F. J. VEGA MUÑOZ

COMUNICACIONES

AERONÁUTICAS

- CUARTA EDICIÓN -

2013

Editado por:

© El autor

Reservados todos los derechos

Este libro sólo puede ser empleado para estudio de forma individual y no puede ser

reproducido por ningún medio o sistema de manera parcial o total, sin consentimiento

del autor.

I.S.B.N.: 978-84-935506-3-9

Depósito legal: 84-933720-2-1

Diseño y maquetación: Carlos Esteban Leiva

Editado por: AVA, Actividades Varias Aeronaúticas, S.L.

Pedidos: www.edicionesava.es

Impreso en: CIRSA, Artes gráficas.

Comunicaciones Aeronáuticas pretende ser un

manual adaptado a las normas, procedimientos y

técnicas actuales, que sirva tanto a aquella persona

que desee iniciarse en la fraseología aeronáutica

como al profesional que quiera re f rescar sus

conocimientos adquiridos hace tiempo, con el

objeto de mantenerse al día de los últimos cambios.

Por otra parte, este Manual quiere fomentar el uso

de una fraseología normalizada y estandarizada,

que evite los problemas de comunicaciones y

malentendidos entre pilotos y controladores, que en

un momento puntual podrían ser un factor causal o

contribuyente en una fatalidad.

Por todo ello, se ha asumido, como un re t o

ineludible, la publicación de este nuevo texto, que

está totalmente actualizado con los programas de

todas las titulaciones y habilitaciones exigidas a los

pilotos y controladores aéreos.

Quisiera agradecer la paciencia y cariño demostrado

durante todos estos años por mis alumnos.

Madrid, febrero de 2013

COMUNICACIONES AERONÁUTICAS

Prólogo

Capítulo 1

Alfabeto aeronáutico

1. PRONUNCIACIÓN ···································································································· 1.1

2. USO Y CASUÍSTICA PARA LA OMISIÓN ································································ 1.2

Capítulo 2

Código morse ··················································································································· 2.1

Capítulo 3

Abreviaturas ····················································································································· 3.1

Capítulo 4

Definiciones ······················································································································ 4.1

Capítulo 5

Transmisión de números, horas y frecuencias

1. PRONUNCIACIÓN ···································································································· 5.1

2. UTILIZACIÓN DE CIENTOS Y MILES ····································································· 5.1

3. HORA UTC ··············································································································· 5.3

4. PROCEDIMIENTO DE TRANSMISIÓN DE HORAS Y MINUTOS ··························· 5.3

5. FRECUENCIAS: USO DE LA COMA EN ESPAÑOL Y DECIMAL EN INGLÉS ······· 5.4

6. SEPARACIÓN DE 25 Khz ························································································· 5.5

7. SEPARACIÓN DE 8,33 Khz ······················································································ 5.5

COMUNICACIONES AERONÁUTICAS i

Índice

Capítulo 8

Mensajes de los servicios de tránsito aéreo

1. MENSAJES DEL SERVICIO FIJO AERONÁUTICO ················································· 8.1

1.1. INDICADOR DE PRIORIDAD DE LOS MENSAJES ··············································· 8.1

1.2. DIVISIÓN DE LOS MENSAJES DEL AFS ····························································· 8.1

1.2.1. MENSAJES DE EMERGENCIA ······································································ 8.1

1.2.2. MENSAJES DE MOVIMIENTO Y CONTROL ·················································· 8.2

1.2.3. MENSAJES DE INFORMACIÓN DE VUELO ·················································· 8.5

1.3. AFTN Y OTROS MENSAJES NO ACORDES CON LOS CÁNONES

PREESTABLECIDOS ···························································································· 8.6

2. MENSAJES DEL SERVICIO MÓVIL AERONÁUTICO ·············································· 8.6

2.1. MENSAJES, LLAMADAS Y TRÁNSITOS DE SOCORRO ····································· 8.7

2.1.1. SEÑAL IDENTIFICATIVA ················································································ 8.7

2.1.2. DEFINICIÓN DE LA CONDICIÓN DE PELIGRO ············································· 8.7

2.1.3. COOPERACIÓN ENTRE AERONAVES Y ESTACIONES AERONÁUTICAS,

EN EL SUPUESTO DE NO ACUSAR RECIBO ··············································· 8.8

2.1.4. FRECUENCIA DE EJECUCIÓN ······································································ 8.8

2.1.5. CONTENIDO DE LOS MENSAJES DE SOCORRO ········································ 8.9

2.1.6. IMPOSICIÓN DE SILENCIO ··········································································· 8.9

2.1.7. TERMINACIÓN DE LAS COMUNICACIONES DE SOCORRO E

IMPOSICIÓN DE SILENCIO ··········································································· 8.9

2.1.8. ESPECIFICACIÓN DE LOS CÓDIGOS UTILIZADOS

POR LAS AERONAVES ··············································································· 8.10

2.2. MENSAJES Y TRÁNSITOS DE URGENCIA ······················································· 8.10

2.2.1. SEÑAL IDENTIFICATIVA ·············································································· 8.10

2.2.2. DEFINICIÓN DE LA CONDICIÓN DE URGENCIA ········································ 8.10

2.2.3. COOPERACIÓN ENTRE AERONAVES Y ESTACIONES AERONÁUTICAS,

EN EL SUPUESTO DE NO ACUSAR RECIBO ············································· 8.10

2.2.4. FRECUENCIA DE EJECUCIÓN ·································································· 8.11

2.2.5. CONTENIDO DE LOS MENSAJES DE URGENCIA ······································ 8.11

2.2.6. ESPECIFICACIÓN DE LOS CÓDIGOS UTILIZADOS

POR LAS AERONAVES ··············································································· 8.12

2.2.7. DEFINICIÓN DE TRANSPORTE SANITARIO Y SEÑAL IDENTIFICATIVA ······ 8.12

2.2.8. CONTENIDO DE LOS MENSAJES DE TRANSPORTE SANITARIO ·············· 8.12

2.3. COMUNICACIONES RELATIVAS A LA RADIOGONIOMETRÍA ···························· 8.12

2.3.1. USO DE LOS CÓDIGOS Q ·········································································· 8.12

2.3.2. SOLICITUD DE RUMBOS O MARCACIONES ············································· 8.13

2.3.3. PRECISIÓN Y ALCANCE ············································································· 8.14

2.4. MENSAJES RELATIVOS A LA SEGURIDAD DE LOS VUELOS ·························· 8.14

2.5. MENSAJES METEOROLÓGICOS ······································································ 8.14

2.6. MENSAJES RELATIVOS A LA REGULARIDAD DE LOS VUELOS ······················ 8.14

3. COMPOSICIÓN DE LOS MENSAJES DEL AMS ·················································· 8.15

3.1. COMUNICACIONES SUBSIGUIENTES ······························································ 8.15

COMUNICACIONES AERONÁUTICAS iiiCOMUNICACIONES AERONÁUTICAS

Capítulo 6

Comunicaciones

1. NOMENCLATURA DE FRECUENCIAS ···································································· 6.1

2. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA UTILIZACIÓN DE BANDAS DE FRECUENCIAS ················ 6.1

2.1. BAJA FRECUENCIA (LF) ······················································································ 6.1

2.2. MEDIA FRECUENCIA (MF) ··················································································· 6.2

2.3. ALTA FRECUENCIA (HF) ······················································································ 6.2

2.4. MUY ALTA FRECUENCIA (VHF) ··········································································· 6.2

2.5. ULTRA ALTA FRECUENCIA (UHF) ········································································ 6.2

3. VENTAJAS E INCONVENIENTES ············································································ 6.2

3.1. VHF ····················································································································· 6.3

3.2. UHF ····················································································································· 6.3

3.3. HF ······················································································································· 6.4

4. COMUNICACIONES POR ENLACE DE DATOS CONTROLADOR PILOTO ··········· 6.4

4.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ·································································································· 6.4

4.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS ···························································································· 6.4

Capítulo 7

Servicios de comunicaciones aeronáuticas

1. SERVICIO FIJO AERONÁUTICO (AFS) ·································································· 7.1

2. SERVICIO MÓVIL AERONÁUTICO (AMS) ······························································· 7.2

3. SERVICIO DE RADIONAVEGACIÓN AERONÁUTICO ············································· 7.2

4. SERVICIO DE RADIODIFUSIÓN AERONÁUTICO ··················································· 7.2

ii

Capítulo 14

Fraseología aeronáutica VFR

1. PROCEDIMIENTO DE SOLICITUD DE PUESTA EN MARCHA ···························· 14.1

2. PROCEDIMIENTO DE PUESTA EN MARCHA ······················································ 14.2

3. SOLICITUD DE DATOS DEL AERÓDROMO PARA LA SALIDA ··························· 14.2

4. SOLICITUD DE VERIFICACIÓN DE LA HORA ······················································ 14.2

5. INSTRUCCIONES DE RODAJE ············································································· 14.2

6. INSTRUCCIONES PARA CRUZAR LA PISTA ······················································· 14.4

7. ESPERA ·················································································································· 14.5

8. INFORMACIÓN RELATIVA AL AERÓDROMO ······················································· 14.5

9. CONDICIONES METEOROLÓGICAS ···································································· 14.7

10. PREPARACIÓN PARA LA SALIDA ······································································ 14.8

11. INSTRUCCIONES PARA LA TRANSFERENCIA DE CONTROL Y/O

CAMBIO DE FRECUENCIA ················································································ 14.10

12. INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PRESENCIA DE AVES ··············································· 14.11

13. AUTORIZACIÓN PARA DESPEGAR ·································································· 14.11

14. INSTRUCCIONES POSTERIORES AL DESPEGUE ·········································· 14.13

15. PROCEDIMIENTO PARA EL CAMBIO DE DISTINTIVO DE LLAMADA ··········· 14.14

16. INSTRUCCIONES PARA LA ESPERA ······························································· 14.14

17. ENTRADA EN EL CIRCUITO DE TRÁNSITO DE UN AERÓDROMO ··············· 14.15

18. INSTRUCCIONES EN EL CIRCUITO DE TRÁNSITO ········································ 14.16

19. INSTRUCCIONES PARA LA APROXIMACIÓN AL AERÓDROMO ··················· 14.16

20. INSTRUCCIONES DE DEMORA PARA LAS AERONAVES ······························· 14.17

21. INFORMACIÓN SOBRE EL TRÁNSITO ······························································14.17

22. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA AERONAVE ································································ 14.19

23. INFORMACIÓN A LAS AERONAVES SOBRE EL TREN DE ATERRIZAJE ······ 14.19

24. CONFIRMACIÓN POR MEDIOS VISUALES ······················································ 14.19

25. APROXIMACIÓN FRUSTRADA ········································································· 14.19

26. INFORMACIÓN SOBRE LA ESTELA TURBULENTA Y CHORRO

DEL REACTOR ··································································································· 14.20

27. INSTRUCCIONES PARA ATERRIZAR ······························································· 14.20

28. INSTRUCCIONES PARA REALIZAR UNA APROXIMACIÓN BAJA ················· 14.21

29. INSTRUCCIONES PARA REALIZAR UNA TOMA Y DESPEGUE ····················· 14.21

30. INSTRUCCIONES PARA REALIZAR UNA PASADA BAJA ······························· 14.21

31. INSTRUCCIONES PARA REALIZAR UNA PARADA Y DESPEGUE ················· 14.21

32. INSTRUCCIONES DESPUÉS DEL ATERRIZAJE ·············································· 14.22

33. OPERACIONES RELATIVAS A LOS HELICÓPTEROS ······································ 14.23

COMUNICACIONES AERONÁUTICAS vCOMUNICACIONES AERONÁUTICAS

Capítulo 9

Distintivos de llamada radiotelefónicos

1. DE LAS ESTACIONES AERONÁUTICAS. POSIBILIDAD DE OMISIÓN ················· 9.1

2. DE LAS ESTACIONES DE AERONAVES. COMPLETOS Y ABREVIADOS ············· 9.2

Capítulo 10

Técnicas de transmisión ······························································································· 10.1

Capítulo 11

Significado de las palabras y frases normalizadas ···················································· 11.1

Capítulo 12

Procedimiento radiotelefónico

1. CAMBIO DE DISTINTIVO DE LLAMADA ······························································· 12.1

2. COMUNICACIONES A LAS AERONAVES EN FASES CRÍTICAS ··························12.1

3. INDICACIÓN DE FRECUENCIA DE TRANSMISIÓN ············································· 12.2

4. CAMBIO DE VUELO IFR A VFR ············································································ 12.2

5. COMUNICACIONES INTERPILOTO ······································································ 12.2

6. PROCEDIMIENTO DE PRUEBA ············································································ 12.3

6.1. ESCALA DE LEGIBILIDAD Y SU SIGNIFICADO ················································· 12.3

6.2. PROCEDIMIENTO A SEGUIR ············································································ 12.3

7. ACUSE DE RECIBO ······························································································· 12.4

8. COLACIÓN ············································································································· 12.4

9. CORRECCIONES Y REPETICIONES ····································································· 12.6

9.1. CORRECCIONES TOTALES Y PARCIALES ······················································· 12.6

9.2. REPETICIONES TOTALES Y PARCIALES ·························································· 12.6

Capítulo 13

Fallo de comunicaciones radio

1. FALLO DE COMUNICACIONES RADIO POR PARTE DE LAS AERONAVES ······ 13.1

1.1. PROCEDIMIENTO DE FALLO DE COMUNICACIONES ······································ 13.2

2. FALLO DE COMUNICACIONES RADIO POR PARTE DE LAS ESTACIONES

AERONÁUTICAS ···································································································· 13.4

iv

36. PETICIÓN AL PILOTO DE QUE CONFIRME EL MODO Y CÓDIGO

SELECCIONADOS EN SU TRANSPONDEDOR ················································ 15.24

37. SOLICITUD DE ACTIVACIÓN DEL DISPOSITIVO DE IDENTIFICACIÓN ········· 15.24

38. SOLICITUD DE LA SUSPENSIÓN TEMPORAL DEL TRANSPONDEDOR ······· 15.24

39. SOLICITUD DE RESPUESTA EN EMERGENCIA ·············································· 15.24

40. SOLICITUD DE TERMINACIÓN DEL TRANSPONDEDOR O DEL

TRANSMISOR ADS-B ························································································ 15.24

41. SOLICITUD DE LA TRANSMISIÓN DE LA ALTITUD DE PRESIÓN ················· 15.25

42. SOLICITUD DE LA COMPROBACIÓN DEL REGLAJE DE ALTÍMETRO Y

LA CONFIRMACIÓN DEL NIVEL ······································································· 15.25

43. SOLICITUD DE QUE SE INTERRUMPA LA TRANSMISIÓN RELATIVA A LA

ALTITUD DE PRESIÓN DEBIDO A FUNCIONAMIENTO DEFECTUOSO ········· 15.25

44. SOLICITUD DE VERIFICACIÓN DE ALTITUD ··················································· 15.25

45. SUMINISTRO DEL SERVICIO RADAR DE VIGILANCIA ··································· 15.25

46. MANIOBRAS DURANTE APROXIMACIONES PARALELAS INDEPENDIENTES

Y DEPENDIENTES ····························································································· 15.26

47. INFORMACIÓN DEL AZIMUT MEDIANTE EL RADAR DE VIGILANCIA ·········· 15.27

48. COMUNICACIONES ··························································································· 15.27

49. INFORMACIÓN DE ELEVACIÓN MEDIANTE EL RADAR DE VIGILANCIA ······ 15.28

50. INFORMACIÓN DE LA POSICIÓN ···································································· 15.28

51. TERMINACIÓN DE LA APROXIMACIÓN ·························································· 15.29

52. OPERACIONES RVSM EN EL ESPACIO AÉREO EUR RVSM ·························· 15.29

53. ESPACIADO 8,33 Khz ························································································ 15.30

54. DEGRADACIÓN DE LA PERFORMANCE DE NAVEGACIÓN DE LA ARONAV E · 15.30

55. INSTRUCCIONES RELATIVAS AL VUELO POR UNA DERROTA

(DESPLAZADA) PARALELA A LA RUTA AUTORIZADA ··································· 15.31

56. FALTA DE CPDLC ······························································································ 15.31

57. DEGRADACIÓN ADS ························································································· 15.31

58. FRASEOLOGÍA DE ALERTA ·············································································· 15.32

59. OPERACIONES RNAV ························································································ 15.32

60. ESTADO DE FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL GNSS ··················································· 15.33

Capítulo 16

Servicio automático de información terminal ( AT I S )

1. TIPOS DE ATIS ······································································································· 16.1

2. ATIS - VOZ ·············································································································· 16.1

2.1. USO DEL MISMO ······························································································ 16.1

2.2. FRECUENCIAS DISPONIBLES ·········································································· 16.2

2.3. FRASEOLOGÍA ·································································································· 16.3

3. ATIS - ENLACE DE DATOS ··················································································· 16.3

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Capítulo 15

Fraseología aeronáutica IFR

1. PROCEDIMIENTO DE RETROCESO REMOLCADO ············································· 15.1

2. PROCEDIMIENTO DE REMOLQUE ······································································ 15.2

3. TRANSMISIÓN DE SLOTS ···················································································· 15.2

4. CAMBIO DE NIVEL, NOTIFICACIONES Y RÉGIMEN DE VARIACIÓN

DE ALTITUD ··········································································································· 15.4

5. INDICACIÓN DE NIVELES ····················································································· 15.7

6. NOTIFICACIÓN DE POSICIÓN ·············································································· 15.8

7. OTRAS INFORMACIONES ····················································································· 15.8

8. ESTADO DE FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LAS AYUDAS ············································· 15.9

9. INSTRUCCIONES PARA CAMBIAR LAS REGLAS DE VUELO ···························· 15.9

10. VACIADO RÁPIDO DE COMBUSTIBLE ······························································ 15.9

11. DESCENSO DE EMERGENCIA ········································································· 15.10

12. CONCESIÓN DE UNA AUTORIZACIÓN ···························································· 15.10

13. CAMBIO DE LAS AUTORIZACIONES ······························································· 15.12

14. INDICACIÓN DE LA RUTA Y DEL LÍMITE DE LA AUTORIZACIÓN ················· 15.12

15. MANTENIMIENTO DE NIVELES ESPECIFICADOS ·········································· 15.13

16. ESPECIFICACIÓN DE LOS NIVELES DE CRUCERO ······································· 15.13

17. INSTRUCCIONES SOBRE SEPARACIÓN ························································· 15.14

18. ABSORCIÓN EN RUTA DEL RETRASO ···························································· 15.14

19. INSTRUCCIONES PARA LA SALIDA ··································································15.14

20. HORA PREVISTA DE APROXIMACIÓN (EAT) ··················································· 15.15

21. INSTRUCCIONES PARA LA APROXIMACIÓN ·················································· 15.15

22. ESTIMADAS Y REVISIONES ·············································································· 15.17

23. TRANSFERENCIA DE CONTROL ······································································ 15.18

24. SOLICITUD DE APROBACIÓN ·········································································· 15.18

25. TRANSFERENCIA DE LLEGADA ······································································· 15.19

26. TRANSFERENCIA DE RADAR ··········································································· 15.19

27. CONCESIÓN DE AUTORIZACIÓN ···································································· 15.19

28. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE AERONAVES MEDIANTE RADAR ·································· 15.19

29. PRESTACIÓN DEL SERVICIO RADAR ······························································ 15.20

30. INSTRUCCIONES PARA GUÍA VECTORIAL ····················································· 15.21

31. EXPLICACIÓN SOBRE DETERMINADAS MANIOBRAS ·································· 15.22

32. AJUSTES, INCREMENTOS, DESCENSOS Y NOTIFICACIONES DE

VELOCIDAD ······································································································· 15.22

33. SOLICITUD SOBRE CAPACIDAD DEL EQUIPO SSR Y DE ADS-B ················· 15.23

34. INSTRUCCIONES SOBRE EL TRANSPONDEDOR (CÓDIGO Y MODO)

QUE DEBE SELECCIONAR ················································································ 15.23

35. SOLICITUD AL PILOTO DE QUE VUELVA A SELECCIONAR EL MODO

Y CÓDIGO ASIGNADO ······················································································· 15.24

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COMUNICACIONES AERONÁUTICAS

Capítulo 17

Dispositivo de llamada selectiva (SELCAL)

1. UTILIZACIÓN ·········································································································· 17.1

2. VERIFICACIÓN PREVIA AL VUELO ······································································· 17.1

3. PROCEDIMIENTO EN RUTA ·················································································· 17.1

4. FRASEOLOGÍA ······································································································· 17.2

Capítulo 18

Informes de posición

1. CLASIFICACIÓN ····································································································· 18.1

1.1. PUNTOS DE NOTIFICACIÓN OBLIGATORIOS ·················································· 18.1

1.2. PUNTOS DE NOTIFICACIÓN ADICIONALES ····················································· 18.1

2. CONTENIDO ··········································································································· 18.1

3. FRASEOLOGÍA ······································································································· 18.2

4. EXPRESIÓN DE LA POSICIÓN VERTICAL DE LAS AERONAVES ······················· 18.2

5. DETERMINACIÓN DEL NIVEL DE TRANSICIÓN ·················································· 18.3

6. SUMINISTRO DE INFORMACIÓN DE REGLAJE DE ALTÍMETRO ······················ 18.3

Capítulo 19

Uso de los términos "HEAVY" y "SUPER" ·································································· 19.1

Capítulo 20

Términos meteorológicos

1. DIRECCIÓN Y VELOCIDAD DEL VIENTO ····························································· 20.1

2. VISIBILIDAD. CANTIDAD Y TIPOS DE NUBES ···················································· 20.1

3. TEMPERATURA Y PUNTO DE ROCÍO ·································································· 20.2

4. QNH Y QFE ············································································································ 20.2

5. ALCANCE VISUAL EN PISTA (RVR) ······································································ 20.2

6. EFICACIA DE FRENADO ······················································································· 20.2

7. AERONOTIFICACIONES (AIREP) ·········································································· 20.3

7.1. CLASIFICACIÓN ································································································ 20.3

7.2. PREPARACIÓN ·································································································· 20.3

7.3. TRANSMISIÓN ·································································································· 20.4

7.4. CONTENIDO ······································································································ 20.4

8. SIGMET ·················································································································· 20.6

9. AIRMET ·················································································································· 20.8

10. UNIDADES DE MEDIDA ······················································································ 20.9

Capítulo 21

Vocabulario aeronáutico ······························································································· 21.1

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