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May | June 2011

Feature title: Concerns and demand of the industry for sustainability

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published.©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers L td. All rights reserved. No par t of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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Sustainable development

as defined in the 1982 UN

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is “devel-

opment that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet

their own needs.”

Today, sustainability is an emotive and

much used term and its interpretation, by

consumers and the industry, may differ

according to their various viewpoints and

perceptions.

A panel at the International Seafood

Summit in Vancouver, British Columbia in

February 2011 concluded that “the reali-

ties facing producers, retailers, certification

agencies and civil society developing sus-

tainable seafood plans are diverse and

constantly in flux”.

Currently, there is no universally agreed

definition of sustainability as it relates to

aquaculture although various traceability

and certification initiatives, standards and

guidelines exist and are becoming increas-

ingly prevalent.

Sustainable andeconomic viability

In order for the aquaculture industry

to be sustainable it has to be economically

viable in the long term with a minimal envi-

ronmental impact and a significant social

benefit. Sustainable management should not

only involve governments and industry but

should concern all areas of seafood produc-tion and consumers.

Consumers of seafood, particularly in

richer economies, want to be able to make

informed choices about the origin and

production methods of products they buy,

know that they are safe and that they are

getting a healthy diet option.

Global aquaculture production, at 55.1

million tonnes in 2008, is continuing to

grow and constitutes some 46 percent of 

world food fish production (FAO, 2010).

Aquaculture has an important role to play

in helping to alleviate hunger and poverty

in a growing world population and it has

been predicted that an additional 35 million

tonnes of aquaculture products will be

required to meet the demand of 8.3 billion

people by 2030.

The establishment and maintenance of 

responsible fisheries practises and the man-

agement of those ecosystems means thattwo important components of fish feeds

(fishmeal and fish oil) are a limited and finite

resource. It is largely these two products

that are responsible for delivering much of 

the well-known human benefits associated

with the consumption of seafood products.

The International Fishmeal and Fish Oil

Organisation reported that in 2009 63 per-

cent of the available fishmeal produced was

used by aquaculture while it is estimated

that in 2010 80 percent of fish oil was used

by aquaculture. Fishmeal and oil can no

longer be considered commodities but stra-

tegic ingredients to be used at lower levels

and retained as a specialty feed ingredient

for use within higher value starter, finisher

and broodstock feeds.

The challenge for the industry today and

in the future will therefore be the develop-

ment of sustainable aquafeeds that not

only meet the requirements of the species

being cultured but also maintain the q uality

of product expected by consumers from

seafood products.

In order to improve the sustainability

of such resources the aquafeed industry

has been meeting the challenge and reduc-

ing the quantities of fishmeal and oil in

marine aquafeeds. Fishmeal inclusion as a

percentage of salmon feed dropped from

approximately 40 percent in 2000 to 22.5

Sustainability:Alltech drive in its yeast and microalgae production facilities for aquafeed

Concerns & demand from the industry

36 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | May-June 2011 -

F: Sustainability

Winchester, Kentucky USA

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percent in 2010 and fish oil from 22 percent

to 12.5 percent respectively (Aquaculture

Protein Centre).

Formulation trends are moving towards

lower fishmeal and oil content in the grow-

er feeds while specialised finishing feeds

are being designed to restore flesh quality

parameters, such as omega 3 fats, and fillet

quality that are considered essential for the

promotion of the product and its benefits

for human health.

Sustainable alternativeproteins and lipid sources

Unmodified plant protein sources, such

as soymeal, legume seeds, oil seed cakes, leaf 

meals, leaf protein concentrates and root

tuber meals are widely available and used as

alternative protein sources.

However, they may contain high levels of 

starch and carbohydrates, be low in some

essential amino acids, energy and some

minerals. Further, anti-nutritional factors

(ANFs) may be present and these are a

major concern to the aquaculture industry.

Research into the effects of ANFs is

ongoing and while heat treatment by extru-

sion destroys some of the heat labile ANF’s,

many components still pose problems, such

as the saponins, non-starch polysaccharides,

antigenic proteins, estrogens and somephenolic compounds. New processes such

as enzymatic pre-treatments are being

developed for use to reduce heat stable

ANFs therefore improving plant based feed

formulations.

The increased demand for grain

resources has resulted in considerable price

increases for these commodities on the

world market. Single celled organisms, such

as yeast and algae, have been incorporated

into aquafeed and have shown their poten-

tial as alternate forms of protein and oil,

produced in a sustainable manner, to add

to the list of alternative feed components.

Yeast-based proteins have been the

most thoroughly investigated as a dietary

replacement for fishmeal, due to their

high crude protein levels with a relatively

good balance of essential amino acids. They

also contain B complex vitamins, pigments,

complex carbohydrates and are a source of 

dietary nucleotides that have been shown

to promote growth and enhance non-

specific immune function. They are also low

in phosphorous that can lead to less water

and environmental pollution than fish meal

and other plant based protein sources.

More recently, the use of algal meals and

oil have been reported as being suitable for

many fish and shrimp species offering the

further potential and opportunity to be

used as alternatives

to fish meal and

fish oil (Harel et al.,

2002; Ganuza et al.,

2002; Nonwachai et

al., 2010; Salze et al.,

2010).

Microalgae are

rich sources of pro-

tein, carbohydrates

and lipids. The

amino acid profile

of almost all algae

compares favourably to other food protein

sources and the carbohydrate components

are highly digestible. Microalgae composi-

tion can vary greatly and is dependent

on the species cultured and the growth

conditions. The lipid content can range from

2 percent to as high as 84 percent. The pro-

tein content can range from 5-70 percent

and starch from 5-50 percent. However, it is

the lipid content that is especially interest-

ing because of the functionality of this com-

ponent, particularly so in some species rich

in omega 3 fatty acids. Today, commercial

microalgae production is used to produce

algal biomass for direct use as feed addi-

tives in the food and feed industry or for

the extraction of 

high-valued com-ponents such as

vitamins (C &

D2), n-fatty acids,

pigments and

antioxidants (B

carotene, astax-

anthin, lutein).

Natural,nutritionalsolutions

A l l t e c h

provides natu-

ral, nutritional

solutions to the

animal produc-

tion industry

and today is

leading the chal-

lenge in driving

improvements in

the production

of sustainable

ingredients for

the aquafeed

industry. Alltech

specialises in

f e r m e n t a t i on

technologies that

are used to pro-

duce sustainable

sources of single celled proteins: yeast and

algae.

Alltech products are created in 31

production facilities strategically located

throughout the world. Of particular

interest to sustainable aquaculture is the

yeast production facility in Sao Pedro

Brazil, the world’s largest yeast factory

producing 50,000 tonnes of a specific

yeast strain.

In addition, the Alltech Fermin site, in

Serbia, is a food grade facility producing

10,000 tonnes of natural yeast-based solu-

tions annually. The proprietary processing

and extraction technologies of both cell

wall material and yeast extract are critical

- May-June 2011 | ItrtIolAquAFeed | 37

F: Feature

 

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8/6/2019 Concerns and demand of the industry for sustainability

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Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp.as potential

substitutes to fisheries-derived oils from seabream (Sparus

aurata) microdiets.Aquaculture, 277,109-116.

Harel M, Koven W, Lein I, Bar Y, Behrens P,

Stubblefield J, Zohar Y and AR P lace. (2002).

Advanced DHA, EPA and ArA enrichment

materials for marine aquaculture using single cell

heterotrophs.

Aquaculture, 213, 347-362.

International Seafood summit in Vancouver 

Feb 2011 http://www.seafoodsource.com/

newsarticledetail.aspx?id=9103)

Nonwachai T, Purivirojkul W, Limsuwan C,Chuchird C, Velasco M and AK Dhar. (2010).

Growth, nonspecific immune characteristics, and

survival upon challenge with Vibrio harveyi in

Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

raised on diets containing algal meal. Fish &

Shellfish Immunology, 29, 298-304.

Salze G, McLean E, Battle PR, Schwarz MH

and SR Craig. (2010). Use of soy protein

concentrate and novel ingredients in the total

elimination of fish meal and fish oil in diets

for juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum.

Aquaculture, 298, 294-299.

which are involved in car-

bohydrate, protein and fat

metabolism, mediation in

cellular processes, control

of several enzymatic reac-

tions and intermediates in

biosynthetic reactions.

The Aquate fam-

ily provides functionality

in aquafeeds as they have

been designed to meet the

specific requirements of a particular spe-

cies or aquaculture sector. Aquate SPMP

contains specific yeast cell wall compo-

nents that have been used to help control

sea lice infestations in salmonid culture.

Combinations of functional nutrition in

this manner have resulted in improve-

ments in gut morphology and gut function,

improved immuno-competence and disease

resistance.

Health benefits of seafoodFish is lower in saturated fat, total fat and

calories than comparable portions of meat

or poultry. In addition, many of the health

benefits of eating fish are due primarily to

the presence of the omega-3 fatty acids

and in particular eicosapentaenoic acid

(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Consumers are becoming aware of theimportance of these fatty acids in their diet

and the benefits to their physical and mental

well-being.

The fatty acid profile in salmon flesh has

been shown to reflect the fatty acid profile

of the diet that fish have been fed therefore

the inclusion of fish oil in finishing diets of 

aquaculture products is crucial to maintain-

ing the health benefits of the product

produced. As omega-3 fatty acids derived

from algae have been shown to successfully

substitute for fish oil in several fish species

and as aquaculture production increases

their use in aquafeeds will become increas-

ingly important.

References

Aquaculture Protein Centre. Data from Novel

feed ingredients: sources and potential in

aquafeeds. Presentation made by Margareth

Øverland, Professor University of Life

Sciences, Director Aquaculture Protein

Center at NASFF meeting March 1-3, 2011,

Norway, Oslo. http://prod.dfox.com/public/

images/0000438021/000/047/0000472500.ppt

FAO 2010 State of world’s fisheries and

aquaculture 2010.Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Ganuza E, Benítez-Santana T, Atalah E, Vega-

Orellana O, Ganga R and MS Izquierdo. (2008).

in providing functionality and optimising

nutritional potential by ensuring a high

degree of digestibility.

Industrial spray drying techniques have

played a significant role in improving these

characteristics.

Last year Alltech Inc. acquired a state-

of-the-art algae fermentation facility in

Winchester, Kentucky, USA as part of their

commitment to their algal fermentation

technology platform. They see this area as

being one of the world’s more renewable

food and energy sources, playing a major

role in both human and animal health and

nutrition.

The laboratory and industrial fermenta-

tion facilities, with their automated control

and monitoring systems, are allowing quick 

product and process development. One

of the main focuses of the facility will bethe development of products derived from

algae particularly for inclusion in their

AquateTM range of aquaculture feeds.

Through the careful formulation and

blending of yeast and algal components

Alltech has produced the Aquate range of 

products designed to provide nutritional

solutions for the aquaculture industry. This

range of products is a second generation

of sustainable product solutions aimed at

enhancing feed efficiency, bio-mass produc-

tion and boosting natural defence mecha-

nisms, promoting healthier and more robust

animal populations.

Aquaculture species have a requirement

for a well balanced mixture of essential

and non-essential amino acids, like other

animals, from which to construct their own

protein tissues and therefore the balance of 

essential amino acids in the diet is crucial.

Aquate has a crude protein content of 

approximately 40 percent and is a rich

source of highly digestible amino acids with

an amino acid profile that closely matches

fish requirement.

Aquate also contains nucleotides, func-

tional nutrients that are present in the yeast

extract component. Nucleotides are known

to play a major role in almost all biological

processes and this includes: storage of 

energy, components of several coenzymes

Brief Bio of RebeccaTimmons

Rebecca Timmons is the Global

Director of Applications Research and

Quality for Alltech. One of her key

mandates is her responsibility for the

quality and traceability of all Alltech

products. Quality and traceability are

key Alltech pillars. She ensures that all

Alltech products meet the high stan-

dards demanded by the company, not

only for the final products that Alltech

produces, but also for ensuring that

raw materials going into the products

from supplier companies have been

vetted before use.

More inforMation 

 Alltech

Email:btimmons@alltech.com

Websitewww.alltech.comFacebook:facebook.com/AlltechNaturally

Twitter:@AlltechTweets

38 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | May-June 2011

F: Sustainability

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Aquaculture:Naturalingredientsfor sustainable

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Maturation diets:dietsforshrimp– Istherealternat iveto

naturalfood? 

β-glucans:Preliminary effectsof β-glucanson Niletilapia

health and growth performance

Microalgae

 Microalgaeand cyanobacteria

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