Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 08

Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 08

9

Conclusions and Recommendat ions Chapter: 08

08 Conclusions _̂ nd Recommendations

8 . 1 Conclusions

1. According to the local contractors, there are six factors that significantly affect i

the construction quality; three of them are market related and the rest are

related to the culture, management and the quality system of the organization.

They are 'Low Qualify of Materials ' , 'Incorrect Construction Methods ' , 'Lack

of Site Supervision' , , 'Lack of Commitment and Capability of site staff, 'Lack of

Skilled Labour' and 'Incompetent Subcontractors'. The factors that the most

adversely affecting the construction quality are 'Low quality of Materials ' and

'Incorrect Construction Methods ' .

2. There are 19 items in both materials and works in the ICTAD Specifications

for building works, which need significant improvements in quality aspects.

Though the materials item of 'Concrete ' , and 'Reinforcement ' have been

identified by field study to be improved in quality aspects, the study revealed

that, they have been I mentioned sufficiently in the ICTAD Specifications to

satisfy the ISO quality requirements. Although the aspects such as

'Equipment ' and 'Operation Personnel ' are very important for a successful

construction project, they have not been sufficiently emphasized in the ICTAD

Specifications. The study reveals that due to number of drawbacks in quality

aspects, with respect to the ISO quality requirements in the ICTAD

Specifications, it has a negative impact on the construction quality.

3. There are only two clauses have been provided in the ICTAD Conditions of

Contract, related to 'Material quali ty ' , which are also inadequate to minimise

the effect of the factor!'Low Quality Materials ' . There have not been given any

direct clauses to eliminate the effects of the factors such as 'Incorrect

Impact of Contract Documents on Quality. 91


Construction Methods ' , 'Lack of Site Supervision' , 'Lack of Commitment and

Capability of Site Staff, 'Lack of Skilled Labour and Incompetent

Subcontractors ' . Compared to the FIDIC Condit ions of Contract, the i

conditions related to quality management aspects mentioned in the ICTAD

Conditions of Contract appear to be inadequate. Thus, the impact of ICTAD

Conditions of Contract is not in up to the requirement, as far as the quality

improvement in building construction industry of Sri Lanka is concerned.

4. The adverse effects of these six factors on the construction quality can be

minimised by using the ISO 9000 quality requirements; five of them are more

important than the others requirements in achieving the construction quality.

They are Management Responsibility, Purchasing, Process Control, Inspection

and Testing and Training. The shortcomings identified in materials and work

items of the ICTAD Specifications, which have not been sufficiently

mentioned in the quality requirements of 'Moni tor ing [Inspection/

Verification], Control [Testing and Rectification] and Approval ' of the ISO

9001 , shall be eliminated by incorporating the appropriate clauses of the ISO

9001 Quality Systems'.

5. The ICTAD Specifications shall be modified with sufficient details of

Equipments and Operation Personnel. The descriptions provided for the items,

which need significant improvements in the ICTAD Specifications, could be

incorporated according to the ISO quality requirements; Purchasing,

Inspections and Testing, and Process control. The ISO 9001 quality

requirements identified in this study could be incorporated to the ICTAD

Conditions of Contract to develop new conditions to eliminate the quality

related drawbacks.



8.2 Recommendations i

Since, the quality management is becoming a primary aspect in the market; whatever

appropriate steps must be taken at any cost by the construction organisations to

safeguard its existence within the industry. Therefore, to ensure the survival of small

and medium construction Organisations, the best step would be to make possible

improvement in the ICTAD Contract Documents . In addition to the disclosure of this

research, the following recqmmendations have been made for further study on the

title.

1. An intensive study cOuld be accomplished to study the exact expectations of

the Industry on material i tems such as Cement, Reinforcement, and work items

such as Concreting, i

2. Though, the Contract Data, Conditions of Contract, Drawings, Specifications

and Bill of Quantit ies ! contribute in achieving the quality and furnish the details

of client 's expectations, the Conditions of Contract and the Specifications

undertaken for this study. Therefore to have a more comprehensive assessment

on the Contract Document on the quality aspects, further study could be

performed in other quality related documents as well.

3. The study was primarily concerned about the implementation and the

improvement of qualify practices in the contractor 's organisation. Therefore

the study could further; be extended to consultant organizations as well.


. 4

T -

References

>

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Appendices

Questionnaire No:01 Appendix 01

The following Tables illustrate the Items of ICTAD Specifications for Building works. Based on your experience, please catogarise (by ticking) the given items which are used in Building Construction Projects (works).

Always used Very Frequently used Frequently used Rarely used Very Rarely used

1 2 3 4 5

eg: Out of 5 building projectsl in your experience, if the given items are used in

5 Projects 4 Projects 3 Projects 2 Projects 1 or no Projects

Always used Very Frequently used Frequently used Rarely used Very Rarely used

1 2 3 4 5

Clause Materials 1 2 3 5

1 Main Materials 1.1 Water 1.2 Cement 1.3 Lime 1.4 Fine aggregate for concrete 1.5 Coarse aggregate for concrete 1.6 Building sand from natural sources 5.1.2 Steel reinforcement ' 5.2.1.1 Timber for formwork 5.2.1.2 Steel for formwork 5.2.1.3 Plywood for formwork 6.1.1 Common burnt clay bricks 6.1.2 Precast blocks 7.2.1 Stone for rubble masonary 8.1.1 Timbor for woodwork 9.1 Metal work 12.1.1.1 Clay flat tiles (Calicut pattern) 12.1.1.2 Clay half round tiles (Country tiles) 12.2.1.1 Asbestos cement corrugated sheets

2 Other Materials 8.1.2 Adhesives for wood work 8.1.3 Fasteners for wood work 8.1.4 Plywood, Hardboard, Bio ;kboard, Chip board etc 12.3.1.1 Galvanized corrugated st 3el sheets 12.3.1.2 Fixing accessories 12.3.1.3 Accessories 12.8.1 Galvenized steel rain wat er pipes 12.4.1 Rigid PVC profile sheets [ 12.6 Galvenized steel sheets, Lead sheets 12.7.3 PVC Gutters 12.8.2 Aspestos cement rain water down pipes 12.8.3 Cast iron rain water down pipes 12.8.4 U.P.V.C. pipes 14.1 Glass for glazing work 14.1.2 Lineseed oil putty 14.1.3 Metal casement putty

10<D


Clause Materilas 1 2 3 4 5 17.1.1 Water proofing material 17.1.4 Damp proof courses in sheets of bitumen

polythen, lead or copper 17.2 Damp proofing of walls/ tanking 17.4.1.2 Mosaics 17.4.1.4 Adhesives j 17.5 Plain asbestos cement sheets for ceiling 17.6 Fiber board ceiling 17.7 Proprietory ceiling syster i 17.10.1.2 Water proof cover

a) Water proofing ad mixtures b) Ashpalt c) Bitumastie emulsii an d) Bitumen flat roof c vermg

3 Fixtures 10.1-10.4 Iron mongary, hinges, door closer, door bolts

and locks ! 10.5 Door handle 10.6 Casement fastner 1

10.7 Casement stays 1

10.8 Hooks and eyes 12.2.1.2- Hook bolts, nuts and washers, roofing bolts 12.2.1.4 nuts and clips, drive, screws and accessories

4 Floor t i les 11.1.1.1 Clay floor tiles 11.1.1.2 Cement concrete tiles 11.1.1.3 Chequered tiles 11.1.1.5 Clay bricks for floor finishes 11.1.1.6 Natural stone slabs (Granite or Mable) 11.1.1.7 Artificial stone (Cast or reconstruction stones) 11.5 Facing aggregates for cast in-situ terrazzo 11.7 Terrazzo tile flooring 11.8 Glazed tile flooring & skirting 17.4.1.1 Glazed ceremic tiles and specials

1 _j „_

5 Paints 15.3.1 Oil bound distemper 15.5.1 Cement paint 15.7.1 Plastic Emulsion paint 15.9 Painting - paints, oil, varnishes etc 15.12 French polishing Wax polish 15.14.1 Wax Polishing


Clause Work Items 1 2 3 4 5 2 Site preparation, Excav ation & Earthwork

Site work Excavation for foundation Plankin and strutting Filling around foundation in pits, trenches, plinth etc Excavation and banking Excavation in trenches fo r pipes, cables etc Filling under floors

3 Motor Lime motar Cemet motar Lime - Cement motar

I

4 Concrete Lime concrete Cement concrete Plum concrete

5 Reinforced cement concrete Formwork Reinforcement Concrete

6 Brick work and Block work Brick work Scaffolding Block work

•

7 Stone work Random rubble masonary Coarse rubble masonary Ashlar masonary Stone veneering work 1

8 Wood work Structural timber and tim )er roof work Joinery Door and window frames Sashes for door, window >, fanlights etc Wood floors Skirtings, picture rails, mi auldings etc Wood stairs Shelvings Trellie works Mild steel bars or Grills in wooden frames

9 Metal work Fabrication and erection -j shop work Erection - Site work Rolling shutters Tubular roofs and column's Steel door, windiows, ventilators and composite units Aluminium framed sliding glass doors Aluminium windows

i o _ _

X Questionnaire No:01 Appendix 01

; Work I tems 1 2 3 4 5

10 I ron mogery I I I

11 Floor f in ishes 11.1 Floor finishes with cemeijit concrete tiles/ clay tiles

including ceramic floor tiles/ precast concrete slabs/ naturalstone slabs/artificialstone slabs/wirecut bricks

11.2 Granolithic floor finishes Granolithic sprinkled finishes Cement motars/ Cement concrete floor Cast-in-situ terrazzo floor finishes Cast-in-situ terrazzo skirtings and wall linings Terrazzo tile flooring Glazed tile flooring and skirting Parquet flooring Skirting for cement rend€ ring flooring

12 Roof cover ing and roof dra inage Tiled roofing Corrugated steel sheet roofing Galvanized corrufatesd steel sheet roofing Rigid p.v.c. profiled sheets and glass fibre reinforced Plastic (GHP) profiled sheets Valley gutters of plain galvanized steel sheets Flashing Gutters Rain water pipes I

i

13 Plaster ing Lime-plaster- 15 mm thick Lime-cement plaster - 1 5 mm thick Cementplaster on masorjary/brickwork -15 mm thick Coloured cement piaster) 2 coats - 18 mm thick Cement plaster on concrete surfaces 20 mm thick 2 coats work 20 mm thick rough cast plaster Lath and plaster

14 Glaz ing i

15 Paint ing & Decora t ing White washing & colour vyashing of new walls White washing & colour vyashing of old walls Distempering new surfaces with oil bound distemper Distempering old surfaces with oil bound distemper Cement painting new surfaces Cement painting old surfaces Painting new surfaces with plastic emulsion paint Painting old surfaces with plastic emulsion paint Painting - paints, oil, varnishes etc French polishing of new surfaces French polishing of old surfaces Wax polishing of new surfaces Wax polishing of old surfaces Removing old paint Painting cast iron rain water & soil pipes

iQ2>


Work Items 1 2 3 4 5 I

16 Dismantling and Demolition

17 Miscellaneous Building Works Damp proof coarse Damp proof of walls/ tanking Floor screeds/ Roof screeds Wall tiling and Mosaic work Asbestos cement sheet c :eiling Fibre board ceiling Proprietory ceiling systen i Brick pavements

Water proofing of reinfor :ed concrete roofs a) Tiling J b) Mastic Asphalt c) Bitumastic Emulsion d) Plastic Ashalt j e) Bitumen felt roof covering f) Propreitory roof covering

I

I Please give us the following details for documentation purposes:

1. The Representing Organization Consultant Construction Both

2. ICTAD Grade of the Organization M1 M6 M2 M7 M3 M8 M4 M9 M5 M10

NO

3. Your Position in the Organization Project Manager Chief Engineer Residential Eng. Site Engineer Design Officer Other


(Please give your opinion by in given boxes)

ICTAD Specifications for Materials

No Clause Mater ia l s i

Strongly

Agree Agree

Neutral/

No Idea Disagree

Strongly

Disagree

1 M a i n Mater ials

1 1.1 Water [

2 1.2 Cement 3 1.3 Lime 4 1.4 Fine aggregate for c'pncrete 5 1.5 Coarse aggregate for concrete 6 1.6 Building sand from rjatural sources 7 5.1.2 Steel reinforcement [ 8 5.2.1.1 Timber for formwork 9 5.2.1.2 Steel for formwork 10 5.2.1.3 Plywood for formwork 11 6.1.1 Common burnt clay bricks 12 6.1.2 Precast blocks ' 13 7.2.1 Stone for rubble masonry 14 8.1.1 Timber for woodwork1

15 9.1 Metal work [ 18 12.2.1.1 Asbestos cement co rugated sheets

Other Materials

19 8.1.2 Adhesives for wood work 20 8.1.3 Fasteners for wood vyork 21 8.1.4 Plywood,Hardboard.Blockboard,Chip board 23 12.3.1.2 Fixing accessories 24 12.3.1.3 Accessories 28 12.7.3 PVC Gutters 31 12.8.4 U.P.V.C. pipes 32 14.1 Glass for glazing work 35 17.1.1 Water proofing material 36 17.1.4 Damp proof courses in sheets of bitumen

polythen, lead or copper 37 17.2 Damp proofing of wa Is/ tanking 39 17.4.1.4 Adhesives 40 17.5 Plain asbestos ceme it sheets for ceiling 41 17.6 Fiber board ceiling

• r v -

105" ^

B) The description given in ICTAD Specifications with respect to each of the following items is

a d e q u a t e to assure quality in purchasing Materials.


No Clause Materials Strongly

Agree Agree

Neutral/

No Idea Disagree

Strongly

Disagree

17.10.1.2 Water proof cove sr 43 a) Water proofing ac mixtures 44 b) Asphalt 4 7 10.1-10.4 Iron mongary, hinge 5, door closer, door bolts

and locks 48 10.5 Door handle 49 10.6 Casement fastener ' 50 10.7 Casement stays | 51 10.8 Hooks and eyes 52 12.2.1.2- Hook bolts, nuts and washers, roofing bolts

12.2.1.4 nuts and clips, drive, screws and accessories 4 Floor tiles

60 11.7 Terrazzo tile flooring 61 11.8 Glazed tile flooring &| skirting 62 17.4.1.1 Glazed ceramic tiles 'and specials

i

5 Paints , 65 15.7.1 Plastic Emulsion pairjt 66 15.9 Painting - paints, oil, yarnishes etc 67 15.12 French polishing Wax polish 68 15.14.1 Wax Polish 1

C ) The description given in ICTAD (Specifications is a d e q u a t e to assure quality in H a n d l i n g &

Storage of M a t e r i a l s .

Please give your opinion by in|given boxes.

I C T A D Specif icat ions for H a n d l i n g and Storage

N o Clause Mater ia l s I

Strongly

Agree Agree

Neutral/

No Idea Disagree

Strongly

Disagree Main materials

1 1.2.2 Cement !

2 1.3 Lime , 3 4.1.3.3 Fine and Coarse aggregates 4 5.1.2.2 Steel reinforcement 5 6.2.2 Bricks 1

6 8.2.4,8.2.6 Timber , 7 9.3.2 Structural Steel 8 12.2.1.5 Corrugated asbestos cement sheets

Other Materials 9 12.3.1.4 Galvanised corrugated steel sheets 10 12.8.4.2 U.P.V.C. pipes

I O &


The description given in ICTAD Specifications with respect to each of the following items shall be improved to assure quality, during execution of works (Including Methods, Workmanship, Inspection & Tests).

1

(Please give your opinion by in given boxes)

No Clause Wor k Items Strongly Agree

Agree Neutral/ No Idea

Disagree Strongly Disagree

2 Site preparation, Excavation & Earthwork 1 Site work | 2 Excavation for foundation 3 Planking and strutting | 4 Filling around foundation in pits, trenches, plinth etc 5 Excavation and banking 6 Excavation in trenches for pipes, cables etc 7 Filling under floors

3 Mortar 8 Cement mortar 9 Lime - Cement mortar 10 4 Cement concrete [

5 Reinforced cement concrete 11 Formwork 12 Reinforcement 13 Concrete j

6 Brick work and Blo'ck work 14 Brick work | 15 Scaffolding |

7 Stone work 1

16 Random rubble masonry 8 Wood work 1

17 Structural timber and timber roof work 18 Joinery 19 Door and window frame? 20 Sashes for doors, Windows, Fanlight etc.

9 Metal work 1

21 Aluminium windows j 22 10 Iron Mongary 1

11 Floor finishes | 23 Skirting for cement rendering flooring

12 Roof covering and roof drainage 24 Rain water pipes

13 Plastering 25 Lime-cement plaster -15 mm thick 26 Cement plaster on masoijiry/ Brick work -15 mm 27 14 Glazing

i

15 Painting & Decorating 28 White washing & colour washing of new walls 29 Painting new surfaces wit|i plastic emulsion paint 30 Painting - Paints, Oil, Varnishes etc.

17 Miscellaneous Building Works 31 Damp proof courses


Investigate the Facjtors affecting the Quality of Construction

Rank the following factors that affect the Quality of Constructions according to your opinion

(Please tick in appropriate box'̂

No Factors

1 2 3 4 5

Remarks No Factors

Leas

t Im

port

ai

Mos

t Im

port

ar

R emarks

1 Low quality of Materials^

2 Incorrect Construction Methods

3 Scarcity of skilled Labour

4 Commitment/ Motivation of workforce

5 Incompetent Subcontractors

6 Lack of Site Supervision i

7 Lack of Commitment andj Capability of site Staf

8 Adequacy of Contract Documents

9 Project Complexity '

10 Low b i d value ,

11 Co-operation of Project p a r t i e s

12 Commitment of workforce

13 Working environment on !>ire

14 Subcontractors System

For the documentary purposes please provide the following information

Representing Organization:...[ Consultant

Contractor Government: Private: | | ICTAD Gr

Your position in you Organization: