How did states come to be

ORIGIN OF STATES DIVINE RIGHT THEORY

State is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people

NECESSITY or FORCE THEORY

State must have been created through force by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak

PATERNALISTIC THEORYAttributes to the enlargement of family which remained under the authority of the father or mother

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

States must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their common good

STATE vs. NATION

political concept not subject to external control maybe composed of more than one nation, a nation maybe composed of several state

ethnic concept group of people bound together by certain characteristics synonymous to people may or may not be independent from external control

STATE vs. GOVERNMENT

cannot exist without the government remains with the presence of the 4 elements

can exist without the state may change its form

Both are usually regarded as identical Acts of the government (within the limits of the delegation of powers) are

the acts of the state The government being the agent; State being the principal

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT1) According to the number of persons exercising sovereign powers

MONARCHY supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single personwithout regard to the source of his election or nature or duration of his/her tenure

ABSOLUTE – ruler rules by divine right.- mostly referred to as Autocratic/

Tyrannical LIMITED MONARCHY – ruler rules in accordance with a

constitutionARISTOCRACY political power is exercised by a few privileged classAristocracy or Oligarchy(Gk) Aristokratia – rule of the best

DEMOCRACY political power is exercised by a majority of the people Latin words – “demos” – people; “kratus” – rule The government of the people, by the people, and for the

people An individual is given his worth and a dignity of his own that

the society must recognize and respect / free exchange of ideas

Types of Democracy

INDIRECT, REPRESENTATIVE or REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACYwill of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their representative

DIRECT DEMOCRACY or PURE DEMOCRACYwill of state is formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a mass meeting orprimary assembly

Guided Democracy – modern concept espoused by Pres. Sukarno of Indonesia

- the concept provides the idea that only the gov’t knows what is best for the people

- this concept believes in the strict government direction of the people towards their well-

being

Authoritarian Democracy/ Constitutional Authoritarianism – espoused by Pres. Marcos

- all the powers of the state are centrally located in a single authority

- according to Marcos: it is a political authority responding to popular demands, acknowledging the instability of social change and placing itself at the center of popular aspirations

Other forms of Government• De jure Government – a gov’t instituted with legal foundation

and with the support of the people- This government also implies the recognition of other states

in terms of its legality

De facto Government – a government that was not legally established and which has no support from the general public

• Civil Government – a government whose powers are in the hands of the citizens or their representatives

• Military Government – a government established by a belligerent power in a vanquished territory occupied by victors

• Constitutional Government – a gov’t in which the powers are defined and limited by a constitution for the protection of the citizens from arbitrary control of the government

• Despotic Government – the powers of the ruler are undefined and unlimited. Sometimes called Tyrannical/Autocratic

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Types of Government

DictatorshipOne-person ruler. Ruler has total control. Absolute monarchs are also

dictatorship

Advantages Disadvantages1.) People may be united in their loyalty to a dictator since there is no competition for trust and affection.

2.) In an emergency, a dictator can move quickly to take action. No time is lost in debate or discussion.

1.) People may be afforded little or no individual liberty. Civil rights are trampled on.

2.) A dictator’s policies suit his/her own needs. Needs of the people may be neglected.

3.) Decision-making has a narrow base – can be flawed, wrong, dangerous, and not fully supported by the people.

OligarchyForm of government in which the power is in the hands of a few persons or

small group (who have the combined power of a dictator)

Advantages Disadvantages

1.) Decisions can be made relatively quick.

2.) May provide expert leadership while avoiding the danger of one-person rule.

3.) In theory, they are the most educated members of society.

4.) Members of the oligarchy listen to each other – they work together to rule

Same as Dictatorship

(needs and wants of the people are not necessarily

considered)

Direct DemocracyGovernment in which all citizens have equal power in decision-making

Advantages Disadvantages

1.) Every citizen has equal power in matters of government. Every citizen in involved in the decision-making.

2.) Since all citizens are involved in decision-making there is a broad base of support and loyalty.

3.) Individual liberties are protected.

1.) Only works when a small number of people are involved. Ability to gather all citizens in one place is necessary.

2.) Decision-making involving citizens is time-consuming. All citizens give in-put, debate, etc…

Representative DemocracyGovernment in which people elect representatives who hold the decision-

making power

Advantages Disadvantages1.) Citizens are involved in decision-making through their representatives, lobbying, and voting.

2.) Representatives are aware that their jobs depend on meeting the needs of their constituents.

3.) More likely that all elements of the population are represented.

4.) Generally, reps are educated and more capable citizens who can devote time needed to solve complex problems.

1.) Decision-making is time-consuming. Desire of representatives to please everyone may cripple the system.

2.) Representatives may not always agree with those they represent.

3.) Lack of involved citizenry may allow special interest groups to influence or dominate representatives.

2) Extent of powers exercised by the central or national government

UNITARY control of national or local affairs is exercised by the central or national government

FEDERALpowers of the government is divided between two sets:

NATIONAL AFFAIRS LOCAL AFFAIRSeach set supreme in its own sphere

PARLIAMENTARYstate confers upon the legislature the power to terminate thetenure of office of the real executiveform of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature

PRESIDENTIAL

state makes the Executive constitutionally independent of the legislature

3) Relationship between the Executive and Legislative branches of the government

Presidential Parliamentary

Separation of powers- executive & legislative have definite respective functions

• Executive branch- execute/administer laws

• Legislative branch – enact, amend, repeal laws

• Judicial branch – interpret the law

Fusion of powers – between the prime minister and most cabinet members

• Bec. Some of the executive officials are also members of the lawmaking body – exercising both executive and legislative powers

The chief executive has a fixed term of office

The PM stays in office as long as he holds the trust and confidence of the parliament

• May change the PM by a resolution through a Vote of No Confidence

• PM may terminate the office of the parliament before its official term expires through dissolution

Presidential Parliamentary

Executive – President– legally responsible for all his acts and state policies to the electorate

The president’s accountability is directly to the people who directly elected him and not to the legislative body

Real Executive – PM and his cabinet – are collectively responsible to the parliament

1 Chief Executive – President – both the real and the ceremonial head

2 Chief Executives• Ceremonial / Symbolic –

performs ceremonial functions

• Actual Head of State – administers the laws of the state

So what is the Philippine’s form of government?

representative democracyalso embodies some aspects of pure democracy:

initiative referendum

unitary presidential with separation of powers