4-2.2404074013-0.4188526357-0.6954072852

5-2.6674817099-0.113139184-0.1878412742

6-3.09455601860.67543710931.1214060664

Sheet4

0

0

0

0

0

0

X Variable 1

X Variable 1 Residual Plot

Sheet1

-0.25231492860

-1.41881755280

-2.631089160

-2.65926003690

-2.78062089390

-2.41911890920

Y

Y

X Variable 1

Y

X Variable 1 Line Fit Plot

Sheet2

Age GroupMiddle PiontpqLN(q)Predicted Valuepq

0-42.000.2230.777-0.25231492860.1570349016000

5-97.000.7580.242-1.41881755280.450036866000

10-1412.000.9280.072-2.631089160.6411957633000

15-1917.000.930.07-2.65926003690.7659107087000

20-2422.000.9380.062-2.78062089390.8472766185000

25-2927.000.9110.089-2.41911890920.9003609643000

000

-0.0854148617

Sheet2

p

Predicted Value

Sheet3

Agregue ttulos, etiquetas, y otras anotacionesAge in YearsPrevalence

Chart1

0.2230.1570349016

0.7580.450036866

0.9280.6411957633

0.930.7659107087

0.9380.8472766185

0.9110.9003609643

p

Predicted Value

Sheet4

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Multiple R0.7985221727

R Square0.6376376603

Adjusted R Square0.5470470754

0.6734060642

6

dfSSMSFSignificance F

13.19186813973.19186813977.03867472410.0568006459

41.81390290920.4534757273

55.0057710489

Coefficientst StatP-valueLower 95%Upper 95% 95.0% 95.0%

Intercept-0.78835475180.5417626473-1.4551663090.219319223-2.29253211750.7158226139-2.29253211750.7158226139

X Variable 1-0.08541486170.0321949677-2.65305007950.0568006459-0.17480260750.003972884-0.17480260750.003972884

RESIDUAL OUTPUT

Y

1-0.95918447520.70686954661.1735923104

2-1.3862587839-0.0325587689-0.0540562555

3-1.8133330926-0.8177560674-1.3576935618

4-2.2404074013-0.4188526357-0.6954072852

5-2.6674817099-0.113139184-0.1878412742

6-3.09455601860.67543710931.1214060664

Sheet4

0

0

0

0

0

0

X Variable 1

X Variable 1 Residual Plot

Sheet1

-0.25231492860

-1.41881755280

-2.631089160

-2.65926003690

-2.78062089390

-2.41911890920

Y

Y

X Variable 1

Y

X Variable 1 Line Fit Plot

Sheet2

Age GroupMiddle PiontpqLN(q)Predicted Valuepq

0-42.000.2230.777-0.25231492860.1570349016000

5-97.000.7580.242-1.41881755280.450036866000

10-1412.000.9280.072-2.631089160.6411957633000

15-1917.000.930.07-2.65926003690.7659107087000

20-2422.000.9380.062-2.78062089390.8472766185000

25-2927.000.9110.089-2.41911890920.9003609643000

000

-0.0854148617

Sheet2

p

Predicted Value

Sheet3

Use pginas de notas para escribir los elementos principales, texto completo, etc.

Reducir y PulirEliminar ideas raras y textoReducir contenido a lo esencialIntegrar y eliminar ayudas visualesRevisar, Editar, y Re-escribirPracticar con colegas Para mejorar la exposicinPara ajustar el tiempoPara prepararse para las preguntas

Pasos de la PresentacinPreliminares Revisar transparencias Familiarizarse con Equipos o aparatos de presentacin El salnComienzo de la presentacinIdentificar tu institucinNombrar a colaboradoresDar el propsito u objetivo

Algunos consejos sobre cmo presentarMire a la Audiencia Hable suave Pronuncie ClaroNo usar palabras de relleno en pausasCuando se refiera a las ayudas visualesMire y apunte si es necesarioIndique la caracterstica o patrnNo de la espalda para leer la diapositivaFjese en el tiempo

Qu sigue?

Aplicar los conceptos tericos en el sitio de trabajo en un problema de salud del rea

Presentar los resultados en el prximo encuentro

Define the subject matterIntroduce yourself

Communication of the results of epidemiology investigations is a critical linkage to action. Without this communication many of our studies will never result in any public health action. One of the methods of communication of results is the oral presentation. Over the following an hour we will review some techniques in now to do a good oral presentation. In doing so we will focus on a special format, the 10-minute presentation at a scientific conference.In general, presentations of epidemiology results at scientific conferences will follow the IMRAD outline. IMRAD stands for introduction in background, methods, results, and discussion. The presentation should require approximately 10 minutes. It is followed by a 5 to 10 minute question and answer period.

Presentations do not absolutely have to follow this format. However, to avoid confusing the audience and leading them astray deviations from this format should be carefully thought-out and practiced. in this presentation I will focus on two major issues: how you actually present the words to the audience, and how you design your visual aids.first we will cover the for general ways that you could use to deliver your oral presentation. You may read it, recite it from memory, improvise, or follow notes and an outline.

Reading from a script has several advantages. For Chinese who are giving a talk in English or another language to a scientific audience, reading has one major advantage. It is the easiest possible way if youre not fluent in the language. However, in giving talks to Chinese in Chinese reading loses this advantage.

Often, specific sentences or phrases must be very carefully constructed to avoid misunderstanding, deviation from accepted protocol, vague or ambiguous meanings, etc. This is often critical in areas such as the recommendations from your report.

A third advantage is that if you have written a well organized script your talk will be well organized too. Because all your words have been carefully chosen and scripted the audience will understand well.

The final advantage is that your talk may be handed out to the audience or published directly. Other scientists conference organizers or potential donors may wish to examine your words carefully. Having a written talk to hand out can be extremely helpful.However, there are some important disadvantages to reading.

It is important that the speaker show a motion, spontaneity, and maintain visual contact with the audience. This is often very difficult when one reads. Indeed it is impossible to look at the audience or your slides and read at the same time.

A second major disadvantage is that reading will indicate too many people that you are not fully familiar with your data or your study. It indicates a lack of command and lack of confidence.

Suppose you arrive at the conference and the organizers have increased or decreased the presentation time. Or, suppose that youre asked to represent your data for special group that is interested in funding additional study. If you have prepared only to read your talk you will not be able to adapt it to the new time limits or to a new audience.

Finally, when one is reading you may attempt to show some expression. Unfortunately, attempts like this from your read the script may appear very awkward.I do not recommend memorizing. In fact it is rare that anybody would do this for any scientific presentation. It has all the advantages of reading and it allows more expressiveness including changing the tone of your voice and maintaining eye contact with the audience throughout the talk.Memorization however has one overriding disadvantage. The preparation time use excessive. Indeed memorizing anything but a few verses to a song is difficult. This difficulty would be compounded even more for a person who is not fluent in the language.

Like reading, it is impossible to adapt a memorized talk to a special audience or unexpected situation. One you memorize your talk you are locked in.

Although reciting a memorized talk may be less boring then reading it directly, memorizing is still more boring than other methods of presentation.

Finally, memorization can provoke a great deal of anxiety in the speaker because if he forgets or loses track of his recital he will be left speechless at the podium.

Some speakers may approach to talk was such an air of confidence that they feel that they can talk about their data without any preparation except developing the visual aids. Actually, there is a place for this in every presentation. It is during the question-and-answer period. Accordingly, this type of presentation actually needs to be anticipated and prepared for but I would only recommend it for the question-and-answer period.

The impromptu presentation is always spontaneous and allows a great deal of expressiveness by the speaker. Indeed, I contact, changes in your voice, gesturing with your arms, and other nonverbal methods of communication may be used extensively. The impromptu presentation frees you to be totally expressive.

Of course there is little time needed for preparation and you may adapt the impromptu presentation to any audience.However, the disadvantages to the impromptu presentation are so great that it might be best reserved for question and answer periods and informal discussions.

Impromptu presentations are very difficult to finish it within the prescribed time limits given at all scientific conferences for each speaker. Indeed, exceeding your loud time is probably the biggest crime that one can commit in giving oral presentations. It is rude to the other speakers, it is rude to the audience will probably want to ask questions and get onto the next speaker, it disrupts the organization of the conference. So does pour into emphasize here that for any scientific presentation you should never exceed your time limit.

A second major disadvantage is that your words are not precisely chosen. Moreover, you will need to construct sentences to express complex scientific ideas, and this can be very difficult if you do not have the time to think about first. Finally, in addition to using the wrong word and the awkward sentence you will find that you insert into your talk many of those unnecessary and distracting space-filler words. In Chinese the most common one is nega. While in English we often use OK or like or simply a uh

Without an organized script the speaker will tend to forget important points, a sometimes include on important points, go off on a tangent of unimportant details, and change the logical order of the talk so that it becomes more difficult to follow. Essentially, these talks can become very disorganized.The best approach to an oral presentation is to use Notes that stress important points. These may be put in their logical order. They may be supplemented with an outline. It is often helpful to include on the outline the Times which one must finish each section.

Because the speaker needs only to glance down occasionally at his outline or Notes cards he is able to stand at the lectern, maintaining eye contact with the audience, and .two important details on his visual aids. In doing so he shows command of his topic in full confidence in his abilities.

This type of preparation also appears to be quite well organized. Indeed, it helps a speaker go into more natural pace that helps the audience understand better. In contrast, presenters often read their scripts to quickly and the audience will not understand as easily.

ItUsing NoteCards or key points and an outline as few disadvantages. It does require more preparation time than simply a writing out to talk. That is because it requires more practice and rehearsal. The second disadvantage is that the wording is not exact. When you are giving some very important information or making a policy statement that must be quoted directly it is probably better that this be written in review ahead of time and read. To avoid this problem using key points in an outline you simply need to write out and read any critical statements which could be quoted and misunderstood.

Here it would be good to give an example of a recent news story where an official stated something and later had to go back and correct himself.

Finally, speaking from key points and visual aids will always be more difficult for nonnative speakers. It will take much more preparation for a Chinese to give this type of presentation in English. However, if you are Chinese and are speaking in Chinese this would be the recommended method of presentation.As a general guide I will say that you should use the visual aids to show your data. These can be shown at Staples charts graphs maps pictures and diagrams. As I said before the slides which have only words on them are often useless and redundant. If you must use slides with only words restrict them to only a heading plus 4 phrases or sentences.

In a short 10 minute presentation you really need to limit the data to the very essential. If you wish you can always provide complete data in a table as a handout if necessary. If you must show a complex table you can break it up into several simple tablesThe most important part about lettering on slides whether they are numbers in the table, titles, labels on the axis of the graph over the dreaded bullet list is that they must be quickly read. Nothing should hinder the ability of any member of the audience to read the slide within a few seconds. I will now repeat this slide to illustrate each point on it.

Do not use all capital letters unless the word itself specifically uses all capital letters. There are other ways to add emphasis that do not interfere with reading the word. The problem with all capital letters is that the reader has learned to recognize words by their shape in addition to the lettering. When a word is written in all capitals the reader must go through the word letter by letter to be able to read it.

In addition to slowing down the reading, all capital letters take up more space on the slide. There are many lettering styles that may be used. For more formal styles there are two general types. Some of them have small feat of the letters called serifs. As a general to rule letters with serifs are very good for small printing in reports, newspapers, and blocks of text.

On the other hand, letters without serifs are much more easily read on large screens, posters, writing boards, etc. Always use these letters called sans serif on your visual aids. Some examples are aerial, Tahoma, aerial narrow, organic.

Unfortunately, the default font for PowerPoint is Times new Roman. Lettering needs to be large enough to be seen from the back of most conference halls. As a general rule 18 point is about the smallest that can be seen. For most situations 32 point font is the largest you will need. However for very large halls was small projection screens you may need to increase the font size. Now heres where I have seen speakers make the worst error. When it happens nothing can save the visual aids. You must use colors that give high contrast. Otherwise, nobody will see any of your talk.

I prefer to use dark flattering on a light background. I do not use a pure white background. I like to put a small amount of color into the background to reduce the glare off the screen.

I have several personal reasons for using this combination none of which are really scientifically proven. My feeling is that the letters to stand out better if they are dark because of scene from a distance where they may be slightly out of focus to the best eyes they are still readable. I also feel that they stand out better even when they are not in bold face font.

I do have a very practical reason. Many times youll want to copy a graph or table from another program or even from a document. These copies will often have black lines and lettering. If you paste them over a dark colored background they are impossible to see. As you will see later I have pasted some black line drawings directly into some of the slides on this talk. They look as if they are just part of the slide itself. If I had a black background I would need to have a white background window in the center of the slide where he could paste the drawing. ItDark lettering on the pure white background tends to produce more glare off of the screen.Here is an example of dark lettering on a dark background. I wonder if any of you can read this slide without difficulty.Similarly, light letter in on a light background is impossible to see.Light letters and lines in dark background tend to work better in dark rooms. Accordingly, this is a very popular choice for oral presentations at scientific conferences.Although changing the color of a single word may help to emphasize that word, using multiple colors for different word only distracts from quick reading.

I want you all to note here that I have been breaking my rule of not using word slides. I have been using them here because I want to show problems with the words and because the reading is not so important.Finally, background affects only get in the way. Do not use them.Before I finish up with using words on your slides I will review the construction of a proper title or headline for the slide. Try to make a title or headline which is informative. The best is to use a headline. This is a sentence that fits at the top right hand quarter of the slide, is right justified, and it gives a statement of what the principal pattern is that you want the reader to understand.

Never use titles such as introductionbackground, methods, etc. to title your slides.This is a slide title that is often seen in presentations. Results (2) adds absolutely nothing to the understanding of this slide.

Notice that by using a light rat ground I have been able to paste a map from a Journal article directly over the slide so that it appears to be part of the presentation itself.A formal title alone is always better than Results (2) plus the formal title. This formal title lets the reader know what, where, and when. With the formal title alone it is patently obvious that these are results even to the audience member who just woke up from a deep sleep.

Alternatively a headline stating the principal pattern or detail in the figure can be more suitable for an oral presentation. Notice that the wind direction and a swath of cases across the slide in the direction of the wind is now shown very clearly.Now, I will go on to the actual body of the slides. As I said before a try to avoid using words like I have done here. If you have done a good job in making your tables graphs charts maps at center from your report you should be able to move them directly into your presentation was little work.

In general, data displays from a report will probably need it most still little simplification.The problem with PowerPoint and other presentation graphics is that they have defaults for tables and graphs and charts which are not suitable to high-quality oral presentations. In general they can do at too much garbage to the slide. This garbage interferes with rapid understanding of the data.

On this particular slide most of the lines in the table serve no purpose. The cartoon on the right is totally useless. This is called clipart and I have rarely found a piece of clipart that I can actually use to illustrate a point. Basically this type of decorations simply gets in the way of understanding the data. AtHere is the same slide with the extraneous lines and clipart removed. Now, the viewer is able to focus directly on the data.Clip art that has a purpose is fine. In this case the clipart allows the viewer to rapidly identified different parts of the trace back investigation without reading. However, a picture of a cow does not really tell me that this that it is a slaughterhouse. ItsThis is the PowerPoint default for a bar chart. It may look attractive artistically but it is a poor instrument for communicating results. Example: since the top of the bars are slanted it is impossible to judge their value unless they fall directly on the back or left axis. It is also difficult to compare the different bars because all the art gets in the way.This is the same graph simplified. No data or data comparisons are lost. There are still several problems>The numbers on the y-axis are far to many to be used by any viewer and most just interfere. It is difficult for the eye to jump between the bars and make the comparisons.One needs to jump beween the graph and the legend to understand what is East North and west.In fact a simple line graph allows the quickest understanding. Note that the legend is not necessary and the y-axis scaling is no longer cluttered.As a general view rule use thick lines to show the data. Lines in red are very difficult to read regardless of the background. Similarly, one should not use red for any lettering.And to further emphasize this example red is terrible on a dark background.Pie charts are generally useless data display instruments. This one uses too much space to show 4 numbers. Research done in the 1930s showed unequivocally that viewers consistently erred in their estimation of quantities and differences from pie charts in comparison to bar charts and tables.In fact without the numbers it is impossible to tell the difference between the 21% at risk for overweight and the 19% overweight. The table allows exact numbers to be shown and to be ordered according to a logical criterion without the words and numbers the pie chart would be useless so why not just show the words and numbers in a table.

A simple bar chart is always better than a pie chart.In this case, a headline accurately summarizes the basic point of this bar chart.Heres an example of a photo that enhances the presentation. It shows the confusion that arose in a case-control study where there was similar labeling of two suspect food items. Expose persons remembered two specific items on the packaging: the New Mexico label and the zia or sun symbol. The packages both have yellow labels, say New Mexico and have a Zia symbol. Therefore, we decided to inspect both facilities. Fortunately the producer of the left-hand package was evicted the month prior to our investigation and had ceased production. We focused on the other producer, the one with previous violations, producer X.

Same idea for PPD vs. TT vials in another EIS presentation.

No photos of your kids or your dog!Try always to put arrows and pointers on your slides rather than trying to use the hand pointer. When using the hand pointer you can do jiggle your hand too much causing a lot of distractions.This slide from one of the case patients is an example of a spirochete seen on a routine Wright stain of peripheral blood. Note the spirochete in the upper central part of the slide.

Use of arrow built into slide instead of using pointer. Can also build it in as a second slide if you dont want to give something away too soon.This is a place-holder slide. At this point one can hand out a data table or a list of instructions as an example of a handout. If time allows you can show them how to speak about the handout.Remember you know more about your own investigation than audience does, so relax!Rehearse the answers to obvious questions Take a moment to think before you answer; the pause seems longer to you than to the audienceGive short, direct answers; resist the temptation to tell them everything you knowDont fumble for extra slides, just answer the question unless its absolutely necessary to show a visualIf you dont know answer, say so and move onIf you dont understand question, ask the questioner to clarify what they meanDont be defensive, even if the question seems hostile; as long as you keep your cool and remain professional, a hostile question or comment reflects poorly only on the questioner not youDont thank the questioner for the question, just answer it.