Concerning the Spiritual in Art - Kandinsky

8/2/2019 Concerning the Spiritual in Art - Kandinsky

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yzlni rlknx le ukgy. Dwhigagnx aw}x jg r`}}gh# nlx ln xfg e`kcwzg xl `mfkgug *n`xwz`ck}a* jwx ln xfg e`kcwzg

xl gvrzg}} xfg knngz ag`nkni.

Xfg jzkge fk}xlzkm`c }wzug{ `xxgarxgh `jlug gnhgh ykxf xfg nàg} le Mgt`nng `nh I`wiwkn# `nh elz xfg

rwzrl}g} le xfk} Knxzlhwmxkln# elz xfg rwzrl}g# xf`x k} xl }`{# le xz`mkni xfg igng`cli{ le xfg Mwjk}x} `nh le

O`nhkn}o{# xfg}g xyl nàg} a`{ jg xògn xl zgrzg}gnx xfg alhgzn gvrzg}}kln le xfg *}{ajlck}x* xz`hkxkln.

Xfg hkeegzgnmg jgxyggn xfga k} }wjxcg jwx ilg} ugz{ hggr. Elz jlxf xfg wcxka`xg `nh knxgzn`c }kinkekm`nmg le

yf`x xfg{ r`knxgh mlwnxgh elz alzg xf`n xfg }kinkekm`nmg yfkmf k} alagnx`z{ `nh gvxgzn`c. Mgt`nng }`y kn `

R@ZX KK. @JLWX R@KNXKNI 8



xzgg# ` fg`r le `rrcg}# ` fwa`n e`mg# ` izlwr le j`xfkni agn lz ylagn# }lagxfkni alzg `jkhkni xf`n gkxfgz

rflxliz`rf{ lz karzg}}klnk}x r`knxkni mlwch rzg}gnx. Fg r`knxgh xfg *xzggng}}* le xfg xzgg# `} ` alhgzn mzkxkm

f`} `hakz`jc{ gvrzg}}gh kx. Jwx kn gugz{xfkni fg hkh fg }flygh xfg `zmfkxgmxwz`c aknh le xfg xzwg Ezgnmfa`n.

Fk} c`nh}m`rg }xwhkg} ygzg j`}gh ln ` rzlelwnh }gn}g le xfg }xzwmxwzg le zlmo} `nh fkcc}# `nh jgkni }xzwmxwz`c#

fk} `zx hgrgnh} g}}gnxk`cc{ ln zg`ckx{. Xflwif fg hkh nlx }mzwrcg# `nh zkifxc{# xl }`mzkekmg `mmwz`m{ le elza xl

xfg knngz nggh# xfg a`xgzk`c le yfkmf fk} `zx y`} mlarl}gh y`} hz`yn ezla xfg fwig }xlzg} le `mxw`c n`xwzg.

I`wiwkn f`} izg`xgz }lcgankx{ `nh ekzg xf`n Mgt`nng. Fk} rkmxwzg} `zg xzìkm lz r`}}kln`xg rlga}. Fg `c}l

}`mzkekmg} mlnugnxkln`c elza xl knngz gvrzg}}kln# jwx fk} `zx xgnh} gugz xly`zh} xfg }rkzkxw`c# xly`zh} xf`x

rzlelwnhgz garf`}k} yfkmf m`nnlx jg gvrzg}}gh kn n`xwz`c ljdgmx} nlz kn ylzh}. Xzwg fk} `j`nhlnagnx le

zgrzg}gnx`xkug agxflh} hkh nlx cg`h fka xl `n `j`nhlnagnx le n`xwz`c xgza} le gvrzg}}klnxf`x k} xl }`{

fwa`n ekiwzg}# xzgg} `nh `nka`c} hl `rrg`z kn fk} rkmxwzg}. Jwx xf`x fg y`} awmf ng`zgz ` mlarcgxg zgdgmxkln

le zgrzg}gnx`xkln xf`n y`} Mgt`nng k} }flyn j{ xfg mlwz}g elcclygh j{ xfgkz zg}rgmxkug hk}mkrcg}.

Xfg igngz`xkln kaaghk`xgc{ }wj}gpwgnx xl Mgt`nng# Fgzjkn# Ucàknmo# Ezkg}t# A`zpwgx# gxm.# hl ckxxcg alzg

xf`n gvìigz`xg Mgt`nng)} xgmfnkpwg# wnxkc xfgzg `rrg`z xfg ekz}x }kin} le Mwjk}a. Xfg}g `zg }ggn ugz{ mcg`zc{

kn Fgzjkn. Ljdgmx} jgikn xl jg xzg`xgh kn ec`x rc`ng}. @ zlwnh u`}g k} zgrzg}gnxgh j{ ` }gzkg} le rc`ng} }gx lng

knxl xfg lxfgz# yfkmf `x ` hk}x`nmg jcgnh knxl ` mwzug. Xfk} k} xfg ekz}x }xìg.

Xfg zg`c rcwnig knxl Mwjk}a y`} xògn j{ Rkm`}}l# yfl# nwzxwzgh ln Mgt`nng# m`zzkgh xl kx} rgzegmxc{ clikm`c

mlnmcw}kln xfg a`}xgz)} }xzwmxwz`c xzg`xagnx le n`xwzg. Zgrzg}gnx`xkln hk}`rrg`z}. ]x`zxkni ezla ` }knicg

n`xwz`c ljdgmx# Rkm`}}l `nh xfg Mwjk}x} rzlhwmg ckng} `nh rzldgmx `nicg} xkcc xfgkz m`nu`}g} `zg mlugzgh ykxf

knxzkm`xg `nh lexgn ugz{ jg`wxkewc }gzkg} le j`c`nmgh ckng} `nh mwzug}. Xfg{ rgz}k}x# flygugz# kn ikukni xfga

rkmxwzg xkxcg} yfkmf zgm`cc xfg n`xwz`c ljdgmx ezla yfkmf xfgkz aknh} ekz}x xllo eckifx.

Ykxf I`wiwkn xfg m`}g k} hkeegzgnx. Xfg igngz`xkln le fk} hk}mkrcg} yfkmf elcclygh fkaK rwx kx xfw} xl

hk}xkniwk}f xfga ezla fk} `mxw`c rwrkc} `x Rlnx @ugn# ]gzw}kgz `nh xfg zg}x m`zzkgh xfg xgnhgnm{ ewzxfgz. Lng

fg}kx`xg} xl agnxkln Hgz`kn# elz fk} jgiknnkni}# ewcc le ukx`ckx{ `nh rzlak}g# fùg ikugn rc`mg xl ` hzg`z{

mlarzlak}g ykxf Mwjk}a# ykxflwx uk}kjcg ewxwzg# `nh `jlug `cc ykxflwx fwalwz. Jwx xfgzg k} nl jgxxgz

gvàrcg le xfg hgugclragnx le }{nxfgxkm }{ajlck}a xf`n fk} ekz}x jllo le yllhmwx}.

_ELLXNLXG4 C)Gnmf`nxgwz rlwzzk}}`nx# r`z Iwkcc`wag @rlcckn`kzg# ùgm kccw}xz`xkln} izùgg} }wz jlk} r`z

@nhzg Hgz`kn. R`zk}# O`fnygkcgz# 0;02.Q

Fgzg k} ylzo yfkmf oggr} xfg agzg}x }gajc`nmg le mlnugnxkln`c elza# yfkmf ikug} kx} geegmx j{ }x`zxckni

a`}}g} le jc`mo `nh yfkxg# j{ }whhgn mwzug}# jwx alzg ezgpwgnxc{ j{ }whhgn `nicg}.

_ELLXNLXG4 Xfg zgn`k}}`nmg le xfg `nicg kn `zx k} `n knxgzg}xkni eg`xwzg le xfg ngy alugagnx. Nlx }knmg

Gi{rxk`n xkag} f`} kx jggn w}gh ykxf }wmf nljcg geegmx. Xfgzg k} ` r`knxkni le I`wiwkn)} `x Fìgn# le ` zly le

X`fkxk`n ylagn }g`xgh ln ` jgnmf# xf`x mln}k}x} gnxkzgc{ le ` xgcckni hg}kin kn Gi{rxk`n `nicg}. Mwjk}a k} xfg

zg}wcx le xfk} hk}mlugz{ le xfg `nicg# jcgnhgh ykxf xfg knecwgnmg le Mgt`nng.Q

Kn xfg rzlmg}} le xfg iz`hw`c `j`nhlnagnx le n`xwz`c elza xfg *`nicg* }mfllc k} r`z`ccgcgh j{ xfg *mwzug*

}mfllc# yfkmf `c}l hg}mgnh} yflcc{ ezla I`wiwkn. Xfg jg}x onlyn zgrzg}gnx`xkug k} A`wzkmg Hgnk}. Jwx fg

f`} jgmlag ` }cùg xl }gnxkagnx`ckx{# `nh f`} jggn cgex jgfknh. A`xk}}g k} xfg al}x rzlakngnx Ezgnmf `zxk}x

yfl f`} elcclygh I`wiwkn ykxf mwzug}. Kn Igza`n{ ` izlwr le {lwni agn# yfl elza xfg Ngwg

Own}xcgugzgknkiwni kn Awnkmf# ylzo `cal}x gnxkzgc{ kn }yggrkni mwzug}# `nh fùg zghwmgh n`xwz`c ljdgmx}

rwzgc{ xl eclykni# hgmlz`xkug wnkx}.

Jwx yfkcg xfg{ fùg elcclygh I`wiwkn)} cg`h kn `j`nhlnkni zgrzg}gnx`xkln jlxf le xfg}g xyl izlwr} le

`hu`nmg `zg c`mokni kn }rkzkxw`c ag`nkni. Xfgkz `ka jgmlag} alzg `nh alzg hgmlz`xkug# ykxf `n wnhgzmwzzgnx

le }wiig}xkln le }karckekgh elza. @n{lng yfl f`} }xwhkgh I`wiwkn ykcc jg `y`zg le xfg knxgn}g }rkzkxw`c u`cwg




le fk} ylzo. Xfg a`n k} ` rzg`mfgz `nh ` r}{mflclik}x# wnkugz}`c j{ fk} ugz{ wnlzxflhlv{# ewnhàgnx`c

jgm`w}g fg ilg} hggrgz xf`n mkukckt`xkln. Kn fk} hk}mkrcg} xfk} izg`x gcgagnx k} y`nxkni. O`nhkn}o{ f`}

}wrrckgh xfg nggh. Fg k} nlx lnc{ ln xfg xz`mo le `n `zx alzg rwzgc{ }rkzkxw`c xf`n y`} mlnmgkugh gugn j{

I`wiwkn# jwx fg f`} `mfkgugh xfg ekn`c `j`nhlnagnx le `cc zgrzg}gnx`xkug knxgnxkln. Kn xfk} y`{ fg mlajkng} kn

fka}gce xfg }rkzkxw`c `nh xgmfnkm`c xgnhgnmkg} le lng izg`x jz`nmf le Rl}xKarzg}}klnk}a.

Xfg pwg}xkln al}x igngz`cc{ `}ogh `jlwx O`nhkn}o{)} `zx k}4 *Yf`x k} fg xz{kni xl hl<* Kx k} xl jg flrgh xf`xxfk} jllo ykcc hl }lagxfkni xly`zh} `n}ygzkni xfg pwg}xkln. Jwx kx ykcc nlx hl gugz{xfkni. Xfk}r`zxc{

jgm`w}g kx k} karl}}kjcg xl rwx knxl ylzh} xfg yflcg le O`nhkn}o{)} khg`c# r`zxc{ jgm`w}g kn fk} `nvkgx{ xl }x`xg

fk} m`}g# xl mlwzx mzkxkmk}a# xfg `wxflz f`} jggn xgarxgh xl elzawc`xg alzg xf`n k} yk}g. Fk} `n`c{}k} le mlclwz}

`nh xfgkz geegmx} ln xfg }rgmx`xlz k} nlx xfg zg`c j`}k} le fk} `zx# jgm`w}g# ke kx ygzg# lng mlwch# ykxf xfg fgcr le

` }mkgnxkekm a`nw`c# hg}mzkjg lng)} galxkln} jgelzg fk} rkmxwzg} ykxf rgzegmx `mmwz`m{. @nh xfk} k} karl}}kjcg.

O`nhkn}o{ k} r`knxkni aw}km. Xf`x k} xl }`{# fg f`} jzlogn hlyn xfg j`zzkgz jgxyggn aw}km `nh r`knxkni# `nh

f`} k}lc`xgh xfg rwzg galxkln yfkmf# elz y`nx le ` jgxxgz nàg# yg m`cc xfg `zxk}xkm galxkln. @n{lng yfl f`}

ck}xgngh xl illh aw}km ykxf `n{ gndl{agnx ykcc `hakx xl `n wnak}xò`jcg jwx pwkxg knhgekn`jcg xfzkcc. Fg ykcc

nlx jg `jcg# ykxf }knmgzkx{# xl }`{ xf`x }wmf ` r`}}ìg iùg fka }wmf uk}w`c karzg}}kln}# lz }wmf ` f`zaln{

zlw}gh kn fka }wmf galxkln}. Xfg geegmx le aw}km k} xll }wjxcg elz ylzh}. @nh xfg }àg ykxf xfk} r`knxkni le

O`nhkn}o{)}. ]rgòkni elz a{}gce# xl }x`nh kn ezlnx le }lag le fk} hz`ykni} lz rkmxwzg} ikug} ` oggngz `nh

alzg }rkzkxw`c rcg`}wzg xf`n `n{ lxfgz oknh le r`knxkni. Jwx K mlwch nlx gvrzg}} kn xfg cg`}x yf`x ikug} xfg

rcg`}wzg. Rzg}wa`jc{ xfg ckng} `nh mlclwz} fùg xfg }àg geegmx `} f`zaln{ `nh zf{xfa kn aw}km fùg ln xfg

xzwc{ aw}km`c. Xf`x r}{mflcli{ mlag} kn nl lng m`n hgn{. A`n{ rglrcgrgzf`r} `x rzg}gnx xfg ugz{ c`zig

a`dlzkx{ le rglrcgfùg xfgkz mlclwzaw}km }gn}g hlza`nx. Kx f`} ngugz jggn gvgzmk}gh. Kn xfg }àg y`{

a`n{ rglrcg `zg wnaw}km`cgkxfgz yflcc{# j{ n`xwzg# lz r`zxc{# elz c`mo le gvrgzkgnmg. Gugn yfgn

O`nhkn}o{)} khg` k} wnkugz}`cc{ wnhgz}xllh xfgzg a`{ jg a`n{ yfl `zg nlx alugh j{ fk} agclh{. Elz a{

r`zx# }lagxfkni ykxfkn ag `n}ygzgh xl O`nhkn}o{)} `zx xfg ekz}x xkag K agx ykxf kx. Xfgzg y`} nl pwg}xkln le

cllokni elz zgrzg}gnx`xkln? ` f`zaln{ f`h jggn }gx wr# `nh xf`x y`} gnlwif.

Le mlwz}g mlclwzaw}km k} nl ngy khg`. Xf`x k} xl }`{ `xxgarx} fùg jggn a`hg xl rc`{ mlarl}kxkln} kn

mlclwz# j{ ec`}fg} `nh f`zalnkg}. _Ellxnlxg4 Me. *Mlclwz Aw}km#* j{ @. Y`cc`mg Zkaknixln. Fwxmfkn}ln. 5}.ngx.Q @c}l aw}km f`} jggn knxgzrzgxgh kn mlclwz. Jwx K hl nlx only le `n{ rzguklw} `xxgarx xl r`knx# ykxflwx

`n{ zgegzgnmg xl aw}km# mlarl}kxkln} yfkmf }f`cc fùg ln xfg }rgmx`xlz `n geegmx yflcc{ hkulzmgh ezla

zgrzg}gnx`xkug `}}lmk`xkln. O`nhkn}o{ zgegz} xl `xxgarx} xl r`knx kn mlclwz mlwnxgzrlknx. Jwx xf`x k} ` hkeegzgnx

a`xxgz# kn xf`x kx k} xfg jlzzlykni ezla lng `zx j{ `nlxfgz le rwzgc{ xgmfnkm`c agxflh}# ykxflwx ` rzguklw}

karwc}g ezla }rkzkxw`c }{ar`xf{.

Lng k} e`mgh xfgn ykxf xfg mlneckmxkni mc`ka} le Rkm`}}l `nh O`nhkn}o{ xl xfg rl}kxkln le xzwg cg`hgz le

nlnzgrzg}gnx`xkug `zx. Rkm`}}l)} `hakzgz} f`kc fka# dw}x `} xfk} Knxzlhwmxkln f`kc} O`nhkn}o{# `} ` uk}w`c

aw}kmk`n. Xfg agxflh} `nh khg`} le g`mf zku`c `zg }l hkeegzgnx xf`x xfg xkxcg m`nnlx jg `mmlzhgh xl jlxf. Kn fk}

jllo# O`nhkn}o{ }x`xg} fk} lrknkln le Mwjk}a `nh kx} e`x`c ygòng}}# `nh fk}xlz{ ilg} xl }wrrlzx fk}

mlnxgnxkln. Xfg lzkikn le Mwjk}a kn Mgt`nng# kn ` }xzwmxwz`c `zx xf`x lyg} kx} ugz{ gvk}xgnmg xl a`xxgz# aòg}kx} mc`ka xl rwzg galxkln`ck}a }gga wnxgn`jcg. Galxkln} `zg nlx mlarl}gh le }xz`x` `nh mlneckmxkni rzg}}wzg}.

Lnmg `j`nhln zg`ckx{ `nh xfg iglagxzkm`c uk}kln jgmlag} `j}xz`mx a`xfga`xkm}. Kx }gga} xl ag xf`x Rkm`}}l

}f`zg} ` Ewxwzk}x gzzlz yfgn fg gnhgùlwz} xl f`zalnktg lng kxga le zg`ckx{` nwajgz# ` jwxxln# ` egy m`rkx`c

cgxxgz}ykxf ` }wzzlwnhkni `wz` le `niwc`z rzldgmxkln}. Xfgzg aw}x jg ` mlneckmx le karzg}}kln}# yfkmf hkeegz

g}}gnxk`cc{ kn pw`ckx{. Lng xzgnh le alhgzn aw}km k} xly`zh} zg`ck}a le }lwnh. Mfkchzgn mz{# hli} j`zo# rc`xg}

`zg jzlogn. Rkm`}}l `rrzl`mfg} xfg }àg il`c ezla xfg lrrl}kxg hkzgmxkln. Kx k} `} xflwif fg ygzg xz{kni xl

ylzo ezla zg`ck}a xl aw}km. Xfg y`}xg le xkag k}# xl a{ aknh# gpw`cc{ mlarcgxg kn jlxf m`}g}. Xfg rlygz le

aw}km xl ikug gvrzg}}kln ykxflwx xfg fgcr le zgrzg}gnx`xkln k} kx} nljcg}x rl}}g}}kln. Nl r`knxkni f`} gugz f`h

}wmf ` rzgmklw} rlygz. O`nhkn}o{ k} }xzkukni xl ikug kx xf`x rlygz# `nh rzlug yf`x k} `x cg`}x xfg clikm`c

`n`cli{ jgxyggn mlclwz `nh }lwnh# jgxyggn ckng `nh zf{xfa le jg`x. Rkm`}}l aòg} ckxxcg w}g le mlclwz# `nh

mlnekng} fka}gce lnc{ xl lng }gzkg} le ckng geegmx}xfl}g m`w}gh j{ mlneckmxkni `nicg}. ]l fk} `ka k} }a`ccgz




`nh alzg ckakxgh xf`n O`nhkn}o{)} gugn ke kx k} `} zg`}ln`jcg. Jwx jgm`w}g kx f`} nlx yflcc{ `j`nhlngh

zg`ck}a jwx w}g} elz xfg r`knxkni le eggckni ` }xzwmxwz`c uk}kln hgrgnhgnx elz kx} u`cwg ln xfg `}}lmk`xkln le

zg`ckx{# jgm`w}g kn }l hlkni kx xzkg} xl aòg xfg jg}x le xyl ylzch}# xfgzg }gga} ckxxcg flrg elz kx le zghgarxkln

kn gkxfgz.

@} f`} jggn }`kh `jlug# Rkm`}}l `nh O`nhkn}o{ aòg `n knxgzg}xkni r`z`ccgc# kn xf`x xfg{ fùg hgugclrgh xfg

`zx zg}rgmxkugc{ le Mgt`nng `nh I`wiwkn# kn ` }kakc`z hkzgmxkln. Ln xfg hgmk}kln le Rkm`}}l)} e`kcwzg lz }wmmg}}zg}x} xfg hk}xknmxkln jgxyggn Mgt`nng `nh I`wiwkn# xfg zg`ck}x `nh xfg }{ajlck}x# xfg r`knxgz le gvxgzn`c} `nh

xfg r`knxgz le zgckiklw} eggckni. Wncg}} ` }rkzkxw`c u`cwg k} `mmlzhgh xl Mgt`nng)} ylzo# wncg}} fg k} jgckgugh xl

jg ` zgckiklw} r`knxgz &`nh zgckiklw} r`knxgz} nggh nlx r`knx A`hlnn`}+# wncg}} kn e`mx fg k} r`z`ccgcgh mcl}gc{

ykxf I`wiwkn# fk} elcclygz Rkm`}}l m`nnlx mc`ka xl }x`nh# ykxf O`nhkn}o{# `} ` rzlrfgx le `n `zx le }rkzkxw`c

f`zaln{.

Ke O`nhkn}o{ gugz `xx`kn} fk} khg`celz fg k} xfg ekz}x xl `hakx xf`x fg f`} nlx {gx zg`mfgh fk} il`cke fg gugz

}wmmggh} kn eknhkni ` mlaaln c`niwìg le mlclwz `nh ckng yfkmf }f`cc }x`nh `clng `} xfg c`niwìg le }lwnh

`nh jg`x }x`nh} `clng# ykxflwx zgmlwz}g xl n`xwz`c elza lz zgrzg}gnx`xkln# fg ykcc ln `cc f`nh} jg f`kcgh `} `

izg`x knnlu`xlz# `} ` mfàrkln le xfg ezgghla le `zx. Wnxkc }wmf xkag# kx k} xfg hwx{ le xfl}g xl yfla fk} ylzo

f`} }rlogn# xl jg`z xfgkz xg}xkaln{. Lxfgzyk}g fg a`{ jg mlnhgangh `} lng yfl f`} knugnxgh ` }flzxf`nh le

fk} lyn# `nh yfl r`knx} rkmxwzg} yfkmf m`nnlx jg wnhgz}xllh j{ xfl}g yfl fùg nlx xfg og{ le xfg mkrfgz. Kn

xfg ag`nxkag `c}l kx k} karlzx`nx xf`x fk} rl}kxkln }flwch jg zgmlinktgh `} ` cgikxka`xg# `cal}x kngukx`jcg

lwxmlag le Rl}xKarzg}}klnk}x xgnhgnmkg}. ]wmf k} xfg zgmlinkxkln xfk} Knxzlhwmxkln }xzkug} xl }gmwzg.

AKMF@GC X. F. ]@HCGZ

ZGEGZGNMG

Xfl}g knxgzg}xgh kn xfg khg`} `nh ylzo le O`nhkn}o{ `nh fk} egccly `zxk}x} ylwch hl ygcc xl mln}wcx4

HGZ JC@WG ZGKXGZ# ulc. k. Rkrgz Ugzcì# Awnkmf# 02 ao. Xfk} }warxwlw} ulcwag mlnx`kn} `zxkmcg} j{

O`nhkn}o{# Ez`nt A`zm# @znlch ]mflnjgzi# gxm.# xligxfgz ykxf }lag aw}km`c xgvx} `nh nwagzlw}

zgrzlhwmxkln}}lag kn mlclwzle xfg ylzo le xfg rzkakxkug al}`kmk}x}# ic`}}r`knxgz}# `nh }mwcrxlz}# `} ygcc

`} le alzg alhgzn `zxk}x} ezla Izgml xl O`nhkn}o{# A`zm# `nh xfgkz ezkgnh}. Xfg mflkmg le kccw}xz`xkln} ikug}

`n `hakz`jcg khg` le xfg mlnxknwkx{ `nh }xg`h{ izlyxf le xfg ngy r`knxkni# }mwcrxwzg# `nh aw}km.

OC@NIG. J{ Y`}}kc{ O`nhkn}o{. Rkrgz Ugzcì# Awnkmf# =2 ao. @ al}x jg`wxkewcc{ rzlhwmgh jllo le

rzl}grlga}# ykxf ` c`zig nwajgz le kccw}xz`xkln}# a`n{ kn mlclwz. Xfk} k} O`nhkn}o{)} al}x zgmgnx ylzo.

@c}l xfg j`mo `nh mwzzgnx nwajgz} le Hgz ]xwza# ` yggoc{ r`rgz rwjck}fgh kn Jgzckn kn xfg hgegnmg le xfg

ngy `zx. Kccw}xz`xkln} j{ A`zm# Rgmf}xgkn# cg E`wmlnnkgz# Hgc`wn`{# O`nhkn}o{# gxm. @c}l rlga} `nh mzkxkm`c

`zxkmcg}. Rzkmg rgz yggoc{ nwajgz :7 rei. Hgz ]xwza f`} kn rzgr`z`xkln `n `cjwa le zgrzlhwmxkln} le rkmxwzg}

`nh hz`ykni} j{ O`nhkn}o{.

Elz Mwjk}a me. Icgktg} gx Agxtknigz# *hw Mwjk}ag#* `nh Iwkcc`wag @rlcckn`kzg# *Cg} Rgknxzg} Mwjk}xg}.*

Mlccgmxkln Cg} @zx}. R`zk}# Ekiwkgzg# rgz ulc. = ez. 72 m.

HGHKM@XGH XL XFG AGALZ[ LE GCK]@JGXF XKMFGDGEE

R@ZX 04 @JLWX IGNGZ@C @G]XFGXKM

K. KNXZLHWMXKLN




Gugz{ ylzo le `zx k} xfg mfkch le kx} ìg `nh# kn a`n{ m`}g}# xfg alxfgz le lwz galxkln}. Kx elccly} xf`x g`mf

rgzklh le mwcxwzg rzlhwmg} `n `zx le kx} lyn yfkmf m`n ngugz jg zgrg`xgh. Geelzx} xl zgukug xfg `zxrzknmkrcg} le

xfg r`}x ykcc `x jg}x rzlhwmg `n `zx xf`x k} }xkccjlzn. Kx k} karl}}kjcg elz w} xl ckug `nh eggc# `} hkh xfg `nmkgnx

Izggo}. Kn xfg }àg y`{ xfl}g yfl }xzkug xl elccly xfg Izggo agxflh} kn }mwcrxwzg `mfkgug lnc{ ` }kakc`zkx{

le elza# xfg ylzo zga`knkni }lwccg}} elz `cc xkag. ]wmf kakx`xkln k} agzg `rkni. Gvxgzn`cc{ xfg alnog{

mlarcgxgc{ zg}gajcg} ` fwa`n jgkni? fg ykcc }kx flchkni ` jllo kn ezlnx le fk} nl}g# `nh xwzn lugz xfg rìg}

ykxf ` xflwifxewc `}rgmx# jwx fk} `mxkln} fùg elz fka nl zg`c ag`nkni.

Xfgzg k}# flygugz# kn `zx `nlxfgz oknh le gvxgzn`c }kakc`zkx{ yfkmf k} elwnhgh ln ` ewnhàgnx`c xzwxf. Yfgn

xfgzg k} ` }kakc`zkx{ le knngz xgnhgnm{ kn xfg yflcg alz`c `nh }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg# ` }kakc`zkx{ le khg`c}# `x

ekz}x mcl}gc{ rwz}wgh jwx c`xgz cl}x xl }kifx# ` }kakc`zkx{ kn xfg knngz eggckni le `n{ lng rgzklh xl xf`x le `nlxfgz#

xfg clikm`c zg}wcx ykcc jg ` zguku`c le xfg gvxgzn`c elza} yfkmf }gzugh xl gvrzg}} xfl}g knngz eggckni} kn `n

g`zckgz ìg. @n gvàrcg le xfk} xlh`{ k} lwz }{ar`xf{# lwz }rkzkxw`c zgc`xkln}fkr# ykxf xfg Rzkakxkug}. Ckog

lwz}gcug}# xfg}g `zxk}x} }lwifx xl gvrzg}} kn xfgkz ylzo lnc{ knxgzn`c xzwxf}# zgnlwnmkni kn mln}gpwgnmg `cc

mln}khgz`xkln le gvxgzn`c elza.

Xfk} `cckarlzx`nx }r`zo le knngz ckeg xlh`{ k} `x rzg}gnx lnc{ ` }r`zo. Lwz aknh}# yfkmf `zg gugn nly lnc{ dw}x

`yògnkni èxgz {g`z} le a`xgzk`ck}a# `zg knegmxgh ykxf xfg hg}r`kz le wnjgckge# le c`mo le rwzrl}g `nh khg`c.

Xfg nkifxa`zg le a`xgzk`ck}a# yfkmf f`} xwzngh xfg ckeg le xfg wnkugz}g knxl `n gukc# w}gcg}} iàg# k} nlx {gx

r`}x? kx flch} xfg `yògnkni }lwc }xkcc kn kx} izkr. Lnc{ ` eggjcg ckifx ickaagz} ckog ` xkn{ }x`z kn ` u`}x iwce le

h`zong}}. Xfk} eggjcg ckifx k} jwx ` rzg}gnxkagnx# `nh xfg }lwc# yfgn kx }gg} kx# xzgajcg} kn hlwjx yfgxfgz xfg

ckifx k} nlx ` hzgà# `nh xfg iwce le h`zong}} zg`ckx{. Xfk} hlwjx# `nh xfg }xkcc f`z}f x{z`nn{ le xfg a`xgzk`ck}xkm

rfkcl}lrf{# hkukhg lwz }lwc }f`zrc{ ezla xf`x le xfg Rzkakxkug}. Lwz }lwc zkni} mz`mogh yfgn yg }ggo xl rc`{

wrln kx# `} hlg} ` ml}xc{ u`}g# clni jwzkgh kn xfg g`zxf# yfkmf k} elwnh xl fùg ` ec`y yfgn kx k} hwi wr lnmg

alzg. Elz xfk} zg`}ln# xfg Rzkakxkug rf`}g# xfzlwif yfkmf yg `zg nly r`}}kni# ykxf kx} xgarlz`z{ }kakc`zkx{ le

elza# m`n lnc{ jg le }flzx hwz`xkln.

Xfg}g xyl rl}}kjcg zg}gajc`nmg} jgxyggn xfg `zx elza} le xlh`{ `nh xfl}g le xfg r`}x ykcc jg `x lnmg

zgmlinktgh `} hkàgxzkm`cc{ lrrl}gh xl lng `nlxfgz. Xfg ekz}x# jgkni rwzgc{ gvxgzn`c# f`} nl ewxwzg. Xfg

}gmlnh# jgkni knxgzn`c# mlnx`kn} xfg }ggh le xfg ewxwzg ykxfkn kx}gce. @exgz xfg rgzklh le a`xgzk`ck}x geelzx# yfkmffgch xfg }lwc kn mfgmo wnxkc kx y`} }fògn lee `} gukc# xfg }lwc k} gagzikni# rwzigh j{ xzk`c} `nh }weegzkni}.

]f`rgcg}} galxkln} }wmf `} eg`z# dl{# izkge# gxm.# yfkmf jgclnigh xl xfk} xkag le geelzx# ykcc nl clnigz izg`xc{

`xxz`mx xfg `zxk}x. Fg ykcc gnhgùlwz xl `yòg }wjxcgz galxkln}# `} {gx wnnàgh. Ckukni fka}gce ` mlarckm`xgh

`nh mlar`z`xkugc{ }wjxcg ckeg# fk} ylzo ykcc ikug xl xfl}g lj}gzugz} m`r`jcg le eggckni xfga clex{ galxkln}

jg{lnh xfg zg`mf le ylzh}.

Xfg lj}gzugz le xlh`{# flygugz# k} }gchla m`r`jcg le eggckni }wmf galxkln}. Fg }ggo} kn ` ylzo le `zx ` agzg

kakx`xkln le n`xwzg yfkmf m`n }gzug }lag hgeknkxg rwzrl}g &elz gvàrcg ` rlzxz`kx kn xfg lzhkn`z{ }gn}g+ lz `

rzg}gnxagnx le n`xwzg `mmlzhkni xl ` mgzx`kn mlnugnxkln &*karzg}}klnk}x* r`knxkni+# lz }lag knngz eggckni

gvrzg}}gh kn xgza} le n`xwz`c elza &`} yg }`{` rkmxwzg ykxf ]xkaawni+ _ellxnlxg4 ]xkaawni k} `cal}x

wnxz`n}c`xg`jcg. Kx k} `cal}x *}gnxkagnx* kn xfg jg}x }gn}g# `nh `cal}x *eggckni.* A`n{ le Mlzlx)} xykckifxc`nh}m`rg} `zg ewcc le ` jg`wxkewc *]xkaawni.* O`nhkn}o{ w}g} xfg ylzh c`xgz ln xl ag`n xfg *g}}gnxk`c }rkzkx*

le n`xwzg.A.X.F.].Q @cc xfl}g u`zkgxkg} le rkmxwzg# yfgn xfg{ `zg zg`cc{ `zx# ewcekc xfgkz rwzrl}g `nh eggh xfg

}rkzkx. Xflwif xfk} `rrckg} xl xfg ekz}x m`}g# kx `rrckg} alzg }xzlnic{ xl xfg xfkzh# yfgzg xfg }rgmx`xlz hlg} eggc `

mlzzg}rlnhkni xfzkcc kn fka}gce. ]wmf f`zaln{ lz gugn mlnxz`}x le galxkln m`nnlx jg }wrgzekmk`c lz ylzxfcg}}?

knhggh xfg ]xkaawni le ` rkmxwzg m`n hggrgn `nh rwzke{ xf`x le xfg }rgmx`xlz. ]wmf ylzo} le `zx `x cg`}x

rzg}gzug xfg }lwc ezla ml`z}gng}}? xfg{ *og{ kx wr#* }l xl }rgò# xl ` mgzx`kn fgkifx# `} ` xwnkniog{ xfg }xzkni}

le ` aw}km`c kn}xzwagnx. Jwx rwzkekm`xkln# `nh gvxgn}kln kn hwz`xkln `nh }ktg le xfk} }{ar`xf{ le }lwc# zga`kn

lng}khgh# `nh xfg rl}}kjkckxkg} le xfg knecwgnmg le `zx `zg nlx gvgzxgh xl xfgkz wxal}x.

Kaìkng ` jwkchkni hkukhgh knxl a`n{ zlla}. Xfg jwkchkni a`{ jg c`zig lz }a`cc. Gugz{ y`cc le gugz{ zlla k}

mlugzgh ykxf rkmxwzg} le u`zklw} }ktg}? rgzf`r} xfg{ nwajgz a`n{ xflw}`nh}. Xfg{ zgrzg}gnx kn mlclwz jkx} le




n`xwzg`nka`c} kn }wnckifx lz }f`hly# hzknokni# }x`nhkni kn y`xgz# c{kni ln xfg iz`}}? ng`z xl# ` Mzwmkekvkln

j{ ` r`knxgz yfl hlg} nlx jgckgug kn Mfzk}x? eclygz}? fwa`n ekiwzg} }kxxkni# }x`nhkni# y`cokni? lexgn xfg{ `zg

nògh? a`n{ nògh ylagn# }ggn elzg}flzxgngh ezla jgfknh? `rrcg} `nh }kcugz hk}fg}? rlzxz`kx le Mlwnmkcclz

]l `nh ]l? }wn}gx? c`h{ kn zgh? ec{kni hwmo? rlzxz`kx le C`h{ V? ec{kni igg}g? c`h{ kn yfkxg? m`cug} kn }f`hly

ecgmogh ykxf jzkcck`nx {gccly }wnckifx? rlzxz`kx le Rzknmg [? c`h{ kn izggn. @cc xfk} k} m`zgewcc{ rzknxgh kn `

jllonàg le `zxk}xnàg le rkmxwzg. Rglrcg ykxf xfg}g jllo} kn xfgkz f`nh} il ezla y`cc xl y`cc# xwznkni

lugz rìg}# zg`hkni xfg nàg}. Xfgn xfg{ il `y`{# ngkxfgz zkmfgz nlz rllzgz xf`n yfgn xfg{ màg# `nh `zg`j}lzjgh `x lnmg kn xfgkz jw}kng}}# yfkmf f`} nlxfkni xl hl ykxf `zx. Yf{ hkh xfg{ mlag< Kn g`mf rkmxwzg k} `

yflcg ckegxkag karzk}lngh# ` yflcg ckegxkag le eg`z}# hlwjx}# flrg}# `nh dl{}.

Yfkxfgz k} xfk} ckegxkag xgnhkni< Yf`x k} xfg ag}}ìg le xfg mlargxgnx `zxk}x< *Xl }gnh ckifx knxl xfg h`zong}}

le agn)} fg`zx}}wmf k} xfg hwx{ le xfg `zxk}x#* }`kh ]mfwa`nn. *@n `zxk}x k} ` a`n yfl m`n hz`y `nh r`knx

gugz{xfkni#* }`kh Xlc}xlk.

Le xfg}g xyl hgeknkxkln} le xfg `zxk}x)} `mxkukx{ yg aw}x mfll}g xfg }gmlnh# ke yg xfkno le xfg gvfkjkxkln dw}x

hg}mzkjgh. Ln lng m`nu`} k} ` fwhhcg le ljdgmx} r`knxgh ykxf u`z{kni hgizgg} le }okcc# ukzxwl}kx{ `nh ukilwz#

f`z}fc{ lz }allxfc{. Xl f`zalnktg xfg yflcg k} xfg x`}o le `zx. Ykxf mlch g{g} `nh knhkeegzgnx aknh xfg

}rgmx`xlz} zgi`zh xfg ylzo. Mlnnlk}}gwz} `hakzg xfg *}okcc* &`} lng `hakzg} ` xkifxzlrg y`cogz+# gndl{ xfg

*pw`ckx{ le r`knxkni* &`} lng gndl{} ` r`}x{+. Jwx fwniz{ }lwc} il fwniz{ `y`{.

Xfg uwci`z fgzh }xzlcc xfzlwif xfg zlla} `nh rzlnlwnmg xfg rkmxwzg} *nkmg* lz *}rcgnhkh.* Xfl}g yfl mlwch

}rgò fùg }`kh nlxfkni# xfl}g yfl mlwch fg`z fùg fg`zh nlxfkni. Xfk} mlnhkxkln le `zx k} m`ccgh *`zx elz `zx)}

}òg.* Xfk} ngicgmx le knngz ag`nkni}# yfkmf k} xfg ckeg le mlclwz}# xfk} u`kn }pw`nhgzkni le `zxk}xkm rlygz k}

m`ccgh *`zx elz `zx)} }òg.*

Xfg `zxk}x }ggo} elz a`xgzk`c zgy`zh elz fk} hgvxgzkx{# fk} rlygz le uk}kln `nh gvrgzkgnmg. Fk} rwzrl}g

jgmlag} xfg }`xk}e`mxkln le u`nkx{ `nh izggh. Kn rc`mg le xfg }xg`h{ mllrgz`xkln le `zxk}x} k} ` }mzàjcg elz

illh xfkni}. Xfgzg `zg mlarc`knx} le gvmg}}kug mlargxkxkln# le lugzrzlhwmxkln. F`xzgh# r`zxk}`n}fkr# mckpwg}#

dg`clw}{# knxzkiwg} `zg xfg n`xwz`c mln}gpwgnmg} le xfk} `kacg}}# a`xgzk`ck}x `zx.

_Ellxnlxg4 Xfg egy }lckx`z{ gvmgrxkln} hl nlx hg}xzl{ xfg xzwxf le xfk} }`h `nh laknlw} rkmxwzg# `nh gugn xfg}g

gvmgrxkln} `zg mfkgec{ jgckgugz} kn xfg hlmxzkng le `zx elz `zx)} }òg. Xfg{ }gzug# xfgzgelzg# ` fkifgz khg`c# jwx

lng yfkmf k} wcxka`xgc{ ` w}gcg}} y`}xg le xfgkz }xzgnixf. Gvxgzn`c jg`wx{ k} lng gcgagnx le ` }rkzkxw`c

`xal}rfgzg. Jwx jg{lnh xfk} rl}kxkug e`mx &xf`x yf`x k} jg`wxkewc k} illh+ kx f`} xfg ygòng}} le ` x`cgnx nlx

w}gh xl xfg ewcc. &Xfg ylzh x`cgnx k} garcl{gh kn xfg jkjckm`c }gn}g.+Q

Xfg lncllogz xwzn} `y`{ ezla xfg `zxk}x yfl f`} fkifgz khg`c} `nh yfl m`nnlx }gg fk} ckeg rwzrl}g kn `n `zx

ykxflwx `ka}.

]{ar`xf{ k} xfg ghwm`xkln le xfg }rgmx`xlz ezla xfg rlknx le ukgy le xfg `zxk}x. Kx f`} jggn }`kh `jlug xf`x `zx

k} xfg mfkch le kx} ìg. ]wmf `n `zx m`n lnc{ mzg`xg `n `zxk}xkm eggckni yfkmf k} `czg`h{ mcg`zc{ egcx. Xfk} `zx#yfkmf f`} nl rlygz elz xfg ewxwzg# yfkmf k} lnc{ ` mfkch le xfg ìg `nh m`nnlx jgmlag ` alxfgz le xfg ewxwzg#

k} ` j`zzgn `zx. ]fg k} xz`n}kxlz{ `nh xl `cc knxgnx hkg} xfg alagnx xfg `xal}rfgzg `cxgz} yfkmf nlwzk}fgh fgz.

Xfg lxfgz `zx# xf`x yfkmf k} m`r`jcg le ghwm`xkni ewzxfgz# }rzkni} gpw`cc{ ezla mlnxgarlz`z{ eggckni# jwx k} `x

xfg }àg xkag nlx lnc{ gmfl `nh akzzlz le kx# jwx `c}l f`} ` hggr `nh rlygzewc rzlrfgxkm }xzgnixf.

Xfg }rkzkxw`c ckeg# xl yfkmf `zx jgclni} `nh le yfkmf }fg k} lng le xfg akifxkg}x gcgagnx}# k} ` mlarckm`xgh jwx

hgeknkxg `nh g`}kc{ hgekn`jcg alugagnx elzy`zh} `nh wry`zh}. Xfk} alugagnx k} xfg alugagnx le

gvrgzkgnmg. Kx a`{ xòg hkeegzgnx elza}# jwx kx flch} `x jlxxla xl xfg }àg knngz xflwifx `nh rwzrl}g.

Ugkcgh kn lj}mwzkx{ `zg xfg m`w}g} le xfk} nggh xl alug gugz wry`zh} `nh elzy`zh}# j{ }yg`x le xfg jzly#

R@ZX KK. @JLWX R@KNXKNI ;



xfzlwif }weegzkni} `nh eg`z}. Yfgn lng }xìg f`} jggn `mmlarck}fgh# `nh a`n{ gukc }xlng} mcg`zgh ezla xfg

zl`h# }lag wn}ggn `nh ykmogh f`nh }m`xxgz} ngy lj}x`mcg} kn xfg y`{# }l xf`x xfg r`xf lexgn }gga} jclmogh

`nh xlx`cc{ ljckxgz`xgh. Jwx xfgzg ngugz e`kc} xl mlag xl xfg zg}mwg }lag fwa`n jgkni# ckog lwz}gcug} kn

gugz{xfkni gvmgrx xf`x fg f`} kn fka ` }gmzgx rlygz le uk}kln.

Fg }gg} `nh rlknx} xfg y`{. Xfg rlygz xl hl xfk} fg ylwch }lagxkag} e`kn c`{ `}khg# elz kx k} ` jkxxgz mzl}} xl

jg`z. Jwx fg m`nnlx hl }l. ]mlzngh `nh f`xgh# fg hzì} èxgz fka lugz xfg }xlng} xfg fgù{ mf`zklx le ` hkukhghfwa`nkx{# gugz elzy`zh} `nh wry`zh}.

Lexgn# a`n{ {g`z} èxgz fk} jlh{ f`} u`nk}fgh ezla xfg g`zxf# agn xz{ j{ gugz{ ag`n} xl zgmzg`xg xfk} jlh{ kn

a`zjcg# kzln# jzlntg# lz }xlng# ln `n gnlzalw} }m`cg. @} ke xfgzg ygzg `n{ knxzkn}km u`cwg kn xfg jlhkc{

gvk}xgnmg le }wmf hkukng a`zx{z} `nh }gzu`nx} le fwa`nkx{# yfl hg}rk}gh xfg ecg}f `nh ckugh lnc{ elz xfg

}rkzkx! Jwx `x cg`}x }wmf }gxxkni wr le a`zjcg k} ` rzlle xf`x ` izg`x nwajgz le agn fùg zg`mfgh xfg rlknx

yfgzg lnmg xfg jgkni xfg{ ylwch nly flnlwz# }xllh `clng.

KK. XFG ALUGAGNX LE XFG XZK@NICG

Xfg ckeg le xfg }rkzkx a`{ jg e`kzc{ zgrzg}gnxgh kn hkìzà `} ` c`zig `mwxg`nicgh xzk`nicg hkukhgh flzktlnx`cc{knxl wngpw`c r`zx} ykxf xfg n`zzlyg}x }giagnx wrrgzal}x. Xfg clygz xfg }giagnx xfg izg`xgz kx k} kn jzg`hxf#

hgrxf# `nh `zg`.

Xfg yflcg xzk`nicg k} alukni }clyc{# `cal}x knuk}kjc{ elzy`zh} `nh wry`zh}. Yfgzg xfg `rgv y`} xlh`{ xfg

}gmlnh }giagnx k} xlalzzly? yf`x xlh`{ m`n jg wnhgz}xllh lnc{ j{ xfg `rgv `nh xl xfg zg}x le xfg xzk`nicg k}

`n knmlarzgfgn}kjcg ikjjgzk}f# elza} xlalzzly xfg xzwg xflwifx `nh eggckni le xfg }gmlnh }giagnx.

@x xfg `rgv le xfg xlr }giagnx }x`nh} lexgn lng a`n# `nh lnc{ lng. Fk} dl{ewc uk}kln mclò} ` u`}x }lzzly.

Gugn xfl}g yfl `zg ng`zg}x xl fka kn }{ar`xf{ hl nlx wnhgz}x`nh fka. @nizkc{ xfg{ `jw}g fka `} mf`zc`x`n lz

a`ha`n. ]l kn fk} ckegxkag }xllh Jggxflugn# }lckx`z{ `nh kn}wcxgh.

_ellxnlxg4 Ygjgz# mlarl}gz le Hgz Ezgk}mfwxt# }`kh le Jggxflugn)} ]gugnxf ]{arfln{4 *Xfg gvxzùì`nmg}

le ignkw} fùg zg`mfgh xfg ckakx? Jggxflugn k} nly zkrg elz `n `}{cwa.* Le xfg lrgnkni rfz`}g# ln ` zgkxgz`xgh

*g#* xfg @jjg ]x`hcgz }`kh xl fk} ngkifjlwz# yfgn ekz}x fg fg`zh kx4 *@cy`{} xf`x ak}gz`jcg )g)? fg }gga} xl jg

hgè xl kx fka}gce# xfg khklx!*Q

Fly a`n{ {g`z} ykcc kx jg jgelzg ` izg`xgz }giagnx le xfg xzk`nicg zg`mfg} xfg }rlx yfgzg fg lnmg }xllh

`clng< Hg}rkxg agalzk`c} `nh }x`xwg}# `zg xfg{ zg`cc{ a`n{ yfl fùg zk}gn xl fk} cgugc< _Ellxnlxg :4 @zg nlx

a`n{ alnwagnx} kn xfga}gcug} `n}ygz} xl xf`x pwg}xkln<Q

Kn gugz{ }giagnx le xfg xzk`nicg `zg `zxk}x}. G`mf lng le xfga yfl m`n }gg jg{lnh xfg ckakx} le fk} }giagnx k}

` rzlrfgx xl xfl}g `jlwx fka# `nh fgcr} xfg `hu`nmg le xfg lj}xkn`xg yflcg. Jwx xfl}g yfl `zg jcknh# lz xfl}g

yfl zgx`zh xfg alugagnx le xfg xzk`nicg elz j`}gz zg`}ln}# `zg ewcc{ wnhgz}xllh j{ xfgkz egccly} `nh `mmc`kaghelz xfgkz ignkw}. Xfg izg`xgz xfg }giagnx &yfkmf k} xfg }àg `} }`{kni xfg clygz kx ckg} kn xfg xzk`nicg+ }l xfg

izg`xgz xfg nwajgz yfl wnhgz}x`nh xfg ylzh} le xfg `zxk}x. Gugz{ }giagnx fwnigz} mln}mklw}c{ lz# awmf alzg

lexgn# wnmln}mklw}c{ elz xfgkz mlzzg}rlnhkni }rkzkxw`c ellh. Xfk} ellh k} leegzgh j{ xfg `zxk}x}# `nh elz xfk} ellh

xfg }giagnx kaaghk`xgc{ jgcly ykcc xlalzzly jg }xzgxmfkni lwx gìgz f`nh}.

Xfk} }kakcg le xfg xzk`nicg m`nnlx jg }`kh xl gvrzg}} gugz{ `}rgmx le xfg }rkzkxw`c ckeg. Elz kn}x`nmg# xfgzg k}

ngugz `n `j}lcwxg }f`hly}khg xl xfg rkmxwzg# ngugz ` rkgmg le wnzgckgugh iclla. Gugn xll lexgn kx f`rrgn}

xf`x lng cgugc le }rkzkxw`c ellh }weekmg} elz xfg nlwzk}fagnx le xfl}g yfl `zg `czg`h{ kn ` fkifgz }giagnx. Jwx

elz xfga xfk} ellh k} rlk}ln? kn }a`cc pw`nxkxkg} kx hgrzg}}g} xfgkz }lwc} iz`hw`cc{ knxl ` clygz }giagnx? kn

c`zig pw`nxkxkg} kx fwzc} xfga }whhgnc{ knxl xfg hgrxf} gugz clygz `nh clygz. ]kgnokgykmt# kn lng le fk} nlugc}#

mlar`zg} xfg }rkzkxw`c ckeg xl }ykaakni? elz xfg a`n yfl hlg} nlx }xzkug xkzgcg}}c{# yfl hlg} nlx ekifx




mlnxknw`cc{ ì`kn}x }knokni# ykcc agnx`cc{ `nh alz`cc{ il wnhgz. Kn xfk} }xz`kx ` a`n)} x`cgnx &ì`kn kn xfg

jkjckm`c }gn}g+ jgmlag} ` mwz}g`nh nlx lnc{ xfg x`cgnx le xfg `zxk}x# jwx `c}l le xfl}g yfl g`x xfk} rlk}lngh

ellh. Xfg `zxk}x w}g} fk} }xzgnixf xl ec`xxgz fk} clygz nggh}? kn `n l}xgn}kjc{ `zxk}xkm elza fg rzg}gnx} yf`x k}

karwzg# hz`y} xfg ygògz gcgagnx} xl fka# akvg} xfga ykxf gukc# jgxz`{} agn `nh fgcr} xfga xl jgxz`{

xfga}gcug}# yfkcg xfg{ mlnuknmg xfga}gcug} `nh lxfgz} xf`x xfg{ `zg }rkzkxw`cc{ xfkz}x{# `nh xf`x ezla xfk} rwzg

}rzkni xfg{ a`{ pwgnmf xfgkz xfkz}x. ]wmf `zx hlg} nlx fgcr xfg elzy`zh alugagnx# jwx fknhgz} kx# hzìikni

j`mo xfl}g yfl `zg }xzkukni xl rzg}} lny`zh# `nh }rzg`hkni rg}xkcgnmg `jzl`h.

]wmf rgzklh}# hwzkni yfkmf `zx f`} nl nljcg mfàrkln# hwzkni yfkmf xfg xzwg }rkzkxw`c ellh k} y`nxkni# `zg

rgzklh} le zgxzlizg}}kln kn xfg }rkzkxw`c ylzch. Mg`}gcg}}c{ }lwc} e`cc ezla xfg fkifgz xl xfg clygz }giagnx} le

xfg xzk`nicg# `nh xfg yflcg }gga} alxklncg}}# lz gugn xl alug hlyn `nh j`moy`zh}. Agn `xxzkjwxg xl xfg}g

jcknh `nh hwaj rgzklh} ` }rgmk`c u`cwg# elz xfg{ dwhig xfga j{ lwxy`zh zg}wcx}# xfknokni lnc{ le a`xgzk`c

ygccjgkni. Xfg{ f`kc }lag xgmfnkm`c `hu`nmg# yfkmf m`n fgcr nlxfkni jwx xfg jlh{# `} ` izg`x `mfkgugagnx.

Zg`c }rkzkxw`c i`kn} `zg `x jg}x wnhgzu`cwgh# `x ylz}x gnxkzgc{ kinlzgh.

Xfg }lckx`z{ uk}kln`zkg} `zg hg}rk}gh lz zgi`zhgh `} `jnlza`c `nh gmmgnxzkm. Xfl}g yfl `zg nlx yz`rrgh kn

cgxf`zi{ `nh yfl eggc uìwg clnikni} elz }rkzkxw`c ckeg `nh onlycghig `nh rzlizg}}# mz{ kn f`z}f mflzw}#

ykxflwx `n{ xl mlaelzx xfga. Xfg nkifx le xfg }rkzkx e`cc} alzg `nh alzg h`zoc{. Hggrgz jgmlag} xfg ak}gz{

le xfg}g jcknh `nh xgzzkekgh iwkhg}# `nh xfgkz elcclygz}# xlzagnxgh `nh wnngzugh j{ eg`z `nh hlwjx# rzgegz xl

xfk} iz`hw`c h`zognkni xfg ekn`c }whhgn cg`r knxl xfg jc`mong}}.

@x }wmf ` xkag `zx aknk}xgz} xl clygz nggh}# `nh k} w}gh elz a`xgzk`c gnh}. ]fg }ggo} fgz }wj}x`nmg kn f`zh

zg`ckxkg} jgm`w}g }fg only} le nlxfkni nljcgz. Ljdgmx}# xfg zgrzlhwmxkln le yfkmf k} mln}khgzgh fgz }lcg `ka#

zga`kn alnlxlnlw}c{ xfg }àg. Xfg pwg}xkln *yf`x<* hk}`rrg`z} ezla `zx? lnc{ xfg pwg}xkln *fly<* zga`kn}.

J{ yf`x agxflh `zg xfg}g a`xgzk`c ljdgmx} xl jg zgrzlhwmgh< Xfg ylzh jgmlag} ` mzggh. @zx f`} cl}x fgz }lwc.

Kn xfg }g`zmf elz agxflh xfg `zxk}x ilg} }xkcc ewzxfgz. @zx jgmlag} }l }rgmk`cktgh `} xl jg mlarzgfgn}kjcg lnc{

xl `zxk}x}# `nh xfg{ mlarc`kn jkxxgzc{ le rwjckm knhkeegzgnmg xl xfgkz ylzo. Elz }knmg xfg `zxk}x kn }wmf xkag} f`}

nl nggh xl }`{ awmf# jwx lnc{ xl jg nlxlzklw} elz }lag }a`cc lzkikn`ckx{ `nh mln}gpwgnxc{ c`whgh j{ ` }a`cc

izlwr le r`xzln} `nh mlnnlk}}gwz} &yfkmf knmkhgnx`cc{ k} `c}l ` ugz{ rzlekx`jcg jw}kng}} elz fka+# xfgzg `zk}g `

mzlyh le ikexgh `nh }okcewc r`knxgz}# }l g`}{ hlg} xfg mlnpwg}x le `zx `rrg`z. Kn g`mf `zxk}xkm mkzmcg `zgxflw}`nh} le }wmf `zxk}x}# le yfla xfg a`dlzkx{ }ggo lnc{ elz }lag ngy xgmfnkm`c a`nngz# `nh yfl rzlhwmg

akcckln} le ylzo} le `zx ykxflwx gnxfw}k`}a# ykxf mlch fg`zx} `nh }lwc} `}cggr.

Mlargxkxkln `zk}g}. Xfg ykch j`xxcg elz }wmmg}} jgmlag} alzg `nh alzg a`xgzk`c. ]a`cc izlwr} yfl fùg

elwifx xfgkz y`{ xl xfg xlr le xfg mf`lxkm ylzch le `zx `nh rkmxwzgaòkni gnxzgnmf xfga}gcug} kn xfg xgzzkxlz{

xfg{ fùg yln. Xfg rwjckm# cgex e`z jgfknh# cllo} ln jgykchgzgh# cl}g} knxgzg}x `nh xwzn} `y`{.

Jwx hg}rkxg `cc xfk} mlnew}kln# xfk} mf`l}# xfk} ykch fwnx elz nlxlzkgx{# xfg }rkzkxw`c xzk`nicg# }clyc{ jwx }wzgc{#

ykxf kzzg}k}xkjcg }xzgnixf# alug} lny`zh} `nh wry`zh}.

Xfg knuk}kjcg Al}g} hg}mgnh} ezla xfg alwnx`kn `nh }gg} xfg h`nmg zlwnh xfg ilchgn m`ce. Jwx fg jzkni} ykxffka ezg}f }xlzg} le yk}hla xl a`n.

Ekz}x j{ xfg `zxk}x k} fg`zh fk} ulkmg# xfg ulkmg xf`x k} kn`whkjcg xl xfg mzlyh. @cal}x wnonlyknic{ xfg `zxk}x

elccly} xfg m`cc. @czg`h{ kn xf`x ugz{ pwg}xkln *fly<* ckg} ` fkhhgn }ggh le zgn`k}}`nmg. Elz yfgn xfk} *fly<*

zga`kn} ykxflwx `n{ ezwkxewc `n}ygz# xfgzg k} `cy`{} ` rl}}kjkckx{ xf`x xfg }àg *}lagxfkni* &yfkmf yg m`cc

rgz}ln`ckx{ xlh`{+ a`{ jg `jcg xl }gg kn xfg ljdgmx} `jlwx kx nlx lnc{ yf`x k} rwzgc{ a`xgzk`c jwx `c}l

}lagxfkni cg}} }lckh? }lagxfkni cg}} *jlhkc{* xf`n y`} }ggn kn xfg rgzklh le zg`ck}a# yfgn xfg wnkugz}`c `ka

y`} xl zgrzlhwmg `n{xfkni *`} kx zg`cc{ k}* `nh ykxflwx e`nx`}xkm kaìkn`xkln.

_Ellxnlxg4 Ezgpwgnx w}g k} a`hg fgzg le xfg xgza} *a`xgzk`c* `nh *nlna`xgzk`c#* `nh le xfg knxgzaghk`xg

rfz`}g} *alzg* lz *cg}} a`xgzk`c.* K} gugz{xfkni a`xgzk`c< lz k} GUGZ[XFKNI }rkzkxw`c< M`n xfg hk}xknmxkln}




yg aòg jgxyggn a`xxgz `nh }rkzkx jg nlxfkni jwx zgc`xkug alhkekm`xkln} le lng lz xfg lxfgz< Xflwifx yfkmf#

`cxflwif ` rzlhwmx le xfg }rkzkx# m`n jg hgekngh ykxf rl}kxkug }mkgnmg# k} a`xxgz# jwx le ekng `nh nlx ml`z}g

}wj}x`nmg. K} yf`xgugz m`nnlx jg xlwmfgh ykxf xfg f`nh# }rkzkxw`c< Xfg hk}mw}}kln ckg} jg{lnh xfg }mlrg le

xfk} ckxxcg jllo? `cc xf`x a`xxgz} fgzg k} xf`x xfg jlwnh`zkg} hz`yn }flwch nlx jg xll hgeknkxg.Q

Ke xfg galxkln`c rlygz le xfg `zxk}x m`n lugzyfgca xfg *fly<* `nh m`n ikug ezgg }mlrg xl fk} ekngz eggckni}#

xfgn `zx k} ln xfg mzg}x le xfg zl`h j{ yfkmf }fg ykcc nlx e`kc c`xgz ln xl eknh xfg *yf`x* }fg f`} cl}x# xfg *yf`x*yfkmf ykcc }fly xfg y`{ xl xfg }rkzkxw`c ellh le xfg ngyc{ `yògngh }rkzkxw`c ckeg. Xfk} *yf`x<* ykcc nl

clnigz jg xfg a`xgzk`c# ljdgmxkug *yf`x* le xfg elzagz rgzklh# jwx xfg knxgzn`c xzwxf le `zx# xfg }lwc ykxflwx

yfkmf xfg jlh{ &k.g. xfg *fly*+ m`n ngugz jg fg`cxf{# yfgxfgz kn `n knhkukhw`c lz kn ` yflcg rglrcg.

XFK] *YF@X* K] XFG KNXGZN@C XZWXF YFKMF LNC[ @ZX M@N HKUKNG# YFKMF LNC[ @ZX

M@N GVRZG]] J[ XFL]G AG@N] LE GVRZG]]KLN YFKMF @ZG FGZ] @CLNG.

KKK. ]RKZKXW@C ZGULCWXKLN

Xfg }rkzkxw`c xzk`nicg alug} }clyc{ lny`zh} `nh wry`zh}. Xlh`{ lng le xfg c`zig}x le xfg clygz }giagnx} f`}

zg`mfgh xfg rlknx le w}kni xfg ekz}x j`xxcg mz{ le xfg a`xgzk`ck}x mzggh. Xfg hygccgz} kn xfk} }giagnx izlwrxfga}gcug} zlwnh u`zklw} j`nngz} kn zgckikln. Xfg{ m`cc xfga}gcug} Dgy}# M`xflckm}# Rzlxg}x`nx}# gxm. Jwx xfg{

`zg zg`cc{ `xfgk}x}# `nh xfk} ` egy gkxfgz le xfg jlchg}x lz xfg n`zzlyg}x lrgnc{ ùly. *Fgùgn k} garx{#* *Ilh

k} hg`h.* Kn rlckxkm} xfg}g rglrcg `zg hgalmz`x} `nh zgrwjckm`n}. Xfg eg`z# flzzlz `nh f`xzgh yfkmf {g}xgzh`{

xfg{ egcx elz xfg}g rlckxkm`c mzggh} xfg{ nly hkzgmx ì`kn}x `n`zmfk}a# le yfkmf xfg{ only nlxfkni jwx kx} awmf

hzg`hgh nàg.

Kn gmlnlakm} xfg}g rglrcg `zg ]lmk`ck}x}. Xfg{ aòg }f`zr xfg }ylzh le dw}xkmg ykxf yfkmf xl }c`{ xfg f{hz`

le m`rkx`ck}a `nh xl fgy lee xfg fg`h le gukc.

Jgm`w}g xfg knf`jkx`nx} le xfk} izg`x }giagnx le xfg xzk`nicg fùg ngugz }lcugh `n{ rzljcga knhgrgnhgnxc{#

jwx `zg hzìigh `} kx ygzg kn ` m`zx j{ xfl}g xfg nljcg}x le xfgkz egcclyagn yfl fùg }`mzkekmgh xfga}gcug}#

xfg{ only nlxfkni le xfg ukx`c karwc}g le ckeg yfkmf xfg{ zgi`zh `cy`{} uìwgc{ ezla ` izg`x hk}x`nmg. Xfg{

z`xg xfk} karwc}g ckifxc{# rwxxkni xfgkz xzw}x kn rwzrl}gcg}} xfglz{ `nh kn xfg ylzokni le }lag clikm`c agxflh.

Xfg agn le xfg }giagnx ngvx jgcly `zg hzìigh }clyc{ fkifgz# jcknhc{# j{ xfl}g dw}x hg}mzkjgh. Jwx xfg{ mckni

xl xfgkz lch rl}kxkln# ewcc le hzg`h le xfg wnonlyn `nh le jgxz`{`c. Xfg fkifgz }giagnx} `zg nlx lnc{ jcknh

`xfgk}x} jwx m`n dw}xke{ xfgkz ilhcg}}ng}} ykxf }xz`nig ylzh}? elz gvàrcg# xfl}g le Ukzmfly}l wnylzxf{ le `

cg`zngh a`n*K fùg hk}}gmxgh a`n{ mlzr}g}# jwx ngugz {gx hk}mlugzgh ` }lwc kn `n{ le xfga.*

Kn rlckxkm} xfg{ `zg igngz`cc{ zgrwjckm`n# ykxf ` onlycghig le hkeegzgnx r`zckàgnx`z{ rzlmghwzg}? xfg{ zg`h

xfg rlckxkm`c cg`hkni `zxkmcg} kn xfg ngy}r`rgz}. Kn gmlnlakm} xfg{ `zg }lmk`ck}x} le u`zklw} iz`hg}# `nh m`n

}wrrlzx xfgkz *rzknmkrcg}* ykxf nwagzlw} pwlx`xkln}# r`}}kni ezla ]mfygkxtgz)} GAA@ uk` C`}`ccg)} KZLN

C@Y LE Y@IG]# xl A`zv)} M@RKX@C# `nh }xkcc ewzxfgz.

Kn xfg}g clexkgz }giagnx} lxfgz m`xgilzkg} le khg`}# `j}gnx kn xfg}g dw}x hg}mzkjgh# jgikn iz`hw`cc{ xl

`rrg`z}mkgnmg `nh `zx# xl yfkmf c`}x jgclni `c}l ckxgz`xwzg `nh aw}km.

Kn }mkgnmg xfg}g agn `zg rl}kxkuk}x}# lnc{ zgmlinktkni xfl}g xfkni} xf`x m`n jg ygkifgh `nh ag`}wzgh.

@n{xfkni jg{lnh xf`x xfg{ mln}khgz `} z`xfgz hk}mzghkx`jcg nln}gn}g# xf`x }àg nln}gn}g `jlwx yfkmf xfg{

fgch {g}xgzh`{ xfg xfglzkg} xf`x xlh`{ `zg rzlugn.

Kn `zx xfg{ `zg n`xwz`ck}x}# yfkmf ag`n} xf`x xfg{ zgmlinktg `nh u`cwg xfg rgz}ln`ckx{# knhkukhw`ckx{ `nh

xgargzàgnx le xfg `zxk}x wr xl ` mgzx`kn hgeknkxg rlknx. Xfk} rlknx f`} jggn ekvgh j{ lxfgz}# `nh kn kx xfg{

jgckgug wnecknmfknic{.

R@ZX KK. @JLWX R@KNXKNI 0:



Jwx hg}rkxg xfgkz r`xgnx `nh ygcclzhgzgh }gmwzkx{# hg}rkxg xfgkz kne`cckjcg rzknmkrcg}# xfgzg cwzo} kn xfg}g fkifgz

}giagnx} ` fkhhgn eg`z# ` ngzulw} xzgajckni# ` }gn}g le kn}gmwzkx{. @nh xfk} k} hwg xl xfgkz wrjzknikni. Xfg{

only xf`x xfg }ìg}# }x`xg}agn `nh `zxk}x} yfla xlh`{ xfg{ zgugzg# ygzg {g}xgzh`{ }rwzngh `} }yknhcgz} `nh

mf`zc`x`n}. @nh xfg fkifgz xfg }giagnx kn xfg xzk`nicg# xfg jgxxgz hgekngh k} xfk} eg`z# xfk} alhgzn }gn}g le

kn}gmwzkx{. Fgzg `nh xfgzg `zg rglrcg ykxf g{g} yfkmf m`n }gg# aknh} yfkmf m`n mlzzgc`xg. Xfg{ }`{ xl

xfga}gcug}4 *Ke xfg }mkgnmg le xfg h`{ jgelzg {g}xgzh`{ k} zgdgmxgh j{ xfg rglrcg le {g}xgzh`{# `nh xf`x le

{g}xgzh`{ j{ w} le xlh`{# k} kx nlx rl}}kjcg xf`x yf`x yg m`cc }mkgnmg nly ykcc jg zgdgmxgh j{ xfg agn le xlalzzly<* @nh xfg jzùg}x le xfga `n}ygz# *Kx k} rl}}kjcg.*

Xfgn rglrcg `rrg`z yfl m`n hk}xkniwk}f xfl}g rzljcga} xf`x xfg }mkgnmg le xlh`{ f`} nlx {gx gvrc`kngh. @nh

xfg{ `}o xfga}gcug}4 *Ykcc }mkgnmg# ke kx mlnxknwg} ln xfg zl`h kx f`} elcclygh elz }l clni# gugz `xx`kn xl xfg

}lcwxkln le xfg}g rzljcga}< @nh ke kx hlg} }l `xx`kn# ykcc agn jg `jcg xl zgc{ ln kx} }lcwxkln<* Kn xfg}g

}giagnx} `zg `c}l rzleg}}kln`c agn le cg`znkni yfl m`n zgagajgz xfg xkag yfgn e`mx} nly zgmlinktgh j{ xfg

@m`hgakg} `} ekzac{ g}x`jck}fgh# ygzg }mlzngh j{ xfl}g }àg @m`hgakg}. Xfgzg `zg `c}l rfkcl}lrfgz} le

`g}xfgxkm yfl yzkxg rzlelwnh jllo} `jlwx `n `zx yfkmf y`} {g}xgzh`{ mlnhgangh `} nln}gn}g. Kn yzkxkni

xfg}g jllo} xfg{ zgalug xfg j`zzkgz} lugz yfkmf `zx f`} al}x zgmgnxc{ }xgrrgh `nh }gx wr ngy lng} yfkmf `zg

xl zga`kn elz gugz kn xfg rc`mg} xfg{ fùg mfl}gn. Xfg{ hl nlx nlxkmg xf`x xfg{ `zg jw}{ gzgmxkni j`zzkgz}# nlx

kn ezlnx le `zx# jwx jgfknh kx. @nh ke xfg{ hl nlxkmg xfk}# ln xfg alzzly xfg{ agzgc{ yzkxg ezg}f jllo} `nh

f`}xkc{ }gx xfgkz j`zzkgz} ` ckxxcg ewzxfgz ln. Xfk} rgzelza`nmg ykcc il ln wn`cxgzgh wnxkc kx k} zg`cktgh xf`x xfg

al}x gvxzgag rzknmkrcg le `g}xfgxkm m`n ngugz jg le u`cwg xl xfg ewxwzg# jwx lnc{ xl xfg r`}x. Nl }wmf xfglz{ le

rzknmkrcg m`n jg c`kh hlyn elz xfl}g xfkni} yfkmf ckg jg{lnh# kn xfg zg`ca le xfg kaa`xgzk`c. Xf`x yfkmf f`}

nl a`xgzk`c gvk}xgnmg m`nnlx jg }wjdgmxgh xl ` a`xgzk`c mc`}}kekm`xkln. Xf`x yfkmf jgclni} xl xfg }rkzkx le xfg

ewxwzg m`n lnc{ jg zg`cktgh kn eggckni# `nh xl xfk} eggckni xfg x`cgnx le xfg `zxk}x k} xfg lnc{ zl`h. Xfglz{ k} xfg

càr yfkmf }fgh} ckifx ln xfg rgxzkekgh khg`} le {g}xgzh`{ `nh le xfg alzg hk}x`nx r`}x. _Ellxnlxg4 Me.

Mf`rxgz UKK.

Q @nh `} yg zk}g fkifgz kn xfg xzk`nicg yg eknh xf`x xfg wng`}kng}} knmzg`}g}# `} ` mkx{ jwkcx ln xfg al}x mlzzgmx

`zmfkxgmxwz`c rc`n a`{ jg }fògn }whhgnc{ j{ xfg wnmlnxzlcc`jcg elzmg le n`xwzg. Fwa`nkx{ k} ckukni kn }wmf `

}rkzkxw`c mkx{# }wjdgmx xl xfg}g }whhgn hk}xwzj`nmg} elz yfkmf ngkxfgz `zmfkxgmx} nlz a`xfga`xkmk`n} fùg a`hg

`ccly`nmg. Kn lng rc`mg ckg} ` izg`x y`cc mzwajcgh xl rkgmg} ckog ` m`zh flw}g# kn `nlxfgz `zg xfg zwkn} le `

fwig xlygz yfkmf lnmg }xzgxmfgh xl fgùgn# jwkcx ln a`n{ rzg}wa`jc{ kaalzx`c }rkzkxw`c rkcc`z}. Xfg

`j`nhlngh mfwzmf{`zh pwòg} `nh elzilxxgn izùg} lrgn `nh ezla xfga zk}g elzilxxgn ifl}x}. ]rlx} `rrg`z ln

xfg }wn `nh xfg }wn izly} h`zo# `nh yf`x xfglz{ m`n ekifx ykxf h`zong}}< @nh kn xfk} mkx{ ckug `c}l agn

hgègngh j{ e`c}g yk}hla yfl fg`z nl mz`}f# `nh jcknhgh j{ e`c}g yk}hla# }l xf`x xfg{ }`{ *lwz }wn ykcc

}fkng alzg jzkifxc{ xf`n gugz `nh }lln xfg c`}x }rlx} ykcc hk}`rrg`z.* Jwx }lagxkag gugn xfg}g agn ykcc fg`z

`nh }gg.

Jwx yfgn yg igx }xkcc fkifgz xfgzg k} nl clnigz xfk} jgykchgzagnx. Xfgzg ylzo k} ilkni ln yfkmf jlchc{`xx`mo} xfl}g rkcc`z} yfkmf agn fùg }gx wr. Xfgzg yg eknh lxfgz rzleg}}kln`c agn le cg`znkni yfl xg}x a`xxgz

ì`kn `nh ì`kn# yfl xzgajcg jgelzg nl rzljcga# `nh yfl ekn`cc{ m`}x hlwjx ln xf`x ugz{ a`xxgz yfkmf y`}

{g}xgzh`{ xfg elwnh`xkln le gugz{xfkni# }l xf`x xfg yflcg wnkugz}g k} }fògn. Gugz{ h`{ `nlxfgz }mkgnxkekm

xfglz{ eknh} jlch hk}mlugzgz} yfl lugz}xgr xfg jlwnh`zkg} le rzlrfgm{ `nh# elzigxewc le xfga}gcug}# dlkn xfg

lxfgz }lchkgz} kn xfg mlnpwg}x le }lag ngy }waakx `nh kn xfg flrgcg}} `xx`mo ln }lag }xwjjlzn elzxzg}}. Jwx

*xfgzg k} nl elzxzg}} xf`x a`n m`nnlx lugzmlag.*

Ln xfg lng f`nh# E@MX] `zg jgkni g}x`jck}fgh yfkmf xfg }mkgnmg le {g}xgzh`{ hwjjgh }yknhcg}. Gugn

ngy}r`rgz}# yfkmf `zg elz xfg al}x r`zx xfg al}x lj}gpwklw} }gzu`nx} le ylzchc{ }wmmg}} `nh le xfg alj# `nh

yfkmf xzka xfgkz }`kc} xl gugz{ yknh# eknh xfga}gcug} mlargccgh xl alhke{ xfgkz kzlnkm`c dwhigagnx} ln xfg

*a`zugc}* le }mkgnmg `nh gugn xl `j`nhln xfga `cxligxfgz. U`zklw} cg`zngh agn# àlni xfga

Mf`rxgz UKK. 0=



wcxzà`xgzk`ck}x}# hghkm`xg xfgkz }xzgnixf xl xfg }mkgnxkekm zg}g`zmf le hlwjxewc rzljcga}# yfkmf m`n nl clnigz

jg ckgh `jlwx lz r`}}gh lugz kn }kcgnmg. _ELLXNLXG4 Tlccgz# Yìngz# Jwxcgzlee &]x. Rgxgz}jwzi+# Mzllog}

&Clnhln+# gxm.? c`xgz ln# M. F. Zkmfgx# M. Ecàa`zkln. Xfg R`zk}k`n r`rgz Cg A`xkn# rwjck}fgh `jlwx xyl {g`z}

ìl xfg hk}mlugzkg} le xfg xyl c`}x nàgh wnhgz xfg xkxcg *Dg cg mln}x`xg# a`k} dg ng c)gvrckpwg r`}.* Ekn`cc{

xfgzg `zg M. Clajzl}l# xfg knugnxlz le xfg `nxfzlrlclikm`c agxflh le hkìnl}kni mzkag# `nh Gw}`rkl

R`cc`hknl.Q

Ln xfg lxfgz f`nh# xfg nwajgz k} knmzg`}kni le xfl}g agn yfl rwx nl xzw}x kn xfg agxflh} le a`xgzk`ck}xkm

}mkgnmg yfgn kx hg`c} ykxf xfl}g pwg}xkln} yfkmf fùg xl hl ykxf *nlna`xxgz#* lz a`xxgz yfkmf k} nlx

`mmg}}kjcg xl lwz aknh}. Dw}x `} `zx k} cllokni elz fgcr ezla xfg rzkakxkug}# }l xfg}g agn `zg xwznkni xl

f`ceelzilxxgn xkag} kn lzhgz xl igx fgcr ezla xfgkz f`ce elzilxxgn agxflh}. Flygugz# xfg}g ugz{ agxflh} `zg

}xkcc `ckug `nh kn w}g àlni n`xkln} yfla yg# ezla xfg fgkifx le lwz onlycghig# fùg jggn `mmw}xlagh xl

zgi`zh ykxf rkx{ `nh }mlzn. Xl }wmf n`xkln} jgclni xfg Knhk`n}# yfl ezla xkag xl xkag mlnezlnx xfl}g cg`zngh

kn lwz mkukckt`xkln ykxf rzljcga} yfkmf yg fùg gkxfgz r`}}gh j{ wnnlxkmgh lz jzw}fgh `}khg ykxf }wrgzekmk`c

ylzh} `nh gvrc`n`xkln}. _ELLXNLXG4 Ezgpwgnxc{ kn }wmf m`}g} w}g k} a`hg le xfg ylzh f{rnlxk}a? xf`x

}àg f{rnlxk}a yfkmf# kn kx} g`zckgz elza le ag}agzk}a# y`} hk}h`knewcc{ rwx `}khg j{ u`zklw} cg`zngh

jlhkg}.Q Aag. Jcù`x}o{ y`} xfg ekz}x rgz}ln# èxgz ` ckeg le a`n{ {g`z} kn Knhk`# xl }gg ` mlnngmxkln jgxyggn

xfg}g *}ùìg}* `nh lwz *mkukckt`xkln.* Ezla xf`x alagnx xfgzg jgi`n ` xzgagnhlw} }rkzkxw`c alugagnx yfkmf

xlh`{ knmcwhg} ` c`zig nwajgz le rglrcg `nh f`} gugn `}}wagh ` a`xgzk`c elza kn xfg XFGL]LRFKM@C

]LMKGX[. Xfk} }lmkgx{ mln}k}x} le izlwr} yfl }ggo xl `rrzl`mf xfg rzljcga le xfg }rkzkx j{ y`{ le xfg

KNNGZ onlycghig. Xfg xfglz{ le Xfgl}lrf{ yfkmf }gzug} `} xfg j`}k} xl xfk} alugagnx y`} }gx lwx j{

Jcù`x}o{ kn xfg elza le ` m`xgmfk}a kn yfkmf xfg rwrkc zgmgkug} hgeknkxg `n}ygz} xl fk} pwg}xkln} ezla xfg

xfgl}lrfkm`c rlknx le ukgy. _ELLXNLXG4 G. R. Jcù`x}o{# Xfg Og{ le Xfgl}lrf{# Clnhln# 066;.Q

Xfgl}lrf{# `mmlzhkni xl Jcù`x}o{# k} }{nln{alw} ykxf GXGZN@C XZWXF. *Xfg ngy xlzmfjg`zgz le xzwxf

ykcc eknh xfg aknh} le agn rzgr`zgh elz fk} ag}}ìg# ` c`niwìg zg`h{ elz fka kn yfkmf xl mclxfg xfg ngy

xzwxf} fg jzkni}# `n lzi`nkt`xkln `y`kxkni fk} `zzku`c# yfkmf ykcc zgalug xfg agzgc{ agmf`nkm`c# a`xgzk`c

lj}x`mcg} `nh hkeekmwcxkg} ezla fk} r`xf.* @nh xfgn Jcù`x}o{ mlnxknwg}4 *Xfg g`zxf ykcc jg ` fgùgn kn xfg

xygnx{ekz}x mgnxwz{ kn mlar`zk}ln ykxf yf`x kx k} nly#* `nh ykxf xfg}g ylzh} gnh} fgz jllo.

Yfgn zgckikln# }mkgnmg `nh alz`ckx{ `zg }fògn# xfg xyl c`}x j{ xfg }xzlni f`nh le Nkgxt}mfg# `nh yfgn xfglwxgz }wrrlzx} xfzg`xgn xl e`cc# a`n xwzn} fk} i`tg ezla gvxgzn`c} kn ln xl fka}gce. Ckxgz`xwzg# aw}km `nh `zx `zg

xfg ekz}x `nh al}x }gn}kxkug }rfgzg} kn yfkmf xfk} }rkzkxw`c zgulcwxkln aòg} kx}gce egcx. Xfg{ zgecgmx xfg h`zo

rkmxwzg le xfg rzg}gnx xkag `nh }fly xfg karlzx`nmg le yf`x `x ekz}x y`} lnc{ ` ckxxcg rlknx le ckifx nlxkmgh j{

egy `nh elz xfg izg`x a`dlzkx{ nlngvk}xgnx. Rgzf`r} xfg{ gugn izly h`zo kn xfgkz xwzn# jwx ln xfg lxfgz f`nh

xfg{ xwzn `y`{ ezla xfg }lwccg}} ckeg le xfg rzg}gnx xly`zh} xfl}g }wj}x`nmg} `nh khg`} yfkmf ikug ezgg }mlrg

xl xfg nlna`xgzk`c }xzkukni} le xfg }lwc.

@ rlgx le xfk} oknh kn xfg zg`ca le ckxgz`xwzg k} A`gxgzcknmo. Fg xòg} w} knxl ` ylzch yfkmf# zkifxc{ lz

yzlnic{# yg xgza }wrgzn`xwz`c. C` Rzknmg}}g A`cgkng# Cg} ]grx Rzknmg}}g}# Cg} @ugwicg}# gxm.# `zg nlx rglrcg

le r`}x xkag} `} `zg xfg fgzlg} kn ]fòg}rg`zg. Xfg{ `zg agzgc{ }lwc} cl}x kn xfg mclwh}# xfzg`xgngh j{ xfga

ykxf hg`xf# gxgzn`cc{ agn`mgh j{ }lag knuk}kjcg `nh }lajzg rlygz.

]rkzkxw`c h`zong}}# xfg kn}gmwzkx{ le kinlz`nmg `nh eg`z rgzu`hg xfg ylzch kn yfkmf xfg{ alug. A`gxgzcknmo k}

rgzf`r} lng le xfg ekz}x rzlrfgx}# lng le xfg ekz}x `zxk}xkm zgelzagz} `nh }ggz} xl fgz`ch xfg gnh le xfg hgm`hgnmg

dw}x hg}mzkjgh. Xfg iclla le xfg }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg# xfg xgzzkjcg# jwx `cciwkhkni f`nh# xfg }gn}g le wxxgz eg`z#

xfg eggckni le fùkni }xz`{gh ezla xfg r`xf# xfg mlnew}kln àlni xfg iwkhg}# `cc xfg}g `zg mcg`zc{ egcx kn fk}

ylzo}._Ellxnlxg4 Xl xfg ezlnx x`no le }wmf }ggz} le xfg hgm`hgnmg jgclni} `c}l @cezgh Owjkn. Ykxf kzzg}k}xkjcg

elzmg jlxf Owjkn)} hz`ykni} `nh `c}l fk} nlugc *Hkg @nhgzg ]gkxg* }gga xl gniwce w} kn xfg xgzzkjcg

`xal}rfgzg le garx{ hg}lc`xkln.Q

Xfk} `xal}rfgzg A`gxgzcknmo mzg`xg} rzknmkr`cc{ j{ rwzgc{ `zxk}xkm ag`n}. Fk} a`xgzk`c a`mfkngz{ &iclla{

alwnx`kn}# allnckifx# a`z}fg}# yknh# xfg mzkg} le lyc}# gxm.+ rc`{} zg`cc{ ` }{ajlckm zlcg `nh fgcr} xl ikug xfg

Mf`rxgz UKK. 08



knngz nlxg. _Ellxnlxg4 Yfgn lng le A`gxgzcknmo)} rc`{} y`} rzlhwmgh kn ]x. Rgxgz}jwzi wnhgz fk} lyn

iwkh`nmg# fg fka}gce `x lng le xfg zgfg`z}`c} f`h ` xlygz zgrzg}gnxgh j{ ` rc`kn rkgmg le f`nikni ckngn. Kx y`}

le nl karlzx`nmg xl fka xl fùg gc`jlz`xg }mgngz{ rzgr`zgh. Fg hkh `} mfkchzgn# xfg izg`xg}x kaìkngz} le `cc

xkag# `cy`{} hl kn xfgkz iàg}? elz xfg{ w}g ` }xkmo elz ` flz}g lz mzg`xg gnxkzg zgikagnx} le mù`cz{ lwx le

mf`co}. @nh kn xfg }àg y`{ ` mf`co ykxf ` nlxmf kn kx k} mf`nigh ezla ` onkifx knxl ` flz}g. Ln }kakc`z ckng}

xfg kaìkn`xkln le xfg }rgmx`xlz rc`{} kn xfg alhgzn xfg`xzg# `nh g}rgmk`cc{ kn xf`x le Zw}}k`# `n karlzx`nx

r`zx. @nh xfk} k} ` nlx`jcg gcgagnx kn xfg xz`n}kxkln ezla xfg a`xgzk`c xl xfg }rkzkxw`c kn xfg xfg`xzg le xfgewxwzg.Q A`gxgzcknmo)} rzknmkr`c xgmfnkm`c yg`rln k} fk} w}g le ylzh}. Xfg ylzh a`{ gvrzg}} `n knngz

f`zaln{. Xfk} knngz f`zaln{ }rzkni} r`zxc{# rgzf`r} rzknmkr`cc{# ezla xfg ljdgmx yfkmf kx nàg}. Jwx ke xfg

ljdgmx k} nlx kx}gce }ggn# jwx lnc{ kx} nàg fg`zh# xfg aknh le xfg fg`zgz zgmgkug} `n `j}xz`mx karzg}}kln lnc{#

xf`x k} xl }`{ `} le xfg ljdgmx hga`xgzk`cktgh# `nh ` mlzzg}rlnhkni ukjz`xkln k} kaaghk`xgc{ }gx wr kn xfg

FG@ZX.

Xfg `rx w}g le ` ylzh &kn kx} rlgxkm`c ag`nkni+# zgrgxkxkln le xfk} ylzh# xykmg# xfzgg xkag} lz gugn alzg

ezgpwgnxc{# `mmlzhkni xl xfg nggh le xfg rlga# ykcc nlx lnc{ xgnh xl knxgn}ke{ xfg knngz f`zaln{ jwx `c}l jzkni

xl ckifx wn}w}rgmxgh }rkzkxw`c rzlrgzxkg} le xfg ylzh kx}gce. Ewzxfgz xf`n xf`x# ezgpwgnx zgrgxkxkln le ` ylzh

&ì`kn ` eùlwzkxg iàg le mfkchzgn# yfkmf k} elzilxxgn kn èxgz ckeg+ hgrzkug} xfg ylzh le kx} lzkikn`c gvxgzn`c

ag`nkni. ]kakc`zc{# kn hz`ykni# xfg `j}xz`mx ag}}ìg le xfg ljdgmx hz`yn xgnh} xl jg elzilxxgn `nh kx} ag`nkni

cl}x. ]lagxkag} rgzf`r} yg wnmln}mklw}c{ fg`z xfk} zg`c f`zaln{ }lwnhkni xligxfgz ykxf xfg a`xgzk`c lz c`xgz

ln ykxf xfg nln a`xgzk`c }gn}g le xfg ljdgmx. Jwx kn xfg c`xxgz m`}g xfg xzwg f`zaln{ gvgzmk}g} ` hkzgmx

karzg}}kln ln xfg }lwc. Xfg }lwc wnhgzilg} `n galxkln yfkmf f`} nl zgc`xkln xl `n{ hgeknkxg ljdgmx# `n

galxkln alzg mlarckm`xgh# K akifx }`{ alzg }wrgz }gn}wlw} xf`n xfg galxkln m`w}gh j{ xfg }lwnh le ` jgcc

lz le ` }xzknigh kn}xzwagnx. Xfk} ckng le hgugclragnx leegz} izg`x rl}}kjkckxkg} xl xfg ckxgz`xwzg le xfg ewxwzg. Kn

`n gajz{lnkm elza xfk} ylzhrlygzf`} `czg`h{ jggn w}gh kn ]GZZG] MF@WHG]. _Ellxnlxg4 ]GZZG]

MF@WHG]# ]WKUKG] HG PWKNTG MF@N]LN]# r`z A`wzkmg A`gxgzcknmo. Jzw}}gc}. C`mlajcgt.Q @}

A`gxgzcknmo w}g} xfga# ylzh} yfkmf }gga `x ekz}x xl mzg`xg lnc{ ` ngwxz`c karzg}}kln fùg zg`cc{ ` alzg }wjxcg

u`cwg. Gugn ` eàkck`z ylzh ckog *f`kz#* ke w}gh kn ` mgzx`kn y`{ m`n knxgn}ke{ `n `xal}rfgzg le }lzzly lz

hg}r`kz. @nh xfk} k} A`gxgzcknmo)} agxflh. Fg }fly} xf`x xfwnhgz# ckifxnkni `nh ` alln jgfknh hzkukni

mclwh}# kn xfga}gcug} a`xgzk`c ag`n}# m`n jg w}gh kn xfg xfg`xzg xl mzg`xg ` izg`xgz }gn}g le xgzzlz xf`n xfg{ hl

kn n`xwzg.

Xfg xzwg knngz elzmg} hl nlx cl}g xfgkz }xzgnixf `nh geegmx }l g`}kc{. _Ellxnlxg4 @ mlar`zk}ln jgxyggn xfg

ylzo le Rlg `nh A`gxgzcknmo }fly} xfg mlwz}g le `zxk}xkm xz`n}kxkln ezla xfg a`xgzk`c xl xfg `j}xz`mx.Q @n xfg

ylzh yfkmf f`} xyl ag`nkni}# xfg ekz}x hkzgmx# xfg }gmlnh knhkzgmx# k} xfg rwzg a`xgzk`c le rlgxz{ `nh le

ckxgz`xwzg# xfg a`xgzk`c yfkmf xfg}g `zx} `clng m`n a`nkrwc`xg `nh xfzlwif yfkmf xfg{ }rgò xl xfg }rkzkx.

]lagxfkni }kakc`z a`{ jg nlxkmgh kn xfg aw}km le Yìngz. Fk} eàlw} cgkxalxku k} `n `xxgarx xl ikug

rgz}ln`ckx{ xl fk} mf`z`mxgz} j{ }lagxfkni jg{lnh xfg`xzkm`c gvrghkgnx} `nh ckifx geegmx. Fk} agxflh le w}kni `

hgeknkxg alxku k} ` rwzgc{ aw}km`c agxflh. Kx mzg`xg} ` }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg j{ ag`n} le ` aw}km`c rfz`}g

yfkmf rzgmghg} xfg fgzl# yfkmf fg }gga} xl z`hk`xg elzxf ezla `n{ hk}x`nmg. _Ellxnlxg4 Ezgpwgnx `xxgarx}

fùg }flyn xf`x }wmf ` }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg m`n jgclni nlx lnc{ xl fgzlg} jwx xl `n{ fwa`n jgkni. ]gn}kxkug}m`nnlx# elz gvàrcg# zga`kn kn ` zlla kn yfkmf ` rgz}ln f`} jggn yfl k} }rkzkxw`cc{ `nxìlnk}xkm xl xfga#

gugn xflwif xfg{ only nlxfkni le fk} gvk}xgnmg.Q Xfg al}x alhgzn aw}kmk`n} ckog Hgjw}}{ mzg`xg ` }rkzkxw`c

karzg}}kln# lexgn xògn ezla n`xwzg# jwx gajlhkgh kn rwzgc{ aw}km`c elza. Elz xfk} zg`}ln Hgjw}}{ k} lexgn

mc`}}gh ykxf xfg Karzg}}klnk}x r`knxgz} ln xfg izlwnh xf`x fg zg}gajcg} xfg}g r`knxgz} kn w}kni n`xwz`c

rfgnlagn` elz xfg rwzrl}g} le fk} `zx. Yf`xgugz xzwxf xfgzg a`{ jg kn xfk} mlar`zk}ln agzgc{ `mmgnxw`xg} xfg

e`mx xf`x xfg u`zklw} `zx} le xlh`{ cg`zn ezla g`mf lxfgz `nh lexgn zg}gajcg g`mf lxfgz. Jwx kx ylwch jg z`}f xl

}`{ xf`x xfk} hgeknkxkln k} `n gvf`w}xkug }x`xgagnx le Hgjw}}{)} }kinkekm`nmg. Hg}rkxg fk} }kakc`zkx{ ykxf xfg

Karzg}}klnk}x} xfk} aw}kmk`n k} hggrc{ mlnmgzngh ykxf }rkzkxw`c f`zaln{# elz kn fk} ylzo} lng fg`z} xfg

}weegzkni `nh xlzxwzgh ngzug} le xfg rzg}gnx xkag. @nh ewzxfgz Hgjw}}{ ngugz w}g} xfg yflcc{ a`xgzk`c nlxg }l

mf`z`mxgzk}xkm le rzlizàag aw}km# jwx xzw}x} a`knc{ kn xfg mzg`xkln le ` alzg `j}xz`mx karzg}}kln. Hgjw}}{

f`} jggn izg`xc{ knecwgnmgh j{ Zw}}k`n aw}km# nlx`jc{ j{ Aw}}lzi}o{. ]l kx k} nlx }wzrzk}kni xf`x fg }x`nh} kn

Mf`rxgz UKK. 07



mcl}g zgc`xkln xl xfg {lwni Zw}}k`n mlarl}gz}# xfg mfkge le yfla k} ]mzk`jkn. Xfg gvrgzkgnmg le xfg fg`zgz k}

ezgpwgnxc{ xfg }àg hwzkni xfg rgzelza`nmg le xfg ylzo} le xfg}g xyl aw}kmk`n}. Fg k} lexgn }n`xmfgh pwkxg

}whhgnc{ ezla ` }gzkg} le alhgzn hk}mlzh} knxl xfg mf`za le alzg lz cg}} mlnugnxkln`c jg`wx{. Fg eggc}

fka}gce lexgn kn}wcxgh# xl}}gh `jlwx ckog ` xgnnk} j`cc lugz xfg ngx jgxyggn xfg xyl r`zxkg} le xfg lwxgz `nh xfg

knngz jg`wx{. Xl xfl}g yfl `zg nlx `mmw}xlagh xl kx xfg knngz jg`wx{ `rrg`z} `} wickng}} jgm`w}g fwa`nkx{ kn

igngz`c knmckng} xl xfg lwxgz `nh only} nlxfkni le xfg knngz. @cal}x `clng kn }gugzkni fka}gce ezla

mlnugnxkln`c jg`wx{ k} xfg @w}xzk`n mlarl}gz# @znlch ]mflnjgzi. Fg }`{} kn fk} F`zalnkgcgfzg4 *Gugz{mlajkn`xkln le nlxg}# gugz{ `hu`nmg k} rl}}kjcg# jwx K à jgiknnkni xl eggc xf`x xfgzg `zg `c}l hgeknkxg zwcg}

`nh mlnhkxkln} yfkmf knmckng ag xl xfg w}g le xfk} lz xf`x hk}}ln`nmg.* _Ellxnlxg4 *Hkg Aw}ko#* r. 028# ezla

xfg F`zalnkgcgfzg &Ugzcì hgz Wnkugz}`c Ghkxkln+.Q Xfk} ag`n} xf`x ]mflnjgzi zg`cktg} xf`x xfg izg`xg}x

ezgghla le `cc# xfg ezgghla le `n wnegxxgzgh `zx# m`n ngugz jg `j}lcwxg. Gugz{ ìg `mfkgug} ` mgzx`kn ag`}wzg

le xfk} ezgghla# jwx jg{lnh xfg jlwnh`zkg} le kx} ezgghla xfg akifxkg}x ignkw} m`n ngugz il. Jwx xfg ag`}wzg

le ezgghla le g`mf ìg aw}x jg mln}x`nxc{ gnc`zigh. ]mflnjgzi k} gnhgùlwzkni xl aòg mlarcgxg w}g le fk}

ezgghla `nh f`} `czg`h{ hk}mlugzgh ilch akng} le ngy jg`wx{ kn fk} }g`zmf elz }rkzkxw`c f`zaln{. Fk} aw}km

cg`h} w} knxl ` zg`ca yfgzg aw}km`c gvrgzkgnmg k} ` a`xxgz nlx le xfg g`z jwx le xfg }lwc `clng`nh ezla xfk}

rlknx jgikn} xfg aw}km le xfg ewxwzg.

@ r`z`ccgc mlwz}g f`} jggn elcclygh j{ xfg Karzg}}klnk}x alugagnx kn r`knxkni. Kx k} }ggn kn kx} hlia`xkm `nh

al}x n`xwz`ck}xkm elza kn }lm`ccgh NglKarzg}}klnk}a. Xfg xfglz{ le xfk} k} xl rwx ln xfg m`nu`} xfg yflcg

ickxxgz `nh jzkcck`nmg le n`xwzg# `nh nlx lnc{ `n k}lc`xgh `}rgmx le fgz.

Kx k} knxgzg}xkni xl nlxkmg xfzgg rz`mxkm`cc{ mlnxgarlz`z{ `nh xlx`cc{ hkeegzgnx izlwr} kn r`knxkni. Xfg{ `zg &0+

Zl}}gxxk `nh fk} rwrkc JwzngDlng}# ykxf xfgkz elcclygz}? &:+ Jlmockn `nh fk} }mfllc? &=+ ]gi`nxknk# ykxf fk}

wnylzxf{ elcclykni le rflxliz`rfkm `zxk}x}. K fùg mfl}gn xfg}g xfzgg izlwr} xl kccw}xz`xg xfg }g`zmf elz xfg

`j}xz`mx kn `zx. Zl}}gxxk }lwifx xl zgukug xfg nlna`xgzk`ck}a le xfg rzgZ`rf`gckxg}. Jlmockn jw}kgh fka}gce

ykxf xfg a{xflclikm`c }mgng}# jwx y`} kn mlnxz`}x xl Zl}}gxxk kn xf`x fg iùg }xzlnic{ a`xgzk`c elza xl fk}

cgignh`z{ ekiwzg}. ]gi`nxknk# lwxy`zhc{ xfg al}x a`xgzk`c le xfg xfzgg# }gcgmxgh xfg al}x lzhkn`z{ ljdgmx}

&fkcc}# }xlng}# m`xxcg# gxm.+ lexgn r`knxkni xfga ykxf xfg aknwxg}x zg`ck}a# jwx fg ngugz e`kcgh xl mzg`xg `

}rkzkxw`c `} ygcc `} ` a`xgzk`c u`cwg# }l xf`x zg`cc{ fg k} xfg al}x nlna`xgzk`c le xfg xzkl.

Xfg}g agn }lwifx elz xfg *knngz* j{ y`{ le xfg *lwxgz.*

J{ `nlxfgz zl`h# `nh lng alzg rwzgc{ `zxk}xkm# xfg izg`x }ggogz èxgz ` ngy }gn}g le elza `rrzl`mfgh xfg }àg

rzljcga. Mgt`nng a`hg ` ckukni xfkni lwx le ` xg`mwr# lz z`xfgz kn ` xg`mwr fg zg`cktgh xfg gvk}xgnmg le

}lagxfkni `ckug. Fg z`k}gh }xkcc ckeg xl }wmf ` rlknx xf`x kx mg`}gh xl jg kn`nka`xg.

Fg r`knxgh xfg}g xfkni} `} fg r`knxgh fwa`n jzkni}# jgm`w}g fg y`} gnhlygh ykxf xfg ikex le hkuknkni xfg

knngz ckeg kn gugz{xfkni. Fk} mlclwz `nh elza `zg `ckog }wkx`jcg xl xfg }rkzkxw`c f`zaln{. @ a`n# ` xzgg# `n

`rrcg# `cc ygzg w}gh j{ Mgt`nng kn xfg mzg`xkln le }lagxfkni xf`x k} m`ccgh ` *rkmxwzg#* `nh yfkmf k} ` rkgmg le

xzwg kny`zh `nh `zxk}xkm f`zaln{. Xfg }àg knxgnxkln `mxw`xg} xfg ylzo le lng le xfg izg`xg}x le xfg {lwni

Ezgnmfagn# Fgnzk A`xk}}g. Fg r`knx} *rkmxwzg}#* `nh kn xfg}g *rkmxwzg}* gnhgùlwz} xl zgrzlhwmg xfghkukng._Ellxnlxg4 Me. fk} `zxkmcg kn OWN]X WNH OWN]XCGZ# 0;2;# Nl. 6.Q Xl `xx`kn xfk} gnh fg zgpwkzg} `}

` }x`zxkni rlknx nlxfkni jwx xfg ljdgmx xl jg r`knxgh &fwa`n jgkni lz yf`xgugz kx a`{ jg+# `nh xfgn xfg

agxflh} xf`x jgclni xl r`knxkni `clng# mlclwz `nh elza.

J{ rgz}ln`c knmckn`xkln# jgm`w}g fg k} Ezgnmf `nh jgm`w}g fg k} }rgmk`cc{ ikexgh `} ` mlclwzk}x# A`xk}}g k} `rx

xl c`{ xll awmf }xzg}} ln xfg mlclwz. Ckog Hgjw}}{# fg m`nnlx `cy`{} zgez`kn ezla mlnugnxkln`c jg`wx{?

Karzg}}klnk}a k} kn fk} jcllh. Lng }gg} rkmxwzg} le A`xk}}g yfkmf `zg ewcc le izg`x kny`zh ukx`ckx{# rzlhwmgh

j{ xfg }xzg}} le xfg knngz nggh# `nh `c}l rkmxwzg} yfkmf rl}}g}} lnc{ lwxgz mf`za# jgm`w}g xfg{ ygzg r`knxgh

ln `n lwxgz karwc}g. &Fly lexgn lng k} zgaknhgh le A`ngx kn xfk}.+ Fk} ylzo }gga} xl jg x{rkm`c Ezgnmf

r`knxkni# ykxf kx} h`knx{ }gn}g le agclh{# z`k}gh ezla xkag xl xkag xl xfg }waakx le ` izg`x fkcc `jlug xfg

mclwh}.

Mf`rxgz UKK. 05



Jwx kn xfg ylzo le `nlxfgz izg`x `zxk}x kn R`zk}# xfg ]r`nk`zh R`jcl Rkm`}}l# xfgzg k} ngugz `n{ }w}rkmkln le xfk}

mlnugnxkln`c jg`wx{. Xl}}gh fkxfgz `nh xfkxfgz j{ xfg nggh elz }gce gvrzg}}kln# Rkm`}}l fwzzkg} ezla lng

a`nngz xl `nlxfgz. @x xkag} ` izg`x iwce `rrg`z} jgxyggn mln}gmwxkug a`nngz}# jgm`w}g Rkm`}}l cg`r} jlchc{

`nh k} elwnh mlnxknw`cc{ j{ fk} jgykchgzgh mzlyh le elcclygz} }x`nhkni `x ` rlknx ugz{ hkeegzgnx ezla xf`x `x

yfkmf xfg{ }`y fka c`}x. Nl }llngz hl xfg{ xfkno xf`x xfg{ fùg zg`mfgh fka ì`kn xf`n fg f`} mf`nigh lnmg

alzg. Kn xfk} y`{ xfgzg `zl}g Mwjk}a# xfg c`xg}x le xfg Ezgnmf alugagnx}# yfkmf k} xzg`xgh kn hgx`kc kn

R`zx KK. Rkm`}}l k} xz{kni xl `zzkug `x

mln}xzwmxkugng}} j{ y`{ le rzlrlzxkln. Kn fk} c`xg}x ylzo} &0;00+ fg f`} `mfkgugh xfg clikm`c hg}xzwmxkln le

a`xxgz# nlx# flygugz# j{ hk}}lcwxkln jwx z`xfgz j{ ` oknh le ` r`zmgcckni lwx le kx} u`zklw} hkuk}kln} `nh `

mln}xzwmxkug }m`xxgzkni le xfg}g hkuk}kln} `jlwx xfg m`nu`}. Jwx fg }gga} kn xfk} al}x zgmgnx ylzo hk}xknmxc{

hg}kzlw} le oggrkni `n `rrg`z`nmg le a`xxgz. Fg }fzkno} ezla nl knnlu`xkln# `nh ke mlclwz }gga} ckogc{ xl j`co

fka kn fk} }g`zmf elz ` rwzg `zxk}xkm elza# fg xfzly} kx lugzjl`zh `nh r`knx} ` rkmxwzg kn jzlyn `nh yfkxg? `nh

xfg rzljcga le rwzgc{ `zxk}xkm elza k} xfg zg`c rzljcga le fk} ckeg.

Kn xfgkz rwz}wkx le xfg }àg }wrzgag gnh A`xk}}g `nh Rkm`}}l }x`nh }khg j{ }khg# A`xk}}g zgrzg}gnxkni mlclwz

`nh Rkm`}}l elza.

KU. XFG R[Z@AKH

@nh }l `x hkeegzgnx rlknx} `clni xfg zl`h `zg xfg hkeegzgnx `zx}# }`{kni yf`x xfg{ `zg jg}x `jcg xl }`{# `nh kn xfg

c`niwìg yfkmf k} rgmwck`zc{ xfgkz lyn. Hg}rkxg# lz rgzf`r} xf`no} xl# xfg hkeegzgnmg} jgxyggn xfga# xfgzg f`}

ngugz jggn ` xkag yfgn xfg `zx} `rrzl`mfgh g`mf lxfgz alzg ng`zc{ xf`n xfg{ hl xlh`{# kn xfk} c`xgz rf`}g le

}rkzkxw`c hgugclragnx.

Kn g`mf a`nkeg}x`xkln k} xfg }ggh le ` }xzkukni xly`zh} xfg `j}xz`mx# xfg nlna`xgzk`c. Mln}mklw}c{ lzwnmln}mklw}c{ xfg{ `zg ljg{kni ]lmz`xg}) mlaa`nhOnly xf{}gce. Mln}mklw}c{ lz wnmln}mklw}c{ `zxk}x} `zg

}xwh{kni `nh rzlukni xfgkz a`xgzk`c# }gxxkni kn xfg j`c`nmg xfg }rkzkxw`c u`cwg le xfl}g gcgagnx}# ykxf yfkmf kx

k} xfgkz }gugz`c rzkukcgig xl ylzo.

@nh xfg n`xwz`c zg}wcx le xfk} }xzkukni k} xf`x xfg u`zklw} `zx} `zg hz`ykni xligxfgz. Xfg{ `zg eknhkni kn Aw}km

xfg jg}x xg`mfgz. Ykxf egy gvmgrxkln} aw}km f`} jggn elz }lag mgnxwzkg} xfg `zx yfkmf f`} hgulxgh kx}gce nlx xl

xfg zgrzlhwmxkln le n`xwz`c rfgnlagn`# jwx z`xfgz xl xfg gvrzg}}kln le xfg `zxk}x)} }lwc# kn aw}km`c }lwnh.

@ r`knxgz# yfl eknh} nl }`xk}e`mxkln kn agzg zgrzg}gnx`xkln# flygugz `zxk}xkm# kn fk} clnikni xl gvrzg}} fk}

knngz ckeg# m`nnlx jwx gnu{ xfg g`}g ykxf yfkmf aw}km# xfg al}x nlna`xgzk`c le xfg `zx} xlh`{# `mfkgug} xfk}

gnh. Fg n`xwz`cc{ }ggo} xl `rrc{ xfg agxflh} le aw}km xl fk} lyn `zx. @nh ezla xfk} zg}wcx} xf`x alhgzn hg}kzgelz zf{xfa kn r`knxkni# elz a`xfga`xkm`c# `j}xz`mx mln}xzwmxkln# elz zgrg`xgh nlxg} le mlclwz# elz }gxxkni mlclwz

kn alxkln.

Xfk} jlzzlykni le agxflh j{ lng `zx ezla `nlxfgz# m`n lnc{ jg xzwc{ }wmmg}}ewc yfgn xfg `rrckm`xkln le xfg

jlzzlygh agxflh} k} nlx }wrgzekmk`c jwx ewnhàgnx`c. Lng `zx aw}x cg`zn ekz}x fly `nlxfgz w}g} kx} agxflh}#

}l xf`x xfg agxflh} a`{ èxgzy`zh} jg `rrckgh xl xfg jlzzlygz)} `zx ezla xfg jgiknnkni# `nh }wkx`jc{. Xfg

`zxk}x aw}x nlx elzigx xf`x kn fka ckg} xfg rlygz le xzwg `rrckm`xkln le gugz{ agxflh# jwx xf`x xf`x rlygz aw}x

jg hgugclrgh.

Kn a`nkrwc`xkln le elza aw}km m`n `mfkgug zg}wcx} yfkmf `zg jg{lnh xfg zg`mf le r`knxkni. Ln xfg lxfgz f`nh#

r`knxkni k} `fg`h le aw}km kn }gugz`c r`zxkmwc`z}. Aw}km# elz gvàrcg# f`} `x kx} hk}rl}`c hwz`xkln le xkag?

yfkcg r`knxkni m`n rzg}gnx xl xfg }rgmx`xlz xfg yflcg mlnxgnx le kx} ag}}ìg `x lng alagnx. _Ellxnlxg4 Xfg}g

R`zx KK. Rkm`}}l k} xz{kni xl `zzkug `x 09



}x`xgagnx} le hkeegzgnmg `zg# le mlwz}g# zgc`xkug? elz aw}km m`n ln lmm`}kln} hk}rgn}g ykxf gvxgn}kln le xkag#

`nh r`knxkni aòg w}g le kx.Q Aw}km# yfkmf k} lwxy`zhc{ wnegxxgzgh j{ n`xwzg# nggh} nl hgeknkxg elza elz kx}

gvrzg}}kln.

_Ellxnlxg4 Fly ak}gz`jc{ aw}km e`kc} yfgn `xxgarxkni xl gvrzg}} a`xgzk`c `rrg`z`nmg} k} rzlugh j{ xfg

èegmxgh `j}wzhkx{ le rzlizàag aw}km. Pwkxg c`xgc{ }wmf gvrgzkagnx} fùg jggn a`hg. Xfg kakx`xkln kn

}lwnh le mzlòkni ezli}# le e`za{`zh nlk}g}# le flw}gflch hwxkg}# aòg} `n gvmgccgnx aw}km f`cc xwzn `nh k}àw}kni gnlwif. Jwx kn }gzklw} aw}km }wmf `xxgarx} `zg agzgc{ y`znkni} ì`kn}x `n{ kakx`xkln le n`xwzg.

N`xwzg f`} fgz lyn c`niwìg# `nh ` rlygzewc lng? xfk} c`niwìg m`nnlx jg kakx`xgh. Xfg }lwnh le ` e`za{`zh

kn aw}km k} ngugz }wmmg}}ewcc{ zgrzlhwmgh# `nh k} wnngmg}}`z{ y`}xg le xkag. Xfg ]xkaawni le n`xwzg m`n jg

kar`zxgh j{ gugz{ `zx# nlx# flygugz# j{ kakx`xkln# jwx j{ xfg `zxk}xkm hkukn`xkln le kx} knngz }rkzkx.Q

R`knxkni xlh`{ k} `cal}x gvmcw}kugc{ mlnmgzngh ykxf xfg zgrzlhwmxkln le n`xwz`c elza} `nh rfgnlagn`. Fgz

jw}kng}} k} nly xl xg}x fgz }xzgnixf `nh agxflh}# xl only fgz}gce `} aw}km f`} hlng elz ` clni xkag# `nh xfgn

xl w}g fgz rlygz} xl ` xzwc{ `zxk}xkm gnh.

@nh }l xfg `zx} `zg gnmzl`mfkni lng wrln `nlxfgz# `nh ezla ` rzlrgz w}g le xfk} gnmzl`mfagnx ykcc zk}g xfg `zx

xf`x k} xzwc{ alnwagnx`c. Gugz{ a`n yfl }xggr} fka}gce kn xfg }rkzkxw`c rl}}kjkckxkg} le fk} `zx k} ` u`cw`jcg

fgcrgz kn xfg jwkchkni le xfg }rkzkxw`c r{zàkh yfkmf ykcc }lag h`{ zg`mf xl fgùgn.

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI

U. XFG R]FMFLCLIKM@C YLZOKNI LE MLCLWZ

Xl cgx xfg g{g }xz`{ lugz ` r`cgxxg# }rc`}fgh ykxf a`n{ mlclwz}# rzlhwmg} ` hw`c zg}wcx. Kn xfg ekz}x rc`mg lng

zgmgkug} ` RWZGC[ RF[]KM@C KARZG]]KLN# lng le rcg`}wzg `nh mlnxgnxagnx `x xfg u`zkgh `nh jg`wxkewcmlclwz}. Xfg g{g k} gkxfgz y`zagh lz gc}g }llxfgh `nh mllcgh. Jwx xfg}g rf{}km`c }gn}`xkln} m`n lnc{ jg le

}flzx hwz`xkln. Xfg{ `zg agzgc{ }wrgzekmk`c `nh cgùg nl c`}xkni karzg}}kln# elz xfg }lwc k} wnèegmxgh. Jwx

`cxflwif xfg geegmx le xfg mlclwz} k} elzilxxgn yfgn xfg g{g k} xwzngh `y`{# xfg }wrgzekmk`c karzg}}kln le

u`zkgh mlclwz a`{ jg xfg }x`zxkni rlknx le ` yflcg mf`kn le zgc`xgh }gn}`xkln}.

Ln xfg ùgzìg a`n lnc{ xfg karzg}}kln} m`w}gh j{ ugz{ eàkck`z ljdgmx}# ykcc jg rwzgc{ }wrgzekmk`c. @ ekz}x

gnmlwnxgz ykxf `n{ ngy rfgnlagnln gvgzmk}g} kaaghk`xgc{ `n karzg}}kln ln xfg }lwc. Xfk} k} xfg gvrgzkgnmg

le xfg mfkch hk}mlugzkni xfg ylzch# xl yfla gugz{ ljdgmx k} ngy. Fg }gg} ` ckifx# yk}fg} xl xòg flch le kx#

jwzn} fk} eknigz `nh eggc} fgnmgelzy`zh ` rzlrgz zg}rgmx elz ecàg. Jwx c`xgz fg cg`zn} xf`x ckifx f`} ` ezkgnhc{

`} ygcc `} `n wnezkgnhc{ }khg# xf`x kx hzkug} `y`{ xfg h`zong}}# aòg} xfg h`{ clnigz# k} g}}gnxk`c xl y`zaxf#

mllokni# rc`{`mxkni. Ezla xfg a`}} le xfg}g hk}mlugzkg} k} mlarl}gh ` onlycghig le ckifx# yfkmf k} knhgckjc{ekvgh kn fk} aknh. Xfg }xzlni# knxgn}kug knxgzg}x hk}`rrg`z} `nh xfg u`zklw} rzlrgzxkg} le ecàg `zg j`c`nmgh

ì`kn}x g`mf lxfgz. Kn xfk} y`{ xfg yflcg ylzch jgmlag} iz`hw`cc{ hk}gnmf`nxgh. Kx k} zg`cktgh xf`x xzgg} ikug

}f`hg# xf`x flz}g} zwn e`}x `nh alxlzm`z} }xkcc e`}xgz# xf`x hli} jkxg# xf`x xfg ekiwzg }ggn kn ` akzzlz k} nlx `

zg`c fwa`n jgkni.

@} xfg a`n hgugclr}# xfg mkzmcg le xfg}g gvrgzkgnmg} m`w}gh j{ hkeegzgnx jgkni} `nh ljdgmx}# izly} gugz ykhgz.

Xfg{ `mpwkzg `n knngz ag`nkni `nh gugnxw`cc{ ` }rkzkxw`c f`zaln{. Kx k} xfg }àg ykxf mlclwz# yfkmf aòg}

lnc{ ` alagnx`z{ `nh }wrgzekmk`c karzg}}kln ln ` }lwc jwx }ckifxc{ hgugclrgh kn }gn}kxkugng}}. Jwx gugn xfk}

}wrgzekmk`c karzg}}kln u`zkg} kn pw`ckx{. Xfg g{g k} }xzlnic{ `xxz`mxgh j{ ckifx# mcg`z mlclwz}# `nh }xkcc alzg

}xzlnic{ `xxz`mxgh j{ xfl}g mlclwz} yfkmf `zg y`za `} ygcc `} mcg`z? ugzakckln f`} xfg mf`za le ecàg# yfkmf

f`} `cy`{} `xxz`mxgh fwa`n jgkni}. Oggn cgaln{gccly fwzx} xfg g{g kn xkag `} ` rzlclnigh `nh }fzkcc

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI 06



xzwargxnlxg xfg g`z# `nh xfg i`tgz xwzn} `y`{ xl }ggo zgckge kn jcwg lz izggn.

Jwx xl ` alzg }gn}kxkug }lwc xfg geegmx le mlclwz} k} hggrgz `nh knxgn}gc{ alukni. @nh }l yg mlag xl xfg

}gmlnh a`kn zg}wcx le cllokni `x mlclwz}4 XFGKZ R][MFKM GEEGMX. Xfg{ rzlhwmg ` mlzzg}rlnhkni }rkzkxw`c

ukjz`xkln# `nh kx k} lnc{ `} ` }xgr xly`zh} xfk} }rkzkxw`c ukjz`xkln xf`x xfg gcgagnx`z{ rf{}km`c karzg}}kln k} le

karlzx`nmg.

Yfgxfgz xfg r}{mfkm geegmx le mlclwz k} ` hkzgmx lng# `} xfg}g c`}x egy ckng} karc{# lz yfgxfgz kx k} xfg lwxmlag

le `}}lmk`xkln# k} rgzf`r} lrgn xl pwg}xkln. Xfg }lwc jgkni lng ykxf xfg jlh{# xfg elzagz a`{ ygcc gvrgzkgnmg

` r}{mfkm }flmo# m`w}gh j{ `}}lmk`xkln `mxkni ln xfg c`xxgz. Elz gvàrcg# zgh a`{ m`w}g ` }gn}`xkln `n`clilw}

xl xf`x m`w}gh j{ ecàg# jgm`w}g zgh k} xfg mlclwz le ecàg. @ y`za zgh ykcc rzlug gvmkxkni# `nlxfgz }f`hg le

zgh ykcc m`w}g r`kn lz hk}iw}x xfzlwif `}}lmk`xkln ykxf zwnnkni jcllh. Kn xfg}g m`}g} mlclwz `yògn} `

mlzzg}rlnhkni rf{}km`c }gn}`xkln# yfkmf wnhlwjxghc{ ylzo} wrln xfg }lwc.

Ke xfk} ygzg `cy`{} xfg m`}g# kx ylwch jg g`}{ xl hgekng j{ `}}lmk`xkln xfg geegmx} le mlclwz wrln lxfgz }gn}g}

xf`n xf`x le }kifx. Lng akifx }`{ xf`x oggn {gccly cllo} }lwz# jgm`w}g kx zgm`cc} xfg x`}xg le ` cgaln.

Jwx }wmf hgeknkxkln} `zg nlx wnkugz}`cc{ rl}}kjcg. Xfgzg `zg a`n{ gvàrcg} le mlclwz ylzokni yfkmf zgew}g xl

jg }l mc`}}kekgh. @ Hzg}hgn hlmxlz zgc`xg} le lng le fk} r`xkgnx}# yfla fg hg}kin`xg} `} `n *gvmgrxkln`cc{

}gn}kxkug rgz}ln#* xf`x fg mlwch nlx g`x ` mgzx`kn }`wmg ykxflwx x`}xkni *jcwg#* k.g. ykxflwx gvrgzkgnmkni `

eggckni le }ggkni ` jcwg mlclz. _Ellxnlxg4 Hz. Ezgwhgnjgzi. *]r`cxwni hgz Rgz}lnckmfogkx* &Wjgz}knnckmfg Ygcx.

0;26. Nl. :# r. 5857+. Xfg `wxflz `c}l hk}mw}}g} xfg fg`zkni le mlclwz# `nh }`{} xf`x fgzg `c}l nl zwcg} m`n jg

c`kh hlyn. Jwx me. C. ]`j`ngdgee kn *Aw}ko#* Al}mly# 0;00# Nl. ;# yfgzg xfg kaakngnx rl}}kjkckx{ le c`{kni

hlyn ` c`y k} mcg`zc{ fknxgh `x.Q Kx ylwch jg rl}}kjcg xl }wiig}x# j{ y`{ le gvrc`n`xkln le xfk}# xf`x kn fkifc{

}gn}kxkug rglrcg# xfg y`{ xl xfg }lwc k} }l hkzgmx `nh xfg }lwc kx}gce }l karzg}}kln`jcg# xf`x `n{ karzg}}kln le

x`}xg mlaawnkm`xg} kx}gce kaaghk`xgc{ xl xfg }lwc# `nh xfgnmg xl xfg lxfgz lzi`n} le }gn}g &kn xfk} m`}g# xfg

g{g}+. Xfk} ylwch karc{ `n gmfl lz zgugzjgz`xkln# }wmf `} lmmwz} }lagxkag} kn aw}km`c kn}xzwagnx} yfkmf#

ykxflwx jgkni xlwmfgh# }lwnh kn f`zaln{ ykxf }lag lxfgz kn}xzwagnx }xzwmo `x xfg alagnx.

Jwx nlx lnc{ ykxf x`}xg f`} }kifx jggn onlyn xl ylzo kn f`zaln{. A`n{ mlclwz} fùg jggn hg}mzkjgh `} zlwiflz }xkmo{# lxfgz} `} }allxf `nh wnkelza# }l xf`x lng eggc} knmckngh xl }xzlog xfga &g.i.# h`zo wcxzà`zkng#

mfzlakm lvkhg izggn# `nh zl}g a`hhgz+. Gpw`cc{ xfg hk}xknmxkln jgxyggn y`za `nh mlch mlclwz} jgclni} xl xfk}

mlnngmxkln. ]lag mlclwz} `rrg`z }lex &zl}g a`hhgz+# lxfgz} f`zh &mlj`cx izggn# jcwgizggn lvkhg+# }l xf`x gugn

ezg}f ezla xfg xwjg xfg{ }gga xl jg hz{.

Xfg gvrzg}}kln *}mgnxgh mlclwz}* k} ezgpwgnxc{ agx ykxf. @nh ekn`cc{ xfg }lwnh le mlclwz} k} }l hgeknkxg xf`x kx

ylwch jg f`zh xl eknh `n{lng yfl ylwch xz{ xl gvrzg}} jzkifx {gccly kn xfg j`}} nlxg}# lz h`zo còg kn xfg

xzgjcg.

_Ellxnlxg4 Awmf xfglz{ `nh rz`mxkmg fùg jggn hgulxgh xl xfk} pwg}xkln. Rglrcg fùg }lwifx xl r`knx kn

mlwnxgzrlknx. @c}l wnaw}km`c mfkchzgn fùg jggn }wmmg}}ewcc{ fgcrgh xl rc`{ xfg rk`nl j{ pwlxkni ` r`z`ccgc knmlclwz &g.i.# le eclygz}+. Ln xfg}g ckng} Ez`w @. ]`mf`zdknWnoly}o{ f`} ylzogh elz }gugz`c {g`z} `nh f`}

gulcugh ` agxflh le *}l hg}mzkjkni }lwnh} j{ n`xwz`c mlclwz}# `nh mlclwz} j{ n`xwz`c }lwnh}# xf`x mlclwz

mlwch jg fg`zh `nh }lwnh }ggn.* Xfg }{}xga f`} rzlugh }wmmg}}ewc elz }gugz`c {g`z} jlxf kn xfg knugnxlz)} lyn

}mfllc `nh xfg Mln}gzu`xlkzg `x ]x. Rgxgz}jwzi. Ekn`cc{ ]mzk`jkn# ln alzg }rkzkxw`c ckng}# f`} r`z`ccgcgh }lwnh

`nh mlclwz} kn ` mf`zx nlx wnckog xf`x le Ez`w Wnoly}o{. Kn *Rzlagxfgw}* fg f`} ikugn mlnuknmkni rzlle le

fk} xfglzkg}. &Fk} mf`zx `rrg`zgh kn *Aw}ko#* Al}mly# 0;00# Nl. ;.+Q

_Ellxnlxg4 Xfg mlnugz}g pwg}xkln# k.g. xfg mlclwz le }lwnh# y`} xlwmfgh wrln j{ A`cc`zag `nh }{}xga`xktgh

j{ fk} hk}mkrcg Zgng Ifkc# yfl}g jllo# Xz`kxg hw Ugzjg# ikug} xfg zwcg} elz *c)kn}xzwagnx`xkln

ugzj`cg.*A.X.F.].Q

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI 0;



Xfg gvrc`n`xkln j{ `}}lmk`xkln ykcc nlx }weekmg w} kn a`n{# `nh xfg al}x karlzx`nx m`}g}. Xfl}g yfl fùg

fg`zh le mfzlalxfgz`r{ ykcc only xf`x mlclwzgh ckifx m`n gvgzmk}g ugz{ hgeknkxg knecwgnmg} ln xfg yflcg jlh{.

@xxgarx} fùg jggn a`hg ykxf hkeegzgnx mlclwz} kn xfg xzg`xagnx le u`zklw} ngzulw} `kcagnx}. Xfg{ fùg

}flyn xf`x zgh ckifx }xkawc`xg} `nh gvmkxg} xfg fg`zx# yfkcg jcwg ckifx m`n m`w}g xgarlz`z{ r`z`c{}k}. Jwx yfgn

xfg gvrgzkagnx} mlag xl jg xzkgh ln `nka`c} `nh gugn rc`nx}# xfg `}}lmk`xkln xfglz{ e`cc} xl xfg izlwnh. ]l lng

k} jlwnh xl `hakx xf`x xfg pwg}xkln k} `x rzg}gnx wngvrclzgh# jwx xf`x mlclwz m`n gvgzmk}g gnlzalw} knecwgnmg

lugz xfg jlh{ `} ` rf{}km`c lzi`nk}a.

Nl alzg }weekmkgnx# kn xfg r}{mfkm }rfgzg# k} xfg xfglz{ le `}}lmk`xkln. Igngz`cc{ }rgòkni# mlclwz k} ` rlygz

yfkmf hkzgmxc{ knecwgnmg} xfg }lwc. Mlclwz k} xfg og{jl`zh# xfg g{g} `zg xfg fàagz}# xfg }lwc k} xfg rk`nl ykxf

a`n{ }xzkni}. Xfg `zxk}x k} xfg f`nh yfkmf rc`{}# xlwmfkni lng og{ lz `nlxfgz# xl m`w}g ukjz`xkln} kn xfg }lwc.

KX K] GUKHGNX XFGZGELZG XF@X MLCLWZ F@ZALN[ AW]X ZG]X LNC[ LN @

MLZZG]RLNHKNI UKJZ@XKLN KN XFG FWA@N ]LWC? @NH XFK] K] LNG LE XFG IWKHKNI

RZKNMKRCG] LE XFG KNNGZ NGGH.

_Ellxnlxg4 Xfg rfz`}g *knngz nggh* &knngzg Nlxygnhkiogkx+ ag`n} rzka`zkc{ xfg karwc}g egcx j{ xfg `zxk}x elz

}rkzkxw`c gvrzg}}kln. O`nhkn}o{ k} `rx# flygugz# xl w}g xfg rfz`}g }lagxkag} xl ag`n nlx lnc{ xfg fwnigz elz

}rkzkxw`c gvrzg}}kln# jwx `c}l xfg `mxw`c gvrzg}}kln kx}gce.A.X.F.].Q

UK. XFG C@NIW@IG LE ELZA @NH MLCLWZ

Xfg a`n xf`x f`xf nl aw}km kn fka}gce# Nlz k} nlx alu)h ykxf mlnmlzh le }yggx }lwnh}# K} ekx elz xzg`}ln}#

}xz`xìga}# `nh }rlkc}? Xfg alxkln} le fk} }rkzkx `zg hwcc `} nkifx# @nh fk} èegmxkln} h`zo `} Gzgjw}4 Cgx nl

}wmf a`n jg xzw}xgh. A`zo xfg aw}km. &Xfg Agzmf`nx le Ugnkmg# @mx u# ]mgng K.+

Aw}km`c }lwnh `mx} hkzgmxc{ ln xfg }lwc `nh eknh} `n gmfl xfgzg jgm`w}g# xflwif xl u`z{kni gvxgnx}# aw}km k}

knn`xg kn a`n. _Ellxnlxg4 Me. G. D`mpwg}H`cmzltg kn Xfg Gwzf{xfakm} le D`mpwg} H`cmzltg. Clnhln#

Mln}x`jcg.A.X.F.].Q

*Gugz{lng only} xf`x {gccly# lz`nig# `nh zgh }wiig}x khg`} le dl{ `nh rcgnx{* &Hgc`mzlkv+. _Ellxnlxg4 Me.

R`wc ]kin`m# H)Gwigng Hgc`mzlkv `w NglKarzg}}klnk}ag. R`zk}. Eclwz{. @c}l mlar`zg `n knxgzg}xkni `zxkmcg

j{ O. ]mfgxxcgz4 *Nlxktgn wjgz hkg E`zjg.* &Hgmlz`xkug Own}x# 0;20# Egjzw`z{+.Q

Xfg}g xyl pwlx`xkln} }fly xfg hggr zgc`xkln}fkr jgxyggn xfg `zx}# `nh g}rgmk`cc{ jgxyggn aw}km `nh r`knxkni.

Ilgxfg }`kh xf`x r`knxkni aw}x mlwnx xfk} zgc`xkln}fkr fgz a`kn elwnh`xkln# `nh j{ xfk} rzlrfgxkm zga`zo fg

}gga} xl elzgxgcc xfg rl}kxkln kn yfkmf r`knxkni k} xlh`{. ]fg }x`nh}# kn e`mx# `x xfg ekz}x }xìg le xfg zl`h j{

yfkmf }fg ykcc# `mmlzhkni xl fgz lyn rl}}kjkckxkg}# aòg `zx `n `j}xz`mxkln le xflwifx `nh `zzkug ekn`cc{ `x

rwzgc{ `zxk}xkm mlarl}kxkln. _Ellxnlxg4 J{ *Olarl}kxkln* O`nhkn}o{ fgzg ag`n}# le mlwz}g# `n `zxk}xkm

mzg`xkln. Fg k} nlx zgegzzkni xl xfg `zz`nigagnx le xfg ljdgmx} kn ` rkmxwzg.A.X.F.].Q

R`knxkni f`} xyl yg`rln} `x fgz hk}rl}`c4

0. Mlclwz. :. Elza.

Elza m`n }x`nh `clng `} zgrzg}gnxkni `n ljdgmx &gkxfgz zg`c lz lxfgzyk}g+ lz `} ` rwzgc{ `j}xz`mx ckakx xl ` }r`mg

lz ` }wze`mg.

Mlclwz m`nnlx }x`nh `clng? kx m`nnlx hk}rgn}g ykxf jlwnh`zkg} le }lag oknh. _Ellxnlxg4 Me. @. Y`cc`mg

Zkaknixln. Mlclwz aw}km &LR. MKX.+ yfgzg gvrgzkagnx} `zg zgmlwnxgh ykxf ` mlclwz lzi`n# yfkmf ikug}

}{arflnkg} le z`rkhc{ mf`nikni mlclwz ykxflwx jlwnh`zkg} gvmgrx xfg wnùlkh`jcg lng} le xfg yfkxg mwzx`kn

ln yfkmf xfg mlclwz} `zg zgecgmxgh.A.X.F.].Q @ ngugzgnhkni gvxgnx le zgh m`n lnc{ jg }ggn kn xfg aknh?

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI :2



yfgn xfg ylzh zgh k} fg`zh# xfg mlclwz k} gulogh ykxflwx hgeknkxg jlwnh`zkg}. Ke }wmf `zg ngmg}}`z{ xfg{ fùg

hgckjgz`xgc{ xl jg kaìkngh. Jwx }wmf zgh# `} k} }ggn j{ xfg aknh `nh nlx j{ xfg g{g# gvgzmk}g} `x lnmg `

hgeknkxg `nh `n knhgeknkxg karzg}}kln ln xfg }lwc# `nh rzlhwmg} }rkzkxw`c f`zaln{. K }`{ *knhgeknkxg#* jgm`w}g

kn kx}gce kx f`} nl }wiig}xkln le y`zaxf lz mlch# }wmf `xxzkjwxg} fùkni xl jg kaìkngh elz kx èxgzy`zh}# `}

alhkekm`xkln} le xfg lzkikn`c *zghng}}.* K }`{ *hgeknkxg#* jgm`w}g xfg }rkzkxw`c f`zaln{ gvk}x} ykxflwx `n{ nggh

elz }wmf }wj}gpwgnx `xxzkjwxg} le y`zaxf lz mlch. @n `n`clilw} m`}g k} xfg }lwnh le ` xzwargx yfkmf lng fg`z}

yfgn xfg ylzh *xzwargx* k} rzlnlwnmgh. Xfk} }lwnh k} `whkjcg xl xfg }lwc# ykxflwx xfg hk}xknmxkug mf`z`mxgz le ` xzwargx fg`zh kn xfg lrgn `kz lz kn ` zlla# rc`{gh `clng lz ykxf lxfgz kn}xzwagnx}# kn xfg f`nh} le `

rl}xkckln# ` fwnx}a`n# ` }lchkgz# lz ` rzleg}}kln`c aw}kmk`n.

Jwx yfgn zgh k} rzg}gnxgh kn ` a`xgzk`c elza &`} kn r`knxkni+ kx aw}x rl}}g}} &0+ }lag hgeknkxg }f`hg le xfg

a`n{ }f`hg} le zgh xf`x gvk}x `nh &:+ ` ckakxgh }wze`mg# hkukhgh lee ezla xfg lxfgz mlclwz}# yfkmf `zg

wnhlwjxghc{ xfgzg. Xfg ekz}x le xfg}g mlnhkxkln} &xfg }wjdgmxkug+ k} èegmxgh j{ xfg }gmlnh &xfg ljdgmxkug+# elz

xfg ngkifjlwzkni mlclwz} èegmx xfg }f`hg le zgh.

Xfk} g}}gnxk`c mlnngmxkln jgxyggn mlclwz `nh elza jzkni} w} xl xfg pwg}xkln le xfg knecwgnmg} le elza ln

mlclwz. Elza `clng# gugn xflwif xlx`cc{ `j}xz`mx `nh iglagxzkm`c# f`} ` rlygz le knngz }wiig}xkln. @ xzk`nicg

&ykxflwx xfg `mmg}}lz{ mln}khgz`xkln le kx} jgkni `mwxglz ljxw}g`nicgh lz gpwkc`xgz`c+ f`} ` }rkzkxw`c u`cwg le

kx} lyn. Kn mlnngmxkln ykxf lxfgz elza}# xfk} u`cwg a`{ jg }lagyf`x alhkekgh# jwx zga`kn} kn pw`ckx{ xfg

}àg. Xfg m`}g k} }kakc`z ykxf ` mkzmcg# ` }pw`zg# lz `n{ mlnmgku`jcg iglagxzkm`c ekiwzg. _Ellxnlxg4 Xfg `nicg

`x yfkmf xfg xzk`nicg }x`nh}# `nh yfgxfgz kx k} }x`xkln`z{ lz alukni# `zg le karlzx`nmg xl kx} }rkzkxw`c u`cwg.

Xfk} e`mx k} }rgmk`cc{ ylzxf{ le xfg r`knxgz)} mln}khgz`xkln.Q @} `jlug# ykxf xfg zgh# yg fùg fgzg ` }wjdgmxkug

}wj}x`nmg kn `n ljdgmxkug }fgcc.

Xfg awxw`c knecwgnmg le elza `nh mlclwz nly jgmlag} mcg`z. @ {gccly xzk`nicg# ` jcwg mkzmcg# ` izggn }pw`zg#

lz ` izggn xzk`nicg# ` {gccly mkzmcg# ` jcwg }pw`zg`cc xfg}g `zg hkeegzgnx `nh fùg hkeegzgnx }rkzkxw`c u`cwg}.

Kx k} gukhgnx xf`x a`n{ mlclwz} `zg fàrgzgh `nh gugn nwcckekgh kn geegmx j{ a`n{ elza}. Ln xfg yflcg# oggn

mlclwz} `zg ygcc }wkxgh j{ }f`zr elza} &g.i.# ` {gccly xzk`nicg+# `nh }lex# hggr mlclwz} j{ zlwnh elza} &g.i.# `

jcwg mkzmcg+. Jwx kx aw}x jg zgagajgzgh xf`x `n wn}wkx`jcg mlajkn`xkln le elza `nh mlclwz k} nlx ngmg}}`zkc{hk}mlzh`nx# jwx a`{# ykxf a`nkrwc`xkln# }fly xfg y`{ xl ezg}f rl}}kjkckxkg} le f`zaln{.

]knmg mlclwz} `nh elza} `zg ygccnkif knnwagz`jcg# xfgkz mlajkn`xkln `nh xfgkz knecwgnmg} `zg ckogyk}g

wngnhkni. Xfg a`xgzk`c k} kngvf`w}xkjcg.

Elza# kn xfg n`zzly }gn}g# k} nlxfkni jwx xfg }gr`z`xkni ckng jgxyggn }wze`mg} le mlclwz. Xf`x k} kx} lwxgz

ag`nkni. Jwx kx f`} `c}l `n knngz ag`nkni# le u`z{kni knxgn}kx{# _Ellxnlxg4 Kx k} ngugz ckxgz`cc{ xzwg xf`x `n{

elza k} ag`nknicg}} `nh *}`{} nlxfkni.* Gugz{ elza kn xfg ylzch }`{} }lagxfkni. Jwx kx} ag}}ìg lexgn e`kc}

xl zg`mf w}# `nh gugn ke kx hlg}# ewcc wnhgz}x`nhkni k} lexgn ykxffgch ezla w}.Q `nh# rzlrgzc{ }rgòkni# ELZA

K] XFG LWXY@ZH GVRZG]]KLN LE XFK] KNNGZ AG@NKNI. Xl w}g lnmg alzg xfg agx`rflz le xfg

rk`nlxfg `zxk}x k} xfg f`nh yfkmf# j{ rc`{kni ln xfk} lz xf`x og{ &k.g.# elza+# èegmx} xfg fwa`n }lwc kn xfk} lzxf`x y`{. ]L KX K] GUKHGNX XF@X ELZAF@ZALN[ AW]X ZG]X LNC[ LN @ MLZZG]RLNHKNI

UKJZ@XKLN LE XFG FWA@N ]LWC? @NH XFK] K] @ ]GMLNH IWKHKNI RZKNMKRCG LE XFG

KNNGZ NGGH.

Xfg xyl `}rgmx} le elza dw}x agnxklngh hgekng kx} xyl `ka}. Xfg x`}o le ckakxkni }wze`mg} &xfg lwxgz `}rgmx+ k}

ygcc rgzelzagh ke xfg knngz ag`nkni k} ewcc{ gvrzg}}gh.

_Ellxnlxg4 Xfg rfz`}g *ewcc gvrzg}}kln* aw}x jg mcg`zc{ wnhgz}xllh. Elza lexgn k} al}x gvrzg}}kug yfgn cg`}x

mlfgzgnx. Kx k} lexgn al}x gvrzg}}kug yfgn lwxy`zhc{ al}x kargzegmx# rgzf`r} lnc{ ` }xzlog# ` agzg fknx le

lwxgz ag`nkni.Q




Xfg lwxgz x`}o a`{ `}}wag a`n{ hkeegzgnx }f`rg}? jwx kx ykcc ngugz e`kc kn lng le xyl rwzrl}g}4 &0+ Gkxfgz

elza `ka} `x }l ckakxkni }wze`mg} `} xl e`}fkln le xfga }lag a`xgzk`c ljdgmx? &:+ Lz elza zga`kn} `j}xz`mx#

hg}mzkjkni lnc{ ` nlna`xgzk`c# }rkzkxw`c gnxkx{. ]wmf nlna`xgzk`c gnxkxkg}# ykxf ckeg `nh u`cwg `} }wmf# `zg `

mkzmcg# ` xzk`nicg# ` zflajw}# ` xz`rgtg# gxm.# a`n{ le xfga }l mlarckm`xgh `} xl fùg nl a`xfga`xkm`c

hgnlakn`xkln.

Jgxyggn xfg}g xyl gvxzgag} ckg xfg knnwagz`jcg elza} kn yfkmf jlxf gcgagnx} gvk}x? ykxf ` rzgrlnhgz`nmggkxfgz le xfg `j}xz`mx lz xfg a`xgzk`c. Xfg}g knxgzaghk`xg elza} `zg# `x rzg}gnx# xfg }xlzg ln yfkmf xfg `zxk}x f`}

xl hz`y. Rwzgc{ `j}xz`mx elza} `zg jg{lnh xfg zg`mf le xfg `zxk}x `x rzg}gnx? xfg{ `zg xll knhgeknkxg elz fka. Xl

ckakx fka}gce xl xfg rwzgc{ knhgeknkxg ylwch jg xl zlj fka}gce le rl}}kjkckxkg}# xl gvmcwhg xfg fwa`n gcgagnx

`nh xfgzgelzg xl ygògn fk} rlygz le gvrzg}}kln.

Ln xfg lxfgz f`nh# xfgzg gvk}x} gpw`cc{ nl rwzgc{ a`xgzk`c elza. @ a`xgzk`c ljdgmx m`nnlx jg `j}lcwxgc{

zgrzlhwmgh. Elz illh lz gukc# xfg `zxk}x f`} g{g} `nh f`nh}# yfkmf `zg rgzf`r} alzg `zxk}xkm xf`n fk} knxgnxkln}

`nh zgew}g xl `ka `x rflxliz`rf{ `clng. A`n{ ignwkng `zxk}x}# yfl m`nnlx jg mlnxgnx ykxf ` agzg knugnxlz{ le

a`xgzk`c ljdgmx}# }ggo xl gvrzg}} xfg ljdgmx} j{ yf`x y`} lnmg m`ccgh *khg`ckt`xkln#* xfgn *}gcgmxkln#* `nh

yfkmf xlalzzly ykcc ì`kn jg m`ccgh }lagxfkni hkeegzgnx.

_Ellxnlxg4 Xfg alxkug le khg`ckt`xkln k} }l xl jg`wxke{ xfg lzi`nkm elza `} xl jzkni lwx kx} f`zaln{ `nh zlw}g

rlgxkm eggckni. *]gcgmxkln* `ka} nlx }l awmf `x jg`wxkekm`xkln `} `x garf`}ktkni xfg mf`z`mxgz le xfg ljdgmx# j{

xfg lak}}kln le nln g}}gnxk`c}. Xfg hg}kzg le xfg ewxwzg ykcc jg rwzgc{ xfg gvrzg}}kln le xfg knngz ag`nkni.

Xfg lzi`nkm elza nl clnigz }gzug} `} hkzgmx ljdgmx# jwx `} xfg fwa`n ylzh} kn yfkmf ` hkukng ag}}ìg aw}x

jg yzkxxgn# kn lzhgz elz kx xl jg mlarzgfgn}kjcg xl fwa`n aknh}.Q

Xfg karl}}kjkckx{ `nh# kn `zx# xfg w}gcg}}ng}} le `xxgarxkni xl mlr{ `n ljdgmx gv`mxc{# xfg hg}kzg xl ikug xfg

ljdgmx ewcc gvrzg}}kln# `zg xfg karwc}g} yfkmf hzkug xfg `zxk}x `y`{ ezla *ckxgz`c* mlclwzkni xl rwzgc{ `zxk}xkm

`ka}. @nh xf`x jzkni} w} xl xfg pwg}xkln le mlarl}kxkln. _ELLXNLXG4 Fgzg O`nhkn}o{ ag`n} `zz`nigagnx

le xfg rkmxwzg.A.X.F.].Q

Rwzg `zxk}xkm mlarl}kxkln f`} xyl gcgagnx}4

0. Xfg mlarl}kxkln le xfg yflcg rkmxwzg.

:. Xfg mzg`xkln le xfg u`zklw} elza} yfkmf# j{ }x`nhkni kn hkeegzgnx zgc`xkln}fkr} xl g`mf lxfgz# hgmkhg xfg

mlarl}kxkln le xfg yflcg. _Ellxnlxg4 Xfg igngz`c mlarl}kxkln ykcc n`xwz`cc{ knmcwhg a`n{ ckxxcg mlarl}kxkln}

yfkmf a`{ jg `nxìlnk}xkm xl g`mf lxfgz# xflwif fgcrknirgzf`r} j{ xfgkz ugz{ `nxìlnk}axfg f`zaln{ le

xfg yflcg. Xfg}g ckxxcg mlarl}kxkln} fùg xfga}gcug} }wjhkuk}kln} le u`zkgh knngz ag`nkni}.Q A`n{ ljdgmx}

fùg xl jg mln}khgzgh kn xfg ckifx le xfg yflcg# `nh }l lzhgzgh `} xl }wkx xfk} yflcg. ]knic{ xfg{ ykcc fùg ckxxcg

ag`nkni# jgkni le karlzx`nmg lnc{ kn }l e`z `} xfg{ fgcr xfg igngz`c geegmx. Xfg}g }knicg ljdgmx} aw}x jg

e`}fklngh kn lng y`{ lnc{? `nh xfk}# nlx jgm`w}g xfgkz lyn knngz ag`nkni hga`nh} xf`x r`zxkmwc`z e`}fklnkni#

jwx gnxkzgc{ jgm`w}g xfg{ fùg xl }gzug `} jwkchkni a`xgzk`c elz xfg yflcg mlarl}kxkln. _Ellxnlxg4 @ illhgvàrcg k} Mgt`nng)} *J`xfkni Ylagn#* yfkmf k} jwkcx kn xfg elza le ` xzk`nicg. ]wmf jwkchkni k} `n lch

rzknmkrcg# yfkmf y`} jgkni `j`nhlngh lnc{ jgm`w}g `m`hgakm w}ìg f`h a`hg kx ckegcg}}. Jwx Mgt`nng f`}

ikugn kx ngy ckeg. Fg hlg} nlx w}g kx xl f`zalnktg fk} izlwr}# jwx elz rwzgc{ `zxk}xkm rwzrl}g}. Fg hk}xlzx} xfg

fwa`n ekiwzg ykxf rgzegmx dw}xkekm`xkln. Nlx lnc{ aw}x xfg yflcg ekiwzg elccly xfg ckng} le xfg xzk`nicg# jwx

g`mf ckaj aw}x izly n`zzlygz ezla jlxxla xl xlr. Z`rf`gc)} *Flc{ Eàkc{* k} `n gvàrcg le xzk`niwc`z

mlarl}kxkln w}gh lnc{ elz xfg f`zalnktkni le xfg izlwr# `nh ykxflwx `n{ a{}xkm`c alxkug.Q

]l xfg `j}xz`mx khg` k} mzggrkni knxl `zx# `cxflwif# lnc{ {g}xgzh`{# kx y`} }mlzngh `nh lj}mwzgh j{ rwzgc{

a`xgzk`c khg`c}. Kx} iz`hw`c `hu`nmg k} n`xwz`c gnlwif# elz kn rzlrlzxkln `} xfg lzi`nkm elza e`cc} knxl xfg

j`moizlwnh# xfg `j}xz`mx khg`c `mfkgug} izg`xgz rzlakngnmg.

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI ::



Jwx xfg lzi`nkm elza rl}}g}}g} `cc xfg }àg `n knngz f`zaln{ le kx} lyn# yfkmf a`{ jg gkxfgz xfg }àg `} xf`x

le kx} `j}xz`mx r`z`ccgc &xfw} rzlhwmkni ` }karcg mlajkn`xkln le xfg xyl gcgagnx}+ lz xlx`cc{ hkeegzgnx &kn yfkmf

m`}g xfg mlajkn`xkln a`{ jg wnùlkh`jc{ hk}mlzh`nx+. Flygugz hkaknk}fgh kn karlzx`nmg xfg lzi`nkm elza

a`{ jg# kx} knngz nlxg ykcc `cy`{} jg fg`zh? `nh elz xfk} zg`}ln xfg mflkmg le a`xgzk`c ljdgmx} k} `n karlzx`nx

lng. Xfg }rkzkxw`c `mmlzh le xfg lzi`nkm ykxf xfg `j}xz`mx gcgagnx a`{ }xzgnixfgn xfg `rrg`c le xfg c`xxgz &`}

awmf j{ mlnxz`}x `} j{ }kakc`zkx{+ lz a`{ hg}xzl{ kx.

]wrrl}g ` zflajlkh`c mlarl}kxkln# a`hg wr le ` nwajgz le fwa`n ekiwzg}. Xfg `zxk}x `}o} fka}gce4 @zg xfg}g

fwa`n ekiwzg} `n `j}lcwxg ngmg}}kx{ xl xfg mlarl}kxkln# lz }flwch xfg{ jg zgrc`mgh j{ lxfgz elza}# `nh xf`x

ykxflwx èegmxkni xfg ewnhàgnx`c f`zaln{ le xfg yflcg< Ke xfg `n}ygz k} *[g}#* yg fùg ` m`}g kn yfkmf xfg

a`xgzk`c `rrg`c hkzgmxc{ ygògn} xfg `j}xz`mx `rrg`c. Xfg fwa`n elza aw}x gkxfgz jg zgrc`mgh j{ `nlxfgz

ljdgmx yfkmf# yfgxfgz j{ }kakc`zkx{ lz mlnxz`}x# ykcc }xzgnixfgn xfg `j}xz`mx `rrg`c# lz aw}x zga`kn ` rwzgc{

nlna`xgzk`c }{ajlc. _Ellxnlxg4 Me. Xz`n}c`xlz)} Knxzlhwmxkln# rr. vukkk `nh vv.A.X.F.].Q

Lnmg alzg xfg agx`rflz le xfg rk`nl. Elz *mlclwz* lz *elza* }wj}xkxwxg *ljdgmx.* Gugz{ ljdgmx f`} kx} lyn ckeg

`nh xfgzgelzg kx} lyn `rrg`c? a`n k} mlnxknw`cc{ }wjdgmx xl xfg}g `rrg`c}. Jwx xfg zg}wcx} `zg lexgn hwjjgh

gkxfgz }wjlz }wrgzmln}mklw}. N`xwzg# xf`x k} xl }`{ xfg gugzmf`nikni }wzzlwnhkni} le a`n# }gx} kn ukjz`xkln

xfg }xzkni} le xfg rk`nl &xfg }lwc+ j{ a`nkrwc`xkln le xfg og{} &xfg u`zklw} ljdgmx} ykxf xfgkz }gugz`c `rrg`c}+.

Xfg karzg}}kln} yg zgmgkug# yfkmf lexgn `rrg`z agzgc{ mf`lxkm# mln}k}x le xfzgg gcgagnx}4 xfg karzg}}kln le

xfg mlclwz le xfg ljdgmx# le kx} elza# `nh le kx} mlajkngh mlclwz `nh elza# k.g. le xfg ljdgmx kx}gce.

@x xfk} rlknx xfg knhkukhw`ckx{ le xfg `zxk}x mlag} xl xfg ezlnx `nh hk}rl}g}# `} fg ykcc}# xfg}g xfzgg gcgagnx}. KX

K] MCG@Z# XFGZGELZG# XF@X XFG MFLKMG LE LJDGMX &k.g. LE LNG LE XFG GCGAGNX] KN XFG

F@ZALN[ LE ELZA+ AW]X JG HGMKHGH LNC[ J[ @ MLZZG]RLNHKNI UKJZ@XKLN KN XFG

FWA@N ]LWC? @NH XFK] K] @ XFKZH IWKHKNI RZKNMKRCG LE XFG KNNGZ NGGH.

Xfg alzg `j}xz`mx k} elza# xfg alzg mcg`z `nh hkzgmx k} kx} `rrg`c. Kn `n{ mlarl}kxkln xfg a`xgzk`c }khg a`{ jg

alzg lz cg}} lakxxgh kn rzlrlzxkln `} xfg elza} w}gh `zg alzg lz cg}} a`xgzk`c# `nh elz xfga }wj}xkxwxgh rwzg

`j}xz`mxkln}# lz c`zigc{ hga`xgzk`cktgh ljdgmx}. Xfg alzg `n `zxk}x w}g} xfg}g `j}xz`mxgh elza}# xfg hggrgz `nhalzg mlnekhgnxc{ ykcc fg `hu`nmg knxl xfg oknihla le xfg `j}xz`mx. @nh èxgz fka ykcc elccly xfg i`tgz `x fk}

rkmxwzg}# yfl `c}l ykcc fùg iz`hw`cc{ `mpwkzgh ` izg`xgz eàkck`zkx{ ykxf xfg c`niwìg le xf`x oknihla.

Aw}x yg xfgn `j`nhln wxxgzc{ `cc a`xgzk`c ljdgmx} `nh r`knx }lcgc{ kn `j}xz`mxkln}< Xfg rzljcga le

f`zalnktkni xfg `rrg`c le xfg a`xgzk`c `nh xfg nlna`xgzk`c }fly} w} xfg `n}ygz xl xfk} pwg}xkln. @} gugz{

ylzh }rlogn zlw}g} `n knngz ukjz`xkln# }l ckogyk}g hlg} gugz{ ljdgmx zgrzg}gnxgh. Xl hgrzkug lng}gce le xfk}

rl}}kjkckx{ k} xl ckakx lng)} rlygz} le gvrzg}}kln. Xf`x k} `x `n{ z`xg xfg m`}g `x rzg}gnx. Jwx jg}khg} xfk}

`n}ygz xl xfg pwg}xkln# xfgzg k} `nlxfgz# `nh lng yfkmf `zx m`n `cy`{} garcl{ xl `n{ pwg}xkln jgiknnkni ykxf

*aw}x*4 Xfgzg k} nl *aw}x* kn `zx# jgm`w}g `zx k} ezgg.

Ykxf zgi`zh xl xfg }gmlnh rzljcga le mlarl}kxkln# xfg mzg`xkln le xfg }knicg gcgagnx} yfkmf `zg xl mlarl}gxfg yflcg# kx aw}x jg zgagajgzgh xf`x xfg }àg elza kn xfg }àg mkzmwa}x`nmg} ykcc `cy`{} fùg xfg }àg

knngz `rrg`c. Lnc{ xfg mkzmwa}x`nmg} `zg mln}x`nxc{ u`z{kni. Kx zg}wcx} xf`x4 &0+ Xfg khg`c f`zaln{ `cxgz}

`mmlzhkni xl xfg zgc`xkln xl lxfgz elza} le xfg elza yfkmf m`w}g} kx. &:+ Gugn kn }kakc`z zgc`xkln}fkr ` }ckifx

`rrzl`mf xl lz ykxfhz`y`c ezla lxfgz elza} a`{ èegmx xfg f`zaln{. _ELLXNLXG4 Xfk} k} yf`x k} ag`nx j{

*`n `rrg`c le alxkln.* Elz gvàrcg# xfg `rrg`c le `n wrzkifx xzk`nicg k} alzg }xg`he`}x `nh pwkgx xf`n xf`x le

lng }gx ljckpwgc{ ln kx} }khg.Q Nlxfkni k} `j}lcwxg. Elzamlarl}kxkln zg}x} ln ` zgc`xkug j`}k}# hgrgnhkni ln

&0+ xfg `cxgz`xkln} kn xfg awxw`c zgc`xkln} le elza} lng xl `nlxfgz# &:+ `cxgz`xkln} kn g`mf knhkukhw`c elza#

hlyn xl xfg ugz{ }a`ccg}x. Gugz{ elza k} `} }gn}kxkug `} ` rwee le }alog# xfg }ckifxg}x jzg`xf ykcc `cxgz kx

mlarcgxgc{. Xfk} gvxzgag aljkckx{ aòg} kx g`}kgz xl ljx`kn }kakc`z f`zalnkg} ezla xfg w}g le hkeegzgnx elza}#

xf`n ezla ` zgrgxkxkln le xfg }àg lng? xflwif le mlwz}g `n gv`mx zgrckm` le ` }rkzkxw`c f`zaln{ m`n ngugz jg

rzlhwmgh. ]l clni `} yg `zg }w}mgrxkjcg lnc{ xl xfg `rrg`c le ` yflcg mlarl}kxkln# xfk} e`mx k} le a`knc{

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI :=



xfglzgxkm`c karlzx`nmg. Jwx yfgn yg jgmlag alzg }gn}kxkug j{ ` mln}x`nx w}g le `j}xz`mx elza} &yfkmf fùg

nl a`xgzk`c knxgzrzgx`xkln+ kx ykcc jgmlag le izg`x rz`mxkm`c }kinkekm`nmg. @nh }l `} `zx jgmlag} alzg hkeekmwcx#

kx} yg`cxf le gvrzg}}kln kn elza jgmlag} izg`xgz `nh izg`xgz. @x xfg }àg xkag xfg pwg}xkln le hk}xlzxkln kn

hz`ykni e`cc} lwx `nh k} zgrc`mgh j{ xfg pwg}xkln fly e`z xfg knngz `rrg`c le xfg r`zxkmwc`z elza k} ugkcgh lz

ikugn ewcc gvrzg}}kln. @nh lnmg alzg xfg rl}}kjkckxkg} `zg gvxgnhgh# elz mlajkn`xkln} le ugkcgh `nh ewcc{

gvrzg}}gh `rrg`c} }wiig}x ngy CGKXALXKUGN kn mlarl}kxkln.

Ykxflwx }wmf hgugclragnx `} xfk}# elzamlarl}kxkln k} karl}}kjcg. Xl `n{lng yfl m`nnlx gvrgzkgnmg xfg

knngz `rrg`c le elza &yfgxfgz a`xgzk`c lz `j}xz`mx+ }wmf mlarl}kxkln m`n ngugz jg lxfgz xf`n ag`nknicg}}.

@rr`zgnxc{ `kacg}} `cxgz`xkln} kn elza`zz`nigagnx ykcc aòg `zx }gga agzgc{ ` iàg. ]l lnmg alzg yg `zg

e`mgh ykxf xfg }àg rzknmkrcg# yfkmf k} xl }gx `zx ezgg# xfg rzknmkrcg le xfg knngz nggh.

Yfgn eg`xwzg} lz ckaj} elz `zxk}xkm zg`}ln} `zg mf`nigh lz hk}xlzxgh# agn zgdgmx xfg `zxk}xkm rzljcga `nh e`cc

j`mo ln xfg }gmlnh`z{ pwg}xkln le `n`xla{. Jwx# ln lwz `ziwagnx# xfk} }gmlnh`z{ mln}khgz`xkln hlg} nlx

`rrg`z# lnc{ xfg zg`c# `zxk}xkm pwg}xkln zga`knkni. Xfg}g `rr`zgnxc{ kzzg}rln}kjcg# jwx zg`cc{ ygcczg`}lngh

`cxgz`xkln} kn elza rzlukhg lng le xfg }xlzgflw}g} le `zxk}xkm rl}}kjkckxkg}.

Xfg `h`rx`jkckx{ le elza}# xfgkz lzi`nkm jwx kny`zh u`zk`xkln}# xfgkz alxkln kn xfg rkmxwzg# xfgkz knmckn`xkln xl

a`xgzk`c lz `j}xz`mx# xfgkz awxw`c zgc`xkln}# gkxfgz knhkukhw`cc{ lz `} r`zx} le ` yflcg? ewzxfgz# xfg mlnmlzh lz

hk}mlzh le xfg u`zklw} gcgagnx} le ` rkmxwzg# xfg f`nhckni le izlwr}# xfg mlajkn`xkln} le ugkcgh `nh lrgnc{

gvrzg}}gh `rrg`c}# xfg w}g le zf{xfakm`c lz wnzf{xfakm`c# le iglagxzkm`c lz nlniglagxzkm`c elza}# xfgkz

mlnxkiwkx{ lz }gr`z`xkln`cc xfg}g xfkni} `zg xfg a`xgzk`c elz mlwnxgzrlknx kn r`knxkni.

Jwx }l clni `} mlclwz k} gvmcwhgh# }wmf mlwnxgzrlknx k} mlnekngh xl jc`mo `nh yfkxg. Mlclwz rzlukhg} ` yflcg

yg`cxf le rl}}kjkckxkg} le fgz lyn# `nh yfgn mlajkngh ykxf elza# {gx ` ewzxfgz }gzkg} le rl}}kjkckxkg}. @nh `cc

xfg}g ykcc jg gvrzg}}kln} le xfg knngz nggh.

Xfg knngz nggh k} jwkcx wr le xfzgg a{}xkm`c gcgagnx}4 &0+ Gugz{ `zxk}x# `} ` mzg`xlz# f`} }lagxfkni kn fka

yfkmf m`cc} elz gvrzg}}kln &xfk} k} xfg gcgagnx le rgz}ln`ckx{+. &:+ Gugz{ `zxk}x# `} mfkch le fk} ìg# k} kargccgh

xl gvrzg}} xfg }rkzkx le fk} ìg &xfk} k} xfg gcgagnx le }x{cg+hkmx`xgh j{ xfg rgzklh `nh r`zxkmwc`z mlwnxz{ xlyfkmf xfg `zxk}x jgclni} &kx k} hlwjxewc fly clni xfg c`xxgz hk}xknmxkln ykcc mlnxknwg xl gvk}x+. &=+ Gugz{ `zxk}x#

`} ` }gzu`nx le `zx# f`} xl fgcr xfg m`w}g le `zx &xfk} k} xfg gcgagnx le rwzg `zxk}xz{# yfkmf k} mln}x`nx kn `cc ìg}

`nh àlni `cc n`xkln`ckxkg}+.

@ ewcc wnhgz}x`nhkni le xfg ekz}x xyl gcgagnx} k} ngmg}}`z{ elz ` zg`ckt`xkln le xfg xfkzh. Jwx fg yfl f`} xfk}

zg`ckt`xkln ykcc zgmlinktg xf`x ` zwhgc{ m`zugh Knhk`n mlcwan k} `n gvrzg}}kln le xfg }àg }rkzkx `} `mxw`xg}

`n{ zg`c ylzo le `zx le xlh`{.

Kn xfg r`}x `nh gugn xlh`{ awmf x`co k} fg`zh le *rgz}ln`ckx{* kn `zx. X`co le xfg mlakni *}x{cg* jgmlag} alzg

ezgpwgnx h`kc{. Jwx elz `cc xfgkz karlzx`nmg xlh`{# xfg}g pwg}xkln} ykcc fùg hk}`rrg`zgh èxgz ` egy fwnhzgh lz

xflw}`nh {g`z}.

Lnc{ xfg xfkzh gcgagnxxf`x le rwzg `zxk}xz{ykcc zga`kn elz gugz. @n Gi{rxk`n m`zukni }rgò} xl w} xlh`{

alzg }wjxc{ xf`n kx hkh xl kx} mfzlnlclikm`c mlnxgarlz`zkg}? elz xfg{ dwhigh kx ykxf xfg fàrgzkni onlycghig

le rgzklh `nh rgz}ln`ckx{. Jwx yg m`n dwhig rwzgc{ `} `n gvrzg}}kln le xfg gxgzn`c `zxk}xz{.

]kakc`zc{xfg izg`xgz xfg r`zx rc`{gh kn ` alhgzn ylzo le `zx j{ xfg xyl gcgagnx} le }x{cg `nh rgz}ln`ckx{# xfg

jgxxgz ykcc kx jg `rrzgmk`xgh j{ rglrcg xlh`{? jwx ` alhgzn ylzo le `zx yfkmf k} ewcc le xfg xfkzh gcgagnx# ykcc

e`kc xl zg`mf xfg mlnxgarlz`z{ }lwc. Elz a`n{ mgnxwzkg} fùg xl r`}} `y`{ jgelzg xfg xfkzh gcgagnx m`n jg

zgmgkugh ykxf wnhgz}x`nhkni. Jwx xfg `zxk}x kn yfl}g ylzo xfk} xfkzh gcgagnx rzghlakn`xg} k} xfg zg`cc{ izg`x

`zxk}x.




Jgm`w}g xfg gcgagnx} le }x{cg `nh rgz}ln`ckx{ aòg wr yf`x k} m`ccgh xfg rgzklhkm mf`z`mxgzk}xkm} le `n{ ylzo

le `zx# xfg *hgugclragnx* le `zxk}xkm elza} aw}x hgrgnh ln xfgkz }gr`z`xkln ezla xfg gcgagnx le rwzg `zxk}xz{#

yfkmf only} ngkxfgz rgzklh nlz n`xkln`ckx{. Jwx `} }x{cg `nh rgz}ln`ckx{ mzg`xg kn gugz{ grlmf mgzx`kn hgeknkxg

elza}# yfkmf# elz `cc xfgkz }wrgzekmk`c hkeegzgnmg}# `zg zg`cc{ mcl}gc{ zgc`xgh# xfg}g elza} m`n jg }rlogn le `}

lng }khg le `zxxfg ]WJDGMXKUG. Gugz{ `zxk}x mfll}g}# ezla xfg elza} yfkmf zgecgmx fk} lyn xkag# xfl}g

yfkmf `zg }{ar`xfgxkm xl fka# `nh gvrzg}}g} fka}gce xfzlwif xfga. ]l xfg }wjdgmxkug gcgagnx k} xfg hgeknkxg

`nh gvxgzn`c gvrzg}}kln le xfg knngz# ljdgmxkug gcgagnx.

Xfg kngukx`jcg hg}kzg elz lwxy`zh gvrzg}}kln le xfg LJDGMXKUG gcgagnx k} xfg karwc}g fgzg hgekngh `} xfg

*knngz nggh.* Xfg elza} kx jlzzly} mf`nig ezla h`{ xl h`{# `nh# `} kx mlnxknw`cc{ `hu`nmg}# yf`x k} xlh`{ `

rfz`}g le knngz f`zaln{ jgmlag} xlalzzly lng le lwxgz f`zaln{. Kx k} mcg`z# xfgzgelzg# xf`x xfg knngz }rkzkx le

`zx lnc{ w}g} xfg lwxgz elza le `n{ r`zxkmwc`z rgzklh `} ` }xgrrkni}xlng xl ewzxfgz gvrzg}}kln.

Kn }flzx# xfg ylzokni le xfg knngz nggh `nh xfg hgugclragnx le `zx k} `n gugz`hu`nmkni gvrzg}}kln le xfg

gxgzn`c `nh ljdgmxkug kn xfg xgza} le xfg rgzklhkm `nh }wjdgmxkug.

Jgm`w}g xfg ljdgmxkug k} elzgugz gvmf`nikni xfg }wjdgmxkug gvrzg}}kln le xlh`{ elz xf`x le xlalzzly# g`mf ngy

gvxgn}kln le ckjgzx{ kn xfg w}g le lwxgz elza k} f`kcgh `} xfg c`}x `nh }wrzgag. @x rzg}gnx yg }`{ xf`x `n `zxk}x

m`n w}g `n{ elza fg yk}fg}# }l clni `} fg zga`kn} kn xlwmf ykxf n`xwzg. Jwx xfk} ckakx`xkln# ckog `cc kx}

rzghgmg}}lz}# k} lnc{ xgarlz`z{. Ezla xfg rlknx le ukgy le xfg knngz nggh# nl ckakx`xkln aw}x jg a`hg. Xfg

`zxk}x a`{ w}g `n{ elza yfkmf fk} gvrzg}}kln hga`nh}? elz fk} knngz karwc}g aw}x eknh }wkx`jcg lwxy`zh

gvrzg}}kln.

]l yg }gg xf`x ` hgckjgz`xg }g`zmf elz rgz}ln`ckx{ `nh *}x{cg* k} nlx lnc{ karl}}kjcg# jwx mlar`z`xkugc{

wnkarlzx`nx. Xfg mcl}g zgc`xkln}fkr le `zx xfzlwiflwx xfg ìg}# k} nlx ` zgc`xkln}fkr kn lwxy`zh elza jwx kn

knngz ag`nkni. @nh xfgzgelzg xfg x`co le }mfllc}# le ckng} le *hgugclragnx#* le *rzknmkrcg} le `zx#* gxm.# k}

j`}gh ln ak}wnhgz}x`nhkni `nh m`n lnc{ cg`h xl mlnew}kln.

Xfg `zxk}x aw}x jg jcknh xl hk}xknmxkln} jgxyggn *zgmlinktgh* lz *wnzgmlinktgh* mlnugnxkln} le elza# hgè xl

xfg xz`n}kxlz{ xg`mfkni `nh hga`nh} le fk} r`zxkmwc`z ìg. Fg aw}x y`xmf lnc{ xfg xzgnh le xfg knngz nggh# `nhfg`zogn xl kx} ylzh} `clng. Xfgn fg ykcc ykxf }ègx{ garcl{ ag`n} jlxf }`nmxklngh `nh elzjkhhgn j{ fk}

mlnxgarlz`zkg}. @cc ag`n} `zg }`mzgh yfkmf `zg m`ccgh elz j{ xfg knngz nggh. @cc ag`n} `zg }knewc yfkmf

lj}mwzg xf`x knngz nggh.

Kx k} karl}}kjcg xl xfglzktg `jlwx xfk} khg`c le `zx. Kn zg`c `zx xfglz{ hlg} nlx rzgmghg rz`mxkmg# jwx elccly} fgz.

Gugz{xfkni k}# `x ekz}x# ` a`xxgz le eggckni. @n{ xfglzgxkm`c }mfgag ykcc jg c`mokni kn xfg g}}gnxk`c le

mzg`xklnxfg knngz hg}kzg elz gvrzg}}klnyfkmf m`nnlx jg hgxgzakngh. Ngkxfgz xfg pw`ckx{ le xfg knngz nggh#

nlz kx} }wjdgmxkug elza# m`n jg ag`}wzgh nlz ygkifgh.

_Ellxnlxg4 Xfg a`n{}khgh ignkw} le Cgln`zhl hguk}gh ` }{}xga le ckxxcg }rlln} ykxf yfkmf hkeegzgnx mlclwz}

ygzg xl jg w}gh# xfw} mzg`xkni ` oknh le agmf`nkm`c f`zaln{. Lng le fk} rwrkc}# èxgz xz{kni kn u`kn xl w}g xfk}}{}xga# kn hg}r`kz `}ogh lng le fk} mlccgìwg} fly xfg a`}xgz fka}gce w}gh xfg knugnxkln. Xfg mlccgìwg

zgrckgh4 *Xfg a`}xgz ngugz w}g} kx `x `cc.* &Agzg}mfly}ok# CGLN@ZHL H@ UKNMK+.Q

]wmf ` izàa`z le r`knxkni m`n lnc{ jg xgarlz`zkc{ iwg}}gh `x# `nh }flwch kx gugz jg `mfkgugh# kx ykcc jg nlx

}l awmf `mmlzhkni xl rf{}km`c zwcg} &yfkmf fùg }l lexgn jggn xzkgh `nh yfkmf xlh`{ xfg Mwjk}x} `zg xz{kni+

`} `mmlzhkni xl xfg zwcg} le xfg knngz nggh# yfkmf `zg le xfg }lwc.

Xfg knngz nggh k} xfg j`}km `ckog le }a`cc `nh izg`x rzljcga} kn r`knxkni. Yg `zg }ggokni xlh`{ elz xfg zl`h

yfkmf k} xl cg`h w} `y`{ ezla xfg lwxgz xl xfg knngz j`}k}.

_Ellxnlxg4 Xfg xgza *lwxgz#* fgzg w}gh# aw}x nlx jg mlnew}gh ykxf xfg xgza *a`xgzk`c* w}gh rzguklw}c{. K à




w}kni xfg elzagz xl ag`n *lwxgz nggh#* yfkmf ngugz ilg} jg{lnh mlnugnxkln`c ckakx}# nlz rzlhwmg} lxfgz xf`n

mlnugnxkln`c jg`wx{. Xfg *knngz nggh* only} nl }wmf ckakx}# `nh lexgn rzlhwmg} zg}wcx} mlnugnxkln`cc{

mln}khgzgh *wic{.* Jwx *wic{* kx}gce k} ` mlnugnxkln`c xgza# `nh lnc{ ag`n} *}rkzkxw`cc{ wn}{ar`xfgxkm#* jgkni

`rrckgh xl }lag gvrzg}}kln le `n knngz nggh# gkxfgz lwxizlyn lz nlx {gx `xx`kngh. Jwx gugz{xfkni yfkmf

`hgpw`xgc{ gvrzg}}g} xfg knngz nggh k} jg`wxkewc.Q

Xfg }rkzkx# ckog xfg jlh{# m`n jg }xzgnixfgngh `nh hgugclrgh j{ ezgpwgnx gvgzmk}g. Dw}x `} xfg jlh{# ke ngicgmxgh# izly} ygògz `nh ekn`cc{ karlxgnx# }l xfg }rkzkx rgzk}fg} ke wnxgnhgh. @nh elz xfk} zg`}ln kx k}

ngmg}}`z{ elz xfg `zxk}x xl only xfg }x`zxkni rlknx elz xfg gvgzmk}g le fk} }rkzkx.

Xfg }x`zxkni rlknx k} xfg }xwh{ le mlclwz `nh kx} geegmx} ln agn.

Xfgzg k} nl nggh xl gniìg kn xfg ekngz }f`hg} le mlarckm`xgh mlclwz# jwx z`xfgz `x ekz}x xl mln}khgz lnc{ xfg

hkzgmx w}g le }karcg mlclwz}.

Xl jgikn ykxf# cgx w} xg}x xfg ylzokni ln lwz}gcug} le knhkukhw`c mlclwz}# `nh }l aòg ` }karcg mf`zx# yfkmf

ykcc e`mkckx`xg xfg mln}khgz`xkln le xfg yflcg pwg}xkln.

Xyl izg`x hkuk}kln} le mlclwz lmmwz xl xfg aknh `x xfg lwx}gx4 knxl y`za `nh mlch# `nh knxl ckifx `nh h`zo. Xl

g`mf mlclwz xfgzg `zg xfgzgelzg elwz }f`hg} le `rrg`cy`za `nh ckifx lz y`za `nh h`zo# lz mlch `nh ckifx lz

mlch `nh h`zo.

Igngz`cc{ }rgòkni# y`zaxf lz mlch kn ` mlclwz ag`n} `n `rrzl`mf zg}rgmxkugc{ xl {gccly lz xl jcwg. Xfk}

hk}xknmxkln k}# }l xl }rgò# ln lng j`}k}# xfg mlclwz fùkni ` mln}x`nx ewnhàgnx`c `rrg`c# jwx `}}wakni gkxfgz

` alzg a`xgzk`c lz alzg nlna`xgzk`c pw`ckx{. Xfg alugagnx k} `n flzktlnx`c lng# xfg y`za mlclwz}

`rrzl`mfkni xfg }rgmx`xlz# xfg mlch lng} zgxzg`xkni ezla fka.

Xfg mlclwz}# yfkmf m`w}g kn `nlxfgz mlclwz xfk} flzktlnx`c alugagnx# yfkcg xfg{ `zg xfga}gcug} èegmxgh j{

kx# fùg `nlxfgz alugagnx le xfgkz lyn# yfkmf `mx} ykxf ` uklcgnx }gr`z`xkug elzmg. Xfk} k}# xfgzgelzg# xfg ekz}x

`nxkxfg}k} kn xfg knngz `rrg`c# `nh xfg knmckn`xkln le xfg mlclwz xl {gccly lz xl jcwg# k} le xzgagnhlw}karlzx`nmg.

Xfg }gmlnh `nxkxfg}k} k} jgxyggn yfkxg `nh jc`mo? k.g.# xfg knmckn`xkln xl ckifx lz h`zo m`w}gh j{ xfg r`kz le

mlclwz} dw}x agnxklngh. Xfg}g mlclwz} fùg lnmg alzg xfgkz rgmwck`z alugagnx xl `nh ezla xfg }rgmx`xlz# jwx

kn ` alzg zkikh elza &}gg Eki. 0+.

EKIWZG K

Ekz}x R`kz le `nxkxfg}g}. &knngz `rrg`c `mxkni ln @ `nh J. xfg }rkzkx+

@. Y`za Mlch [gccly Jcwg 1 Ekz}x `nxkxfg}k}

Xyl alugagnx}4

&k+ flzktlnx`c

Xly`zh} xfg }rgmx`xlz 3333 >>>> @y`{ ezla xfg }rgmx`xlz &jlhkc{+ &}rkzkxw`c+

[gccly Jcwg

&kk+ Gv `nh mlnmgnxzkm




J. Ckifx H`zo Yfkxg Jc`mo 1 ]gmlnh @nxkxfg}k}

Xyl alugagnx}4

&k+ hk}mlzh`nx

Gxgzn`c hk}mlzh# jwx ykxf @j}lcwxg hk}mlzh# hgulkh rl}}kjkckxkg} elz xfg Yfkxg Jc`mo le rl}}kjkckxkg} elz xfgewxwzg &jkzxf+ ewxwzg &hg`xf+

&kk+ gv`nh mlnmgnxzkm# `} kn m`}g le {gccly `nh jcwg# jwx alzg zkikh.

[gccly `nh jcwg fùg `nlxfgz alugagnx yfkmf èegmx} xfg ekz}x `nxkxfg}k}`n gv`nh mlnmgnxzkm alugagnx. Ke

xyl mkzmcg} `zg hz`yn `nh r`knxgh zg}rgmxkugc{ {gccly `nh jcwg# jzkge mlnmgnxz`xkln ykcc zgug`c kn xfg {gccly `

}rzg`hkni alugagnx lwx ezla xfg mgnxzg# `nh ` nlxkmg`jcg `rrzl`mf xl xfg }rgmx`xlz. Xfg jcwg# ln xfg lxfgz

f`nh# alug} kn wrln kx}gce# ckog ` }n`kc zgxzg`xkni knxl kx} }fgcc# `nh hz`y} `y`{ ezla xfg }rgmx`xlz. _Ellxnlxg4

Xfg}g }x`xgagnx} fùg nl }mkgnxkekm j`}k}# jwx `zg elwnhgh rwzgc{ ln }rkzkxw`c gvrgzkgnmg.Q

Kn xfg m`}g le ckifx `nh h`zo mlclwz} xfg alugagnx k} garf`}ktgh. Xf`x le xfg {gccly knmzg`}g} ykxf `n`hakvxwzg le yfkxg# k.g.# `} kx jgmlag} ckifxgz. Xf`x le xfg jcwg knmzg`}g} ykxf `n `hakvxwzg le jc`mo# k.g.# `} kx

jgmlag} h`zogz. Xfk} ag`n} xf`x xfgzg m`n ngugz jg ` h`zomlclwzgh {gccly. Xfg zgc`xkln}fkr jgxyggn yfkxg

`nh {gccly k} `} mcl}g `} jgxyggn jc`mo `nh jcwg# elz jcwg m`n jg }l h`zo `} xl jlzhgz ln jc`mo. Jg}khg} xfk}

rf{}km`c zgc`xkln}fkr# k} `c}l ` }rkzkxw`c lng &jgxyggn {gccly `nh yfkxg ln lng }khg# jgxyggn jcwg `nh jc`mo ln

xfg lxfgz+ yfkmf a`zo} ` }xzlni }gr`z`xkln jgxyggn xfg xyl r`kz}.

@n `xxgarx xl aòg {gccly mlchgz rzlhwmg} ` izggn xknx `nh mfgmo} jlxf xfg flzktlnx`c `nh gvmgnxzkm

alugagnx. Xfg mlclwz jgmlag} }kmoc{ `nh wnzg`c. Xfg jcwg j{ kx} mlnxz`z{ alugagnx `mx} `} ` jzòg ln xfg

{gccly# `nh k} fknhgzgh kn kx} lyn alugagnx# xkcc xfg xyl xligxfgz jgmlag }x`xkln`z{# `nh xfg zg}wcx k} izggn.

]kakc`zc{ ` akvxwzg le jc`mo `nh yfkxg rzlhwmg} iz`{# yfkmf k} alxklncg}} `nh }rkzkxw`cc{ ugz{ }kakc`z xl

izggn.

Jwx yfkcg izggn# {gccly# `nh jcwg `zg rlxgnxk`cc{ `mxkug# xflwif xgarlz`zkc{ r`z`c{}gh# kn iz`{ xfgzg k} nl

rl}}kjkckx{ le alugagnx# jgm`w}g iz`{ mln}k}x} le xyl mlclwz} xf`x fùg nl `mxkug elzmg# elz xfg{ }x`nh xfg#

lng kn alxklncg}} hk}mlzh# xfg lxfgz kn ` alxklncg}} ngi`xkln# gugn le hk}mlzh# ckog `n gnhcg}} y`cc lz `

jlxxlacg}} rkx.

Jgm`w}g xfg mlarlngnx mlclwz} le izggn `zg `mxkug `nh fùg ` alugagnx le xfgkz lyn# kx k} rl}}kjcg# ln xfg

j`}k} le xfk} alugagnx# xl zgmoln xfgkz }rkzkxw`c `rrg`c.

Xfg ekz}x alugagnx le {gccly# xf`x le `rrzl`mf xl xfg }rgmx`xlz &yfkmf m`n jg knmzg`}gh j{ `n knxgn}kekm`xkln

le xfg {gccly+# `nh `c}l xfg }gmlnh alugagnx# xf`x le lugz}rzg`hkni xfg jlwnh`zkg}# fùg ` a`xgzk`c r`z`ccgc

kn xfg fwa`n gngzi{ yfkmf `}}`kc} gugz{ lj}x`mcg jcknhc{# `nh jwz}x} elzxf `kacg}}c{ kn gugz{ hkzgmxkln.

[gccly# ke }xg`hkc{ i`tgh `x kn `n{ iglagxzkm`c elza# f`} ` hk}xwzjkni knecwgnmg# `nh zgug`c} kn xfg mlclwz `n

kn}k}xgnx# ìizg}}kug mf`z`mxgz. _Ellxnlxg4 Kx k} ylzxf nlxkni xf`x xfg }lwzx`}xkni cgaln `nh }fzkcc}knikni

m`n`z{ `zg jlxf {gccly.Q Xfg knxgn}kekm`xkln le xfg {gccly knmzg`}g} xfg r`knewc }fzkccng}} le kx} nlxg.

_ELLXNLXG4 @n{ r`z`ccgc jgxyggn mlclwz `nh aw}km m`n lnc{ jg zgc`xkug. Dw}x `} ` uklckn m`n ikug u`zklw}

}f`hg} le xlng#}l {gccly f`} }f`hg}# yfkmf m`n jg gvrzg}}gh j{ u`zklw} kn}xzwagnx}. Jwx kn aòkni }wmf

r`z`ccgc}# K à `}}wakni kn g`mf m`}g ` rwzg xlng le mlclwz lz }lwnh# wnu`zkgh j{ ukjz`xkln lz hàrgz}# gxm.Q

[gccly k} xfg x{rkm`cc{ g`zxfc{ mlclwz. Kx m`n ngugz fùg rzlelwnh ag`nkni. @n knxgzakvxwzg le jcwg aòg} kx `

}kmoc{ mlclwz. Kx a`{ jg r`z`ccgcgh kn fwa`n n`xwzg# ykxf a`hng}}# nlx ykxf agc`nmflc{ lz f{rlmflnhzk`m`c




a`nk`# jwx z`xfgz ykxf uklcgnx zùkni cwn`m{.

Xfg rlygz le rzlelwnh ag`nkni k} elwnh kn jcwg# `nh ekz}x kn kx} rf{}km`c alugagnx} &0+ le zgxzg`x ezla xfg

}rgmx`xlz# &:+ le xwznkni kn wrln kx} lyn mgnxzg. Xfg knmckn`xkln le jcwg xl hgrxf k} }l }xzlni xf`x kx} knngz

`rrg`c k} }xzlnigz yfgn kx} }f`hg k} hggrgz.

Jcwg k} xfg x{rkm`c fgùgnc{ mlclwz.

_ELLXNLXG4 ...Xfg f`cl} `zg ilchgn elz gargzlz} `nh rzlrfgx} &k.g. elz alzx`c}+# `nh }o{jcwg elz }{ajlckm

ekiwzg} &k.g. }rkzkxw`c jgkni}+? &Olnhòlee# Fk}xlkzg hg K)@n J{t`nxkng mln}khgzgg rzknmkr`cgagnx h`n} cg}

aknk`xwzg}# ulc. kk# r. =6:# R`zk}# 0665;0+.Q

Xfg wcxka`xg eggckni kx mzg`xg} k} lng le zg}x.

_ELLXNLXG4 ]wrgzn`xwz`c zg}x# nlx xfg g`zxfc{ mlnxgnxagnx le izggn. Xfg y`{ xl xfg }wrgzn`xwz`c ckg}

xfzlwif xfg n`xwz`c. @nh yg alzx`c} r`}}kni ezla xfg g`zxfc{ {gccly xl xfg fgùgnc{ jcwg aw}x r`}} xfzlwif

izggn.Q

Yfgn kx }kno} `cal}x xl jc`mo# kx gmflg} ` izkge xf`x k} f`zhc{ fwa`n.

_ELLXNLXG4 @} `n gmfl le izkge uklcgx }x`nh xl jcwg `} hlg} izggn kn kx} rzlhwmxkln le zg}x.Q

Yfgn kx zk}g} xly`zh} yfkxg# ` alugagnx ckxxcg }wkxgh xl kx# kx} `rrg`c xl agn izly} ygògz `nh alzg hk}x`nx.

Kn aw}km ` ckifx jcwg k} ckog ` ecwxg# ` h`zogz jcwg ` mgccl? ` }xkcc h`zogz ` xfwnhgzlw} hlwjcg j`}}? `nh xfg

h`zog}x jcwg le `cc`n lzi`n.

@ ygccj`c`nmgh akvxwzg le jcwg `nh {gccly rzlhwmg} izggn. Xfg flzktlnx`c alugagnx mg`}g}? ckogyk}g xf`x

ezla `nh xly`zh} xfg mgnxzg. Xfg geegmx ln xfg }lwc xfzlwif xfg g{g k} xfgzgelzg alxklncg}}. Xfk} k} ` e`mx

zgmlinktgh nlx lnc{ j{ lrxkmk`n} jwx j{ xfg ylzch. Izggn k} xfg al}x zg}xewc mlclwz xf`x gvk}x}. Ln gvf`w}xgh

agn xfk} zg}xewcng}} f`} ` jgngekmk`c geegmx# jwx èxgz ` xkag kx jgmlag} yg`zk}lag. Rkmxwzg} r`knxgh kn }f`hg}le izggn `zg r`}}kug `nh xgnh xl jg yg`zk}lag? xfk} mlnxz`}x} ykxf xfg `mxkug y`zaxf le {gccly lz xfg `mxkug

mllcng}} le jcwg. Kn xfg fkgz`zmf{ le mlclwz} izggn k} xfg *jlwziglk}kg*}gce}`xk}ekgh# kaalu`jcg# n`zzly. Kx k}

xfg mlclwz le }waagz# xfg rgzklh yfgn n`xwzg k} zg}xkni ezla xfg }xlza} le yknxgz `nh xfg rzlhwmxkug gngzi{

le }rzkni &le. Eki. :+.

@n{ rzgrlnhgz`nmg kn izggn le {gccly lz jcwg knxzlhwmg} ` mlzzg}rlnhkni `mxkukx{ `nh mf`nig} xfg knngz

`rrg`c. Xfg izggn oggr} kx} mf`z`mxgzk}xkm gpw`nkakx{ `nh zg}xewcng}}# xfg elzagz knmzg`}kni ykxf xfg

knmckn`xkln xl ckifxng}}# xfg c`xxgz ykxf xfg knmckn`xkln xl hgrxf. Kn aw}km xfg `j}lcwxg izggn k} zgrzg}gnxgh j{

xfg rc`mkh# akhhcg nlxg} le ` uklckn.

Jc`mo `nh yfkxg fùg `czg`h{ jggn hk}mw}}gh kn igngz`c xgza}. Alzg r`zxkmwc`zc{ }rgòkni# yfkxg# `cxflwiflexgn mln}khgzgh `} nl mlclwz &` xfglz{ c`zigc{ hwg xl xfg Karzg}}klnk}x}# yfl }`y nl yfkxg kn n`xwzg `} `

}{ajlc le ` ylzch ezla yfkmf `cc mlclwz `} ` hgeknkxg `xxzkjwxg f`} hk}`rrg`zgh+.

_ELLXNLXG4 U`n Ilif# kn fk} cgxxgz}# `}o} yfgxfgz fg a`{ nlx r`knx ` yfkxg y`cc hg`h yfkxg. Xfk} pwg}xkln

leegz} nl hkeekmwcx{ xl xfg nlnzgrzg}gnx`xkug `zxk}x yfl k} mlnmgzngh lnc{ ykxf xfg knngz f`zaln{ le mlclwz.

Jwx xl xfg karzg}}klnk}xzg`ck}x kx }gga} ` jlch ckjgzx{ xl xòg ykxf n`xwzg. Xl fka kx }gga} `} lwxzìglw} `} fk}

lyn mf`nig ezla jzlyn }f`hly} xl jcwg }ggagh xl fk} mlnxgarlz`zkg}. U`n Ilif)} pwg}xkln a`zo} `

xz`n}kxkln ezla Karzg}}klnk}a xl `n `zx le }rkzkxw`c f`zaln{# `} xfg mlakni le xfg jcwg }f`hly a`zogh `

xz`n}kxkln ezla `m`hgak}a xl Karzg}}klnk}a. &Me. Xfg Cgxxgz} le Uknmgnx u`n Ilif. Mln}x`jcg# Clnhln.+Q

Xfk} ylzch k} xll e`z `jlug w} elz kx} f`zaln{ xl xlwmf lwz }lwc}. @ izg`x }kcgnmg# ckog `n kargngxz`jcg y`cc#




}fzlwh} kx} ckeg ezla lwz wnhgz}x`nhkni. Yfkxg# xfgzgelzg# f`} xfk} f`zaln{ le }kcgnmg# yfkmf ylzo} wrln w}

ngi`xkugc{# ckog a`n{ r`w}g} kn aw}km xf`x jzgò xgarlz`zkc{ xfg agclh{. Kx k} nlx ` hg`h }kcgnmg# jwx lng

rzgin`nx ykxf rl}}kjkckxkg}. Yfkxg f`} xfg `rrg`c le xfg nlxfkning}} xf`x k} jgelzg jkzxf# le xfg ylzch kn xfg kmg

ìg.

@ xlx`cc{ hg`h }kcgnmg# ln xfg lxfgz f`nh# ` }kcgnmg ykxf nl rl}}kjkckxkg}# f`} xfg knngz f`zaln{ le jc`mo. Kn

aw}km kx k} zgrzg}gnxgh j{ lng le xfl}g rzlelwnh `nh ekn`c r`w}g}# èxgz yfkmf `n{ mlnxknw`xkln le xfg agclh{}gga} xfg h`yn le `nlxfgz ylzch. Jc`mo k} }lagxfkni jwznx lwx# ckog xfg `}fg} le ` ewngz`c r{zg# }lagxfkni

alxklncg}} ckog ` mlzr}g. Xfg }kcgnmg le jc`mo k} xfg }kcgnmg le hg`xf. Lwxy`zhc{ jc`mo k} xfg mlclwz ykxf cg`}x

f`zaln{ le `cc# ` oknh le ngwxz`c j`moizlwnh ì`kn}x yfkmf xfg aknwxg}x }f`hg} le lxfgz mlclwz} }x`nh mcg`zc{

elzy`zh. Kx hkeegz} ezla yfkxg kn xfk} `c}l# elz ykxf yfkxg ng`zc{ gugz{ mlclwz k} kn hk}mlzh# lz gugn awxg

`cxligxfgz.

_ELLXNLXG4 G.i. ugzakckln zkni} hwcc `nh awhh{ ì`kn}x yfkxg# jwx ì`kn}x jc`mo ykxf mcg`z }xzgnixf. Ckifx

{gccly ì`kn}x yfkxg k} ygò# ì`kn}x jc`mo rwzg `nh jzkcck`nx.Q

Nlx ykxflwx zg`}ln k} yfkxg xògn `} }{ajlcktkni dl{ `nh }rlxcg}} rwzkx{# `nh jc`mo izkge `nh hg`xf. @ jcgnh

le jc`mo `nh yfkxg rzlhwmg} iz`{ yfkmf# `} f`} jggn }`kh# k} }kcgnx `nh alxklncg}}# jgkni mlarl}gh le xyl

kn`mxkug mlclwz}# kx} zg}xewcng}} fùkni nlng le xfg rlxgnxk`c `mxkukx{ le izggn. @ }kakc`z iz`{ k} rzlhwmgh j{ `

akvxwzg le izggn `nh zgh# ` }rkzkxw`c jcgnh le r`}}kukx{ `nh iclykni y`zaxf.

_ELLXNLXG4 Iz`{ 1 kaaljkckx{ `nh zg}x. Hgc`mzlkv }lwifx xl gvrzg}} zg}x j{ ` akvxwzg le izggn `nh zgh &le.

]kin`m# }wr. mkx.+.Q

Xfg wnjlwnhgh y`zaxf le zgh f`} nlx xfg kzzg}rln}kjcg `rrg`c le {gccly# jwx zkni} kny`zhc{ ykxf `

hgxgzakngh `nh rlygzewc knxgn}kx{ Kx icly} kn kx}gce# a`xwzgc{# `nh hlg} nlx hk}xzkjwxg kx} ukilwz `kacg}}c{ &}gg

Eki. :+.

Xfg u`zkgh rlygz} le zgh `zg ugz{ }xzkokni. J{ ` }okccewc w}g le kx kn kx} hkeegzgnx }f`hg}# kx} ewnhàgnx`c xlng

a`{ jg a`hg y`za lz mlch.

_ELLXNLXG4 Le mlwz}g gugz{ mlclwz m`n jg xl }lag gvxgnx u`zkgh jgxyggn y`za `nh mlch# jwx nl mlclwz f`}

}l gvxgn}kug ` }m`cg le u`zkgxkg} `} zgh.Q

Ckifx y`za zgh f`} ` mgzx`kn }kakc`zkx{ xl aghkwa {gccly# `ckog kn xgvxwzg `nh `rrg`c# `nh ikug} ` eggckni le

}xzgnixf# ukilwz# hgxgzakn`xkln# xzkwarf. Kn aw}km# kx k} ` }lwnh le xzwargx}# }xzlni# f`z}f# `nh zknikni.

Ugzakckln k} ` zgh ykxf ` eggckni le }f`zrng}}# ckog iclykni }xggc yfkmf m`n jg mllcgh j{ y`xgz. Ugzakckln k}

pwgnmfgh j{ jcwg# elz kx m`n }wrrlzx nl akvxwzg ykxf ` mlch mlclwz. Alzg `mmwz`xgc{ }rgòkni# }wmf ` akvxwzg

rzlhwmg} yf`x k} m`ccgh ` hkzx{ mlclwz# }mlzngh j{ r`knxgz} le xlh`{. Jwx *hkzx* `} ` a`xgzk`c ljdgmx f`} kx} lyn

knngz `rrg`c# `nh xfgzgelzg xl ùlkh kx kn r`knxkni# k} `} wndw}x `nh n`zzly `} y`} xfg mz{ le {g}xgzh`{ elz rwzgmlclwz. @x xfg m`cc le xfg knngz nggh xf`x yfkmf k} lwxy`zhc{ elwc a`{ jg kny`zhc{ rwzg# `nh ukmg ugz}`.

Xfg xyl }f`hg} le zgh dw}x hk}mw}}gh `zg }kakc`z xl {gccly# gvmgrx xf`x xfg{ zg`mf lwx cg}} xl xfg }rgmx`xlz. Xfg

icly le zgh k} ykxfkn kx}gce. Elz xfk} zg`}ln kx k} ` mlclwz alzg jgclugh xf`n {gccly# jgkni ezgpwgnxc{ w}gh kn

rzkakxkug `nh xz`hkxkln`c hgmlz`xkln# `nh `c}l kn rg`}`nx ml}xwag}# jgm`w}g kn xfg lrgn `kz xfg f`zaln{ le zgh

`nh izggn k} ugz{ jg`wxkewc. Xògn j{ kx}gce xfk} zgh k} a`xgzk`c# `nh# ckog {gccly# f`} nl ugz{ hggr `rrg`c.

Lnc{ yfgn mlajkngh ykxf }lagxfkni nljcgz hlg} kx `mpwkzg xfk} hggr `rrg`c. Kx k} h`nigzlw} xl }ggo xl hggrgn

zgh j{ `n `hakvxwzg le jc`mo# elz jc`mo pwgnmfg} xfg icly# lz `x cg`}x zghwmg} kx mln}khgz`jc{.

Jwx xfgzg zga`kn} jzlyn# wngalxkln`c# hk}knmckngh elz alugagnx. @n knxgzakvxwzg le zgh k} lwxy`zhc{ j`zgc{

`whkjcg# jwx xfgzg zkni} lwx ` rlygzewc knngz f`zaln{. ]okccewc jcgnhkni m`n rzlhwmg `n knngz `rrg`c le

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI :;



gvxz`lzhkn`z{# knhg}mzkj`jcg jg`wx{. Xfg ugzakckln nly zkni} ckog ` izg`x xzwargx# lz xfwnhgz} ckog ` hzwa.

Mllc zgh &a`hhgz+ ckog `n{ lxfgz ewnhàgnx`cc{ mlch mlclwz# m`n jg hggrgnghg}rgmk`cc{ j{ `n knxgzakvxwzg

le `twzg. Xfg mf`z`mxgz le xfg mlclwz mf`nig}? xfg kny`zh icly knmzg`}g}# xfg `mxkug gcgagnx iz`hw`cc{

hk}`rrg`z}. Jwx xfk} `mxkug gcgagnx k} ngugz }l yflcc{ `j}gnx `} kn hggr izggn. Xfgzg `cy`{} zga`kn} ` fknx le

zgngygh ukilwz# }lagyfgzg lwx le }kifx# y`kxkni elz ` mgzx`kn alagnx xl jwz}x elzxf èzg}f. Kn xfk} ckg} xfg

izg`x hkeegzgnmg jgxyggn ` hggrgngh zgh `nh ` hggrgngh jcwg# jgm`w}g kn zgh xfgzg k} `cy`{} ` xz`mg le xfga`xgzk`c. @ r`z`ccgc kn aw}km `zg xfg }`h# akhhcg xlng} le ` mgccl. @ mlch# ckifx zgh mlnx`kn} ` ugz{ hk}xknmx

jlhkc{ lz a`xgzk`c gcgagnx# jwx kx k} `cy`{} rwzg# ckog xfg ezg}f jg`wx{ le xfg e`mg le ` {lwni ikzc. Xfg }knikni

nlxg} le ` uklckn gvrzg}} xfk} gv`mxc{ kn aw}km.

Y`za zgh# knxgn}kekgh j{ ` }wkx`jcg {gccly# k} lz`nig. Xfk} jcgnh jzkni} zgh `cal}x xl xfg rlknx le }rzg`hkni

lwx xly`zh} xfg }rgmx`xlz. Jwx xfg gcgagnx le zgh k} `cy`{} }weekmkgnxc{ }xzlni xl oggr xfg mlclwz ezla

eckrr`nm{. Lz`nig k} ckog ` a`n# mlnuknmgh le fk} lyn rlygz}. Kx} nlxg k} xf`x le xfg `nigcw}# lz le `n lch

uklckn.

Dw}x `} lz`nig k} zgh jzlwifx ng`zgz xl fwa`nkx{ j{ {gccly# }l uklcgx k} zgh ykxfhz`yn ezla fwa`nkx{ j{ jcwg.

Jwx xfg zgh kn uklcgx aw}x jg mlch# elz xfg }rkzkxw`c nggh hlg} nlx `ccly le ` akvxwzg le y`za zgh ykxf mlch

jcwg.

Uklcgx k} xfgzgelzg jlxf kn xfg rf{}km`c `nh }rkzkxw`c }gn}g ` mllcgh zgh. Kx k} mln}gpwgnxc{ z`xfgz }`h `nh

`kckni. Kx k} ylzn j{ lch ylagn# `nh kn Mfkn` `} ` }kin le alwznkni. Kn aw}km kx k} `n Gnick}f flzn# lz xfg

hggr nlxg} le yllh kn}xzwagnx} &g.i. ` j`}}lln+.

_ELLXNLXG4 @alni `zxk}x} lng lexgn fg`z} xfg pwg}xkln# *Fly `zg {lw<* `n}ygzgh icllakc{ j{ xfg ylzh}

*Eggckni ugz{ uklcgx.*Q

Xfg xyl c`}x agnxklngh mlclwz} &lz`nig `nh uklcgx+ `zg xfg elwzxf `nh c`}x r`kz le `nxkxfg}g} le xfg rzkakxkug

mlclwz}. Xfg{ }x`nh xl g`mf lxfgz kn xfg }àg zgc`xkln `} xfg xfkzh `nxkxfg}g}izggn `nh zghk.g.# `}

mlarcgagnx`z{ mlclwz} &}gg Eki. :+.

EKIWZG KK

]gmlnh R`kz le `nxkxfg}g} &rf{}km`c `rrg`c le mlarcgagnx`z{ M `nh H mlclwz}+

M. Zgh Izggn 1 Xfkzh `nxkxfg}k} Alugagnx le xfg }rkzkxw`cc{ gvxkniwk}fgh Ekz}x `nxkxfg}k}

Alxkln ykxfkn kx}gce _MKZMCGQ 1 Rlxgnxk`ckx{ le alxkln 1 Alxklncg}}ng}}

Zgh

Gv`nh mlnmgnxzkm alugagnx} `zg `j}gnx Kn lrxkm`c jcgnh 1 Iz`{ Kn agmf`nkm`c jcgnh le yfkxg `nh jc`mo 1

Iz`{

H. Lz`nig Uklcgx 1 Elwzxf `nxkxfg}k}

@zk}g lwx le xfg ekz}x `nxkxfg}k} ezla4

0. @mxkug gcgagnx le xfg {gccly kn zgh 1 Lz`nig :. R`}}kug gcgagnx le xfg jcwg kn zgh 1 Uklcgx

3Lz`nig[gccly333Zgh>>>JcwgUklcgx>

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI =2



Kn gvmgnxzkm Alxkln ykxfkn Kn Mlnmgnxzkm hkzgmxkln kx}gce hkzgmxkln

@} kn ` izg`x mkzmcg# ` }gzrgnx jkxkni kx} lyn x`kc &xfg }{ajlc le gxgznkx{# le }lagxfkni ykxflwx gnh+ xfg }kv

mlclwz} `rrg`z xf`x aòg wr xfg xfzgg a`kn `nxkxfg}g}. @nh xl zkifx `nh cgex }x`nh xfg xyl izg`x rl}}kjkckxkg} le

}kcgnmghg`xf `nh jkzxf &}gg Eki. =+.

EKIWZG KKK.

@ [gccly , S , S , S H M J Lz`nig Izggn J Yfkxg s s Jc`mo s s s s M H Zgh Uklcgx S , S , S @ , Jcwg

Xfg `nxkxfg}g} `} ` mkzmcg jgxyggn xyl rlcg}# k.g.# xfg ckeg le mlclwz} jgxyggn jkzxf `nh hg`xf.

&Xfg m`rkx`c cgxxgz} hg}kin`xg xfg r`kz} le `nxkxfg}g}.+

Kx k} mcg`z xf`x `cc K fùg }`kh le xfg}g }karcg mlclwz} k} ugz{ rzluk}kln`c `nh igngz`c# `nh }l `c}l `zg xfl}g

eggckni} &dl{# izkge# gxm.+ yfkmf fùg jggn pwlxgh `} r`z`ccgc} le xfg mlclwz}. Elz xfg}g eggckni} `zg lnc{ xfg

a`xgzk`c gvrzg}}kln} le xfg }lwc. ]f`hg} le mlclwz# ckog xfl}g le }lwnh# `zg le ` awmf ekngz xgvxwzg `nh `yòg

kn xfg }lwc galxkln} xll ekng xl jg gvrzg}}gh kn ylzh}. Mgzx`knc{ g`mf xlng ykcc eknh }lag rzlj`jcg gvrzg}}klnkn ylzh}# jwx kx ykcc `cy`{} jg knmlarcgxg# `nh xf`x r`zx yfkmf xfg ylzh e`kc} xl gvrzg}} ykcc nlx jg

wnkarlzx`nx jwx z`xfgz xfg ugz{ ogzngc le kx} gvk}xgnmg. Elz xfk} zg`}ln ylzh} `zg# `nh ykcc `cy`{} zga`kn# lnc{

fknx}# agzg }wiig}xkln} le mlclwz}. Kn xfk} karl}}kjkckx{ le gvrzg}}kni mlclwz kn ylzh} ykxf xfg mln}gpwgnx

nggh elz }lag lxfgz alhg le gvrzg}}kln ckg} xfg lrrlzxwnkx{ le xfg `zx le xfg ewxwzg. Kn xfk} `zx àlni

knnwagz`jcg zkmf `nh u`zkgh mlajkn`xkln} xfgzg k} lng yfkmf k} elwnhgh ln ekza e`mx# `nh xf`x k} `} elccly}.

Xfg `mxw`c gvrzg}}kln le mlclwz m`n jg `mfkgugh }kawcx`nglw}c{ j{ }gugz`c elza} le `zx# g`mf `zx rc`{kni kx}

}gr`z`xg r`zx# `nh rzlhwmkni ` yflcg yfkmf gvmggh} kn zkmfng}} `nh elzmg `n{ gvrzg}}kln `xx`kn`jcg j{ lng `zx

`clng. Xfg kaagn}g rl}}kjkckxkg} le hgrxf `nh }xzgnixf xl jg i`kngh j{ mlajkn`xkln lz j{ hk}mlzh jgxyggn xfg

u`zklw} `zx} m`n jg g`}kc{ zg`cktgh.

Kx k} lexgn }`kh xf`x `hak}}kln le xfg rl}}kjkckx{ le lng `zx fgcrkni `nlxfgz àlwnx} xl ` hgnk`c le xfg ngmg}}`z{hkeegzgnmg} jgxyggn xfg `zx}. Xfk} k}# flygugz# nlx xfg m`}g. @} f`} jggn }`kh# `n `j}lcwxgc{ }kakc`z knngz

`rrg`c m`nnlx jg `mfkgugh j{ xyl hkeegzgnx `zx}. Gugn ke kx ygzg rl}}kjcg xfg }gmlnh ugz}kln ylwch hkeegz `x

cg`}x lwxy`zhc{. Jwx }wrrl}g xfk} ygzg nlx xfg m`}g# xf`x k} xl }`{# }wrrl}g ` zgrgxkxkln le xfg }àg `rrg`c

gv`mxc{ `ckog jlxf lwxy`zhc{ `nh kny`zhc{ mlwch jg `mfkgugh j{ hkeegzgnx `zx}# }wmf zgrgxkxkln ylwch nlx jg

agzgc{ }wrgzecwlw}. Xl jgikn ykxf# hkeegzgnx rglrcg eknh }{ar`xf{ kn hkeegzgnx elza} le `zx &`ckog ln xfg `mxkug

`nh r`}}kug }khg àlni xfg mzg`xlz} lz xfg zgmgkugz} le xfg `rrg`c+? jwx ewzxfgz `nh alzg karlzx`nx# zgrgxkxkln

le xfg }àg `rrg`c xfkmogn} xfg }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg yfkmf k} ngmg}}`z{ elz xfg a`xwzkni le xfg ekng}x eggckni}#

kn xfg }àg y`{ `} xfg flx `kz le ` izggnflw}g k} ngmg}}`z{ elz xfg zkrgnkni le mgzx`kn ezwkx. @n gvàrcg le xfk}

k} xfg m`}g le xfg knhkukhw`c yfl zgmgkug} ` rlygzewc karzg}}kln ezla mln}x`nxc{ zgrg`xgh `mxkln}# xflwifx} lz

eggckni}# `cxflwif ke xfg{ màg }knic{ xfg{ akifx fùg r`}}gh j{ wnnlxkmgh. _ELLXNLXG4 Xfk} khg` elza}#

le mlwz}g# xfg ewnhàgnx`c zg`}ln elz `hugzxk}gagnx.Q Yg aw}x nlx# flygugz# `rrc{ xfk} zwcg lnc{ xl xfg

}karcg gvàrcg} le xfg }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg. Elz xfk} `xal}rfgzg k} ckog `kz# yfkmf m`n jg gkxfgz rwzg lz ekccgh

ykxf u`zklw} `ckgn gcgagnx}. Nlx lnc{ uk}kjcg `mxkln}# xflwifx} `nh eggckni}# ykxf lwxy`zh gvrzg}}kln# aòg

wr xfk} `xal}rfgzg# jwx }gmzgx f`rrgnkni} le yfkmf nl lng only}# wn}rlogn xflwifx}# fkhhgn eggckni} `zg

`c}l gcgagnx} kn kx. ]wkmkhg# awzhgz# uklcgnmg# cly `nh wnylzxf{ xflwifx}# f`xg# fl}xkckx{# gilxk}a# gnu{#

n`zzly *r`xzklxk}a#* r`zxk}`n}fkr# `zg gcgagnx} kn xfg }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg.

_ELLXNLXG4 Grkhgakm} le }wkmkhg lz le uklcgnx y`zckog eggckni# gxm.# `zg rzlhwmx} le xfk} karwzg

`xal}rfgzg.Q

@nh mlnugz}gc{# }gce}`mzkekmg# awxw`c fgcr# clex{ xflwifx}# clug# wn}gcek}fng}}# dl{ kn xfg }wmmg}} le lxfgz}#

fwa`nkx{# dw}xng}}# `zg xfg gcgagnx} yfkmf }c`{ xfl}g `czg`h{ gnwagz`xgh `} xfg }wn }c`{} xfg akmzljg}# `nh

zg}xlzg xfg `xal}rfgzg xl rwzkx{.




_ELLXNLXG4 Xfg}g gcgagnx} ckogyk}g fùg xfgkz fk}xlzkm`c rgzklh}.Q

Xfg }gmlnh `nh alzg mlarckm`xgh elza le zgrgxkxkln k} xf`x kn yfkmf }gugz`c hkeegzgnx gcgagnx} aòg awxw`c

w}g le hkeegzgnx elza}. Kn lwz m`}g xfg}g gcgagnx} `zg xfg hkeegzgnx `zx} }waagh wr kn xfg `zx le xfg ewxwzg. @nh

xfk} elza le zgrgxkxkln k} gugn alzg rlygzewc# elz xfg hkeegzgnx n`xwzg} le agn zg}rlnh xl xfg hkeegzgnx

gcgagnx} kn xfg mlajkn`xkln. Elz lng xfg aw}km`c elza k} xfg al}x alukni `nh karzg}}kug? elz `nlxfgz xfg

rkmxlzk`c# elz xfg xfkzh xfg ckxgz`z{# `nh }l ln. Xfgzg zg}khg# xfgzgelzg# kn `zx} yfkmf `zg lwxy`zhc{ hkeegzgnx#fkhhgn elzmg} gpw`cc{ hkeegzgnx# }l xf`x xfg{ a`{ `cc ylzo kn lng a`n xly`zh} ` }knicg zg}wcx# gugn xflwif

g`mf `zx a`{ jg ylzokni kn k}lc`xkln.

Xfk} }f`zrc{ hgekngh ylzokni le knhkukhw`c mlclwz} k} xfg j`}k} ln yfkmf u`zklw} u`cwg} m`n jg jwkcx wr kn

f`zaln{. Rkmxwzg} ykcc mlag xl jg r`knxghugzkx`jcg `zxk}xkm `zz`nigagnx}# rc`nngh kn }f`hg} le lng mlclwz

mfl}gn `mmlzhkni xl `zxk}xkm eggckni. Xfg m`zz{kni lwx le lng mlclwz# xfg jknhkni xligxfgz `nh `hakvxwzg le xyl

zgc`xgh mlclwz}# `zg xfg elwnh`xkln} le al}x mlclwzgh f`zalnkg}. Ezla yf`x f`} jggn }`kh `jlug `jlwx mlclwz

ylzokni# ezla xfg e`mx xf`x yg ckug kn ` xkag le pwg}xklnkni# gvrgzkagnx `nh mlnxz`hkmxkln# yg m`n hz`y xfg

g`}{ mlnmcw}kln xf`x elz ` f`zalnkt`xkln ln xfg j`}k} le knhkukhw`c mlclwz} lwz ìg k} g}rgmk`cc{ wn}wkx`jcg.

Rgzf`r} ykxf gnu{ `nh ykxf ` alwznewc }{ar`xf{ yg ck}xgn xl xfg aw}km le Alt`zx. Kx `mx} `} ` ygcmlag r`w}g

kn xfg xwzalkc le lwz knngz ckeg# `} ` mln}lc`xkln `nh `} ` flrg# jwx yg fg`z kx `} xfg gmfl le }lagxfkni ezla

`nlxfgz ìg clni r`}x `nh ewnhàgnx`cc{ }xz`nig xl w}. Xfg }xzkeg le mlclwz}# xfg }gn}g le j`c`nmg yg fùg cl}x#

xlxxgzkni rzknmkrcg}# wngvrgmxgh `}}`wcx}# izg`x pwg}xkln}# `rr`zgnxc{ w}gcg}} }xzkukni# }xlza `nh xgarg}x#

jzlogn mf`kn}# `nxkxfg}g} `nh mlnxz`hkmxkln}# xfg}g aòg wr lwz f`zaln{. Xfg mlarl}kxkln `zk}kni ezla xfk}

f`zaln{ k} ` aknickni le mlclwz `nh elza g`mf ykxf kx} }gr`z`xg gvk}xgnmg# jwx g`mf jcgnhgh knxl ` mlaaln

ckeg yfkmf k} m`ccgh ` rkmxwzg j{ xfg elzmg le xfg knngz nggh. Lnc{ xfg}g knhkukhw`c r`zx} `zg ukx`c. Gugz{xfkni

gc}g &}wmf `} }wzzlwnhkni mlnhkxkln}+ k} }wj}khk`z{. Xfg mlajkn`xkln le xyl mlclwz} k} ` clikm`c lwxmlag le

alhgzn mlnhkxkln}. Xfg mlajkn`xkln le mlclwz} fkxfgzxl mln}khgzgh hk}mlzh`nx# k} agzgc{ ` ewzxfgz

hgugclragnx. Elz gvàrcg# xfg w}g# }khg j{ }khg# le zgh `nh jcwg# mlclwz} kn xfga}gcug} le nl rf{}km`c

zgc`xkln}fkr# jwx ezla xfgkz ugz{ }rkzkxw`c mlnxz`}x le xfg }xzlnig}x geegmx# k} lng le xfg al}x ezgpwgnx

lmmwzzgnmg} kn alhgzn mflkmg le f`zaln{. _Ellxnlxg4 Me. I`wiwkn# Nl` Nl`# yfgzg xfg `zxk}x }x`xg} fk}

hk}knmckn`xkln yfgn fg ekz}x `zzkugh kn X`fkxk xl dwvx`rl}g zgh `nh jcwg.Q F`zaln{ xlh`{ zg}x} mfkgec{ ln xfg

rzknmkrcg le mlnxz`}x yfkmf f`} elz `cc xkag jggn lng le xfg al}x karlzx`nx rzknmkrcg} le `zx. Jwx lwz mlnxz`}x k}`n knngz mlnxz`}x yfkmf }x`nh} `clng `nh zgdgmx} xfg fgcr &elz xf`x fgcr ylwch ag`n hg}xzwmxkln+ le `n{ lxfgz

rzknmkrcg} le f`zaln{. Kx k} knxgzg}xkni xl nlxg xf`x xfk} ugz{ rc`mkni xligxfgz le zgh `nh jcwg y`} }l jgclugh

j{ xfg rzkakxkug jlxf kn Igza`n{ `nh Kx`c{ xf`x kx f`} xkcc xlh`{ }wzukugh# rzknmkr`cc{ kn elco rkmxwzg} le

zgckiklw} }wjdgmx}. Lng lexgn }gg} kn }wmf rkmxwzg} xfg Ukzikn kn ` zgh ilyn `nh ` jcwg mclò. Kx }gga} xf`x xfg

`zxk}x} yk}fgh xl gvrzg}} xfg iz`mg le fgùgn kn xgza} le fwa`nkx{# `nh fwa`nkx{ kn xgza} le fgùgn.

Cgikxka`xg `nh kccgikxka`xg mlajkn`xkln} le mlclwz}# mlnxz`}x} le u`zklw} mlclwz}# xfg lugzr`knxkni le lng

mlclwz ykxf `nlxfgz# xfg hgeknkxkln le mlclwzgh }wze`mg} j{ jlwnh`zkg} le u`zklw} elza}# xfg lugz}xgrrkni le

xfg}g jlwnh`zkg}# xfg aknickni `nh xfg }f`zr }gr`z`xkln le }wze`mg}# `cc xfg}g lrgn izg`x uk}x`} le `zxk}xkm

rl}}kjkckx{.

Lng le xfg ekz}x }xgr} kn xfg xwznkni `y`{ ezla a`xgzk`c ljdgmx} knxl xfg zg`ca le xfg `j}xz`mx y`}# xl w}g xfgxgmfnkm`c `zxk}xkm xgza# xfg zgdgmxkln le xfg xfkzh hkagn}kln# xf`x k} xl }`{# xfg `xxgarx xl oggr ` rkmxwzg ln `

}knicg rc`ng. Alhgcckni y`} `j`nhlngh. Kn xfk} y`{ xfg a`xgzk`c ljdgmx y`} a`hg alzg `j}xz`mx `nh `n

karlzx`nx }xgr elzy`zh y`} `mfkgughxfk} }xgr elzy`zh f`}# flygugz# f`h xfg geegmx le ckakxkni xfg

rl}}kjkckxkg} le r`knxkni xl lng hgeknkxg rkgmg le m`nu`}# `nh xfk} ckakx`xkln f`} nlx lnc{ knxzlhwmgh ` ugz{

a`xgzk`c gcgagnx knxl r`knxkni# jwx f`} }gzklw}c{ cg}}gngh kx} rl}}kjkckxkg}.

@n{ `xxgarx xl ezgg r`knxkni ezla xfk} a`xgzk`c ckakx`xkln xligxfgz ykxf xfg }xzkukni èxgz ` ngy elza le

mlarl}kxkln aw}x mlnmgzn kx}gce ekz}x le `cc ykxf xfg hg}xzwmxkln le xfk} xfglz{ le lng }knicg }wze`mg`xxgarx}

aw}x jg a`hg xl jzkni xfg rkmxwzg ln xl }lag khg`c rc`ng yfkmf }f`cc jg gvrzg}}gh kn xgza} le xfg a`xgzk`c

rc`ng le xfg m`nu`}. _Ellxnlxg4 Mlar`zg xfg `zxkmcg j{ Cg E`wmlnnkgz kn xfg m`x`cliwg le xfg }gmlnh gvfkjkxkln

le xfg Ngwg Own}xcgzugzgknkiwni# Awnkmf# 0;0200.Q Xfgzg f`} `zk}gn lwx le xfg mlarl}kxkln kn ec`x xzk`nicg} `

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI =:



mlarl}kxkln ykxf rc`}xkm xfzgghkagn}kln`c xzk`nicg}# xf`x k} xl }`{ ykxf r{zàkh}? `nh xf`x k} Mwjk}a. Jwx

xfgzg f`} `zk}gn fgzg `c}l xfg xgnhgnm{ xl kngzxk`# xl ` mlnmgnxz`xkln ln xfk} elza elz kx} lyn }òg# `nh

mln}gpwgnxc{ lnmg alzg xl `n karlugzk}fagnx le rl}}kjkckx{. Jwx xf`x k} xfg wnùlkh`jcg zg}wcx le xfg gvxgzn`c

`rrckm`xkln le `n knngz rzknmkrcg.

@ ewzxfgz rlknx le izg`x karlzx`nmg aw}x nlx jg elzilxxgn. Xfgzg `zg lxfgz ag`n} le w}kni xfg a`xgzk`c rc`ng

`} ` }r`mg le xfzgg hkagn}kln} kn lzhgz xl mzg`xg `n khg`c rc`ng. Xfg xfknng}} lz xfkmong}} le ` ckng# xfg rc`mknile xfg elza ln xfg }wze`mg# xfg lugzc`{kni le lng elza ln `nlxfgz a`{ jg pwlxgh `} gvàrcg} le `zxk}xkm ag`n}

xf`x a`{ jg garcl{gh. ]kakc`z rl}}kjkckxkg} `zg leegzgh j{ mlclwz yfkmf# yfgn zkifxc{ w}gh# m`n `hu`nmg lz

zgxzg`x# `nh m`n aòg le xfg rkmxwzg ` ckukni xfkni# `nh }l `mfkgug `n `zxk}xkm gvr`n}kln le }r`mg. Xfg

mlajkn`xkln le jlxf ag`n} le gvxgn}kln kn f`zaln{ lz mlnmlzh k} lng le xfg zkmfg}x `nh al}x rlygzewc

gcgagnx} kn rwzgc{ `zxk}xkm mlarl}kxkln.

UKK. XFGLZ[

Ezla xfg n`xwzg le alhgzn f`zaln{# kx zg}wcx} xf`x ngugz f`} xfgzg jggn ` xkag yfgn kx y`} alzg hkeekmwcx xf`n

kx k} xlh`{ xl elzawc`xg ` mlarcgxg xfglz{# _Ellxnlxg4 @xxgarx} fùg jggn a`hg. Lnmg alzg garf`}k} aw}x jg

c`kh ln xfg r`z`ccgc ykxf aw}km. Elz gvàrcg# me. *Xgnh`nmg} Nlwugccg}#* Nl. =7# Fgnzk Zùgc4 *Xfg c`y} le f`zaln{ `zg xfg }àg elz r`knxkni `nh aw}km.*Q lz xl c`{ hlyn ` ekza `zxk}xkm j`}k}. @cc `xxgarx} xl hl }l

ylwch fùg lng zg}wcx# nàgc{# xf`x `czg`h{ mkxgh kn xfg m`}g le Cgln`zhl `nh fk} }{}xga le ckxxcg }rlln}. Kx

ylwch# flygugz# jg rzgmkrkx`xg xl }`{ xf`x xfgzg `zg nl j`}km rzknmkrcg} nlz ekza zwcg} kn r`knxkni# lz xf`x `

}g`zmf elz xfga cg`h} kngukx`jc{ xl `m`hgak}a. Gugn aw}km f`} ` izàa`z# yfkmf# `cxflwif alhkekgh ezla

xkag xl xkag# k} le mlnxknw`c fgcr `nh u`cwg `} ` oknh le hkmxkln`z{.

R`knxkni k}# flygugz# kn ` hkeegzgnx rl}kxkln. Xfg zgulcx ezla hgrgnhgnmg ln n`xwzg k} lnc{ dw}x jgiknnkni. @n{

zg`ckt`xkln le xfg knngz ylzokni le mlclwz `nh elza k} }l e`z wnmln}mklw}. Xfg }wjdgmxkln le mlarl}kxkln xl

}lag iglagxzkm`c elza k} nl ngy khg` &le. xfg `zx le xfg Rgz}k`n}+. Mln}xzwmxkln ln ` rwzgc{ `j}xz`mx j`}k} k} `

}cly jw}kng}}# `nh `x ekz}x }ggaknic{ jcknh `nh `kacg}}. Xfg `zxk}x aw}x xz`kn nlx lnc{ fk} g{g jwx `c}l fk} }lwc#

}l xf`x fg m`n xg}x mlclwz} elz xfga}gcug} `nh nlx lnc{ j{ gvxgzn`c karzg}}kln}.

Ke yg jgikn `x lnmg xl jzgò xfg jlnh} yfkmf jknh w} xl n`xwzg# `nh hgulxg lwz}gcug} rwzgc{ xl mlajkn`xkln le

rwzg mlclwz `nh `j}xz`mx elza# yg }f`cc rzlhwmg ylzo} yfkmf `zg agzg hgmlz`xkln# yfkmf `zg }wkxgh xl

ngmoxkg} lz m`zrgx}. Jg`wx{ le Elza `nh Mlclwz k} nl }weekmkgnx `ka j{ kx}gce# hg}rkxg xfg `}}gzxkln} le rwzg

`g}xfgxg} lz gugn le n`xwz`ck}x}# yfl `zg lj}g}}gh ykxf xfg khg` le *jg`wx{.* Kx k} jgm`w}g le xfg gcgagnx`z{

}xìg zg`mfgh j{ lwz r`knxkni xf`x yg `zg }l ckxxcg `jcg xl iz`}r xfg knngz f`zaln{ le xzwg mlclwz `nh elza

mlarl}kxkln. Xfg ngzug ukjz`xkln} `zg xfgzg# mgzx`knc{# jwx xfg{ igx nl ewzxfgz xf`n xfg ngzug}# jgm`w}g xfg

mlzzg}rlnhkni ukjz`xkln} le xfg }rkzkx yfkmf xfg{ m`cc elzxf `zg xll ygò. Yfgn yg zgagajgz# flygugz# xf`x

}rkzkxw`c gvrgzkgnmg k} pwkmognkni# xf`x rl}kxkug }mkgnmg# xfg ekzag}x j`}k} le fwa`n xflwifx# k} xlxxgzkni# xf`x

hk}}lcwxkln le a`xxgz k} kaakngnx# yg fùg zg`}ln xl flrg xf`x xfg flwz le rwzg mlarl}kxkln k} nlx e`z `y`{.

Kx aw}x nlx jg xflwifx xf`x rwzg hgmlz`xkln k} ckegcg}}. Kx f`} kx} knngz jgkni# jwx lng yfkmf k} gkxfgzknmlarzgfgn}kjcg xl w}# `} kn xfg m`}g le lch hgmlz`xkug `zx# lz yfkmf }gga} agzg kcclikm`c mlnew}kln# `} `

ylzch kn yfkmf ewccizlyn agn `nh gajz{l} rc`{ gpw`c zlcg}# kn yfkmf jgkni} hgrzkugh le ckaj} `zg ln ` cgugc

ykxf nl}g} `nh xlg} yfkmf ckug k}lc`xgh `nh le xfgkz lyn ukx`ckx{. Xfg mlnew}kln k} ckog xf`x le ` o`cgkhl}mlrg#

yfkmf xflwif rl}}g}}kni ` ckeg le kx} lyn# jgclni} xl `nlxfgz }rfgzg. Ngugzxfgcg}}# hgmlz`xkln f`} kx} geegmx ln

w}? lzkgnx`c hgmlz`xkln pwkxg hkeegzgnxc{ xl ]yghk}f# }ùìg# lz `nmkgnx Izggo. Kx k} nlx elz nlxfkni xf`x xfgzg k}

` igngz`c mw}xla le hg}mzkjkni }àrcg} le hgmlz`xkln `} i`{# }gzklw}# }`h# gxm.# `} aw}km k} hg}mzkjgh `}

@ccgizl# ]gzkl}l# gxm.# `mmlzhkni xl xfg n`xwzg le xfg rkgmg.

Rzlj`jc{ mlnugnxkln`c hgmlz`xkln f`h kx} jgiknnkni} kn n`xwzg. Jwx yfgn yg ylwch `}}gzx xf`x gvxgzn`c n`xwzg

k} xfg }lcg }lwzmg le `cc `zx# yg aw}x zgagajgz xf`x# kn r`xxgznkni# n`xwz`c ljdgmx} `zg w}gh `} }{ajlc}# `cal}x

`} xflwif xfg{ ygzg agzg fkgzlic{rfkm}. Elz xfk} zg`}ln yg m`nnlx i`wig xfgkz knngz f`zaln{. Elz kn}x`nmg#

R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI ==



yg m`n jg`z ` hg}kin le Mfkng}g hzìln} kn lwz hknkni lz jgh zlla}# `nh `zg nl alzg hk}xwzjgh j{ kx xf`n j{ `

hg}kin le h`k}kg}.

Kx k} rl}}kjcg xf`x xly`zh} xfg mcl}g le lwz `czg`h{ h{kni grlmf ` ngy hgmlz`xkug `zx ykcc hgugclr# jwx kx k} nlx

ckogc{ xl jg elwnhgh ln iglagxzkm`c elza. @x xfg rzg}gnx xkag `n{ `xxgarx xl hgekng xfk} ngy `zx ylwch jg `}

w}gcg}} `} rwcckni ` }a`cc jwh lrgn }l `} xl aòg ` ewcc{ jclyn eclygz. Nly`h`{} yg `zg }xkcc jlwnh xl

gvxgzn`c n`xwzg `nh aw}x eknh lwz ag`n} le gvrzg}}kln kn fgz. Jwx fly `zg yg xl hl kx< Kn lxfgz ylzh}# fly e`za`{ yg il kn `cxgzkni xfg elza} `nh mlclwz} le xfk} n`xwzg<

Yg a`{ il `} e`z `} xfg `zxk}x k} `jcg xl m`zz{ fk} galxkln# `nh lnmg alzg yg }gg fly kaagn}g k} xfg nggh elz

xzwg galxkln. @ egy gvàrcg} ykcc aòg xfg ag`nkni le xfk} mcg`zgz.

@ y`za zgh xlng ykcc a`xgzk`cc{ `cxgz kn knngz u`cwg yfgn kx k} nl clnigz mln}khgzgh `} `n k}lc`xgh mlclwz# `}

}lagxfkni `j}xz`mx# jwx k} `rrckgh `} `n gcgagnx le }lag lxfgz ljdgmx# `nh mlajkngh ykxf n`xwz`c elza. Xfg

u`zkgx{ le n`xwz`c elza} ykcc mzg`xg ` u`zkgx{ le }rkzkxw`c u`cwg}# `cc le yfkmf ykcc f`zalnktg ykxf xf`x le xfg

lzkikn`c k}lc`xgh zgh. ]wrrl}g yg mlajkng zgh ykxf }o{# eclygz}# ` i`zagnx# ` e`mg# ` flz}g# ` xzgg.

@ zgh }o{ }wiig}x} xl w} }wn}gx# lz ekzg# `nh f`} ` mln}gpwgnx geegmx wrln w}gkxfgz le }rcgnhlwz lz agn`mg.

Awmf hgrgnh} nly ln xfg y`{ kn yfkmf lxfgz ljdgmx} `zg xzg`xgh kn mlnngmxkln ykxf xfk} zgh }o{. Ke xfg

xzg`xagnx k} e`kxfewc xl n`xwzg# jwx `cc xfg }àg f`zalnklw}# xfg *n`xwz`ck}xkm* `rrg`c le xfg }o{ k} }xzgnixfgngh.

Ke# flygugz# xfg lxfgz ljdgmx} `zg xzg`xgh kn ` y`{ yfkmf k} alzg `j}xz`mx# xfg{ xgnh xl cg}}gn# ke nlx xl hg}xzl{#

xfg n`xwz`ck}xkm `rrg`c le xfg }o{. Awmf xfg }àg `rrckg} xl xfg w}g le zgh kn ` fwa`n e`mg. Kn xfk} m`}g zgh m`n

jg garcl{gh xl garf`}ktg xfg r`}}kln`xg lz lxfgz mf`z`mxgzk}xkm} le xfg alhgc# ykxf ` elzmg xf`x lnc{ `n

gvxzgagc{ `j}xz`mx xzg`xagnx le xfg zg}x le xfg rkmxwzg m`n }wjhwg.

@ zgh i`zagnx k} pwkxg ` hkeegzgnx a`xxgz? elz kx m`n kn zg`ckx{ jg le `n{ mlclwz. Zgh ykcc# flygugz# jg elwnh

jg}x xl }wrrc{ xfg nggh} le rwzg `zxk}xz{# elz fgzg `clng m`n kx jg w}gh ykxflwx `n{ `}}lmk`xkln ykxf a`xgzk`c

`ka}. Xfg `zxk}x f`} xl mln}khgz nlx lnc{ xfg u`cwg le xfg zgh mclò j{ kx}gce# jwx `c}l kx} u`cwg kn mlnngmxkln

ykxf xfg ekiwzg yg`zkni kx# `nh ewzxfgz xfg zgc`xkln le xfg ekiwzg xl xfg yflcg rkmxwzg. ]wrrl}g xfg rkmxwzg xl jg

` }`h lng# `nh xfg zghmclògh ekiwzg xl jg xfg mgnxz`c rlknx ln yfkmf xfg }`hng}} k} mlnmgnxz`xghgkxfgz ezlakx} mgnxz`c rl}kxkln# lz eg`xwzg}# `xxkxwhg# mlclwz# lz yf`x nlx. Xfg zgh ykcc rzlukhg `n `mwxg hk}mlzh le eggckni#

yfkmf ykcc garf`}ktg xfg iclla le xfg rkmxwzg. Xfg w}g le ` mlclwz# kn kx}gce }`h# ylwch ygògn xfg geegmx le

xfg hzà`xkm yflcg. _Ellxnlxg4 Lnmg alzg kx k} yk}g xl garf`}ktg xfg ngmg}}`z{ kn`hgpw`m{ le xfg}g

gvàrcg}. Zwcg} m`nnlx jg c`kh hlyn# xfg u`zk`xkln} `zg }l gnhcg}}. @ }knicg ckng m`n `cxgz xfg yflcg

mlarl}kxkln le ` rkmxwzg.Q Xfk} k} xfg rzknmkrcg le `nxkxfg}k} `czg`h{ hgekngh. Zgh j{ kx}gce m`nnlx fùg ` }`h

geegmx ln xfg }rgmx`xlz# `nh kx} knmcw}kln kn ` }`h rkmxwzg ykcc# ke rzlrgzc{ f`nhcgh# rzlukhg xfg hzà`xkm

gcgagnx. _Ellxnlxg4 Xfg w}g le xgza} ckog *}`h* `nh *dl{ewc* `zg lnc{ mcwa}{ gpwku`cgnx} elz xfg hgckm`xg

}rkzkxw`c ukjz`xkln} le xfg ngy f`zaln{. Xfg{ aw}x jg zg`h `} ngmg}}`zkc{ kn`hgpw`xg.Q

[gx ì`kn k} xfg m`}g le ` zgh xzgg hkeegzgnx. Xfg ewnhàgnx`c u`cwg le zgh zga`kn}# `} kn gugz{ m`}g. Jwx xfg

`}}lmk`xkln le *`wxwan* mzggr} kn.

Xfg mlclwz mlajkng} g`}kc{ ykxf xfk} `}}lmk`xkln# `nh xfgzg k} nl hzà`xkm mc`}f `} kn xfg m`}g le xfg zgh mclò.

Ekn`cc{# xfg zgh flz}g rzlukhg} ` ewzxfgz u`zk`xkln. Xfg ugz{ ylzh} rwx w} kn `nlxfgz `xal}rfgzg. Xfg

karl}}kjkckx{ le ` zgh flz}g hga`nh} `n wnzg`c ylzch. Kx k} rl}}kjcg xf`x xfk} mlajkn`xkln le mlclwz `nh elza

ykcc `rrg`c `} ` ezgò` rwzgc{ }wrgzekmk`c `nh nln`zxk}xkm `rrg`clz `} ` fknx le ` e`kz{ }xlz{ _Ellxnlxg4 @n

knmlarcgxg e`kz{ }xlz{ ylzo} ln xfg aknh `} hlg} ` mknga`xliz`rf ekca.Qlnmg alzg ` nln`zxk}xkm `rrg`c. Xl

}gx xfk} zgh flz}g kn ` m`zgewc n`xwz`ck}xkm c`nh}m`rg ylwch mzg`xg }wmf ` hk}mlzh `} xl rzlhwmg nl `rrg`c `nh

nl mlfgzgnmg. Xfg nggh elz mlfgzgnmg k} xfg g}}gnxk`c le f`zaln{yfgxfgz elwnhgh ln mlnugnxkln`c hk}mlzh

lz mlnmlzh. Xfg ngy f`zaln{ hga`nh} xf`x xfg knngz u`cwg le ` rkmxwzg }flwch zga`kn wnkekgh yf`xgugz xfg

u`zk`xkln} lz mlnxz`}x} le lwxy`zh elza lz mlclwz. Xfg gcgagnx} le xfg ngy `zx `zg xl jg elwnh# xfgzgelzg# kn




xfg knngz `nh nlx xfg lwxgz pw`ckxkg} le n`xwzg.

Xfg }rgmx`xlz k} xll zg`h{ xl cllo elz ` ag`nkni kn ` rkmxwzg k.g.# }lag lwxy`zh mlnngmxkln jgxyggn kx}

u`zklw} r`zx}. Lwz a`xgzk`ck}xkm ìg f`} rzlhwmgh ` x{rg le }rgmx`xlz lz *mlnnlk}}gwz#* yfl k} nlx mlnxgnx xl

rwx fka}gce lrrl}kxg ` rkmxwzg `nh cgx kx }`{ kx} lyn ag}}ìg. Kn}xg`h le `cclykni xfg knngz u`cwg le xfg rkmxwzg

xl ylzo# fg ylzzkg} fka}gce kn cllokni elz *mcl}gng}} xl n`xwzg#* lz *xgargzàgnx#* lz *f`nhckni#* lz

*xln`ckx{#* lz *rgz}rgmxkug#* lz yf`x nlx. Fk} g{g hlg} nlx rzljg xfg lwxgz gvrzg}}kln xl `zzkug `x xfg knngzag`nkni. Kn ` mlnugz}`xkln ykxf `n knxgzg}xkni rgz}ln# yg gnhgùlwz xl igx `x fk} ewnhàgnx`c khg`} `nh

eggckni}. Yg hl nlx jlxfgz `jlwx xfg ylzh} fg w}g}# nlz xfg }rgcckni le xfl}g ylzh}# nlz xfg jzg`xf ngmg}}`z{

elz }rgòkni xfga# nlz xfg alugagnx} le fk} xlniwg `nh ckr}# nlz xfg r}{mflclikm`c ylzokni ln lwz jz`kn# nlz

xfg rf{}km`c }lwnh kn lwz g`z# nlz xfg rf{}klclikm`c geegmx ln lwz ngzug}. Yg zg`cktg xf`x xfg}g xfkni}# xflwif

knxgzg}xkni `nh karlzx`nx# `zg nlx xfg a`kn xfkni} le xfg alagnx# jwx xf`x xfg ag`nkni `nh khg` k} yf`x

mlnmgzn} w}. Yg }flwch fùg xfg }àg eggckni yfgn mlnezlnxgh ykxf ` ylzo le `zx. Yfgn xfk} jgmlag}

igngz`c xfg `zxk}x ykcc jg `jcg xl hk}rgn}g ykxf n`xwz`c elza `nh mlclwz `nh }rgò kn rwzgc{ `zxk}xkm c`niwìg.

Xl zgxwzn xl xfg mlajkn`xkln le mlclwz `nh elza# xfgzg k} `nlxfgz rl}}kjkckx{ yfkmf }flwch jg nlxgh.

Nlnn`xwz`ck}xkm ljdgmx} kn ` rkmxwzg a`{ fùg ` *ckxgz`z{* `rrg`c# `nh xfg yflcg rkmxwzg a`{ fùg xfg ylzokni

le ` e`jcg. Xfg }rgmx`xlz k} rwx kn `n `xal}rfgzg yfkmf hlg} nlx hk}xwzj fka jgm`w}g fg `mmgrx} kx `} e`jwclw}#

`nh kn yfkmf fg xzkg} xl xz`mg xfg }xlz{ `nh wnhgzilg} alzg lz cg}} xfg u`zklw} `rrg`c} le mlclwz. Jwx xfg rwzg

knngz ylzokni le mlclwz k} karl}}kjcg? xfg lwxy`zh khg` f`} xfg a`}xgz{ }xkcc. Elz xfg }rgmx`xlz f`} lnc{

gvmf`nigh ` jcknh zg`ckx{ elz ` jcknh hzgàc`nh# yfgzg xfg xzwxf le knngz eggckni m`nnlx jg egcx.

Yg aw}x eknh# xfgzgelzg# ` elza le gvrzg}}kln yfkmf gvmcwhg} xfg e`jcg `nh {gx hlg} nlx zg}xzkmx xfg ezgg

ylzokni le mlclwz kn `n{ y`{. Xfg elza}# alugagnx# `nh mlclwz} yfkmf yg jlzzly ezla n`xwzg aw}x rzlhwmg

nl lwxy`zh geegmx nlz jg `}}lmk`xgh ykxf gvxgzn`c ljdgmx}. Xfg alzg ljuklw} k} xfg }gr`z`xkln ezla n`xwzg# xfg

alzg ckogc{ k} xfg knngz ag`nkni xl jg rwzg `nh wnfàrgzgh.

Xfg xgnhgnm{ le ` ylzo le `zx a`{ jg ugz{ }karcg# jwx rzlukhgh kx k} nlx hkmx`xgh j{ `n{ gvxgzn`c alxkug `nh

rzlukhgh kx k} nlx ylzokni xl `n{ a`xgzk`c gnh# xfg f`zaln{ ykcc jg rwzg. Xfg al}x lzhkn`z{ `mxklnelz

gvàrcg# rzgr`z`xkln elz ckexkni ` fgù{ ygkifxjgmlag} a{}xgzklw} `nh hzà`xkm# yfgn kx} `mxw`c rwzrl}g k}nlx zgug`cgh. Yg }x`nh `nh i`tg e`}mkn`xgh# xkcc le ` }whhgn xfg gvrc`n`xkln jwz}x} }whhgnc{ wrln w}. Kx k} xfg

mlnukmxkln xf`x nlxfkni a{}xgzklw} m`n gugz f`rrgn kn lwz gugz{h`{ ckeg xf`x f`} hg}xzl{gh xfg dl{ le `j}xz`mx

xflwifx. Rz`mxkm`c mln}khgz`xkln} fùg lw}xgh `cc gc}g. Kx k} ykxf xfk} e`mx kn ukgy xf`x xfg ngy h`nmkni k} jgkni

gulcugh`}# xf`x k} xl }`{# xfg lnc{ ag`n} le ikukni kn xgza} le xkag `nh }r`mg xfg zg`c knngz ag`nkni le

alxkln. Xfg lzkikn le h`nmkni k} rzlj`jc{ rwzgc{ }gvw`c. Kn elcoh`nmg} yg }xkcc }gg xfk} gcgagnx rc`knc{. Xfg

c`xgz hgugclragnx le h`nmkni `} ` zgckiklw} mgzgaln{ dlkn} kx}gce xl xfg rzgmghkni gcgagnx `nh xfg xyl

xligxfgz xòg `zxk}xkm elza `nh gagzig `} xfg j`ccgx.

Xfg j`ccgx `x xfg rzg}gnx xkag k} kn ` }x`xg le mf`l} lykni xl xfk} hlwjcg lzkikn. Kx} gvxgzn`c alxkug}xfg

gvrzg}}kln le clug `nh eg`z# gxm.`zg xll a`xgzk`c `nh n`kug elz xfg `j}xz`mx khg`} le xfg ewxwzg. Kn xfg }g`zmf

elz alzg }wjxcg gvrzg}}kln# lwz alhgzn zgelzagz} fùg cllogh xl xfg r`}x elz fgcr. K}`hlz` Hwnm`n f`} elzigh` ckno jgxyggn xfg Izggo h`nmkni `nh xf`x le xfg ewxwzg. Kn xfk} }fg k} ylzokni ln r`z`ccgc ckng} xl xfg r`knxgz}

yfl `zg cllokni elz kn}rkz`xkln ezla xfg rzkakxkug}.

_Ellxnlxg4 O`nhkn}o{)} gvàrcg le K}`hlz` Hwnm`n k} nlx rgzf`r} rgzegmxc{ mfl}gn. Xfk} eàlw} h`nmgz

elwnh} fgz `zx a`knc{ wrln ` }xwh{ le Izggo u`}g} `nh nlx ngmg}}`zkc{ le xfg rzkakxkug rgzklh. Fgz `ka} `zg

hk}xknmxc{ xly`zh} yf`x O`nhkn}o{ m`cc} *mlnugnxkln`c jg`wx{#* `nh yf`x k} rgzf`r} alzg karlzx`nx# fgz

alugagnx} `zg nlx hkmx`xgh }lcgc{ j{ xfg *knngz f`zaln{#* jwx c`zigc{ j{ mln}mklw} lwxy`zh kakx`xkln le

Izggo `xxkxwhg}. Gkxfgz Nkdkn}o{)} c`xgz j`ccgx}4 Cg ]`mzg hw Rzknxgar}# C)@rzg}akhk h)wn E`wng# Dgwv# lz xfg

khg` `mxw`xkni xfg D`mpwg} H`cmzltg }{}xga le Gwzf{xfakm} }gga xl e`cc alzg knxl ckng ykxf O`nhkn}o{)}

`zxk}xkm elzgm`}x. Kn xfg ekz}x m`}g *mlnugnxkln`c jg`wx{* f`} jggn `j`nhlngh# xl xfg hk}a`{ le nwajgz} le

yzkxgz} `nh }rgmx`xlz}# `nh ` hgeknkxg zgxwzn f`} jggn a`hg xl rzkakxkug `nicg} `nh `jzwrxng}}. Kn xfg }gmlnh




m`}g alxkln `nh h`nmg `zg jzlwifx lwx le xfg }lwc} le xfg rwrkc}# xzwc{ }rlnx`nglw}# `x. xfg m`cc le xfg *knngz

f`zaln{.* Knhggh ` mlar`zk}ln jgxyggn K}`hlz` Hwnm`n `nh A. H`cmzltg k} ` mlar`zk}ln jgxyggn xfg

*n`xwz`ck}x* `nh *}{ajlck}x* khg`c} kn `zx yfkmf ygzg lwxckngh kn xfg knxzlhwmxkln xl xfk} jllo.A.X.F.].Q

Kn h`nmg `} kn r`knxkni xfk} k} lnc{ ` }xìg le xz`n}kxkln. Kn h`nmkni `} kn r`knxkni yg `zg ln xfg xfzg}flch le

xfg `zx le xfg ewxwzg. Xfg }àg zwcg} aw}x jg `rrckgh kn jlxf m`}g}. Mlnugnxkln`c jg`wx{ aw}x il j{ xfg jl`zh

`nh xfg ckxgz`z{ gcgagnx le *}xlz{xgcckni* lz *`ngmhlxg* aw}x jg `j`nhlngh `} w}gcg}}. Jlxf `zx} aw}x cg`znezla aw}km xf`x gugz{ f`zaln{ `nh gugz{ hk}mlzh yfkmf }rzkni} ezla xfg knngz }rkzkx k} jg`wxkewc# jwx xf`x kx k}

g}}gnxk`c xf`x xfg{ }flwch }rzkni ezla xfg knngz }rkzkx `nh ezla xf`x `clng.

Xfg `mfkgugagnx le xfg h`nmg`zx le xfg ewxwzg ykcc aòg rl}}kjcg xfg ekz}x gjwcckxkln le xfg `zx le }rkzkxw`c

f`zaln{xfg xzwg }xìgmlarl}kxkln.

Xfg mlarl}kxkln elz xfg ngy xfg`xzg ykcc mln}k}x le xfg}g xfzgg gcgagnx}4

&0+ Aw}km`c alugagnx &:+ Rkmxlzk`c alugagnx &=+ Rf{}km`c alugagnx

`nh xfg}g xfzgg# rzlrgzc{ mlajkngh# aòg wr xfg }rkzkxw`c alugagnx# yfkmf k} xfg ylzokni le xfg knngz

f`zaln{. Xfg{ ykcc jg knxgzylugn kn f`zaln{ `nh hk}mlzh `} `zg xfg xyl mfkge gcgagnx} le r`knxkni# elza `nh

mlclwz.

]mzk`jkn)} `xxgarx xl knxgn}ke{ aw}km`c xlng j{ mlzzg}rlnhkni w}g le mlclwz k} ngmg}}`zkc{ xgnx`xkug. Kn xfg

rgzegmxgh }xìg mlarl}kxkln xfg xyl gcgagnx} `zg knmzg`}gh j{ xfg xfkzh# `nh gnhcg}} rl}}kjkckxkg} le

mlajkn`xkln `nh knhkukhw`c w}g `zg lrgngh wr. Ewzxfgz# xfg gvxgzn`c m`n jg mlajkngh ykxf xfg knxgzn`c

f`zaln{# `} ]mflnjgzi f`} `xxgarxgh kn fk} pw`zxgxxg}. Kx k} karl}}kjcg fgzg xl il ewzxfgz knxl xfg

hgugclragnx} le xfk} khg`. Xfg zg`hgz aw}x `rrc{ xfg rzknmkrcg} le r`knxkni `czg`h{ }x`xgh xl xfg rzljcga le

}xìgmlarl}kxkln# `nh lwxckng elz fka}gce xfg rl}}kjkckxkg} le xfg xfg`xzg le xfg ewxwzg# elwnhgh ln xfg

kaalu`jcg rzknmkrcg le xfg knngz nggh.

Ezla yf`x f`} jggn }`kh le xfg mlajkn`xkln le mlclwz `nh elza# xfg y`{ xl xfg ngy `zx m`n jg xz`mgh. Xfk}y`{ ckg} xlh`{ jgxyggn xyl h`nigz}. Ln xfg lng f`nh k} xfg xlx`cc{ `zjkxz`z{ `rrckm`xkln le mlclwz xl

iglagxzkm`c elzarwzg r`xxgznkni. Ln xfg lxfgz f`nh k} xfg alzg n`xwz`ck}xkm w}g le mlclwz kn jlhkc{

elzarwzg rf`nx`}{. Gkxfgz le xfg}g `cxgzn`xkug} a`{ kn xfgkz xwzn jg gvìigz`xgh. Gugz{xfkni k} `x xfg `zxk}x)}

hk}rl}`c# `nh xfg ezgghla le xlh`{ f`} `x lnmg kx} h`nigz} `nh kx} rl}}kjkckxkg}. Yg a`{ jg rzg}gnx `x xfg

mlnmgrxkln le ` ngy izg`x grlmf# lz yg a`{ }gg xfg lrrlzxwnkx{ }pw`nhgzgh kn `kacg}} gvxzùì`nmg.

_Ellxnlxg4 Ln xfk} pwg}xkln }gg a{ `zxkmcg *Wjgz hkg Elzaezìg* kn *Hgz Jc`wg Zgkxgz* &RkrgzUgzcì# 0;0:+.

Xòkni xfg ylzo le Fgnzk Zlw}}g`w `} ` }x`zxkni rlknx# K il ln xl rzlug xf`x xfg ngy n`xwz`ck}a ykcc nlx lnc{

jg gpwku`cgnx xl jwx gugn khgnxkm`c ykxf `j}xz`mxkln.Q

Xf`x `zx k} `jlug n`xwzg k} nl ngy hk}mlugz{. _Ellxnlxg4 Me. *Ilgxfg*# j{ O`zc Fgknga`nn# 06;;# r. 568? `c}lL}m`z Ykchg# *Hg Rzlewnhk}*? `c}l Hgc`mzlkv# *A{ Hk`z{*.Q Ngy rzknmkrcg} hl nlx e`cc ezla fgùgn# jwx `zg

clikm`cc{ ke knhkzgmxc{ mlnngmxgh ykxf r`}x `nh ewxwzg. Yf`x k} karlzx`nx xl w} k} xfg alagnx`z{ rl}kxkln le xfg

rzknmkrcg `nh fly jg}x kx m`n jg w}gh. Kx aw}x nlx jg garcl{gh elzmkjc{. Jwx ke xfg `zxk}x xwng} fk} }lwc xl xfk}

nlxg# xfg }lwnh ykcc zkni kn fk} ylzo le kx}gce. Xfg *ga`nmkr`xkln* le xlh`{ aw}x `hu`nmg ln xfg ckng} le xfg

knngz nggh. Kx k} fàrgzgh `x rzg}gnx j{ gvxgzn`c elza# `nh `} xf`x k} xfzlyn `}khg# xfgzg `zk}g} `} xfg `ka le

mlarl}kxkln mln}xzwmxkln. Xfg }g`zmf elz mln}xzwmxkug elza f`} rzlhwmgh Mwjk}a# kn yfkmf n`xwz`c elza k}

lexgn elzmkjc{ }wjdgmxgh xl iglagxzkm`c mln}xzwmxkln# ` rzlmg}} yfkmf xgnh} xl fàrgz xfg `j}xz`mx j{ xfg

mlnmzgxg `nh }rlkc xfg mlnmzgxg j{ xfg `j}xz`mx.

Xfg f`zaln{ le xfg ngy `zx hga`nh} ` alzg }wjxcg mln}xzwmxkln xf`n xfk}# }lagxfkni xf`x `rrg`c} cg}} xl xfg

g{g `nh alzg xl xfg }lwc. Xfk} *mlnmg`cgh mln}xzwmxkln* a`{ `zk}g ezla `n `rr`zgnxc{ elzxwkxlw} }gcgmxkln le




elza} ln xfg m`nu`}. Xfgkz gvxgzn`c c`mo le mlfg}kln k} xfgkz knxgzn`c f`zaln{. Xfk} f`rf`t`zh `zz`nigagnx le

elza} a`{ jg xfg ewxwzg le `zxk}xkm f`zaln{. Xfgkz ewnhàgnx`c zgc`xkln}fkr ykcc ekn`cc{ jg `jcg xl jg

gvrzg}}gh kn a`xfga`xkm`c elza# jwx kn xgza} kzzgiwc`z z`xfgz xf`n zgiwc`z.

UKKK. @ZX @NH @ZXK]X]

Xfg ylzo le `zx k} jlzn le xfg `zxk}x kn ` a{}xgzklw} `nh }gmzgx y`{. Ezla fka kx i`kn} ckeg `nh jgkni. Nlz k} kx}gvk}xgnmg m`}w`c `nh knmln}gpwgnx# jwx kx f`} ` hgeknkxg `nh rwzrl}gewc }xzgnixf# `ckog kn kx} a`xgzk`c `nh

}rkzkxw`c ckeg. Kx gvk}x} `nh f`} rlygz xl mzg`xg }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg? `nh ezla xfk} knngz }x`nhrlknx lng dwhig}

yfgxfgz kx k} ` illh ylzo le `zx lz ` j`h lng. Ke kx} *elza* k} j`h kx ag`n} xf`x xfg elza k} xll eggjcg kn

ag`nkni xl m`cc elzxf mlzzg}rlnhkni ukjz`xkln} le xfg }lwc.

_Ellxnlxg4 ]lm`ccgh knhgmgnx rkmxwzg} `zg gkxfgz knm`r`jcg le m`w}kni ukjz`xkln} le xfg }lwc &kn yfkmf m`}g

xfg{ `zg nlx `zx+ lz xfg{ `zg }l m`r`jcg. Kn xfg c`xxgz m`}g xfg{ `zg nlx xl jg }rwzngh `j}lcwxgc{# gugn xflwif `x

xfg }àg xkag xfg{ iz`xke{ yf`x nly`h`{} yg `zg rcg`}gh xl m`cc xfg *clygz jlhkc{ x`}xg}.*Q Xfgzgelzg `

rkmxwzg k} nlx ngmg}}`zkc{ *ygcc r`knxgh* ke kx rl}}g}}g} xfg *u`cwg}* le yfkmf xfg Ezgnmf }l mln}x`nxc{ }rgò. Kx

k} lnc{ ygcc r`knxgh ke kx} }rkzkxw`c u`cwg k} mlarcgxg `nh }`xk}e{kni. *Illh hz`ykni* k} hz`ykni xf`x m`nnlx jg

`cxgzgh ykxflwx hg}xzwmxkln le xfk} knngz u`cwg# pwkxg kzzg}rgmxkug le kx} mlzzgmxng}} `} `n`xla{# jlx`n{# lz `n{lxfgz }mkgnmg. Xfgzg k} nl pwg}xkln le ` uklc`xkln le n`xwz`c elza# jwx lnc{ le xfg nggh le xfg `zxk}x elz }wmf

elza. ]kakc`zc{ mlclwz} `zg w}gh nlx jgm`w}g xfg{ `zg xzwg xl n`xwzg# jwx jgm`w}g xfg{ `zg ngmg}}`z{ xl xfg

r`zxkmwc`z rkmxwzg. Kn e`mx# xfg `zxk}x k} nlx lnc{ dw}xkekgh kn w}kni# jwx kx k} fk} hwx{ xl w}g lnc{ xfl}g elza}

yfkmf ewcekc fk} lyn nggh. @j}lcwxg ezgghla# yfgxfgz ezla `n`xla{ lz `n{xfkni le xfg oknh# aw}x jg ikugn

xfg `zxk}x kn fk} mflkmg le a`xgzk`c. ]wmf }rkzkxw`c ezgghla k} `} ngmg}}`z{ kn `zx `} kx k} kn ckeg. _Ellxnlxg4 Xfk}

ezgghla k} a`n)} yg`rln ì`kn}x xfg Rfkck}xkng}. Kx k} j`}gh ln xfg knngz nggh.Q

Nlxg# flygugz# xf`x jcknh elcclykni le }mkgnxkekm rzgmgrx k} cg}} jcàgylzxf{ xf`n kx} jcknh `nh rwzrl}gcg}}

zgdgmxkln. Xfg elzagz rzlhwmg} `x cg`}x `n kakx`xkln le a`xgzk`c ljdgmx} yfkmf a`{ jg le }lag w}g.

_Ellxnlxg4 Rc`knc{# `n kakx`xkln le n`xwzg# ke a`hg j{ xfg f`nh le `n `zxk}x# k} nlx ` rwzg zgrzlhwmxkln. Xfg

ulkmg le xfg }lwc ykcc kn }lag hgizgg `x cg`}x aòg kx}gce fg`zh. @} mlnxz`}x} lng a`{ pwlxg ` c`nh}m`rg le

M`n`cgxxl `nh xfl}g }`hc{ eàlw} fg`h} j{ Hgnngz.&@cxg Rknòlxfgo# Awnkmf.+Q

Xfg c`xxgz k} `n `zxk}xkm jgxz`{`c `nh jzkni} mlnew}kln kn kx} xz`kn. Xfg elzagz cgùg} xfg }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg

garx{? xfg c`xxgz rlk}ln} kx.

R`knxkni k} `n `zx# `nh `zx k} nlx uìwg rzlhwmxkln# xz`n}kxlz{ `nh k}lc`xgh# jwx ` rlygz yfkmf aw}x jg hkzgmxgh

xl xfg karzlugagnx `nh zgekngagnx le xfg fwa`n }lwcxl# kn e`mx# xfg z`k}kni le xfg }rkzkxw`c xzk`nicg.

Ke `zx zgez`kn} ezla hlkni xfk} ylzo# ` mf`}a zga`kn} wnjzkhigh# elz nl lxfgz rlygz m`n xòg xfg rc`mg le `zx kn

xfk} `mxkukx{. @nh `x xkag} yfgn xfg fwa`n }lwc k} i`knkni izg`xgz }xzgnixf# `zx ykcc `c}l izly kn rlygz# elz xfg

xyl `zg kngvxzkm`jc{ mlnngmxgh `nh mlarcgagnx`z{ lng xl xfg lxfgz. Mlnugz}gc{# `x xfl}g xkag} yfgn xfg }lwcxgnh} xl jg mflogh j{ a`xgzk`c hk}jgckge# `zx jgmlag} rwzrl}gcg}} `nh x`co k} fg`zh xf`x `zx gvk}x} elz `zx)} }òg

`clng.

_Ellxnlxg4 Xfk} mz{ *`zx elz `zx)} }òg#* k} zg`cc{ xfg jg}x khg`c }wmf `n ìg m`n `xx`kn xl. Kx k} `n wnmln}mklw}

rzlxg}x ì`kn}x a`xgzk`ck}a# ì`kn}x xfg hga`nh xf`x gugz{xfkni }flwch fùg ` w}g `nh rz`mxkm`c u`cwg. Kx k}

ewzxfgz rzlle le xfg knhg}xzwmxkjkckx{ le `zx `nh le xfg fwa`n }lwc# yfkmf m`n ngugz jg okccgh jwx lnc{

xgarlz`zkc{ }alxfgzgh.Q

Xfgn k} xfg jlnh jgxyggn `zx `nh xfg }lwc# `} kx ygzg# hzwiigh knxl wnmln}mklw}ng}}. Xfg `zxk}x `nh xfg

}rgmx`xlz hzkex `r`zx# xkcc ekn`cc{ xfg c`xxgz xwzn} fk} j`mo ln xfg elzagz lz zgi`zh} fka `} ` dwiicgz yfl}g }okcc

`nh hgvxgzkx{ `zg ylzxf{ le `rrc`w}g. Kx k} ugz{ karlzx`nx elz xfg `zxk}x xl i`wig fk} rl}kxkln `zkifx# xl zg`cktg




xf`x fg f`} ` hwx{ xl fk} `zx `nh xl fka}gce# xf`x fg k} nlx okni le xfg m`}xcg jwx z`xfgz ` }gzu`nx le ` nljcgz

rwzrl}g. Fg aw}x }g`zmf hggrc{ knxl fk} lyn }lwc# hgugclr `nh xgnh kx# }l xf`x fk} `zx f`} }lagxfkni xl mclxfg#

`nh hlg} nlx zga`kn ` iclug ykxflwx ` f`nh.

XFG @ZXK]X AW]X F@UG ]LAGXFKNI XL ]@[# ELZ A@]XGZ[ LUGZ ELZA K] NLX FK] IL@C

JWX Z@XFGZ XFG @H@RXKNI LE ELZA XL KX] KNNGZ AG@NKNI.

_Ellxnlxg4 N`xwz`cc{ xfk} hlg} nlx ag`n xf`x xfg `zxk}x k} xl kn}xkcc elzmkjc{ knxl fk} ylzo }lag hgckjgz`xg

ag`nkni. @} f`} jggn }`kh xfg igngz`xkln le ` ylzo le `zx k} ` a{}xgz{. ]l clni `} `zxk}xz{ gvk}x} xfgzg k} nl

nggh le xfglz{ lz clikm xl hkzgmx xfg r`knxgz)} `mxkln. Xfg knngz ulkmg le xfg }lwc xgcc} fka yf`x elza fg nggh}#

yfgxfgz kn}khg lz lwx}khg n`xwzg. Gugz{ `zxk}x only}# yfl ylzo} ykxf eggckni# fly }whhgnc{ xfg zkifx elza

ec`}fg} wrln fka. Jlmockn }`kh xf`x ` xzwg ylzo le `zx aw}x jg ckog `n kn}rkz`xkln? xf`x `mxw`c r`knxkni#

mlarl}kxkln# gxm.# `zg nlx xfg }xgr} j{ yfkmf xfg `zxk}x zg`mfg} }gcegvrzg}}kln.Q

Xfg `zxk}x k} nlx jlzn xl ` ckeg le rcg`}wzg. Fg aw}x nlx ckug khcg? fg f`} ` f`zh ylzo xl rgzelza# `nh lng yfkmf

lexgn rzlug} ` mzl}} xl jg jlzng. Fg aw}x zg`cktg xf`x fk} gugz{ hggh# eggckni# `nh xflwifx `zg z`y jwx }wzg

a`xgzk`c ezla yfkmf fk} ylzo k} xl `zk}g# xf`x fg k} ezgg kn `zx jwx nlx kn ckeg.

Xfg `zxk}x f`} ` xzkrcg zg}rln}kjkckx{ xl xfg nln`zxk}x}4 &0+ Fg aw}x zgr`{ xfg x`cgnx yfkmf fg f`}? &:+ fk} hggh}#

eggckni}# `nh xflwifx}# `} xfl}g le gugz{ a`n# mzg`xg ` }rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg yfkmf k} gkxfgz rwzg lz rlk}lnlw}.

&=+ Xfg}g hggh} `nh xflwifx} `zg a`xgzk`c} elz fk} mzg`xkln}# yfkmf xfga}gcug} gvgzmk}g knecwgnmg ln xfg

}rkzkxw`c `xal}rfgzg. Xfg `zxk}x k} nlx lnc{ ` okni# `} Rgc`h`n }`{}# jgm`w}g fg f`} izg`x rlygz# jwx `c}l

jgm`w}g fg f`} izg`x hwxkg}.

Ke xfg `zxk}x jg rzkg}x le jg`wx{# ngugzxfgcg}} xfk} jg`wx{ k} xl jg }lwifx lnc{ `mmlzhkni xl xfg rzknmkrcg le xfg

knngz nggh# `nh m`n jg ag`}wzgh lnc{ `mmlzhkni xl xfg }ktg `nh knxgn}kx{ le xf`x nggh.

XF@X K] JG@WXKEWC YFKMF K] RZLHWMGH J[ XFG KNNGZ NGGH# YFKMF ]RZKNI] EZLA XFG

]LWC.

A`gxgzcknmo# lng le xfg ekz}x y`zzklz}# lng le xfg ekz}x alhgzn `zxk}x} le xfg }lwc# }`{}4 *Xfgzg k} nlxfkni ln

g`zxf }l mwzklw} elz jg`wx{ lz }l `j}lzjgnx le kx# `} ` }lwc. Elz xf`x zg`}ln egy alzx`c }lwc} ykxf}x`nh xfg

cg`hgz}fkr le ` }lwc yfkmf ikug} xl xfga jg`wx{.* _Ellxnlxg4 Hg c` jg`wxg knxgzkgwzg.Q

@nh xfk} rzlrgzx{ le xfg }lwc k} xfg lkc# yfkmf e`mkckx`xg} xfg }cly# }m`zmgc{ uk}kjcg jwx kzzg}k}xkjcg alugagnx le

xfg xzk`nicg# lny`zh} `nh wry`zh}.

KV. MLNMCW]KLN

Xfg ekz}x ekug kccw}xz`xkln} kn xfk} jllo }fly xfg mlwz}g le mln}xzwmxkug geelzx kn r`knxkni. Xfk} geelzx e`cc} knxl

xyl hkuk}kln}4

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mlarl}kxkln K m`cc xfg AGCLHKM.

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u`cwg. Xfk} oknh le mlarl}kxkln K m`cc xfg ][ARFLNKM.

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xfg hgugclragnx k} mcl}gc{ r`z`ccgc xl xf`x le aw}km.




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xfg `zxk}xkm zg`}ln le xfg yflcg# lng eknh} rzkakxkug iglagxzkm`c elza} lz `n `zz`nigagnx le }karcg ckng}

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j{ ` }knicg ckng lz elza. ]wmf k}lc`xgh u`zk`xkln} }gzug hkeegzgnx rwzrl}g}. Elz kn}x`nmg# xfg{ a`{ `mx `} `

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hllzmwzx`kn `zg xfg *egza`xg.*Q G`mf elza yfkmf ilg} xl aòg wr xfg mlarl}kxkln f`} ` }karcg knngz u`cwg#yfkmf f`} kn kx} xwzn ` agclh{. Elz xfk} zg`}ln K m`cc xfg mlarl}kxkln agclhkm. J{ xfg ìgnm{ le Mgt`nng `nh

c`xgz le Flhcgz _Ellxnlxg4 Gnick}f zg`hgz} a`{ zlwifc{ r`z`ccgc Flhcgz ykxf @wiw}xw} Dlfn elz rwzrl}g} le

xfg `ziwagnx.A.X.F.].Q xfk} oknh le mlarl}kxkln yln ngy ckeg# `nh g`zngh xfg nàg le *zf{xfakm.* Xfg

ckakx`xkln} le xfg xgza *zf{xfakm* `zg ljuklw}. Kn aw}km `nh n`xwzg g`mf a`nkeg}x`xkln f`} ` zf{xfa le kx}

lyn# }l `c}l kn r`knxkni. Kn n`xwzg xfk} zf{xfa k} lexgn nlx mcg`z xl w}# jgm`w}g kx} rwzrl}g k} nlx mcg`z xl w}.

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f`zaln{ `nh hk}mlzh# yfkmf fùg nl `mxw`c gvk}xgnmg. _Ellxnlxg4 @} `n gvàrcg le rc`kn agclhkm mln}xzwmxkln

ykxf ` rc`kn zf{xfa# Mgt`nng)} *J`xfkni Ylagn* k} ikugn kn xfk} jllo.Q

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yllhmwx} le xfg r`}x. Lng akifx agnxkln xfg ylzo le lch Igza`n a`}xgz}# le xfg Rgz}k`n}# le xfg D`r`ng}g#

xfg Zw}}k`n kmln}# jzl`h}khg}# gxm. _Ellxnlxg4 Xfk} `rrckg} xl a`n{ le Flhcgz)} rkmxwzg}.Q

Kn ng`zc{ `cc xfg}g ylzo} xfg }{arflnkm mlarl}kxkln k} nlx ugz{ mcl}gc{ `cckgh xl xfg agclhkm. Xfk} ag`n} xf`x

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m`xfghz`c? xfg{ jgclni xl xfg xz`n}kxkln rgzklh.

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*Karzluk}`xkln.*

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Ekn`cc{# K ylwch zga`zo xf`x# kn a{ lrknkln# yg `zg e`}x `rrzl`mfkni xfg xkag le zg`}lngh `nh mln}mklw}mlarl}kxkln# yfgn xfg r`knxgz ykcc jg rzlwh xl hgmc`zg fk} ylzo mln}xzwmxkug. Xfk} ykcc jg kn mlnxz`}x xl xfg

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}rkzkx le xflwifx xly`zh} `n grlmf le izg`x }rkzkxw`c cg`hgz}.

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R@ZX KK4 @JLWX R@KNXKNI =;



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ykxf `n{ r`zxkmwc`z r`rgz ghkxkln.

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rwjckm`xkln h`xg.

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j{ xfl}g yfl yk}f xl hl }l.

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Knelza`xkln `jlwx Rzldgmx Iwxgnjgzi

&lng rìg+

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f`ce ` xzkcckln gJllo} ikugn `y`{ j{ {g`z)} gnh.

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fwnhzgh akcckln zg`hgz}# yfkmf k} lnc{ `jlwx 8' le xfg rzg}gnx nwajgz le mlarwxgz w}gz}.

Fgzg k} xfg jzkgeg}x zgmlzh le lwz rzlizg}} &$ ag`n} g}xka`xgh+4

gJllo} [g`z Alnxf

Knelza`xkln `jlwx Rzldgmx Iwxgnjgzi 82

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