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212
Chapter – VI
CONCLUSION
Any ancient civilization, ports played vital role in the
economic process of the region and its contribution is
immeasurable. Reliable means of transportation and wide
spread maritime connections with the outside world are
one of the essential pre-requisites for economic progress
and development of the region. One of the urgent
priorities of the developing countries improved the status
of the ports which are most important link in over seas
transport and international trade. Ports in advanced
countries have been enlarged and improved in a process
of gradual evolution, over a long span of years. They had
at their disposal a centuries long experience, well trained
personnel and labour and an unparalleled wealth of
financial and human resources within their immediate
hinter lands.
The relationships between sea ports, cities,
transport systems and regional development patterns are
changed rapidly. Hence, the relationship between ports
and industrialization, which lie at the relationship of
heart and body deserves particularly close attention. It is
evident that the ports attain paramount importance in
the economic development of the region.
213
Visakhapatnam Port Trust is very important for the
economic life of our country and even for its political
independence. Moreover, the port provided a direct
access to world markets and excellent opportunity for
developing trade with a wide range of countries without
costly intermediaries. It made possible to buy foreign
goods at source from suppliers who offer most convenient
terms and to sell domestic products to most desirable
foreign customers. Many industrial and agricultural
development projects depended on the availability of
conveniently located port and could not be implemented
without a port.
Visakhapatnam Port was established for a variety of
linkage of growth, urban expansion, industrial
development and regional planning. The initial stage of
development is normally provided by the water site, the
physical conditions of the harbour, while the level of port
development and urban growth is the stage of land
development. Hence, the various stages of port
developments are significantly generate stimuli in the
expansion of port activities and also resulted rapid
developments in multifaced development such as
industry, infrastructural facilities, investment, service
sectors, employment generation and population
explosion, city spread not only port city but also within
their hinter lands. This changes are determined
effectively through evolutionary approach. Further, these
214
inter linkages played a vital role in the planning of ports
as well as ports city planning in short and long term
perspectives.
The industrialization of Visakhapatnam Port and its
hinter land regions is perhaps the most important sphere
in which the interaction of port functions and urban
process may be observed and analyzed. These
interactions form part of wider system involving
relationships between traffic generation zones in the
hinterland, lack of efficiency in the ports, land and sea
transport systems, market control factors, planning
legislation and much else. In respect of employment, for
each person employed directly in the port, two or three
may be employed in port-related activities, and seven or
eight may live in the urban area.
The Visakhapatnam Port Trust played a vital role in
the transport and regional economic development. Port
development create stimuli in various modes of
transportation particularly roads and railways. The ports
have generally good transport systems stands at the
centre of a web of locational inter-relationships,
simultaneously reflecting and affecting interactions over a
far wider compass than that of the transport node and
urban settlement which the city port itself comprises.
These interrelationships depend upon the type of
economy involved, the level of development at which
215
transport improvements are introduced and the general
and specific objectives of planning intervention.
The Visakhapatnam Port contributed to the Port
Industrialization and Regional Development of the region.
The prime requirement to explore the inter-related
temporal and spatial problems of port, urban and
regional systems on a wide variety of scales such as
assessment of relationships between port and industrial
development change overtime, relation to port policy
decisions and national policy decisions. Further, the
future planning of the port is also turned the regional and
national economic policies.
The port development significantly contributed to
stimuli multi faced developments in port city and its
hinterland regions particularly, in urban expansion,
industrial development, service and employment sectors.
Hence, the determinate anal of historical perspectives of
port developments provided strong base not only for port
alone but also for city and its hinter land planning in the
short and larger perspectives.
Visakhapatnam was earlier know as Vizagapatnam.
According to Mr. Carmichael, Editor of District Manual in
1869, the name of Visakhapatnam is etymologically
explained as the town of Vaisakheswara A king of Andhra
dynasty on his piligrimage to Varanasi encamped on the
216
present site and pleased with its scenic beauty, has built
a temple to his family deity Vaisakheswara. Dutch
traders for the first Europeans to enter Vizagapatnam in
the year 1862 and saw the settlement of a Branch of East
India Company. A factory was started and preparing salt
arrock betel leaves. By the 17th century to meet the
growing demand of wool, East India Company established
factories at Machilipatnam, Madapalem, Injaram and
Vizagapatnam on the coramandal coast. The other
exports from the Visakhapatnam port were oil, seeds,
jaggery, hides and skin, jute and indigo, while the
imports from the port were cotton twists and yarn for the
use of hand loom weavers. By the close of 19th century, it
is considered one of the important trade centres having
extensive relations with Burma. The ships of British India
Steam Navigation Company were regularly visiting the
port. The railway link from Calcutta to Madras and
branch line from Raipur brought Visakhapatnam on the
maritime map of the country. Mr. E. S. Thomos
submitting the proposals for the creation of port in 1872
described it as the most natural and most easily formed
port on the East Coast of India. The British ruler as far
back as 1858 felt need for development of a Port in this
natural bay and the first detailed report "Vizag the Port of
central provinces" was published in 1877. It was only in
1914 that the proposal of construction of harbour at
Visakhapatnam was initiated by the Bengal Nagpur
Railway. During 1922, Bengal Nagpur Railway revived the
217
proposal of Col. Car Wright Reid of British admiral for
construction of the inner harbour at the mouth of the
river Meghadrigedda. The actual construction
commenced in 1927 and continued upto 1933. The Port
was constructed at a cost of ` 378 lakhs when it was
opened, it consisted of 3 berths and handled 1.3 lakh
tonnes of traffic.
The Port administration has passed through
different departments and ministries of the Government
of India till its transfer to the Port Trust February, 1964
under Major Port Trust Act, 1963. The major
administrative periods of the port are:
1933 – 35 Railway Board
1935 – 37 Commerce Department
1937 – 42 Communication Department
1943 – 44 Water Transport Department
1944 – 46 Defence war Department
1946 – 56 Bengal Nagpur Railway
1956 – 64 Ministry of Transport
1956 – 68 Trust under M.P.T. Act.
The major developments of the port in different
periods are assessed.
Back drop of Visakhapatnam Port:
1877 Publication of the First detailed Report on
Visakhapatnam Port called “Vizag” the Port of
Central Provinces
218
1922 Approval of the proposal of Cot. Cart Wright
Reid for the construction of the harbour
1927 Commencement of the construction of the Port
1932 Commencement of construction of the Port
Graving Dock
Railway Board:
1933 Opening of the Port for ocean going vessels and
declaration of the Port as a major port, S S Jala
Durga, the first commercial ship entered the
Port. Commissioning of Quay Berths Q – 1, Q –
2 and Q – 3.
Bengal Nagpur Railway:
1948 Launching of ‘Jala Usha’ the first vessel
constructed by M/s Hindustan Shipyard
Limited
1951 Construction of three jetty berths J – 1, J – 2
and J – 3
1955 Construction of Quay berth Q – 4
Trust under MPT Act
1957 Construction of Oil Sharf consisting of two
berths and commissioning of Caltex Oil
Refinery, commissioning of oil berths, Or – 1
and Or – 2
1962 Extension of Port Graving Dock
1964 Constitution of Visakhapatnam Port Trust
219
1965 First ore train arrived at the Port.
Commissioning of ore handling plant. Ore berth
WOB – 2, iron ore berth WOB – 1
1966 Commissioning of Ligterage Wharf, Night
navigation commenced
Commissioning of Quay berth Q – 5
1967 M/s. Hindustan Shipyard Graving Dock project
started, commissioning of Fertilizer Berth F B,
first ship berthed at Fertilizer Berth
1968 Commissioning of Quay Berth Q – 5. The first
submarine of the Indian Navy entered the port,
parallel Bridge (326.14 m) opened
Visakhapatnam Port Trust
1969 Commissioning of 150 tonne self propelled
floating crane “Bheema”
1970 The port opened for round – clock navigation.
Commissioning of bucket wheel Reclaimer,
Remodelling of North Holdin yard
1971 (i) Construction of Administrative office
building
(ii) Completion of M/s. Hindustan Shipyard
graving block
(iii) Completion of road fly over bridge
1972 Laying of foundation stone for outer harbour
1973 GHD Durga 500 M3 capacity Grab – Hopper
Dredger commissioned
1975 Completion of construction work on ore berth at
220
the outer harbour.
Temporary commissioning of new ore berth at
the outer harbour for oil lightening,
introduction of new system of unloading of bulk
fertilizers by means of grabs
By 1975, the Visakhapatnam Port obtain best
position among major ports of India. The later stages
grew rapidly and attain 1st rank in the shipping sector.
Railway Board 1933 – 35:
Port Fund: The receipts and expenditures during
this period said to be negligible.
Exports: The total exports has been increased from
1,15,642 to 2,53,638 tonnes during this period and
registered an increasing of 119.33 % during this period.
Imports: The total quantum of imports has also
been increased from 12,300 to 34,691 tonnes and
registered an increase of 182.04 % during this period.
Commodity wise exports: There are 13 commodities
such as Ground nuts, lin seed, Myrabolans, Manganese
ore, Mustard and other oil seeds, gunny bales, jute, twine
and hemp, grains and pulses, clicake, mangoes and
mango cheese, miscellaneous, annoto seed, jaggery.
221
Commodity wise Imports:- There are 30
commodities such as tamarind, oil manstores, chillies,
confectionery, pipes and other engineering materials
made of metal, tiles and other engineering and building
materials not made of metal, chemicals and chemical
products, seeds, oil and other kinds, flour, farina and
starch, rice, grains, pulse and cereals of all kinds,
potatoes, garlic and vegetables, glassware, cotton piece
goods, cotton twist and other cotton manufactures,
gunny bags, hessain, jute twist and other jute
manufactures, sugar, jaggery and molasses, cigarettes,
tobacco and other smokers requisites, soap, soapnuts
and other toilet requisites, paints, colours, and other
painting materials, timber, scatlings, and other wooden
ware, motor cars, crafts, liquors and spirits, matches,
oils, resins, gum, lac, wax, rubber, metals and metal
sheets, coal, musical and scientific instruments,
machinery, hurricane lanterns, old newspaper etc.,
Commerce Department 1935 – 37:
Port Fund: The total receipts of the Port during
1935-37 is about ` 12.41 Crores while the expenditure of
the Port during this period is about ` 14.85 Crores.
Hence, the financial status of the Port is in deficit during
this period. (` 2.44 Crores).
Pilotage Fund: The total receipts under Pilotage fund
during this period is about ` 0.52 crores while the
222
expenditure incurred under the head during this period
is about 0.57 crores. The financial status under this head
is about ` 0.05 crores of deficit reported during this
period.
Exports: The total quantam of exports has been
reported decline from .4779716 to 436255 tonnes and
registered decline about -9.06% during this period.
Imports: The total quantum of imports has been
increased from 3.3195 to 40475 tonnes and registered an
increase of about 25.72% during 1935-36 to 1936-37.
Commodity wise Exports; There are 30 commodities
such as tamarind, oilman stores, chillies, confictionery,
pipes and other engineering materials made of metal
,(tiles and other engineering and building materials not
made of metal, chemicals and chemical products, seeds,
oil and other kinds, flour, farina and starch, rice, grains,
pulse and cereals of all kinds, potatoes, garlic and
vegetables, glassware, cotton piece goods., cotton twist
and other cotton manufactures, gunny bags, hessain,
jute twist and other jute manufactures, sugar, jaggery
and molasses, cigarettes, tobacco and other smokers
requisites, soap, soap nuts and other toilet requisites,
paint' colours, and other painting materials, timber,
scatlings, and other wooden ware, motor cars, crafts,
liquors and spirits, matches, oils, resins, gum, lac, wax,
223
rubber, metals and metal sheets, coal, musical and
scientific instruments, machinery, hurricane lanterns,
old I newspaper etc.
Commodity wise Imports: There are 31 commodities
such as groundnuts, moura seed, linreed, myrabolans,
manganese ore, bidi leaves, mustard and other oil seeds,
gunny bales, jute twine and hemp; grains and pulses, oil
cakes, mangoes and mango cheese, miscellaneous, niger
seed, bunker coal, annatoo, jaggery, divi divi, scrap iron,
palmyra fibre, turmeric, nuk vomica, hide flesings,
tobacco, transshipment cargo, motor cars, brooms, live
stock, cashew nuts,
Communication Department 1937 – 42:
Port Fund: The receipts and expenditures under
Port and Pilotage Fund is not reported in the annual
reports of the Port during this period.
Exports: The total exports has been reported decline
from 91509 to 41227 tonnes and registered about
28.82% during 1937-38 to 1942-43.
Commodities wise exports: About 31 commodities
such as groundnuts, mouraseed, myrabolans,
manganese ore, bidilevees, mustard and other oil seeds,
gunny bales, jute, twine and hemp, grains and pulses,
;oil cakes, mangoes and mango cheese, miscellaneous,
224
niger seed, bunker coal, coartor seed, annatto seed,
jaggery, dividi, scrap Iron, palmura fibre, turmeric, nuk
vomica, hide fleshings, tobacco transshipment cargo,
motor cars, brooms, live stock, cashew nuts, bones.
Commodity wise Imports: There are 34 commodities
such as tamarind, oil mentstores, chillies, confectionary,
pipes and other engineering materials made of metal, tiles
and other engineering and building materials made of
metal, chemicals and chemical products, seeds oil and
other kinds, flour, farina and starach, rice, grain, pulses
and cereal of all kinds, potatoes, garlic and vegetables,
glassware, cotton piece, gunny bags, jute and other jute
manufactures, sugar, gaggery and molaces, cigerattes,
tobacco and other smokers requisites, soap, soapnuts
and other toilet requisites, paints, colours, and other
painting materials, timber, scantiling and other wooden
ware, motor cars and cycles, salt, liquors and spirits.
matches. oil resins, gum lac, wax, rubber, metals and
metal sheets, coal~ musical and scientific instruments,
machinery, hurricane lanterns, old newspaper, electrical
goods, hides and skins, dyeing and tanning medicals,
livestock, transshipment cargo.
Water Transport Department 1943 – 44:
The total Port operations are stopped during second
world war period.
225
Defence war Department 1944 – 46:
The Second world-war continued during this period.
Hence, the Port activities are totally absent.
Bengal Nagpur Railway 1946 – 56:
Port Fund: The total receipts has been increased
from ` 32.71 to 65.84 crores and registered 150.07 %
increase during 1946-1956. Similarly the expenditure of
the Port has also reported increase from ` 33.31 to 65.84
crores and registered 97.66 % increase during this
period. There was a continuous deficit has been reported
under this head during 1946-1947 to 1950-51. After that
there is a continuous surplus is reported since 1951-52
to 1955-56.
Pilotage Fund: The total receipts had been increased
from ` 0.67 crores to 1.66 crores and registered an
increase of 147.76 % during 1946-47 to 1955-56. While
the expenditure has also been increased from ` 0.64 to
1.22 crores and registered an increase of 90.62 % during
this period. There was surplus funds reported since
1946-47 to 1955-56.
Exports: The total quantum of exports has been
increase from 538675 to 1094648 tonnes and registered
an increase of 103.21% during 1946-47 to 1955-56.
Imports: The total quantum of imports has been
226
increased from 99909 to 228406 tonnes and registered
an increased of 128.61% during 1946-47 to 1955-56.
Commodity wise exports (1946 – 56): About 2
commodities like beedi leaves, bones and bone meal,
bunken cool, bunker oil, coir, coal, dry leaves, grains,
gunnies, iron and steel manufactured metal, jute and
hemp, transshipment cargo, myrabolams,
pharmaceuticals, military cargo defence, manganese ore
metal, oil cakes, oils other than petroleum, palyra firbre,
piece goods, seeds other than grains, timber, tobacco
including cigars and cigarettes.
Commodity wise imports: There are 16 commodities
like drugs, ebroacho extract, grains, gunnies, liquors,
machinery parts, metals other than iron and steel,
miscellaneous, motor vehicles, military cargo, oils other
than petroleum and lubricating material, petroleum,
paints, soap, timber, tiles and other building materials.
Ministry of Transport 1956 – 64:
Port Funds: The total receipts of port funds has
been increased from ` 96.54 to 216.95 crores and
registered an increase of about 124.76 %. Similarly, the
total expenditure has been increased from ` 79.28 to
192.54 crores and registered an increase of about 142.86
% during this period.
227
Pilotage Funds: The total receipts of the pilotage
funds has been increased from ` 1.78 to 3.09 crores and
registered an increase of about 73.59 %. While the total
expenditure has been increased from ` 1.87 to 2.09
crores and registered an increase of about 11.76 %
during this period.
Exports: The total quantum of exports has been
increased from 995682 to 1671746 tonnes and registered
an increase of about 67.90 % during this period.
Imports: The total quantum of imports has been
increased from 50202 to 1849080 tonnes and registered
an increase of about 35.83 % during this period.
Commodity wise exports: The items of export during
this period are bones & bone meal, bunker coal, coal and
coke, cotton, carpets, mattings, myrabolans, electrical
goods, groundnut and casher nut, hemp & hemp
products, hides & skins, jute raw, machineries other than
railway material, manure oil cake, mica, wires and nails,
other oils, iron ore, manganese ore and chrome ore,
petroleum products of heavy ends, provisions & oil men
stores, palmyra fibre, niger seed, other seed, spices,
sugar, tobacco, beedies, wool manufactured and wood in
the year 1956 – 57. Bones and bone meal, bunker coal
goods, coal and coke, cotton, carpet, coil and rope,
myrabolans, electrical goods, pulses, cashew nuts, hemp,
228
hides & skins, jute, machineries, manure oil cake,
molasses, wires and nails, iron and steel, other oils, iron
ore, manganese ore, right distillaires, petroleum
products, heavy ends, niger seed, other seed, spices,
tobacco, wool manufactured, wood in the year 1957 – 58.
Bones and bone meal, bunker coal, coal and coke, carpet,
coil and rope, myrabolans, electrical goods, hemp, hides
& skins, jute, machineries, manure oil cake, manure
chemicals, molasses, iron and steel, other manufactures,
scrap, groundnuts, other oils, sugar, tobacco, and wood
in 1958 – 59. Bones and bone meal, bunker coal, coal
and coke, cotton, carpet, coil and rope, drugs and
medicines, myrabolans, electrical goods, hemp, hides &
skins, jute, machineries, manure oil cake, manure
chemical, pig iron, wires and nails, iron and steel, ore
manufactures, iron ore, manganese ore and chrome ore,
petroleum products, oil stores, niger seed, other seed,
spices, tobacco and wool in the year 1959 – 60; Bunker
coal, coal and coke, myrabolans, electrical goods, pulses
and grams, cashew nuts, tamarind, hemp and hemp
products, jute, machineries, manure oil cake, molasses,
mica, metals, iron ore, manganese ore, petroleum
products, provisions and oilmen stores defence, railway
material, mustard seed, niger seed and other seed,
tobacco, transshipment cargo, wines, spirits and liquors,
wool and wood, in the year 1960 – 61. Bones and bone
meal, bunker coal, myrabolans, electrical goods, wheat,
pulses and grams, hemp and hemp products, jute,
229
machineries, manure oil cake, molasses, mica, iron and
steel, iron ore, manganese ore and chrome core,
petroleum products, niger seed, other seed, ship building
material, tobacco, transshipment cargo, wines and spirits
and liquors, wool and wood in the year 1961 – 62; Bones
and bone meal, bunker coal, drugs, medicines and
pharmaceuticals, myrabolans, electrical goods, fish,
wheat, pulses and grams, hemp, jute, machineries,
manure oil cake, molasses, mica, metal other man ores,
other oils, iron ore, manganese ore, paper and paste
boards, petroleum products, railway material, niger seed,
other seed, spices, ship building material, tobacco,
transshipment cargo, wines and spirits and wood in the
year 1962 – 63. Bones and bone meal, bunker coal goods,
carpets, drugs and medicines and pharmaceuticals,
myrabolans, fish, hemp, jute, machineries, manure oil
cake, molasses, military stores, metals other than ores,
iron ore, manganese ore, petroleum products, railway
materials, niger seed, other seed, tobacco, transshipment
cargo, wool and wood in the year 1963 – 64.
Commodity wise imports: There are 21 commodities
such as building materials other than iron, steel, wood,
chemicals other than medical, coal and coke, cotton,
drugs and medicines, electrical goods and machinery,
food grains, glassware, jute and jute products, manure,
chemicals, metals and ores, paint and varnish, petroleum
products, provision and oilmen stores, rubber
230
manufactured, railway materials, stationery including
paper, ship building material, tobacco, wines spirits and
liquors, wood and timber, all other imports in 1956-1957;
there are 30 commodities such as building materials
other than iron, steel, wood, chemicals other than
medical, coal and coke, cotton, drugs and medicines,
electrical goods and machinery, food grains, glassware,
jute and jute products, manure, chemicals, metals and
ores, paint and varnish, petroleum products, provision
and oilmen stores, rubber manufactured, railway
materials, stationery including paper, ship building
material, tobacco, wines spirits and liquors, wood and
timber, all other imports in 1957-1958; there are 29
commodities such as building materials other than iron,
steel, wood, chemicals other than medical, coal and coke,
cotton, drugs and medicines, electrical goods and
machinery, food grains, glassware, jute and jute
products, manure, chemicals, metals and ores, paint and
varnish, petroleum products, provision and oilmen
stores, rubber manufactured, railway materials,
stationery including paper, ship building material,
tobacco, wines spirits and liquors, wood and timber, all
other imports in 1958-1959; there are 26 commodities
such as building materials other than iron, steel, wood,
chemicals other than medical, coal and coke, cotton,
drugs and medicines, electrical goods and machinery,
food grains, glassware, jute and jute products, manure,
chemicals, metals and ores, paint and varnish, petroleum
231
products, provision and oilmen stores, rubber
manufactured, railway materials, there are 28
commodities such as building materials other than iron,
steel, wood, chemicals other than medical, coal and coke,
cotton, drugs and medicines, electrical goods and
machinery, food grains, glassware, jute and jute
products, manure, chemicals, metals and ores, paint and
varnish, petroleum products, provision and oilmen
stores, rubber manufactured, railway materials,
stationery including paper, ship building material,
tobacco, wines spirits and liquors, wood and timber, all
other imports in 1959-1960; there are 29 commodities
such as building materials other than iron, steel, wood,
chemicals other than medical, coal and coke, cotton,
drugs and medicines, electrical goods and machinery,
food grains, glassware, jute and jute products, manure,
chemicals, metals and ores, paint and varnish, petroleum
products, provision and oilmen stores, rubber
manufactured, railway materials, there are 24
commodities such as building materials other than iron,
steel, wood, chemicals other than medical, coal and coke,
cotton, drugs and medicines, electrical goods and
machinery, food grains, glassware, jute and jute
products, manure, chemicals, metals and ores, paint and
varnish, petroleum products, provision and oilmen
stores, rubber manufactured, railway materials,
stationery including paper, ship building material,
tobacco, wines spirits and liquors, wood and timber, all
232
other imports in 1960-1961; there are 29 commodities
such as building materials other than iron, steel, wood,
chemicals other than medical, coal and coke, cotton,
drugs and medicines, electrical goods and machinery,
food grains, glassware, jute and jute products, manure,
chemicals, metals and ores, paint and varnish, petroleum
products, provision and oilmen stores, rubber
manufactured, railway materials, stationery including
paper, ship building material, tobacco, wines spirits and
liquors, wood and timber, all other imports in 1961-1962;
there are 25 commodities such as building materials
other than iron, steel, wood, chemicals other than
medical, coal and coke, cotton, drugs and medicines,
electrical goods and machinery, food grains, glassware,
jute and jute products, manure, chemicals, metals and
ores, paint and varnish, petroleum products, provision
and oilmen stores, rubber manufactured, railway
materials, stationery including paper, ship building
material, tobacco, wines spirits and liquors, wood and
timber, all other imports in 1962-1963; there are 21
commodities such as building materials other than iron,
steel, wood, chemicals other than medical, coal and coke,
cotton, drugs and medicines, electrical goods and
machinery, food grains, glassware, jute and jute
products, manure, chemicals, metals and ores, paint and
varnish, petroleum products, provision and oilmen
stores, rubber manufactured, railway materials,
stationery including paper, ship building material,
233
tobacco, wines spirits and liquors, wood and timber, all
other imports in 1963-1964;
Port Trust 1964 – 74:
Port Funds: The total receipts of port funds has
been increased from ` 253.15 to 575.19 crores during
1964 – 65 to 1967 – 68 and registered an increase of
about 127.21 %. Similarly, the total expenditure has been
increased from ` 250.07 to 444.27 crores during 1964 –
65 to 1967 – 68 and registered an increase of about 77.65
% during this period.
Pilotage funds: The total receipts of the pilotage
funds has been increased from ` 3.33 to 5.89 crores
during 1964–65 to 1967–68 and registered an increase of
about 76.88 %. While the total expenditure has been
increased from ` 2.54 to 3.38 crores during 1964–65 to
1967–68 and registered an increase of about 33.07 %
during this period.
Exports: The total quantum of exports has been
increased from 196298 to 3017034 tonnes and reported
an increase of about 1436.97 % during this period.
Imports: The total quantum of imports has been
increased from 1909579 to 2372174 tonnes and
registered an increase of about 24.22 % during this
period.
234
Commodity wise exports: About 47 commodities like
beedi leaves, bones and bone meal, bunken cool, bunker
oil, coir, coal, dry leaves, furniture, grains, gunnies, hides
and skins, iron and steel manufactured metal, jute and
hemp, transphipment, motor vehicles, machinery and
parts, medicines oil men stores, slates and slate pencils,
tomato juice, wild fruits, floating dock, cow tail hair,
launch, mill boards, mowa flower, nails, oil other than
grass fruits and vegetables, hemp and hemp products,
hides and skins, jute raw, jute manufactured,
machineries other than railway materials, manure oil
cake, metal other than ores, oils in 1965-1966; about 21
commodities like bones and bone meal, bunker coal,
cotton, drugs and medicines, pharmaceutical, electricity
goods, food grains and pulses, fodder and grass fruits
and vegetables, hemp and hemp products, hides and
skins, jute raw, jute manufactured, machineries other
than railway materials, manure oil cake, metal other than
ores, oils in 1966-1967; about 21 commodities like bones
and bone meal, bunker coal, cotton, drugs and
medicines, pharmaceutical, electricity goods, food grains
and pulses, fodder and grass fruits and vegetables, hemp
and hemp products, hides and skins, jute raw, jute
manufactured, machineries other than railway materials,
manure oil cake, metal other than ores, oils in 1967 –
1968; 21 commodities like bones and bone meal, bunker
coal, cotton, drugs and medicines, pharmaceutical,
electricity goods, food grains and pulses, fodder and grass
235
fruits and vegetables, hemp and hemp products, hides
and skins, jute raw, jute manufactured, machineries
other than railway materials, manure oil cake, metal
other than ores, oils in 1968-1969; about 21 commodities
like bones and bone meal, bunker coal, cotton, drugs and
medicines, pharmaceutical, electricity goods, food grains
and pulses, fodder and grass fruits and vegetables, hemp
and hemp products, hides and skins, jute raw, jute
manufactured, machineries other than railway materials,
manure oil cake, metal other than ores. oils in 1969-
1970; about 21 commodities like bones and bone meal,
bunker coal, cotton, drugs and medicines,
pharmaceutical, electricity goods, food grains and pulses,
fodder and grass fruits and vegetables, hemp and hemp
products, hides and skins, jute raw, jute manufactured,
machineries other than railway materials, manure oil
cake, metal other than ores, oils in 1970-1971; 21
commodities like bones and bone meal, bunker coal,
cotton, drugs and medicines, pharmaceutical, electricity
goods, food grains and pulses, fodder and grass fruits
and vegetables, hemp and hemp products, hides and
skins, jute raw, jute manufactured, machineries other
than railway materials, manure oil cake, metal other than
ores, oils in 1971-1972; 21 commodities like bones and
bone meal, bunker coal, cotton, drugs and medicines,
pharmaceutical, electricity goods, food grains and pulses,
fodder and grass fruits and vegetables, hemp and hemp
products, hides and skins, jute raw, jute manufactured,
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machineries other than railway materials, manure oil
cake, metal other than ores, oils in 1972-1973; about 21
commodities like bones and bone meal, bunker coal,
cotton, drugs and medicines, pharmaceutical, electricity
goods, food grains and pulses, fodder an grass fruits and
vegetables, hemp and hemp products, hides and skins,
jute raw, jute manufactured, machineries other than
railway materials, manure oil cake, metal other than
ores, oils in 1973-1974 exported from Visakhapatnam
Port to various countries in the world.
Commodity wise imports: There are 15 commodities
such as building materials other than iron, chemicals,
electrical goods and machinery, fish wet, dry and salted
including canned and bottled, food grains, glass ware,
jute and jute products, other kinds, machineries, Iron
and steel, oils, railway materials like locomotives, other
kinds etc., in 1964-1965; there are 15 commodities such
as building materials other than iron, chemicals,
electrical goods and machinery, fish wet, dry and salted
including canned and bottled, food grains, glass ware,
jute and jute products, other kinds, machineries, Iron
and steel, oils, railway materials like locomotives, other
kinds etc., in 1965-1966; there are 15 commodities such
as building materials other than iron, chemicals,
electrical goods and machinery, fish wet, dry and salted
including canned and bottled, food grains, glass ware,
jute and jute products, other kinds, machineries, Iron
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and steel, oils, railway materials like locomotives, other
kinds etc., in 1966-1967; there ale 15 commodities such
as building materials other than iron, chemicals,
electrical goods and materials, fish wet, dry and salted
including canned and bottled, food grains, glass ware,
jute and jute products, other kinds, machineries, iron
and steel, oils, railway mate4iasl like locomotives, other
kinds in 1966 – 1967; There are 15 commodities such as
building materials other than iron, chemicals, electrical
goods and machinery, fish wet, dry and salted including
canned and bottled, food grains, glass ware, jute and jute
products, other kinds, machineries, Iron and steel, oils,
railway materials like locomotives, other kinds etc., in
1967-1968; there are 4 commodities such as chemicals,
food grains, grass and fodder, jute and jute products in
1968-1969; there are 4 commodities such as chemicals,
food grains, grass and fodder, jute and jute products in
1969-1970; there are 4 commodities such as chemicals,
food grains, grass and fodder, jute and jute products in
1970-1971; there are 4 commodities such as chemicals,
food grains, grass and fodder, jute and jute products in
1971-1972; there are 4 commodities such as chemicals,
food grains, grass and fodder, jute and jute products in
1972-1973; there are 4 commodities such as chemicals,
food grains, grass and fodder, jute and jute products in
1973-1974 imported from Visakhapatnam Port to various
countries in the world.
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The above discussions indicates that there is a wide
transformation and shift exists increase in Pilotage and
Port funds in different historical periods. The number of
products exports and imports showing significant change
in various historical periods. The total products has been
showing increase from 13 to 18 products during Railway
Board period, 26 products to 29 products during
Commerce Department period, 25 to 36 products during
Bengal Nagpur Railway period, 32 products during
Ministry of Transport period while there is a decline the
number of products from 28 to 23 during Communication
Department period and from 34 to 13 products during
Port Trust period in respect of Exports. Similarly the
number of products has been increased from 23 to 30
products during Railway Board period, from 18 to 26
products during Bengal Nagpur Railway period, 29 to 30
products during Ministry of Transport period while
decline has been reported in number of products from 30
to 29 during Communication Department period. 25 to
11 products during Port Trust period and remain same
(32) products during Commerce Department period in
respect of Imports. Moreover there are changes has also
been reported in the commodity wise exports and imports
during different historical periods. Further, the dominant
share in Imports obtained by the products such as
tamarind, oilmenstores, chillies, confectionaries etc., floor
farina and starch agro, rice grains, pulse and cereals of
all kinds, cotton piece, cotton twist and other cotton
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manufactures. Gunny bags and twist old news paper
particularly agro products and coal during Railway
Boards. Similarly, the dominant share of the products in
exports during commerce department are manganese ore,
oil cakes, ground nuts while manganese ore, oil cakes,
ground nuts and bunker coal in communication
department period and the products such as manganese
ore, bunker coal, coal mineral, myrabolans, tobacco
including cigar and cigarattes during Bengal Nagpur
Railway period. Moreover the products such as bunker
coal, myrabolans, molasses, iron ore, manganese ore,
petroleum products, railway materials and wood are
occupied major shares in the exports during Ministry of
Transport period while the products such as pig iron,
scrap, iron ore, manganese ore, chrome ore and other
ores sugar, transshipment cargo etc., occupied lion share
in the exports during Port Trust period. This trend
envisages that there is a shift from the agro products to
non-agro products over the period.
Regarding Imports, the products such as rice,
chemicals, coal, timber, old news papers, building
materials are occupied the dominant share in the imports
during Railway Board period the products such as
chemicals, rice, coal, musical instruments obtained major
shares in the imports during Commerce department and
the products such as chemicals, rice, sugar, others and
coal reported relatively higher shares in the imports
240
during communication department period. Similarly the
products such as Asphalt, Bitumen, barley, iron ore,
machinery parts, manure and petroleum products
occupied lion share in the imports during Bengal Nagpur
Railway period. While the products such as ammonium
sulphate, sulphar, other sorts, coal and coke, rice, wheat,
jute, manure, machinery, iron and steel, petroleum
products, ship building materials reported relatively
higher shares in the imports during the ministry of
transport and ammonium sulphate, sulphur other sorts,
wheat, ship building material, raw wool occupied
maximum shares in imports during Port Trust period.
This historical trend indicates that the chemical and
petroleum products shares are rapidly increased
particularly during the ministry of transport and Port
Trust periods. It may conclude that the Visakhapatnam
Port Trust activities are rapidly increased during Ministry
of Transport and Port Trust periods and stands number
one position among major Ports.
Visakhapatnam port is a frontline among the Indian
ports and as the top ranking port on the east coast of
India. The emergence of the port from a tiny port of 3
lakh tones capacity into multi-commodity large sized port
of 50 million capacity. The growth of the port as a rate of
more than 10 per cent per annum in terms of cargo,
through port during last seven decades. This port have
relatively higher output rate in case of almost every cargo
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routed through the port. Further, the port inducting new
technologies in tune with the changing trends in the
maritime field, its progressive and enlightened managerial
practices, its utmost importance to the customers
particularly by pegging its tariff at economical rates and
its futuristic out look.
The port has established many national records and had
an excellent track record in productivity. In view of its efficient
cargo handling it is learn that ship owners offer concessional
freight rate to the tune of 4 dollars per tonne, Visakhapatnam
port is able to attract cargoes for the geographical hinterland
of neighbouring major ports. The port created lot fo
employment to the citizens and the Visakhapatnam town
development into a city.