CONCEPT OF SHODHAN

CONCEPT OF SHODHANशोधन

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शोधन= शदु्धी करणे= To Purify

= To Clarify

= To Distill

= To Filter www.bpharmanotes.com

उद्धीष्टेरौषध:े साध्द क्रियते पेषणाददकम ्|मलविच्छित्तये यत्तशुोधनं तददहोछयते |

रसतरंगिणी २/५२ननददष्टेरौषधे: साध्द पेषणम ्स्िेदानाददकम ् |दषु्टमं दोषविनाशाय शोधनं पररकीत्तीतम ||

रसममत्रा

कोणत्याही धातु आदि द्रव्य च ेमल ( िोष, विष ) िरू करण्यासाठी औषधा सोबत मिदन, शालन, ननिादपण ई. कमद करणे म्हणजे शोधन.

व्याख्या


Shodhan means PURIFICATION

It is a process of separation by which physical and chemical impurities get separated from the substance by treatment with various drugs.

It is a process of removal of impurities from substances by means of pharmaceutical processing of Swedan, Mardan etc. with particular drugs.


Shodhan is a process of purification and detoxification by which physical and chemical blemishes and toxic materials are eliminated and substances are subjected for further processing.

Modified Definition


Elimination of physical and chemical impurities, which are not desired.

Eradication or minimization of toxicity of material.

Transformation of hard and non homogenous materials to soft, brittle, ductile and homogenous material

For therapeutic efficacy of drug.

Conversion of the material in suitable form for further processing.

Objectives


Procedures

अभिषके (SPRINKLING)

The material is heated strongly and the liquid media is sprinkled over it without removing from fire.

Eg. Mandoor shodhan.

आचषूण (ABSORPTION)

The oily content of certain toxic material is minimized through different absorption means.

Eg. Bhallatak shodhan.


आताप (drying)

The material is kept on fire or exposed to sunrays till its dryness.

Eg. मशलाजतु शोधन

िजदन (frying or roasting)

The material is fried with specific liquid media on mandangi(mild heat)

Eg. िैरीक शोधन


िािना (levigation)

The material is triturated with prescribed liquid media for specific time period.

Eg. दहिंुळ शोधन

ढालन(melting and quenching)

At first material is melted by intense heat and then poured into a liquid media.

Eg. Nag shodhan


गालन (melting and straining ) The solid material is melted first by heating and then

filtered through a cloth.

Eg. Gandhak shodhan

मिदन (trituration)The material is ground properly with prescribed drug

for specific period.

Eg. Parad shodhan.


ननमज्जन (dipping)

The material is kept immersed in the prescribed liquid for specific period.

Eg. ित्सनाभ शोधन

ननज्रलीकरण (evaporation of water )

Whole water content of the material is evaporated by heating.

Eg. स्फटीक शोधन

ननिादप (heating and quenching )

The red hot material is dipped into prescribed liquid.

Eg. लोह शोधन www.bpharmanotes.com

पररश्रािण (straining)

The solid material is dissolved in suitable liquid media and separated from insoluble impurities through straining.

Eg. निसािर शोधन

पातन (sublimation)

Through Patan yantra the material is heated to convert into vapour form which the material is regained again by condensing.

Eg. िोदच्तत शोधन

पथृकीकरण (separation)

Physical impurities are removed.

Eg. िुग्िुळ शोधन


स्िेिन ( boiling under liquid bath )

The material is boiled in prescribed media through DOLA YANTRA .

Eg. शंख शोधन

विलायन (elutriation)

The material is firstly dissolved in prescribed liquid media and left as such for sometime. Then the upper part of the liquid containing the soluble drug material is decanted into another pot leaving behind the impurities in the bottom of the first pot.

Eg. सस्यक शोधनwww.bpharmanotes.com

प्रकार

सामातय विशषेतलेे तिे ििा मुत्रे

ह्यारनाले कुलाथजे|िमातनीषेचयेत तप्तं द्रािे द्रािे

तु सप्तधा||सुिणााददलोहपतनाणं शुद्धीरेष

प्रशस्यत े|

लोह धातु च ेविशेष शोधन त्रत्रफळा

क्िथात


Samanya shodhan

It is genrally appiled for drugs which are come into one category like Maharasa, Uparasa, Ratna and Dhatu.

The drug of group having some similar types of impurities. So that with the help of samanyashodhan general impurities can be removed.

Vishesh shodhan

It is specifically applied for the drugs which contain high concentrated chemicals.

Each drug of the group may have different types of impurities Which are vary from substances to substances & are removed by Visheshshodhan.


Basic elements PropertiesExample

Akash Vivardhan- Increase in volume KankshiVayu Ruksha- Increase roughness ShankhaAgni Teja-luster KapardikaAap Ksara-Ksariyata RasonPrithvi Gandha -change in intensity of smell Hingu

REF IMRJ


Changes during shodhan process

Physical changes

1. Reduction in hardness.

2. Elimination of impurities

3. Increase in brittleness

4. Reduction in particle size.

Chemical changes

1. Elimination of impurities

2. Formation of chemical

compounds.

3.Change in desired

compound.

Biological changes

1.To potentiate its biological

efficacy.

2. Helps in absorption in

body.


To make the metal suitable for मारण To remove physical and chemical impurities

To make the metal free from toxicity

For easy absorption in body.

अग्ननसंस्कारा मळेु लघ ुगुणाने यकु्त होते ि शरीरसात्म्य बनते.

Purpose


Purified Drug

Khalva

Ground with Juice of Specified Plants

Small Cakes are made & Dried under fire

Placed in Single Layer in MuD Tray

Closed with another tray (Smeared Cloth)

Pit is dug

Step-II Marana Process


Pit : Half Filled with dried cow dung

Pit is covered with cow dung cakes

Fire is ignited from all sides

Contents are allowed to cool

Contents are finely powderedwww.bpharmanotes.com

Mulika Marita Bhasma

Marita Bhasma/ Parada Marita Bhasma

Amritikarana Process;

Treating with Triphala decoction, Cow Ghrita etc.


A small pit is dig first according to the size of the pot




A double layered cotton cloth is tied at the mouth of pot

and is fastened at neck.




Whole apparatus is transferred to the pit in such a way that the sarava is exposed.



TRADITION TO TRADE-ITION

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KHALVA YANTRA – MECHANISED

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PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION

6/5/202032


HEATING DEVICES

6/5/202033


PILL MAKING

6/5/202034


INCENERATION METHODS

6/5/202035

Electric heat does not differ significantly from the heat produced by cow dung.


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Ayurvedic Specifications for Bhasmas

1 Niscandrika- Lusterless

2 Rekhapurita-Fineness test

3 Varitara-Floating test

4 Nirdhoom-Smokeless on heating

5 Nisvadu-Tasteless

6 Apunarbhava– Irreversible

7 Loss of metalic statewww.bpharmanotes.com

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Examination of Bhasmas–Ayurvedic parameters

-VARITARA


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Examination of Bhasmas–Ayurvedic parameters

REKHAPURITATRIVANGA BHASMA


Fineness

Det. Of Ash: (Acid Insoluble & Water)

LOD

Qualitative Reaction/ Assay

E.g. Gold, Copper, Lead

Q.C./ Evaluation


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METHODS FOR STANDARDISATION

A) PHYSICAL METHODS

B) CHEMICAL METHODS

C) BIOLOGICAL METHODS


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PHYSICAL METHODS

1) XRD-X-ray diffraction

2) SEM-Scanning Electron Microscopy

3) BET-surface area measurement

4) TEM-Transmission Electron Microscopy

5) AFM-Atomic Force Microscopy


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CHEMICAL METHODS

1) EDX-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis

2) XPS-X-ray Photoelectron Microscopy

3) IR-Infrared Spectroscopy

4) AAS –Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy


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BIOLOGICAL METHODS

1) Effect on body weight

2) Toxicological study

3) Histopathological study


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STANDARDISATION OF SWARNBHASMA


PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

TLC,

HPTLC,

SEM, TEM,

XRD, XRF,

AAS, and FTIR.

6/5/202045

These instruments allow better

understanding of materials at

different levels of observation


Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis and characterization

TLC, HPTLC

AAS

6/5/202046

for the determination of element

XRD methodcrystalline substance and

its amount present

XRF methodcomposition of solid material


Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis and characterization

scanning electron

microscopy-

energy

dispersive X-ray

(SEM-EDX)

6/5/202047

• determination of copper, • phototropic orgms ,

• to see nanoparticles and • typical heterogeneity of

size reduction

intermediary and end product inductively

coupled plasma-atomic emission

spectroscopy(ICP-AES)

Multi element analysis


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A) PHYSICAL METHODS

1) TEM-Transmission Electron MicroscopyAvg. particle size – 57nm


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2) AFM-Atomic Force microscopy

Globular naturewww.bpharmanotes.com

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3) XRD- X-ray Diffraction X-ray diffractometerpeaks at-38.2°,44.2°,64.6°,77.6°No other differaction peaks


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B) CHEMICAL METHODS

1) AAS-Atomic Absoption Spectroscopy-to determine the major & minor element-no mercury;better potential acceptability


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2) IR-Infrared Spectroscopy-applied to determine the presence of organic subs.

-no organic coumpounds-absence of any external organic contamination


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C) BIOLOGICAL METHODS

1) Effect on body weight

-treated animals showed

significant increase in body weight

when compared with control group


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2) Toxicological study


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3) Histopathological study

-no changes observed in histology &

anatomy of liver & kidney


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STANDARDISATION OF

TAMRA BHASMA


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A) PHYSICAL METHODS1) XRD-X ray diffraction

peaks at -35.7°,38.9°.58.5°drug is present as a crystalline form


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XRD CONTINUE…..

Crystallite size

-for drug tamra bhasma under study

32.2nm

-for the standard cupric oxide 23.6nm


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2) SEM- Scanning Electron Microscopy(a) Showed well defined plate like structure

avg.particle size-1µm(b) spongy,compact microcrystlline aggregates

avg particle size 8-10µm


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3) BET-Surface Area Measurement

specific surface area of the particle-for the drug sample- 0.769m²/g-for the std. cupric oxide -2.895m²/g


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B) CHEMICAL METHOD1) EDX-Energy Dispersive X ray AnalysisDetermination of elements present in sample


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2) IR-Infrared Specroscopy

Far IR Spectrum- doblet at 163.62 & 148.17cm¹confirms the presence of (CuO)


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Mid IR Spectrum-peaks at 468-488 cm¹ & -peaks at 1140-1100 cm¹


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Sr..No Type of Test Purpose

1 EDX-SEM Chemical nature, size and morphology of particles

2 TEM

AFM

Particle size, size distribution

3 XRD Phase analysis4 XRF Bulk chemical analysis after making pellets

5 Single crystal XRD To confirm exact molecular structure of crystalline

intermediates or products

6 Extraction &

Chromatography

To extract out organic matter if any

7 HPLC, NMR, IR, Characterization of organic matter (if>20%wt/wt)

8 BET Surface Area Measurement

Measurement of the specific surface area of the particle

9 XPS Information about surface state of the drug

10 Wet inorganic analysis,

or Ion chromatography

Anion and cation analysis


Suvarnaprashan( (Child)

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child to be smarter than others?

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Effect on Skin Tone

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After Regular Suvarnaprashan

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If yes, then Suvarnaprashan is the ONLY solution!


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रसतरंगिणी रस रत्न समुछचय रसममत्रा Ayurved minerals by P.H. Kulkarni

Alchemy and metallic medicines in Ayurveda by Vaidya Bhagwan Dash

Ayurvedic Formulary of India

Referances


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CONCEPT OF SHODHAN