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7/24/2019 Concussions: Fact v. Fiction
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/concussions-fact-v-fiction 1/34
Lkjt vs Lejtegn
K pudiejktegn gl tbc
7/24/2019 Concussions: Fact v. Fiction
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Jgnjussegns
Lkjt vs Lejtegn
]TEXXCN DU
Nejbgiks Ztkrgpgie
Tcsckrjb Kssgjektc, Kacrejkn Jgunjei gn Zjecnjc knh Bckitb
K pudiejktegn gl tbc
7/24/2019 Concussions: Fact v. Fiction
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Kacrejkn Jgunjei gn Zjecnjc knh Bckitb
;553 Drgkhwky, Zuetc 464
Ncw Ugro, Ncw Ugro ;664:-32<6
Xci. (4;4) :<4-=688 • Lkx (4;4) :<4-85;5
STI0 bttp0//www.kjsb.grm • Cakei0 kjsbFkjsb.grm
Vudiesbcr nkac0 Kacrejkn Jgunjei gn Zjecnjc knh Bckitb
Xetic0 Jgnjussegns0 Lkjt \crsus Lejtegn
Kutbgr0 Nejbgiks Ztkrgpgie
Zud`cjt (mcncrki)0 Zjecnjc knh Bckitb
Vudiejktegn Uckr0 46;<
Denhenm Xypc (e.c. pcrlcjt (sglt) gr bkrhjgvcr)0 Vcrlcjt
EZDN0 5=2-6-55;6633-8-:
Jgvcr eakmc jrchet tg Zbuttcrstgjo.
Jgnjussegns0 Lkjt \crsus Lejtegn. Jgpyrembt © 46;< dy
Kacrejkn Jgunjei gn Zjecnjc knh Bckitb. Kii rembts rcscrvch.
Ng pkrt gl tbes dggo aky dc usch gr rcprghujch en kny akttcr
wbktsgcvcr wetbgut wrettcn pcraessegn cxjcpt en tbc jksc gl drecl
qugtktegns cadghech en jretejki krtejics knh rcvecws. Lgr agrc
enlgraktegn, jgntkjt0
7/24/2019 Concussions: Fact v. Fiction
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Nemci Dkro A.H.
Kidcrt Censtcen Jgiicmc gl Achejenc
@gnktbkn C. Bgwkrh A.H.
Ncw Ugro Snevcrsety Iknmgnc Achejki Jcntcr
Bkno Jkapdcii
Kacrejkn Jgunjei gn Zjecnjc knh Bckitb
@gsb Digga Vb.H. Kacrejkn Jgunjei gn Zjecnjc knh Bckitb
KjongwichmcacntsXbc Kacrejkn Jgunjei gn Zjecnjc knh Bckitb kpprcjektcs tbc
jgntredutegns gl tbc rcvecwcrs nkach dcigw0
7/24/2019 Concussions: Fact v. Fiction
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
3
Xkdic gl Jgntcnts
Entrghujtegn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - <
;. ]bkt es k jgnjussegn7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
4. Krc jgnjussegns gn tbc resc7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ;6
:. Zehcienc tcsts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ;4
8. Bciacts knh scnsgrs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ;<
3. Jkn jgnjussegns dc prcvcntch dy ruic jbknmcs, gr dcttcr jgkjbenm,
trkenenm knh chujktegn7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ;2
<. Xrcktacnt gptegns ‚ rcki gr pscuhgsjecnjc7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46
=. Bgw wc iggo kt jgnjussegns aust jbknmc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44
Jgnjiusegn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4:
Tclcrcnjcs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48
7/24/2019 Concussions: Fact v. Fiction
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
<
@cd Vutzecr mrcw up en Ckmic, Ehkbg, wbcrc bc kttcnhch tbc Ckmic Bemb
Zjbggi knh icttcrch en dgtb dksoctdkii knh lggtdkii. Kltcr mrkhuktenm bemb
sjbggi, bc kttcnhch nckrdy Dgesc Ztktc, wbcrc bc wks kdic tg wkio gntg
tbc lggtdkii tcka ks k wehc rcjcevcr. Ks k scnegr bc jgnvcrtch tg tembt cnh
knh sct scvcrki sjbggi rcjcevenm rcjgrhs kt tbc pgsetegn. Bc wks scicjtch
gn tbc rst tcka en tbc Kii ]cstcrn Ktbictej Jgnlcrcnjc knh ich tbc nktegn
en tgujbhgwns kt tbkt pgsetegn. Kltcr mrkhuktegn, bc wks scicjtch en tbc sextb
rgunh gl tbc Nktegnki Lggtdkii Ickmuc (NLI) hrklt dy tbc Hcnvcr Drgnjgs.
Knygnc wbg akocs et entg tbc NLI es cietc, dut cvcn agst kveh lkns
prgdkdiy wgn―t rcacadcr aujb kdgut bes jkrccr. Xbgumb bc ckrnch k
3-yckr $;4.3 aeiiegn lrga tbc Jgigrkhg lrknjbesc bc hehn―t jktjb k trcacn-
hgus nuadcr gl pksscs knh lgunh tbc cnh zgnc gniy spgrkhejkiiy hurenm
scvcn yckrs en prglcssegnki lggtdkii. Kltcr dcenm jut dy Hcnvcr bc pikych
en Bgustgn knh Zckttic, dut bc ncvcr akhc k prg-dgwi knh ncvcr ich tbc
ickmuc en kny ak`gr jktcmgry. Bgwcvcr, tbcrc es gnc stktestej en wbejb @cd
Vutzecr rckiiy hgcs stknh gut0 bc sustkench gvcr gnc tbgusknh jgnjus-
segns gvcr bes cnterc lggtdkii jkrccr.
‒Jgnjussegn― es k wgrh tbkt es gn tbc aenh gl cvcrygnc en spgrts en 46;3,
knh wetb mggh rcksgn0 Et es kn en`ury tg gur agst vetki grmkn, tbc drken.
]c ks k sgjecty bkvc dcjgac sg jgnjcrnch kdgut en`urecs tbkt 86 pcrjcnt
gl Kacrejkns wgn―t ict tbcer jbeihrcn piky lggtdkii, k scnteacnt cjbgch
dy Vrcsehcnt Gdkak. Dut et―s ngt `ust lggtdkii wbcrc jgnjussegns krc kn
essuc? agst spgrts, kt kii icvcis, krc stuhyenm bgw tg rchujc tbca.
7/24/2019 Concussions: Fact v. Fiction
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
=
Hcspetc tbc mrgwenm kttcntegn, tbcrc es aujb yct tg dc ickrnch kdgut
jgnjussegn. Huc tg cxkmmcrktch jikeas (k jgapkny jkiich JcrcZjkn skys
tbcy hctcjtch ’envesedic‑ en`urecs en Vutzecr, knh lgr tbcrc tg dc ;,666
jgnjussegns en scvcn yckrs, bc bks tg bkvc mgttcn gnc kiagst cvcry hky
gl tbc scksgn, enjiuhenm hurenm trkenenm jkaps), wbkt tbc pudiej dciecvcs
kdgut jgnjussegns es gltcn lkr hecrcnt tbkn achejki knh sjecntej
tbenoenm. En khhetegn, sgac jcicdretecs knh spgrts stkrs bkvc kisg jgntred-
utch tg tbc jgnlusegn gl tbc pudiej dy pusbenm prghujts wetb unsudstknte-
ktch dcncts. Xbus, wc krc stkrtenm tg scc tbc skics gl hcvejcs sujb ks eapkjtscnsgrs, spcjekiezch bciacts, knh spcjeki bckienm jbkadcrs. Zgac gl tbcsc
aky dc usclui, dut akny weii cetbcr dc uscicss, hknmcrgus, gr dgtb. Jickriy,
akroctcrs krc tryenm tg prgt lrga rkesch kwkrcncss gl jgnjussegns.
Zgac mrgups krc khvesenm jkutegn rcmkrhicss gl tbc unjickr stktc gl
sgac gl tbc sjecnjc? en Ngvcadcr gl 46;3, S.Z. Zgjjcr, tbc mgvcrnenm
dghy lgr tbc spgrt pikych dy agrc tbkn tbrcc aeiiegn oehs en tbc Snetch
Ztktcs, stktch tbcrc sbguih dc ng bckhenm lgr kny pikycrs kmc ;6 knh unhcr.
Bgw aujb jkutegn es wkrrkntch7 Xbkt―s k puzzic kiagst ks jgapicx ks
jgnjussegns tbcascivcs.
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
2
;]bkt es kJgnjussegn7
K trkuaktej drken en`ury (XDE) es jbkrkjtcrezch dy k vegicnt agvcacnt
gl tbc drken ensehc tbc jrkneua, wbejb rcsuits en hesjcrnkdic jbknmcstg tbc lunjtegn gl tbc drken wetbgut hctcjtkdic jbknmcs tg ets strujturc.
Jgnjussegns krc mcncrkiiy tbgumbt gl ks aeih XDEs dcjkusc tbcy krc ngt
ielc tbrcktcnenm, tbgumb ks wc bkvc sccn en ktbictcs knh gtbcrs, tbcy jkn
dc scvcrciy ielc kitcrenm.
@uiec Meijbrest, A.H., gl tbc Snetch Ztktcs Jcntcrs lgr Hescksc Jgntrgi
knh Vrcvcntegn, hcncs k jgnjussegn ks ’k jbknmc en tbc wky tbc drken
lunjtegns‑, wbejb jkn ackn kiagst knytbenm. Xg-hktc, tbcrc es ng ongwn
gr hctcjtkdic pbysejki ncurgigmejki kdngrakiety en tbc drken tbkt es
spcjej lgr k jgnjussegn.
Jgnjussegns jknngt dc hekmngsch wetb kny sgrt gl sjkn (JX, ATE, R-Tky,
ctj.) dut tbc ngtegn tbkt tbcy jkn pcrsests kagnm dgtb tbc mcncrki pudiej,
knh pbysejekns ks wcii. Xbc Kacrejkn Kjkhcay gl Ncurgigmy muehciencs
stktch en 46;:0 ’JX eakmenm sbguih ngt dc usch tg hekmngsc _spgrt-rciktchjgnjussegnsQ.‑ Ngnctbcicss, gnc stuhy lgunh tbkt ktbictcs wbg wcrc
drgumbt tg tbc bgspetki wetb k suspcjtch jgnjussegn rcjcevch k JX sjkn =3
pcrjcnt gl tbc teac wbcn cxkaench dy kn cacrmcnjy achejenc pbysejekn
knh =4 pcrjcnt gl tbc teac wbcn cxkaench dy k ncurgigmest. Bgwcvcr, et
es gltcn ncjcsskry tg prclgra k JX sjkn el tbc pbysejekn suspcjts gr ncchs
tg ruic gut gtbcr pktbgigmecs.
Xbc ikjo gl k hcnetevc hekmngstej tcjbnequc ickvcs trkencrs, jgkjbcs,knh pbysejekns wbg krc tryenm tg cvkiuktc tbc scvcrety gl k bckh en`ury,
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
5
unkdic tg hcnetevciy hctcraenc wbctbcr k jgnjussegn bks gjjurrch gr
ngt. ]grsc steii, jgnjussegn syaptgas krc vkrekdic, pggriy unhcrstggh,
knh gltcn ngnspcjej.
Gnc gl tbc unevcrski dciecls kdgut jgnjussegns es tbkt tbcy gjjur lrga
k hercjt digw tg tbc bckh, bgwcvcr, jgnjussegns aky gjjur en tbc kdscnjc
gl tbes typc gl eapkjt. Tktbcr, kny eapkjt tg tbc dghy tbkt jkuscs tbc
bckh knh drken tg agvc rkpehiy jkn jkusc k jgnjussegn, lgr cxkapic,
wbepiksb. Kngtbcr jgaagn aesjgnjcptegn es tbkt k jgnjussegn austenvgivc k igss gl jgnsjegusncss knh/gr acagry. Bgwcvcr, kjjgrhenm tg
tbc JHJ knh tbc Kacrejkn Kjkhcay gl Grtbgpchej Zurmcgns, icss tbkn
;6 pcrjcnt gl jgnjussegn vejteas cxpcrecnjc k igss gl jgnsjegusncss, knh
gniy k tberh gl vejteas cxbedet acagry igss.
Xbc syaptgas kssgjektch wetb bkvenm k jgnjussegn lgra k ignm
knh hevcrsc iest. K jgnjussch pcrsgn aky cxbedet kny gr ngnc gl tbcsc
syaptgas0 enkdeiety tg rcjkii cvcnts pregr tg gr kltcr tbc eapkjt, agghdcbkvegr gr pcrsgnkiety jbknmcs? jiuasencss knh hesgrecntktegn? prgdicas
jgnjcntrktenm? nkusck knh vgaetenm? bckhkjbcs? knh iembt scnsetevety. Xbc
icnmtb gl tbes iest knh tbc ngnspcjej nkturc gl tbc syaptgas, jgapgunh
tbc hejuity gl hekmngsenm tbc jgnhetegn. Cvcn agrc jgnlusenm es tbkt
jgnjussch pcrsgns jkn gltcn steii wkio, tkio, knh entcrkjt ngrakiiy, pkrtiy
dcjkusc syaptgas gl k jgnjussegn hg ngt kiwkys kppckr eaachektciy.
Xbc pudiej knh akny en tbc spgrts knh achejki jgaaunetecs iggo kt jgn-jussegns tbc skac wky tbcy iggo kt enlcjtegus hesckscs gr jystej drgses, dut
tbgsc jgnhetegns kii tbgsc bkvc k jickr jut jkusc knh hekmngses. Jgnjussegns
hg ngt t entg tbes typc gl hekmngstej dgx. Ncurgigmest Hr. Szak Zkakhkne
skys tbcrc krc ks akny ks 8: hecrcnt hcnetegns gl k jgnjussegn.
Zenjc ng senmic tcst jkn hcnetevciy hctcraenc el k pikycr bks gr bks ngt
bkh k jgnjussegn, k jgnjussegn hekmngses es mcncrkiiy akhc dy k pbysejekn
usenm auitepic jretcrek, enjiuhenm syaptgas, k ncurgigmejki cxkaenktegn
(dkiknjc knh jggrhenktegn) knh gdscrvktegns. Et―s hejuit tg akoc kn
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;6
enlgrach hcjesegn kdgut k jgnhetegn wbcn tbcrc krc sg akny mkps en gur
ongwichmc, dut tbc gniy sklc jbgejc es ‒hgn―t piky spgrts―, wbejb es bkrhiy
k qukiety rcjgaacnhktegn wbcn tbcrc krc jgnjcrns tbkt jbeihrcn krc
envgivch en tgg lcw kjtevetecs.
Xbes hgjuacnt weii khhrcss tbgsc jgnjcrns.
4
Krc jgnjussegns gntbc resc7
Xbcrc es k nckr udequetgus dciecl tbkt jgnjussegns bkvc dccn gn tbc
resc en kii jgntkjt spgrts lgr kdgut k hcjkhc, dgtb kt tbc prglcssegnki knh
ygutb icvcis. Xbcrc es kisg k pcrjcptegn tbkt kii icvcis gl spgrts bkvc dcjgac
agrc vegicnt. Xbes dciecl bks akny, pkrtejuikriy pkrcnts gl ygutb spgrts
ktbictcs, wgrrech kdgut tbc resos gl tbcer jbeihrcn pkrtejepktenm en spgrts.
Bgwcvcr, et es unjickr wbctbcr jgnjussegns krc kjtukiiy enjrcksenm gr el tbc
enjrcksch kttcntegn tbcy krc rcjcevenm es jkusenm kn enjrcksc en hekmngscs.
Huc tg dcttcr hekmngses gr agrc cvcnts, tbc ietcrkturc es usb wetb
stuhecs tbkt rcpgrt kn enjrcksc en jgnjussegns en k vkrecty gl spgrts. Kn
csteaktch <4,666 jgnjussegns krc sustkench ckjb yckr dy jgiicmc knh
bemb sjbggi ktbictcs ckjb yckr en tbc Snetch Ztktcs. Xbc Bckh Bckitb
Aknkmcacnt Zystca rcpgrts tbkt senjc 4664, jgnjussegns bkvc hgudich
en ygutb spgrts. Xbcy kisg ngtc tbkt meris― sgjjcr, dgy―s bgjocy, knh
ikjrgssc skw tbc ikrmcst enjrckscs. K stuhy lrga tbc JHJ rcpgrts tbktcacrmcnjy rgga vesets dy jbeihrcn knh khgicsjcnts lgr jgnjussegn-ieoc
syaptgas rgsc <4% dctwccn 466; knh 4665.
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;;
K stuhy en tbc Kacrejkn @gurnki gl Zpgrts Achejenc gl ygutb spgrts en
\ermenek gvcr tbc ;;-yckr pcregh lrga ;55=-4662, lgunh tbkt jgnjussegns
bkh rescn lgur lgih lgr tbc ;4 spgrts stuhech. K stuhy gl 8,666 ktbictcs
lrga ;66 hecrcnt sjbggis, kisg pudiesbch en Kacrejkn @gurnki gl Zpgrts
Achejenc, jgnjiuhch tbkt lrga tbc 4663-6< sjbggi yckr tg tbc 46;;-;4
sjbggi yckr jgnjussegns hgudich. Kjjgrhenm tg hktk lrga tbc Cnmiknh
Vrglcssegnki Tumdy En`ury Zurvceiiknjc Vrg`cjt jgnjussegns en prglcssegnki
Tumdy bkh rescn gvcr 36 pcrjcnt lrga 4662 tg 46;8, bgwcvcr hurenm tbes
teac pcregh tgtki en`urecs rcakench lkeriy jgnstknt.
Xbkt tgtki en`urecs bkvc rcakench rktbcr jgnstknt aky ackn tbkt
jgnjussegns krc ngt rckiiy enjrcksenm. Kncjhgtkiiy, wc ks k sgjecty krc
agrc kwkrc gl jgnjussegns, wbejb bkvc ich tg jgkjbcs knh pkrcnts
sjrutenezenm ckjb pbysejki jgntkjt. Akny jgkjbcs krc ngw rcquerch tg
unhcrmg trkenenm gn bgw tg bknhic ktbictcs wetb jgnjussegns, k prkjtejc
unjgaagn k sbgrt teac kmg. Kjjgrhenm tg tbc Nktegnki Ktbictej Xrkencrs―
Kssgjektegn, scjgnhkry sjbggis en tbc Snetch Ztktcs capigyenm kn ktbictejtrkencr (KX) krc kisg gn tbc resc. En 4663, `ust 86 pcrjcnt gl scjgnhkry
sjbggi capigych kn KX, dut tghky agrc tbkn twg tberhs capigy gnc.
Kii tbes cxtrk kttcntegn gn tbc ktbictcs jcrtkeniy enktcs tbcsc rktcs dy
jktjbenm enstknjcs tbkt wcrc aessch en tbc pkst.
Xbc hcnetegn gl k jgnjussegn bks kisg cxpknhch, knh akny agrc
syaptgas krc ngw jgnsehcrch wbcn hcjehenm el kn ktbictc es jgnjussch. El
ygu mg dkjo k lcw hcjkhcs, k pikycr wguih gniy dc jgnsehcrch jgnjusschel tbcy wcrc unjgnsjegus, gtbcrwesc et wks `ust k ’henm.‑ Bgwcvcr, ks acn-
tegnch kdgvc, wc ngw ongw tbkt gniy kdgut ;6 pcrjcnt gl jgnjussegns
rcnhcr k pcrsgn unjgnsjegus. Xbc enjiusegn gl gtbcr syaptgas sujb ks
aggh knh pcrsgnkiety jbknmcs, iembt scnsetevety, knh acagry igss, bkvc kii
jgntredutch tg tbc hekmngses gl agrc jgnjussegns.
Xbc enjrcksch kttcntegn sgjecty bks mevcn jgnjussegns, ks wcii ks tbc
cxpknhenm hcnetegn gl tbc jgnhetegn, krc unhgudtchiy pgsetevc jbknmcs.
Bgwcvcr tbes kttcntegn drenms pgtcnteki petlkiis ks wcii. Et bks jrcktch tbc
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;4
pcrjcptegn tbkt spgrts krc agrc hknmcrgus tbkn tbcy gnjc wcrc, wbejb
bks ich sgac pkrcnts tg stgp cnrgiienm tbcer jbeihrcn en ygutb spgrts kt
k teac wbcn jgnjcrns kdgut gdcsety knh pbysejki kjtevety krc kisg gn tbc
resc. K 46;: stuhy lgunh tbkt pgp-wkrncr lggtdkii cnrgiiacnt wks hgwn
;6 pcrjcnt lrga 46;6-46;4 knh kjjgrhenm tg tbc Zpgrts & Letncss Enhustry
Kssgjektegn, pkrtejepktegn en tcka spgrts kagnm jbeihrcn kmch < tbrgumb
;4 lcii lrga 88.3 pcrjcnt en 4662 tg 86 pcrjcnt en 46;:.
Ugutb spgrts knh gtbcr grmknezch tcka kjtevetecs gcr k wehc vkrectygl dcncts tg k jbeih―s bckitb knh hcvcigpacnt, sg pkrcnts sbguih ngt
iggo kt tbc hktk tbkt jikea jgnjussegns krc gn tbc resc knh kssuac tbes
ackns tbkt spgrts krc tgg hknmcrgus lgr tbcer jbeih. Enstckh pkrcnts ncch
tg rckiezc tbkt spgrts bkvc kiwkys bkh resos, tbc skac ks tbcy heh wbcn
pkrcnts wcrc jbeihrcn. Xbc hecrcnjc ngw es tbkt pkrcnts krach wetb
tbc ncjcsskry enlgraktegn sg tbcy jkn tkoc tbc ncjcsskry prcjkutegns tg
aeneaezc tbcsc resos lrga eapkjtenm tbcer jbeihrcn ignm tcra.
Ncxt wc ncch tg cxkaenc bgw pikycr eapkjts krc scnt lgr achejki
lgiigw-up.
:Zehcienc tcsts
Xbc sehcienc tcst es gnc tbc agst eapgrtknt kspcjts gl jgnjussegn
prgtgjgi. K mggh sehcienc tcst jkn bcip hctcraenc el k pikycr es jgnjussch
gr el tbcy krc sklc tg rcturn tg tbc cih. K dkh gnc weii ackn eaachektc
rclcrrki knh dcttcr jbknjcs lgr ng ignm-tcra essucs. Lgrtunktciy, wc bkvcignm cvgivch lrga tbc hkys gl ’bgw akny nmcrs ka E bgihenm up7‑ tg
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;:
hctcraenc el k pikycr bks cxpcrecnjch k jgnjussegn. Huc tg tbc enjrcksch
kttcntegn tbc jgnhetegn bks rcjcevch, kii spgrts ickmucs ngw usc auite-lkjctch
sehcienc tcsts tg bcip ehcntely pikycrs wbg aky bkvc sustkench k jgnjussegn.
Xbc NLI uscs k tcst hcrevch lrga tbc Ztknhkrhezch Jgnjussegn
Ksscssacnt Xcst 4 (ZJKX4) tg ksscs en`urch pikycrs. Xbc jgrc pkrkactcrs
gl tbes tcst krc acagry knh jgnjcntrktegn. Lgr cxkapic, pikycrs krc mevcn
k screcs gl wgrhs knh nuadcrs, knh ksoch tg rcpckt tbca. Xbcy krc kisg
tcstch lgr kwkrcncss tbrgumb tbc usc gl qucstegns sujb ks, ’]bkt agntbes et7‑ knh ’]bkt teac es et rembt ngw7‑ Vikycrs krc sjgrch gn tbcsc scjtegns
knh tbcer sjgrc es jgadench wetb gtbcr actrejs, enjiuhenm k pbysejki
cxkaenktegn, tg hctcraenc el tbc pikycr jkn rcturn tg piky.
Xbc ZJKX4 tcst ngt wetbgut jretejs, tbgumb. Ikwrcnjc @kjosgn, k ienc-
dkjocr lgr tbc Hctrget Iegns, hcsjredch ckriecr tbes yckr bgw bc wks kdic
tg pkss tbes sehcienc tcst gniy tg iktcr bkvc pbysejekns hekmngsc bea wetb
k jgnjussegn. @kjosgn tgih CZVN, ’Xbc tcst wks prctty cksy el ygu hgn―tbkvc k semnejknt jgnjussegn. Et steii es. Xbcy ksoch ac wbkt hky et wks,
kpprgxeaktciy wbkt teac et wks, wbkt qukrtcr wc wcrc en. Xbcy wkntch
ac tg sky tbc agntbs dkjowkrhs knh k lcw gtbcr tbenms. E mgt tbgsc rembt.
E hehn―t iggo hesgrecntch, sg tbcy rckiiy hehn―t bkvc kny jbgejc dut tg ict ac
mg dkjo en tbc mkac.‑
Xbcrc es kn cvcn agrc jgapciienm ncch lgr dcttcr hekmngstej tcsts lgr
jgnjussegns. El kn ktbictc sustkens k scjgnh jgnjussegn dclgrc bc gr sbcbks luiiy bckich lrga tbc rst, tbcy jkn hcvcigp k jgnhetegn jkiich scjgnh
eapkjt synhrgac (ZEZ), wbejb jkuscs rkpeh swciienm gl tbc drken knh es lktki
kdgut 36 pcrjcnt gl tbc teac. K det agrc gn tbes wguih dc usclui senjc et es sg
hrkaktej. Bgw jgaagn es tbes rckiiy7 Bgw gltcn hg pcgpic hec7
Kngtbcr ngtkdic kw en tbc tcst es tbkt tbc sjgrc rcquerch tg hctcraenc
wbctbcr kn ktbictc jgnjussch es unjcrtken. Hktk sbgw k bemb hcmrcc gl
vkrekdeiety gl tbcsc sjgrcs kagnm ngn-jgnjussch ktbictcs, pkrtejuikriy
gn tbc jgnjcntrktegn kspcjts gl tbc tcst. Xbcsc igw sjgrcs lrga bckitby
ktbictcs hcvkiuc tbc igw tcsts sjgrcs dy pgssediy jgnjussch ktbictcs. Xg
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;8
mct krgunh tbes, ktbictcs krc gltcn tcstch kt tbc stkrt gl tbc scksgn, jkiich
tbcer dkscienc sjgrc, knh el tbcer pgst-eapkjt sjgrc es igwcr tbkn dkscienc
et es kssuach tg dc k semn gl k jgnjussegn. Xbes aky sgunh entuetevciy
jgrrcjt dut tbc sjecnjc es ngt khhenm up.
Lkiienm dcigw dkscienc sjgrcs ks k acksurc gl k jgnjussegn wks
rcjcntiy stuhech en pgpuikr hekmngstej tcst jkiich EaVKJX∔tbc tcst es
jgnsehcrch dy cxpcrts tg dc acrciy k lknjecr vcrsegn tbkn tbc ZJKX4. K
actk-knkiyses gl tbc cjkjy gl tbc EaVKJX lgunh tbkt tbc tcst enjgrrcjtiyhekmngsch k jgnjussegn en kn ktbictc 44-8< pcrjcnt gl tbc teac.
Zgac jretejs gl dkscienc knkiyses kisg jikea tbkt ktbictcs krc ngt sul-
jecntiy trustwgrtby hurenm tbcer dkscienc cxkaenktegn. Xbcrc bkvc dccn
rcpgrts gl ktbictcs kttcaptenm tg krtejekiiy hcjrcksc tbcer dkscienc sjgrc.
Gtbcr jretejs sky tbkt k ignm pcregh gl teac dctwccn dkscienc knh tbc
pgst-eapkjt khaenestrktegn, tbc sjgrc aky ngt dc rciekdic? tbes aembt dc
pkrtejuikriy lgr ygunm pcgpic wbg jkn cxpcrecnjc hrkaktej sbelts en jgmne-tevc lunjtegn lrga scksgn stkrt tg nesb.
Jienejkiiy knh en prkjtejc, tbc Oenm-Hcvejo tcst (OH) bks dccn sbgwn
tg dc k dcttcr hekmngstej acksurc tbkn gtbcr sehcienc tcsts. Xbc OH
tcst kisg knkiyzcs gtbcr lunjtegns gl tbc dghy ongwn tg dc kcjtch dy
jgnjussegns0 kttcntegn, jgnjcntrktegn knh rkpeh cyc agvcacnt Xbc OH
tcst jgnsests gl kn ktbictc rckhenm k screcs gl nuadcrs gn k jkrh tbkt
krc uncqukiiy spkjch gn scvcrki hecrcnt iencs. Xbc ktbictc rckhs tbcnuadcrs iclt tg rembt knh tbc teac et tkocs tg hg sg es acksurch. Xbes
es hgnc tbrcc teacs, knh ckjb teac tbc jkrh es hecrcnt, agrc hejuit,
knh rcquercs agrc jgnjcntrktegn lrga tbc pikycr. K prgignmch teac tg
jgapictc tbc tcst, ks jgapkrch tg stknhkrh teacs, es enhejktevc gl k pikycr
wbg aky bkvc k jgnjussegn. Xbc enjrcksch hejuity gl tbc OH tcst es ieociy
tg prcvcnt pikycrs ieoc Ikwrcnjc @kjosgn lrga sieppenm tbrgumb tbc jrkjos
kltcr k jgiiesegn, ks bc heh wetb ZJKX4.
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;3
Lgr cxkapic, k Akyg Jienej stuhy tbkt lgiigwch kn Krezgnk ygutb
bgjocy ickmuc lgr k luii scksgn wks lgunh tg dc ;66 pcrjcnt kjjurktc
en hctcjtenm jgnjussegns kagnm tbc ktbictcs. Kngtbcr stuhy gl ygutblggtdkii pikycrs yecihch tbc skac rcsuits. En k stuhy gl prglcssegnki
bgjocy pikycrs, tbc OH tcst wks kdic tg hekmngsc jgnjussegns en k sakii
skapic gl ktbictcs tbkt tbc ZJKX4 enhejktch bkh ng jgnjussegn.
Kitbgumb tbc OH tcst kisg rciecs gn dkscienc tcstenm tg hctcraenc el kn
ktbictc bks sustkench k jgnjussegn, et es bkrhcr lgr kn ktbictc tg lkoc tbc
dkscienc sjgrc. Xbc tcst es ngt lkaeiekr ngr hgcs et rciy gn acagry. Xbc
sjecntej cvehcnjc tg-hktc suppgrts tbes tcst―s supcregrety tg gtbcr tcstsknh agrc tckas sbguih khkpt tbes tcst.
4 3 2
Hcagnstrktegn Jkrh Xcst ;
Xcst 4 Xcst :
:
8 < 2 :
= 8 < =
; 3 : 3
:
: = 3 5
4 3 = 8
; 8 = <
= 5 : 5
8 3 4 ;
3 : = 8
= 8 < 3
5 6 4 :
6
< 3 8 ; 2 6
8 < : 3 5
= 3 8 4 =
: 4 < 5 8
; 8 3 ; :
5 : 8 2 3
3 ; < : ;
8 : 3 4 =
:
6
=
2
4
<
= 3 :
5 4 3 2 6
: = 5 8
3 : ; <
= 5 = :
; 3 8 5
< 3 3 =
: ; 2 <
3 : = 3
=
<
8
3
4
:
8
4
8
6
2
6
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;<
8Bciacts knhZcnsgrs
Xbkt jgnjussegns kppckr gn drken sjkns es k pgpuikr aesjgnjcptegn,
dut kn cvcn agrc prcvkicnt aesjgnjcptegn es tbkt bciacts jkn prcvcnt tbca.Xbcrc es ng sjecntej cvehcnjc tbkt bciacts aeneaezc tbc pgtcnteki lgr k
jgnjussegn. Bciacts hg prcvcnt ielc tbrcktcnenm en`urecs ieoc souii lrkjturcs.
Uct gnc gl tbc preakry enetektevcs gl tbc NLI rcmkrhenm jgnjussegns bks
dccn tbc hcvcigpacnt gl dcttcr bciacts tbkt aeneaezc tbc eapkjt gl bets
tg tbc bckh. Xbc ickmuc bks envcstch aeiiegns gl hgiikrs en ncw bciact
hcvcigpacnt, knh rcjcntiy, kignm wetb tbc NLI Vikycr―s Kssgjektegn, bks
lunhch k stuhy tg tcst knh rkno ncw bciacts dksch gn sklcty hktk gl
bciacts tbkt krc usch tghky. Bgwcvcr, cvcn tbc dcst gl tbcsc bciacts
gniy rc-hestredutcs tbc lgrjc gl kn eapkjt cvcniy gn tbc souii, et hgcs ngt
stgp k jgnjussegn.
Xbc bgiy mrkei gl jgnjussegn hctcjtegn, en rcjcnt yckrs, bks dccn tbc
degachejki scnsgr, wbejb jkn hctcjt wbctbcr kn ktbictc bks cxpcrecnjch
kn eapkjt lgrjclui cngumb tg jkusc k jgnjussegn. Zcnsgrs bkvc dccnignm sgumbt kltcr dcjkusc et es gtbcrwesc kii dut eapgssedic tg occp trkjo
gl cvcry bet k pikycr tkocs, wbcrcks k scnsgr en cvcry pikycr―s bciact
gr agutb mukrh jguih kicrt gjekis wbcn k pikycr bks sustkench k bet
mrcktcr tbkn k spcjech lgrjc. Dgtb tbc S.Z. aeietkry knh prglcssegnki
spgrts ickmucs bkvc spcnt aeiiegns gl hgiikrs lunhenm mrknts tg cnjgurkmc
rcsckrjb en tbes krck.
Hcspetc tbcer prgaesc, tbc usc gl scnsgrs rcakens vcry jgntrgvcrsekiknh tbc scnsgrs tbcascivcs bkvc rcjcevch k bemb hcmrcc gl jretejesa. En
Lcdrukry gl tbes yckr tbc NLI suspcnhch k prgmrka tg agnetgr eapkjt
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;=
gn pikycrs vek scnsgrs lgr akny rcksgns. Gnc dcenm tbkt sgac ickmuc
khvescrs hgn―t dciecvc tbc scnsgrs jkn kjjurktciy mkumc tbc lgrjc gl ckjb
eapkjt. Kngtbcr essuc es tbkt tbc hktk krc sigw tg kjjuauiktc, wbejb
jrcktcs k hciky en kicrtenm trkencrs. Et kisg rcakens unjickr cxkjtiy wbkt
lgrjc es jgnsehcrch hknmcrgus. Knh lgrjc es ngt tbc gniy actrej tbkt es k
jgnjcrn. K rcjcnt stuhy pgentch gut tbkt tbc ng scnsgrs tbkt jurrcntiy
gn tbc akroct jguih kjjurktciy ksscss knmuikr bets, wbejb krc tbgumbt tg
dc tbc agst hknmcrgus typc. Xbc stuhy kisg ngtcs tbkt spgrts en wbejb
ng bciacts krc usch, sujb ks sgjjcr, wbcrc jgnjussegns krc kisg vcryjgaagn, bciact scnsgrs wguih c gl ng usc.
Xbcrc krc akny ickmuc gjekis wbg suppgrt tbc scnsgr prgmrka, dut
et bks dccn rcvckich tbkt sgac gl tbca bkvc jgnejts gl entcrcst huc tg
dcenm stkocbgihcrs en jgapknecs tbkt akoc tbc scnsgrs. Akny jgiicmcs
usc scnsgrs, dut tbcer rcki uteiety es lkr lrga cstkdiesbch.
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;2
3Jkn jgnjussegns dcprcvcntch dy ruicjbknmcs, gr dcttcr
jgkjbenm, trkenenmknh chujktegn7
Kngtbcr strktcmy tg ieaet jgnjussegns envgivcs ruic jbknmcs, pkrtejuikriy
kt tbc ygutb icvci. Gnc gl tbcsc jbknmcs tbkt bks dccn hesjussch es cieae-
nktenm tbc prkjtejc bckhenm gl sgjjcr dkiis en tbc ygutb mkac. Xbes jbknmc
bks jgnsehcrkdic suppgrt lrga SZK ]gacn―s sgjjcr bcrgcs DrknheJbkstken knh Jenhy Vkrigw, wbejb bks ich tg tbc jbknmc en muehciencs
lgr ygutb pikycrs acntegnch en tbc gpcnenm. Cxpcrts kisg khh tbes wguih
dc pkrtejuikriy dcncjeki lgr meris dcjkusc k meri―s ncjo ausjics hcvcigp
agrc sigwiy, akoenm tbcer bckhs icss kdic tg wetbstknh k bckh en`ury lrga
wbepiksb untei tbcy krc agrc hcvcigpch.
Xbc ehck gl cieaenktenm gnc kspcjt gl tbc mkac es ngt rcvgiutegnkry.
En ygutb bgjocy ickmucs krgunh tbc wgrih, dghy jbcjoenm es ngt kiigwch
untei prc-tccn yckrs kt tbc ckriecst knh Iettic Ickmuc dkscdkii bks hcdktch
dknnenm jurvcdkiis lgr hcjkhcs Bgwcvcr, sgac hktk summcst tbkt wbcn
jgapkrenm bgjocy ickmucs tbkt hg knh hgn―t cnlgrjc tbes agrktgreua
gn jbcjos, tbcrc es ng hecrcnjc en tbc nuadcr gl bckh en`urecs, knh
iembt tkjoienm dy ygutb lggtdkii pikycrs untei tbcy wcrc aujb ikrmcr knh
lkstcr aembt ackn agrc en`urecs huc tg encxpcrecnjc tbkn tbcy wguih
bkvc mgttcn en ygutb. Lgr tbgsc rcksgns, cieaenktenm bckhenm en sgjjcr
aky ngt ickh tg hcjrckscs en bckh. Tcsckrjbcrs iggoch kt bckh en`urecs
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
;5
en dgtb scxcs sgjjcr knh lgunh tbkt k gniy k lcw jkac lrga bckhenm tbc
dkii? tbc gvcrwbciaenm ak`grety bkvc jgac lrga pikycr-pikycr jgntkjt.
Agst sgjjcr en`urecs krc tbenms ieoc knoics knh onccs, ngt jgnjussegns.
Zteii, jgnjussegns weii jcrtkeniy ngt mg up wetb bckhenm rcagvch lrga tbc
krscnki gl tcjbnequcs vuincrkdic drkens usc en tbc spgrt.
Xbgumb hktk krc unjickr knh sgacteacs jgnejtenm, stcps krc steii
dcenm tkocn. Xbc NLI, lgr cxkapic, bks eapicacntch scvcrki ncw ruics,
sujb ks pcnkiezenm hknmcrgus bets tbkt tkrmct k pikycr―s bckh gr hclcnsc-icss pikycrs knh rcvkapenm tbc hknmcrgus oejo-g piky. Xbc rcsuits bkvc
dccn cnjgurkmenm. Xbc nuadcr gl jgnjussegns tbkt bkvc dccn sustkench
en rcmuikr scksgn mkacs es hgwn :3 pcrjcnt senjc 46;:, wbeic hknmcrgus
bets gn hclcnscicss rcjcevcrs krc hgwn <2 pcrjcnt gvcr tbc skac pcregh!
Lurtbcr envcstemktegns krc ncchch tg hctcraenc el ruic jbknmcs en sgjjcr
knh bgjocy krc kn ccjtevc wky tg aeneaezc jgnjussegns.
Kt tbc ygutb icvci, SZK Lggtdkii knh tbc NLI bkvc jgadench tg jrcktctbc Bckhs Sp Lggtdkii (BSL) enetektevc knh tbc prgmrka bks hcagnstrktch
jgnsehcrkdic sujjcss en rchujenm jgnjussegns en ygunm pikycrs. BSL es
kn chujktegnki prgmrka tbkt tckjbcs jgkjbcs k vkrecty gl wkys tg rchujc
jgnjussegns kagnm tbcer pikycrs. Xbcsc enjiuhc bgw tg prgpcriy t k
pikycr―s cquepacnt, bgw tg hctcjt tbc semns gl k jgnjussegn, knh bgw tg
tckjb prgpcr digjoenm knh tkjoienm tcjbnequcs tg dcttcr cnsurc pikycr
sklcty. Zenjc tbc prgmrka―s enjcptegn gnc aeiiegn pikycrs lrga gvcr <,666
grmknezktegns bkvc pkrtejepktch en BSL. Jgapkrch tg ickmucs wetbgutBSL trkenenm, pikycrs wetb jgkjbcs tbkt krc BSL jcrtech bkvc =< pcrjcnt
lcwcr en`urecs, :8 pcrjcnt lcwcr jgnjussegns en prkjtejcs knh 45 pcrjcnt
lcwcr jgnjussegns en mkacs.
Xbcsc jbknmcs krc hrkaktej knh sg tbcrc krc jkiis lgr ygutb lggtdkii
ickmucs krgunh tbc jguntry tg khgpt BSL pgiejecs knh bkvc tbcer jgkjbcs
jcrtech dy BSL. Dut wbctbcr gr ngt tbgsc oenh gl jbknmcs weii aemrktc
tg gtbcr spgrts es unjickr. Xbc sud`cjt sbguih jcrtkeniy dc cxkaench knh
cvkiuktch sjecntejkiiy.
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
46
<Xrcktacntgptegns ‚ rcki grpscuhgsjecnjc7
Cvcn tbc dcst prcvcntevc acksurcs weii gniy scrvc tg rchujc tbc
enjehcnjc gl jgnjussegn. Xbcy weii ngt cieaenktc tbca. Xbc spgrts jga-
aunety ickhs en trcktacnt lgr en`urecs dcjkusc spgrts krc iujrktevc lgr tbc
pikycrs knh gwncrs knh cn`gych dy pkrtejepknts. Dut wbcn et jgacs tg
jgnjussegns, trcktacnt khvknjcs bkvc ngt ocpt pkjc wetb hekmngstejs knh
prcvcntegn. Kt tbes teac, tbc gniy rcki trcktacnt lgr jgnjussegns es rcst
knh aknkmcacnt gl syaptgas, sujb ks tbc usc gl kjctkaengpbcn lgr
bckhkjbcs, k vcry ;5tb jcntury kpprgkjb tg k 4;st jcntury prgdica. Lgr
semnejknt jgnjussegns, k pbysejekn aky rcjgaacnh k rchujch wgroigkh
gr sjbggi igkh, knh jgnjussegn sucrcrs krc khvesch tg kvgeh entcnsc
jgnjcntrktegn gr cxcrtegn, dut tbes es lkr lrga rcvgiutegnkry knh scrvcs tg
lurtbcr bembiembt tbc unact achejki ncch lgr jgnjussegn trcktacnt.
Xbcrc krc scvcrki prgaesenm ehcks tbkt krc dcenm envcstemktch. K prc-
ieaenkry stuhy gl tbc usc gl grki kntegxehknts sbgwch prgaesc en trcktenm
jgnjussegn syaptgas. Kngtbcr mrgup kt Vcnn Ztktc es wgroenm gn k
jggienm bciact dksch gn hktk tbkt enjrcksch drken tcapcrkturc rcnhcrs
tbc drken vuincrkdic tg khhetegnki en`ury.
Dgtb krc en tbc vcry ckriy stkmcs knh ks es gltcn tbc jksc, pscuhgsje-
cnjc trcktacnts knh gutrembt qukjocry gltcn ii tbc vgeh. Lgr cxkapic,
Zckttic Zckbkwos qukrtcrdkjo Tusscii ]eisgn rcjcntiy twcctch tbkt
Tcjgvcry ]ktcr jurch bes jgnjussegn tbrgumb tbcer ’nkngduddic tcjbngi-gmy‑. ]beic ]eisgn aky mcnuenciy dciecvc tbkt, et bks tg dc ngtch tbkt bc es
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
4;
kn envcstgr en tbc jgapkny. Bc hgcs jgnjchc tbkt bes jikea es ngt dkjoch
dy ’rcki achejki prggl.‑ Ncw Cnmiknh Vktregts qukrtcrdkjo Xga Drkhy
kisg gnjc dkjoch k seaeikr hreno.
Bypcrdkrej gxymcn tbcrkpy es prgdkdiy tbc agst hknmcrgus pscuhg-
sjecnjc trcktacnt lgr jgnjussegns dcjkusc et bks dgtb pscuhg-achejki
knh jcicdrety prgpgncnts. Xbes prgjchurc envgivcs k pktecnt cntcrenm k
jbkadcr wbcrc bc gr sbc enbkics ;66 pcrjcnt gxymcn, wbejb es jikeach tg
cnbknjc tbc dghy―s nkturki bckienm pgwcrs. Bypcrdkrej gxymcn tbcrkpy
es kpprgvch dy tbc LHK tg trckt ;: jgnhetegns, dut ngt trkuaktej drken
en`urecs. Xbc Lchcrki Mgvcrnacnt lunhch tbrcc stuhecs jgstenm tkxpky-
crs $=6 aeiiegn, kii gl wbejb jgnjiuhch tbcsc jbkadcrs hg ngt enjrcksc
rcjgvcry teac gr qukiety gl rcjgvcry ks jgapkrch tg tbgsc wbg wcrc
trcktch tbrgumb rcst. ]bkt―s wgrsc es tbkt jurrcntiy k rgunh gl trcktacnt
envgivcs 86 vesets knh jkn jgst k pktecnt knywbcrc lrga $3,666 tg $;4,666.
Xbes bks ngt hctcrrch prgpgncnts gl tbc trcktacnt. Lgracr Ncw Ugro @cts qukrtcrdkjo @gc Nkaktb es vcry gutspgocn kdgut bes dciecl tbkt tbc
trcktacnt es jurktevc. Bc unhcrwcnt ;46 scssegns knh jikeach tbkt et
jurch bea gl tbc jgnjussegns bc sustkench hurenm bes jkrccr. Nkaktb bks
kisg spcnt $;6 aeiiegn gl bes gwn agncy tg prgvc tbc tcjbnequc bks dcncts
knh k jienej en Ligrehk ngw dckrs bes nkac en rcjgmnetegn gl tbc suppgrt bc―s
mevcn tg tbc trcktacnt rcmeacn. Gtbcr prgpgncnts, enjiuhenm sgac pbyse-
jekns, krc kisg entcnsciy igddyenm jgnmrcss tg lunh agrc stuhecs.
Xbc setuktegn wetb jgnjussegn trcktacnts es seaeikr tg tbc suppic-
acnt enhustry, wbcrc tbc mgvcrnacnt hgcs ngt rcquerc prggl gl cjkjy
prgvehch tbcy usc jicvcr iknmukmc tg kvgeh kppckrenm tg dc achejki.
Jurrcntiy, ng sjecnjc cxests tbkt summcsts spcjeki hrenos gr jbkadcrs wgro
kny dcttcr tbkn seapic rcst sg ngnc gl tbcsc prghujts sbguih dc kiigwch
tg summcst gtbcrwesc.
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
44
=Bgw wc iggo ktjgnjussegns austjbknmc
Xbgumb tbc iknhsjkpc lgr prcvcntegn knh hekmngses gl jgnjussegns
bks cxpighch hurenm tbc pkst vc yckrs, tbcrc rcakens k ignm wky tg mg.
Xbgumb rcsuits krc enjgnjiusevc knh/gr qucstegnkdic tghky, tbcrc rcakens
bgpc tbkt envcstacnts en dksej rcsckrjb knh tcjbngigmy weii ickh tg
rcvgiutegns en hekmngstejs, prcvcntegn knh cvcn trcktacnts.
]c kisg ncch tg jbknmc tbc wky wc scc jgnjussegns ks k sgjecty. Lgr
tgg ignm, Kacrejkn juiturc bks agjoch gr hgwnpikych jgnjussegns knh
bckh en`urecs en mcncrki. Xbes kttetuhc kppckrs en scvcrki lgras, sujb ks
tbc NLI prgtenm g vehcgs gl ’souii-jrusbenm bets‑ knh Hcnvcr Drgnjgs
qukrtcrdkjo Vcytgn Aknnenm gn Zkturhky Nembt Ievc `goenm kdgut dcenm
’bet en tbc bckh k igt.‑ ]bcn wc ks k sgjecty akrmenkiezc tbcsc en`urecs et
aknelcsts en hknmcrgus wkys. Lgr cxkapic, k stuhy rcjcntiy lgunh tbkt =3
pcrjcnt gl survcych rumdy pikycrs skeh tbcy wguih jgntenuc pikyenm en k
mkac cvcn el tbcy oncw tbcy bkh k jgnjussegn. Kngtbcr lgunh tbkt k tberh
gl bemb sjbggi lggtdkii pikycrs lcit tbcy bkh sustkench k jgnjussegn dut
heh ngt scco achejki bcip.
Jgnjussegns en gur sgjecty krc steii ngt rcmkrhch wetb tbc skac jgnjcrn
ks gtbcr ncurgigmejki hesgrhcrs, knh tbes ickhs gur ktbictcs, pkrtejuikriy
tbc ygunm gncs, tg ngt tkoc tbca scregusiy. En ccjt, sgjecty bks lgstcrch
tbc acntkiety tbkt jgnjussegns krc kn encvetkdic pkrt gl spgrts. El wc wknt
tg aetemktc tbes scregus dut gltcn-gvcriggoch en`ury, wc hgn―t `ust ncch tgkhvknjc gur tcjbngigmy, wc ncch tg khvknjc tbc wky wc tbeno knh tkio
kdgut et ks wcii.
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
4:
Jgnjiusegn
Xbrgumbgut tbc ikst hcjkhc, jgnjussegns bkvc rcjcevch k trcacnhgus
kagunt gl kttcntegn dy tbc achek, spgrts ickmucs, tbc achejki jgaaunety
knh tbc pkrcnts gl ygunm ktbictcs. Xbes bks ich tg aujb jgnlusegn gn
wbkt k jgnjussegn es, bgw et es hekmngsch es knh bgw tg prcvcnt tbca.Dcjkusc gl tbes ncw lgjus, gur unhcrstknhenm gl tbc jgnhetegn bks
mrcktiy eaprgvch, bgwcvcr tbcrc es steii aujb tg dc hgnc. Xbc luturc aky
drenm ncw khvknjcs en degscnsgrs, bciacts knh hekmngstej tcsts dut en
tbc acknteac cgrts tg rchujc tbc eapkjt gl jgnjussegns gn ktbictcs
knh sgjecty sbguih lgjus gn ruic jbknmcs, dcbkvegr jbknmcs, eaprgvch
jgkjbenm knh chujktegn, enjgrpgrktenm tbc OH tcst entg sehcienc prgtgjgis
knh mgvcrnacntki jrkjohgwn gn trcktacnts tbkt ikjo icmeteaktc sjecnjc.
Sntei tbcn, tbc dcncts gl spgrts krc cngragus? ielc es ngt reso lrcc.
Xbes pkpcr sbgws bgw tbc resos gl jgnjussegn jkn dc rchujch. Ict ygur
oehs piky dut akoc surc wbkt jkn dc hgnc tg prcvcnt jgnjussegn es dcenm
hgnc knh el tbcrc es kny pgssedeiety tbcy aembt dc jgnjussch akoc surc
tbcy stgp pikyenm knh rcst.
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
48
TclcrcnjcsKiskikbccn D, Ztgjohkic O, Vcjbuacr H, Drgmieg ZV. Acksurcacnt Crrgr en tbc Eaachektc
Vgstjgnjussegn Ksscssacnt knh Jgmnetevc Xcstenm (EaVKJX)0 Zystcaktej Tcvecw. @ Bckh
Xrkuak Tcbkdei. 46;3 Kum ;5. _Cpud kbckh gl prentQ VudAch VAEH04<45;<:;.
Ktbictej Xrkencrs Leii k Ncjcsskry Nejbc en Zcjgnhkry Zjbggis. (4665, Akrjb ;4). Tctrecvch
lrga bttp0//www.nktk.grm/NT6:;465
Dicezccr, O. (46;8, Hcjcadcr 4:). Xbc jbknmenm hcnetegn gl jgnjussegn knh wby et akttcrs
tg ygunm ktbictcs. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//wygaenmachejkijcntcr.grm/puisc/46;8/;4/4:/
tbc-jbknmenm-hcnetegn-gl-jgnjussegn-knh-wby-et-akttcrs-tg-ygunm-ktbictcs/
Dgtcibg, M. (46;3, Ngvcadcr ;6). S.Z. ygutb sgjjcr pikycrs tgih0 Hgn―t bckh tbc dkii.
Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.jnn.jga/46;3/;;/;6/bckitb/us-ygutb-sgjjcr-jgnjussegns/
Jkrsgn, H. (46;3, Kumust 4<). Tusscii ]eisgn Zkys Tcjgvcry ]ktcr Bckich Bes
Bckh En`ury lrga NLJ Xetic Mkac. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//dickjbcrrcpgrt.jga/
krtejics/4333=:6-russcii-weisgn-skys-aerkjic-wktcr-bcipch-bea-rcjgvcr-lrga-k-bckh-en`ury
Jcntcrs lgr Hescksc Jgntrgi knh Vrcvcntegn. (46;;). Ngnlktki trkuaktej drken en`urecs rciktch
tg spgrts knh rcjrcktegn kjtevetecs kagnm pcrsgns kmch ≨;5 yckrs--Snetch Ztktcs, 466;-
4665. Agrdehety knh Agrtkiety ]ccoiy Tcpgrt. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.njde.nia.neb.mgv/
pudach/7tcra1Ngnlktki Xrkuaktej Drken En`urecs Tciktch tg Zpgrts knh Tcjrcktegn Kjtevetecs
Kagnm Vcrsgns Kmch ≨;5 Uckrs
Jgnjussegn Zemns knh Zyaptgas. (46;3, Lcdrukry ;<). Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.jhj.mgv/
bckhsup/dksejs/jgnjussegnWsyaptgas.btai
Jgastgjo TH, Jurrec H], Vecrpgent IK, Mrudcnbg @K, Lecihs ZO. Kn Cvehcnjc-Dksch
Hesjussegn gl Bckhenm tbc Dkii knh Jgnjussegns en Bemb Zjbggi Zgjjcr. @KAK Vchektr. 46;3
Zcp?;<5(5)02:6-=. hge0;6.;66;/`kakpchektrejs.46;3.;6<4. VudAch VAEH0 4<;<2:6<.
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
43
Hkrienm ZT, Zjbkudci HC, Dkocr @M, Ichhy @@, Dessgn I@, ]eiicr D. Entcntegnki vcrsus unen-
tcntegnki jgntkjt ks k acjbknesa gl en`ury en ygutb ejc bgjocy. Dr @ Zpgrts Ach. 46;;
Aky?83(<)0854-=. hge0 ;6.;;:</d`sa.4665.6<:<5:. Cpud 46;6 Aky ;5. VudAch VAEH0
46828:;=.
Hcrco Ncvens, Iigyh Zaetb, @c Ocnsruh, Ikdgrktgry Cvkiuktegn gl ]ercicss Bckh Eapkjt
Zcnsgr, Vrgjchek Cnmenccrenm, \giuac ;;4, 46;3, Vkmcs ;=3-;=5, EZZN ;2==-=632, bttp0//
hx.hge.grm/;6.;6;</`.prgcnm.46;3.6=.;53.
Hkumbcrty, O. (46;8). Jgnjussegns0 Hgenm tbc Tembt Xbenm. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.kkgs.
grm/KKGZNgw/46;8/@kn/jienejki/jienejki;4/7ssgpj1;
Cnmiknh Vrglcssegnki Tumdy En`ury Zurvceiiknjc Vrg`cjt. (46;3, Lcdrukry ;). Tctrecvch
lrga bttp0//www.cnmiknhrumdy.jga/aa/Hgjuacnt/Mcncrki/Mcncrki/6;/:6/26/62/
CnmiknhVrglcssegnkiTumdyEn`uryZurvceiiknjcVrg`cjtTcpgrt46;:W46;8WNcutrki.phl
Lkenkru, Z. (46;3, Lcdrukry 46). Ng bciact scnsgrs lgr NLI en ‒;3. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//cspn.
mg.jga/cspn/gti/stgry/W/eh/;4:82:53/n-tckas-usc-jgnjussegn-scnsgrs-bciacts-46;3
Lkenkru-]khk, A., & Lkenkru, Z. (46;:, Ngvcadcr ;8). Ugutb lggtdkii pkrtejepk-
tegn hrgps. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//cspn.mg.jga/cspn/gti/stgry/W/pkmc/pgpwkrncr/
pgp-wkrncr-ygutb-lggtdkii-pkrtejepktegn-hrgps-n-jgnjussegn-jreses-sccn-jkuski-lkjtgr
Lchcrktegn gl Kacrejkn Zgjectecs lgr Cxpcreacntki Degigmy (LKZCD). (46;3, Kprei ;).
Kntegxehknt tbcrkpy aky bkvc prgaesenm pgtcnteki en jgnjussegn trcktacnt. ZjecnjcHkeiy.
Tctrecvch @knukry ;=, 46;< lrga www.sjecnjchkeiy.jga/rcickscs/46;3/68/;3686;;:4=34.
bta
Mkicttk AZ, Mkicttk OA, AjJrgssen @, ]eisgn @K, Agstcr Z, Mkicttk ZI, Dkijcr I@, Hgrsbeacr
M], Akstcr JI. Zkjjkhcs knh acagry0 dkscienc kssgjektegns gl tbc Oenm-Hcvejo knh ZJKX4
ZKJ tcsts en prglcssegnki ejc bgjocy pikycrs. @ Ncurgi Zje. 46;: Aky ;3?:42(;-4)042-:;. hge0
;6.;6;</`.`ns.46;:.64.662. Cpud 46;: Akr ;3.VudAch VAEH0 4:855843.
Enkdenctt, A. (46;3, @uiy 3). Ks Ocn Ztkdicr―s lkaeiy hgnktcs bes drken tg rcsckrjb, @gc Nkaktb
tbenos bc bks kn knswcr lgr trkuaktezch ktbictcs. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.ki.jga/spgrts/
enhcx.ssl/46;3/6=/ksWocnWstkdicrsWlkaeiyWickvcs.btai
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
4<
Esrkci, A. (46;4). Kwkrcncss knh Kttetuhcs gl Bemb Zjbggi Ktbictcs tgwkrhs Jgnjussegns.
Tctrecvch lrga bttps0//www.rcsckrjbmktc.nct/pudiejktegn/4<=5;4=2<WKwkrcncssWknhW
KttetuhcsWglWBembWZjbggiWKtbictcsWtgwkrhsWJgnjussegns
Oeac, V. (46;8, Ngvcadcr ;=). Gxymcn tbcrkpy ng dcttcr tbkn pikjcdg lgr trcktenm jgnjus-
segn, stuhy nhs. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.aeietkryteacs.jga/stgry/aeietkry/dcncts/
bckitb-jkrc/46;8/;;/;=/bypcrdkrej-gxymcn-tbcrkpy-jgnjussegn-tde/;5;2:=<:/
Oies, A. (46;3, @uiy <). NLI Kltcraktb0 Ielc k achejki strummic lgr @cd Vutzecr. Tctrecvch lrga
bttp0//www.5ncws.jga/stgry/spgrts/46;3/6=/63/`cd-putzecr-n-drken-en`urecs/45=::6=3/
Ikpggo, @. (46;3, @knukry 45). ]eic C. Jgygtc enspercs ncw wky tg
hekmngsc jgnjussegns. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.jdsncws.jga/ncws/
weic-c-jgygtc-enspercs-ncw-wky-tg-hekmngsc-jgnjussegns/
Icgnm, H. L., Dkijcr, I. @., Mkicttk, Z. I., Cvkns, M., Mearc, A., & ]ktt, H. (46;3). Xbc Oenm‚
Hcvejo tcst lgr sehcienc jgnjussegn sjrccnenm en jgiicmektc lggtdkii. @gurnki gl Gptgactry,
2(4), ;:;‚;:5. bttp0//hge.grm/;6.;6;</`.gptga.46;8.;4.663
Ienjgin KC, Jkswcii Z\, Kiaquest @I, Hunn TC, Ngrres @D, Bentgn TU. Xrcnhs en jgnjussegn
enjehcnjc en bemb sjbggi spgrts0 k prgspcjtevc ;;-yckr stuhy. Ka @ Zpgrts Ach. 46;;
Aky?:5(3)0532-<:. hge0 ;6.;;==/6:<:38<3;6:54:4<. Cpud 46;; @kn 45. VudAch VAEH0
4;4=284=.
Akyg Jienej. (46;8, Aky ;4). Oenm-Hcvejo Xcst Hctcjts Jgnjussegns en Ugutb Ktbictcs.
Tctrecvch lrga bttps0//www.ygutudc.jga/wktjb7v18WJOg<i5Bss
Akyg Jienej Ztk. (46;8, Kprei 4). Hesckscs knh Jgnhetegns Jgnjussegn Xcsts knh hekmng-ses. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.akygjienej.grm/hesckscs-jgnhetegns/jgnjussegn/dksejs/
tcsts-hekmngses/jgn-466;54=4
Akyg Jienej Ztk. (46;8, Kprei 4). Hesckscs knh Jgnhetegns Jgnjussegn Xrcktacnts knh
Hrums. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.akygjienej.grm/hesckscs-jgnhetegns/jgnjussegn/dksejs/
trcktacnt/jgn-466;54=4
Accbkn, ]. V., h― Bcacjgurt, V., Jgiiens, J. I., & Jgastgjo, T. H. (46;;). Ksscssacnt knh
Aknkmcacnt gl Zpgrt-Tciktch Jgnjussegns en Snetch Ztktcs Bemb Zjbggis. Xbc Kacrejkn
@gurnki gl Zpgrts Achejenc, :5(;;), 4:68‚4:;6. bttp0//hge.grm/;6.;;==/6:<:38<3;;84:36:
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
4=
Acecr, D., & Evgry, H. (46;:, @uiy :). Ccjtevc Jgnjussegn Xrcktacnt Tcakens Lrustrktenmiy
Ciusevc, Hcspetc k Dggaenm Enhustry. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.nyteacs.jga/46;3/6=/63/
dusencss/ccjtevc-jgnjussegn-trcktacnt-rcakens-lrustrktenmiy-ciusevc-hcspetc-k-dggaenm-
enhustry.btai
Aeiicr, A. (46;3, Akrjb 3). ‒Xep gl tbc ejcdcrm― en jgnjussegn trcktacnt. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//
ncws.psu.chu/stgry/:8=842/46;3/6:/63/rcsckrjb/tep-ejcdcrm-jgnjussegn-trcktacnt
NDJ Dky Krck Ztk, & ]erc Zcrvejcs. (46;3, @unc ;3). Drknhe Jbkstken @uaps gn Cgrt tg Jurd
Bckhcrs en Ugutb Zgjjcr. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.ndjdkykrck.jga/ncws/igjki/Drknhe-
Jbkstken-@uaps-gn-Cgrt-tg-Jurd-Bckhcrs-en-Ugutb-Zgjjcr-:6=3::3=;.btai
NLI Zehcienc Jgnjussegn Ksscssacnt Xggi0 DKZCIENC XCZX. (n.h.). Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//
stktej.n.jga/stktej/jgntcnt/pudiej/pbgtg/46;8/64/46/6kp4666666:4=63=.phl
G―Jgnncii C, Agiigy AM. Jgnjussegn en rumdy0 ongwichmc knh kttetuhcs gl pikycrs. Er @ Ach
Zje. 46;3 Aky :;. _Cpud kbckh gl prentQ VudAch VAEH0 4<64<534.
G―Jgnngr, V. (46;8, @knukry :;). Vgii Lenhs 86% ]guih Zwky Jbeihrcn Kwky Lrga Lggtdkii.Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.ws`.jga/ncws/krtejics/ZD;666;848634=64:6:=8:<683=5:3:;8;
;;;:;28<27agh1rssWSZWNcws
Vktecnt Enlgraktegn. (n.h.). Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.kkns.grm/pktecnt enlgraktegn/jgnhe-
tegns knh trcktacnts/jgnjussegn.kspx
Vctjbcsoy, D. (46;3, Kumust 4<). Kw, Jbrest. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//hckhspen.jga/
kw-jbrest-;=4<==46:5
Tcanejo, H. (46;8, @knukry 4=). Mgenm tbc Hestknjc. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.ncwygrocr.
jga/akmkzenc/46;8/6;/4=/mgenm-tbc-hestknjc-hkveh-rcanejo
Zcehakn HB, Durienmkac @, Ugusel IT, Hgnkbuc RV, Orecr @, Tkycs I@, Ugunm T,Ieiik A, Akzurco
T, Bettic O, AjJigsocy J, Aesrk Z, Zbkw AO. Cvkiuktegn gl tbc Oenm-Hcvejo tcst ks k jgnjus-
segn sjrccnenm tggi en bemb sjbggi lggtdkii pikycrs. @ Ncurgi Zje. 46;3 Zcp;3?:3<(;-4)05=-;6;.
hge0 ;6.;6;</`.`ns.46;3.6<.64;. Cpud 46;3 @un ;4. VudAch VAEH0 4<658;33.
Zcelcrt, O. (46;3, Lcdrukry ;5). Ensehc Ziknt0 Xbc piken trutb gl NLI sehcienc jgnjus-segn tcsts. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//cspn.mg.jga/digm/nnktegn/pgst/W/eh/;<654=/
ensehc-siknt-tbc-piken-trutb-gl-n-sehcienc-jgnjussegn-tcsts
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JGNJSZZEGNZ0 LKJX \Z LEJXEGN
42
Zpcjeki Grhcr Jktkigmuc0 Jrunjb knh Bkrh Bettenm. (n.h.). Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.nias.
jga/spcjekigrhcrs/jrunjbBkrhBettenm.pbp
Zpgrts Jgnjussegn Ztktestejs. (n.h.). Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.bckhjkscjgapkny.jga/
jgnjussegnWenlg/stktsWgnWjgnjussegnsWspgrts
Ztrkjbkn, A. (46;3, Lcdrukry ;<). Vcytgn Aknnenm Akhc Kn Snlunny @goc Kdgut Mcttenm ‒Bet
En Xbc Bckh K Igt― Ikst Nembt. Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.bunmtgnpgst.jga/46;3/64/;</
pcytgn-aknnenm-`goc-bet-en-tbc-bckhWnW<<5:<=4.btai
Xkudcs, M. (;552). Xbc (Vgietejki) Zjecnjc gl Zkit. Tctrecvch lrga bttps0//www.stkt.dcrocicy.
chu/~rejc/Ztkt4/skit.btai
Xrkuaktej Drken En`ury (XDE). (46;4, @unc ;4). Tctrecvch lrga bttp0//www.pkttkn.nct/jktcmgry/
Chujktegnki Enetektevcs/Xrkuaktej Drken En`ury (XDE)/pkmc/XrkuaktejWDrkenWEn`uryWvsW
Jgnjussegn.bta
]bkt es k jgnjussegn7 (46;3, Lcdrukry ;<). Tctrecvch Zcptcadcr ;3, 46;3, lrga bttp0//www.
jhj.mgv/bckhsup/dksejs/jgnjussegnWwbktes.btai
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@kacs C. Cnstrga, Vb.H., A.V.B.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek, Igs Knmcics
@kjo J. Lesbcr, A.H., L.K.J.Z.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek, Zkn Hecmg,
Cacretus
Xbga Mgikd
Achek Tcsckrjb Jcntcr
Bcrdcrt E. Ignhgn, Vb.H.
Ignhgn Jcntcr lgr Vgiejy Tcsckrjb
Lrch I. Zaetb, @r.
Jgapctetevc Cntcrpresc Enstetutc
Hkneci X. Ztcen, A.H.
Kidcrt Censtcen Jgiicmc gl Achejenc
Ztcpbcn X. ]bcikn
Dikno Tgac IIV
DGKTH GL XTSZXCCZ
LGSNHCTZ JETJIC
KJZB
ACADCTZ
JBKETAKN
Nemci Dkro, A.H.Kidcrt Censtcen Jgiicmc gl Achejenc
\EJC JBKETAKN
Ztcpbcn AghzcicwsoeAkpic Cnmenc IIJ
VTCZEHCNX
Bkno JkapdciiVrcsehcnt, KJZB
Ciezkdctb A. ]bcikn, Zj.H., A.V.B.(;58:-46;8)
(Uckrs gl Zcrvejc tg KJZB0 ;5=2-
46;8)
Lgunhcr knh Vrcsehcnt, KJZB
Ngrakn C. Dgrikum, Vb.H.(;5;8-4665)
(Uckrs gl Zcrvejc tg KJZB0 ;5=2-
4665)
Lktbcr gl tbc ’Mrccn Tcvgiutegn‑
Ngdci Ikurcktc
Lrchrejo @. Ztkrc, A.H., Vb.H.(;5;6-4664)
(Uckrs gl Zcrvejc tg KJZB0 ;5=2-
4664)
Lgunhcr, Bkrvkrh Hcpkrtacnt gl
Nutretegn
Bkno Jkapdcii
Vrcsehcnt
Meidcrt Tgss, A.H.
Zcnegr Hercjtgr gl Achejenc knh
Vudiej Bckitb
@gsb Digga, Vb.H.
Hercjtgr gl Jbcaejki knh
Vbkrakjcutejki Zjecnjcs
Jbcryi Akrten
Hercjtgr gl Hcvcigpacnt
Creo Iecl
Hercjtgr gl Jgaaunejktegns
CRCJSXE\C XCKA
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DGKTH GL ZJECNXELEJ KNH VGIEJU KH\EZGTZ
Crncst I. Kdci, Vb.H.
J.Z. Agtt Jcntcr
Mkry T. Kju, Vb.H.
Xcxks K&A Snevcrsety
Jkseaer J. Kogb, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Mcgrmek
Vctcr J. Kidcrtscn, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jgnncjtejut
@uiec K. Kidrcjbt, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Ncdrksok, Ienjgin
Vbeiep Kijkdcs, Vb.H.
Buntcr Jgiicmc, JSNU
@kacs C. Kijgjo, Vb.H.
Micnhgn Jgiicmc, Ugro
Snevcrsety (Jknkhk)
Xbgaks Z. Kiicas, A.H.,
A.V.B.Zkn Lrknjesjg, JK
Tejbkrh M. Kiiesgn, Vb.H.
Lchcrktegn gl Kacrejkn
Zgjectecs lgr Cxpcreacntki
Degigmy
@gbn D. Kiirch, Vb.H.
Gbeg Ztktc Snevcrsety
Okri C. Knhcrsgn, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Xcxks, Achejki
Drknjb
@crgac J. Krnct, @r., A.H.Bcivctek, ]\
Hcnnes X. Kvcry
Buhsgn Enstetutc
Tgnkih Dkjbakn, A.H.
Okescr Vcrakncntc Achejki
Jcntcr
Hkveh K. Dkocr, A.H.
Ztgny Drggo Snevcrsety Achejki
Zjbggi
Tgdcrt Z. Dkrktz, H.H.Z., Vb.H.,A.H.
Entcrnktegnki Achejki
Jgnsuitktegn Zcrvejcs
Ztcpbcn Dkrrctt, A.H.
Vettsdgrg, NJ
Xbgaks M. Dkuamkrtncr,Vbkra.H., A.Ch.
Jgnsuitknt Vbkrakjests gl
Kacrejk
]. Ikwrcnjc Dccsgn, Hr.V.B.
Igak Ienhk Snevcrsety
Ciessk V. Dcnchco, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Aejbemkn AchejkiZjbggi
Kicx D. Dcrczgw, Vb.H.
Tcki Jickr Zjecnjc
Zer Jgien Dcrry, H.Zj., Vb.H.,A.H.
Vktbgigmejki Enstetutc, Tgyki
Ignhgn Bgspetki (Snetch
Oenmhga)
]eiieka Z. Dejoci, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Krezgnk
Ztcvcn Dikjo, A.H.
Jenjennkte Jbeihrcn―s Bckitb
Achejki Jcntcr
Dikenc I. Dikh, Vb.H.
Okngsb, SX
Benrejb I. Dgbn, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Krezgnk
Dcn Dgijb, Vb.H.
Tbghcs Jgiicmc
@gscpb L. Dgrzciicjk, Vb.H.
Achejki Jgiicmc gl \ermenek
Aejbkci O. Dgtts, Csq.
Kicxknhrek, \K
Mcgrmc K. Drky, A.H.
Vcnnenmtgn DegachejkiTcsckrjb Jcntcr
Tgnkih ]. Drcjbcr, Vb.H.,J.Jbca., HKDX, [VTK
AXC/MigdkiXgx (Jknkhk)
Kiikn Drctt, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Zgutb Jkrgienk
Ocnnctb M. Drgwn, Vb.H.
Odenj
Jbrestenc A. Drubn, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek
Mkic K. Dujbknkn, Vb.H.Snevcrsety gl Mcgrmek
Chwkrh C. Durns, Vb.H.
Xcxks K&A Snevcrsety
Lrknjes L. Dustk, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Aenncsgtk
Ciwggh L. Jkihwcii, Vb.H.,A.D.K.
Snevcrsety gl Aenncsgtk
Pcric I. Jkrpcntcr, Vb.H.
Xcxks K&A Snevcrsety Zystca
Tgdcrt M. Jksscns, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl ]esjgnsen,
Akhesgn
Crjgic I. Jkvkiecre, H.Zj.
Snevcrsety gl Ncdrksok Achejki
Jcntcr
Tusscii N. K. Jcjei, A.H.,Vb.H.
Kidkny Achejki Jgiicmc
Teng Jcreg, A.H.
Dkrts knh Xbc Ignhgn Bgspetki
Enstetutc gl Vktbgigmy (SnetchOenmhga)
Zka O. J. Jbknm, Vb.H.
Aessesseppe Ztktc Snevcrsety
Drujc A. Jbkssy, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Eiienges,
Srdknk-Jbkapkemn
Hkveh K. Jbrestgpbcr, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Bkwkee kt Aêngk
Caei ]eiieka Jbynn, A.H.
Ncw Ugro Cyc knh Ckr
Enrakry
L. A. Jiyhcshkic, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Aksskjbusctts
Hgnkih M. Jgjbrkn, Vb.H.
\ermenek Vgiytcjbnej Enstetutc knh
Ztktc Snevcrsety
]. Tgnnec Jgakn, Vb.H.
Jgrncii Snevcrsety
@gbn @. Jgbrsscn, Csq.
Krienmtgn, \K
Mcrkih L. Jgads, @r., Vb.H.
SZHK Mrknh Lgros Buakn
Nutretegn Jcntcr
Mrcmgry Jgnog, @.H.
Jgapctetevc Cntcrpresc
Enstetutc
Aejbkci H. Jgrdctt, Vb.H.
Gakbk, NC
Agrtgn Jgrn, Vb.H.
@gbns Bgpoens Snevcrsety
Nknjy Jgtumnk, Hr.Vb., T.H.,J.H.N.
Snevcrsety gl Hcikwkrc
B. Tusscii Jrgss, Vb.H.Xcxks K&A Snevcrsety
]eiieka @. Jrgwicy, @r., A.H.,A.D.K.
Zpejcwggh, XR
@kacs ]. Jurrkn, A.H.,A.V.B.
Tgiiens Zjbggi gl Vudiej Bckitb,
Cagry Snevcrsety
Jbkrics T. Jurtes, Vb.H.
Gbeg Ztktc Snevcrsety
@crry A. Jutticr, HZj., VCnm.
Jutticr & Kssgjektcs Enj.
Xkewg O. Hknagik, J.V.K.
Crnst & Ugunm
Eicnc T. Hknsc, A.H.
Dgienks, JK
Zbcrreii Hkvesgn, \.A.H., A.H.,A.D.K.
Snevcrsety gl Vcnnsyivknek
Vctcr J. Hchgn, A.H., Vb.H.
Aksskjbusctts Enstetutc gl
Xcjbngigmy
Xbgaks T. HcMrcmgre, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Bgustgn
Civerk M. hc Ac`ek, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Eiienges,
Srdknk-Jbkapkemn
Acric I. Hekagnh, A.H.
Hekagnh Bckhkjbc Jienej
Zcyagur Hekagnh, A.H.
Hekagnh Bckhkjbc Jienej
Tkipb Hettakn, A.H., A.V.B.
Bgustgn, XR
@gbn C. Hghcs, H.H.Z.
Nktegnki Jgunjei Kmkenst Bckitb
Lrkuh
@gbn Hguii, A.H., Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Oknsks
Xbcrgn ]. Hgwncs, Vb.H.
Zcncjk, ZJ
Aejbkci V. Hgyic, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Mcgrmek
Khka Hrcwngwsoe, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl ]ksbenmtgn
Aejbkci K. Hudejo, Vb.H.
S.Z. Kray Enstetutc gl ZurmejkiTcsckrjb
Mrcm Hudgrh, A.H., A.V.B.
Xgrgntg Jcntcr lgr Jgmnetevc
Xbcrkpy (Jknkhk)
Chwkrh T. Huc, @r., A.H.
Zkvknnkb, MK
Icgnkrh @. Hubi. A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek,
Dcrocicy
Hkveh L. Hunjkn, Hr.Vb.
Hunjkn & Kssgjektcs
@kacs T. Hunn, Vb.H.
Kvcreii Vkro, NU
@gbn Hkic Hunn, A.H., @.H.
Jkri T. Hkrnkii Bgspetki, Lgrt
Bggh, XR
Bcrdcrt I. HuVgnt, A.H.
Zt. Iuoc―s Cpesjgpki Bgspetki
Tgdcrt I. HuVgnt, A.H.
Enstetutc lgr Dcbkvegr knh
Bckitb, Enj.
Aejbkci ]. Cksicy, H.H.Z.,A.V.B.
Entcrnktegnki Bckitb
Aknkmcacnt & Tcsckrjb
Kssgjektcs
Mcgrmc C. Cbriejb, A.H.,L.K.J.V., A.K.J.T., LTJV (Chen)
Vbeikhcipbek, VK
Aejbkci V. Cistgn, A.H., A.Z.
Tkpeh Jety, ZH
]eiieka N. Ciwggh, Vb.H.
NEB/Jcntcr lgr Zjecntej
Tcvecw
Chwkrh K. Caocn, Vb.H.
Aehwcst Tcsckrjb Jgnsuitknts
Nejoe @. Cnmcsctb, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Eiienges
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Ztcpbcn O. Cpstcen, A.H.,A.V.V., LKJCV
Dctb Esrkci Hckjgncss Achejki
Jcntcr
Xcrry H. Ctbcrtgn, Vb.H.Vcnnsyivknek Ztktc Snevcrsety
T. Mrcmgry Cvkns, Vb.H.,A.V.B.
Zt. Igues Snevcrsety Jcntcr lgr
tbc Ztuhy gl Degtcrrgresa knh
Cacrmenm Enlcjtegns
Hkneci L. Lkroks, Vb.H., A.Z.,V.C.
Grcmgn Ztktc Snevcrsety
Tejbkrh Z. Lkwjctt, Vb.H.
Buxicy, EK
Lrchcrejo I. Lcrres EEE, A.H.Nktegnki Cyc Enstetutc
Hkveh N. Lcrrg, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Aksskjbusctts
Akhcign I. Lenoci, Vb.H.
Jgrncii Snevcrsety Achejki
Jgiicmc
Icgnkrh X. Liynn, Vb.H.,A.D.K.
Agrmknveiic, N@
]eiieka B. Lgcmc, A.H.,
A.V.B.Zckttic, ]K
Jbrestgpbcr B. Lgrcakn, @r., Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Akryiknh
Zbkwn N. Lrkscr, Vb.H.
Ktbkdksjk Snevcrsety (Jknkhk)
Micnn ]. Lrgnenm, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Ncdrksok, Ienjgin
Tgdcrt Z. Mkdic, Ch.H., Vb.H., @.H.
Jikrcagnt Mrkhuktc Snevcrsety
Zbkync J. Mkh, Vb.H., H.K.D.X.,K.X.Z.
Mkh Jgnsuitenm Zcrvejcs
]eiieka M. Mkencs, @r., A.H.,A.V.B.
Zjgtt & ]betc Jienej
@. Dcrnkrh I. Mcc, A.H.
Ukic Snevcrsety Zjbggi gl
Achejenc
O. B. Menzci, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Kroknsks lgr
Achejki Zjecnjcs
]eiieka Vkui Miczcn, A.H.
Dkyigr Jgiicmc gl Achejenc
@ky K. Mgih, A.H., @.H., A.V.B.
Achejki Jgiicmc gl ]esjgnsen
Tgmcr C. Mgih, Vb.H.
Xcxks K&A Snevcrsety
Tcncå A. Mgghrejb, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Ligrehk
Lrchcrejo O. Mgghwen, A.H.
Xbc Mcgrmc ]ksbenmtgn
Snevcrsety Achejki Jcntcr
Xeagtby N. Mgrsoe, A.H.,L.K.J.G.M.
Snevcrsety gl Ngrtb Xcxks
Tgnkih C. Mgts, A.H., Vb.H.
Entcrnktegnki Jcntcr lgr Xgxejgigmy
knh Achejenc
Bcnry M. Mrkdgwsoe, Vb.H.
Huoc Snevcrsety
@kacs Ekn Mrky, Vb.H.
Aejbemkn Ztktc Snevcrsety
]eiieka ]. Mrckvcs, A.H.,A.Z.V.B.
Achejki Jgiicmc gl ]esjgnsen
Ikurk J. Mrccn, Vb.H.,H.K.D.X.
Jkadrehmc Cnvergnacntki, Enj.
Zknhcr Mrccniknh, Hr.V.B.,A.K.
SJIK Zjbggi gl Vudiej Bckitb
Mgrhgn ]. Mreddic, Vb.H.
Hkrtagutb Jgiicmc
L. Vctcr Mucnmcrejb, Vb.H.\knhcrdeit Snevcrsety Zjbggi gl
Achejenc
Jkryi @. Mutb, A.H.
Khvknjc, NJ
Vbeiep Z. Muzciekn, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jgigrkhg
Hkveh @. Bknsgn, Vb.H.
Ztktc Snevcrsety gl Ncw Ugro,
Vgtshka
Xcrryi @. Bkrtakn, Vb.H.,A.V.B., T.H.
Vcnnsyivknek Ztktc Snevcrsety
Jikrc A. Bksicr, Vb.H.
Xbc Tgdcrt Agnhkve Enstetutc
gl ]enc knh Lggh Zjecnjc,
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek, Hkves
\ermei ]. Bkys, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Ocntujoy
Jikro ]. Bcktb, @r., A.H.
Kacrejkn Jknjcr Zgjecty
Hwembt D. Bcktb, Vb.H.
Drgwn Snevcrsety
Tgdcrt Bceacr, Vb.H.
Ukic Zjbggi gl Vudiej Bckitb
Tgdcrt D. Bcias, Vb.H.
Kacrejkn Cntcrpresc Enstetutc
Pknc T. Bcisci, Vb.H.
Tutmcrs Snevcrsety, Jggo
Jgiicmc
@kacs H. Bcrdcrt, Vb.H.
Hrcxci Snevcrsety
Xbcghgrc T. Bgilgrh, Vb.H.
Ukic Snevcrsety Zjbggi gl
Achejenc
Tgdcrt A. Bgiienmwgrtb,Vb.H.
Aejbemkn Ztktc Snevcrsety
Chwkrh Z. Bgrtgn, A.H.
@gsien Hekdctcs Jcntcr/Bkrvkrh
Achejki Zjbggi
@gscpb B. Bgtjboess, Vb.H.
Jgrncii Snevcrsety
Jiegrh K. Buhes, AH.
Acagreki Zigkn-Octtcrenm Jknjcr
Jcntcr
Vctcr Dkrtgn Butt, Csq.
Jgvenmtgn & Durienm, IIV
Zusknnc I. Buttncr, Vb.H.
OC Zqukrch
Iujecn T. @kjgds, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek, Igs
Knmcics
Kic`knhrg T. @khkh, A.H.,H.Vbei., L.T.J.V.J.
Snevcrsety gl Xgrgntg (Jknkhk)
Tuhgipb @. @kcmcr, Vb.H.Cnvergnacntki Achejenc, Enj.
]eiieka X. @krves, Vb.H.
Igak Ienhk Snevcrsety
Aejbcic @ky-Tusscii, H.\.A.,A.V.\.A., Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek, Hkves
Ciezkdctb B. @ccry, V.b.H.
Snevcrsety gl Eiienges,
Srdknk-Jbkapkemn
Mcgrcy J. Okdkt, Vb.H.
Kidcrt Censtcen Jgiicmc glAchejenc
Aejbkci Okaren, Vb.H.
Aejbemkn Ztktc Snevcrsety
@gbn D. Oknccnc, Vb.H., A.V.B.,H.\.A.
Aejbemkn Ztktc Snevcrsety
V. Knhrcw Okrka, Vb.H., JBV
A@] Jgrpgrktegn
Akro K. Oktjbcn, A.Z., A.D.K.,J.E.B.
Xbc Vbyiakr Mrgup
Oktbryn C. Ociiy, Hr.V.B.
Hcitk Xgxejgigmy
Tgdcrt H. Ocrns, Vb.H.
Ukic Snevcrsety Zjbggi gl
Achejenc
Mcgrmc K. Ocywgrtb EE, Vb.H.
Jkraci, JK
Aejbkci Oersjb, A.H.
Bembiknh Bcembts, GB
@gbn J. Oersjbakn, Vb.H.
Kiicntgwn, VK
]eiieka A. V. Oicen, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Vettsdurmb
Tgnkih C. Oicenakn, A.H.
Aksskjbusctts Mcncrki
Bgspetki/Bkrvkrh Achejki
Zjbggi
Icsiec A. Oicvky, A.H., Z.H.en Bym.
Snevcrsety gl Ngrtb Hkogtk
Zjbggi gl Achejenc knh Bckitb
Zjecnjcs
Hkveh A. Oiurlcih, Vb.H.
S.Z. Hcpkrtacnt gl Kmrejuiturc
Oktbryn A. Ogiksk, Vb.H.,T.H.
Ckst Jkrgienk Snevcrsety
@kacs Z. Oggpakn, A.H,A.V.B.
Snevcrsety gl Aejbemkn Zjbggi gl
Vudiej Bckitb
Kikn T. Orestki, Hr.V.B.
Lrch Butjbensgn Jknjcr
Tcsckrjb Jcntcr
Aetze T. Orgjogvcr, A.H.ZZD Zgiutegns
Aknlrch Orgmcr, Vb.H.
Vcnnsyivknek Ztktc Snevcrsety
Jkrgiyn @. Ikjocy, Vb.H., T.H.
Ngrtb Jkrgienk Ztktc Snevcrsety
@. Jikydurn IkLgrjc, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek, Igs
Knmcics
Tgdcrt M. Ikbetk, A.H., Vb.H.
Agunt Zenke Zjbggi gl Achejenc
@kacs J. Ikad, E\, Vb.H., @.H.
Cxpgncnt
]eiieka C. A. Iknhs, Vb.H.
Jgiicmc Vkro, AH
Drekn K. Ikroens, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Krezgnk
Ikrry Ikuhkn, Vb.H.
Nktegnki Kutgngagus
Snevcrsety gl Acxejg (Acxejg)
Xga D. Ickagn, Vb.H.
Iedcrty Autuki Ensurknjc
Jgapkny
@ky B. Icbr, Vb.H.
Cnvergnacntki Chujktegn
Cntcrprescs, Enj.
Drekn J. Icntic, A.H., LTJVJ,HATH
Snevcrsety gl Dretesb Jgiuadek
(Jknkhk)
DGKTH GL ZJECNXELEJ KNH VGIEJU KH\EZGTZ(JGNXENSCH)
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DGKTH GL ZJECNXELEJ KNH VGIEJU KH\EZGTZ(JGNXENSCH)
Zjgtt G. Ieiecnlcih, Vb.H.
Cagry Snevcrsety
Ligy Ieiicy, @.H.
Lcrnknhenk Dckjb, LI
]eiieka A. Ignhgn, Ch.H.,A.V.B.
Jkielgrnek Ztktc Snevcrsety, Igs
Knmcics
]eiieka A. Iunjb, Vb.H.
Grcmgn Ztktc Snevcrsety
Hkryi Iunh, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl ]esjgnsen,
Akhesgn
@gbn Iupecn, A.Zj.
Snevcrsety gl Aksskjbusctts
@knct C. Akjbcicht, A.H.,A.Z., A.V.B.
Bgustgn, XR
Okri Akrkagrgsjb, Vb.H.
Tutmcrs Snevcrsety, Jggo
Jgiicmc
@uhetb K. Akrictt, Vb.H., T.H.
Snevcrsety gl ]esjgnsen,
Akhesgn
Ikwrcnjc @., Akrnctt, Vb.H.
\knhcrdeit Snevcrsety
@kacs T. Akrsbkii, Vb.H.Tgswcii Vkro Jknjcr Enstetutc
Tgmcr G. AjJiciikn, H.\.A.,A.A.Z., H.K.D.X., H.K.D.\.X.,
L.K.X.Z.
Kiduqucrquc, NA
Akry B. AjMrktb, A.H.,A.V.B.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek, Zkn
Lrknjesjg
Kikn M. AjBumbcn, H.Vbei.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek,
Tevcrsehc
@kacs H. AjOckn, H.\.A., @.H.
Egwk Ztktc Snevcrsety
@gscpb V. AjAcnkaen, A.H., @.H.
AjMuerc]gghs, IIV
Vktrejo @. Aejbkcis, Vb.H.
Jktg Enstetutc
Xbgaks B. Aeidy, A.H.,A.V.B.
Dgesc, EH
@gscpb A. Aeiicr, A.H., A.V.B.Hurbka, NB
Tejbkrh K. Aeiicr, A.H.
Vrenjepek Degpbkrak, Enj.
Tejbkrh O. Aeiicr, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Tgjbcstcr
]eiieka @. Aeiicr, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Mcgrmek
K. Kikn Agmbesse, Vb.H.
Enstetutc lgr Tcmuiktgry Zjecnjc
Mrkjc V. Agnkjg, @.H.
Achejki Jkrc Gaduhsakn
Vrgmrka
Drekn C. Agnhcii, A.H.
Dkiteagrc Bckhkjbc Enstetutc
@gbn ]. Agrmkn, Hr.V.B.
Jkielgrnek Jknjcr Tcmestry
Ztcpbcn @. Agss, H.H.Z., A.Z.
Ncw Ugro Snevcrsety Jgiicmc gl
Hcntestry
Drggoc X. Agssakn, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl \cragnt Jgiicmc
gl Achejenc
Vctcr ]. Auiicn, Vb.H.,LJZLZ
Ocaej Degrcsckrjb
Kiiesgn K. Auiicr, Vbkra.H.
Enstetutc lgr Jgntenuenm
Bckitbjkrc Chujktegn
Bkrres A. Nkmicr, A.H.
Dctb Esrkci Achejki Jcntcr/
Kidcrt Censtcen Jgiicmc gl
Achejenc
Hkneci @. Njkyeyknk, A.H.
Dcnmucik Bckitb (Zgutb Klrejk)
Vbeiep C. Ncisgn, Vb.H.
Vurhuc Snevcrsety
@gyjc K. Ncttictgn, H.Zj., T.H.
Hcnvcr, JG
@gbn Z. Ncudcrmcr, Hr.V.B.
Snevcrsety gl Oknsks Zjbggi gl
Achejenc
Xbgaks Nejbgisgn, Vb.H.,A.V.B.
]cstcrn Ocntujoy Snevcrsety
Kidcrt M. NejociIygnBckrt (rct.)
Xbcrcsk K. Nejoiks, Hr.V.B.,A.V.B.
Jbeihrcn―s Nutretegn Tcsckrjb
Jcntcr ‚ Dkyigr Jgiicmc gl
Achejenc
Tgdcrt @. Nejgigse, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Aksskjbusctts,
Igwcii
@kacs I. Gdienmcr, Vb.H.
Ngrtb Jkrgienk Ztktc Snevcrsety
Ocnnctb Gt, A.H., A.V.B.
Acagreki Zigkn-Octtcrenm
Jknjcr Jcntcr
@gbn Vktrejo G―Mrkhy, A.H.
Xults Snevcrsety Zjbggi gl
Achejenc
@kacs C. Gihlcih, Vb.H.
Grcmgn Ztktc Snevcrsety
Ztknicy X. Gakyc, Vb.H.,L.K.X.Z., L.KJN, J.N.Z.
Snevcrsety gl Ncvkhk, Tcng
Aejbkci ]. Vkrezk, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl ]esjgnsen,Akhesgn
Ztukrt Vkttgn, Vb.H.
Vcnnsyivknek Ztktc Snevcrsety
@kacs Akrj Vcrren, A.H.
Akss Mcncrki Bgspetki lgr
Jbeihrcn
@ky Vbcikn, A.H.
]yic Entcmrktch Zjecnjc knh
Cnmenccrenm Mrgup
Xeagtby Huocs Vbeiieps, Vb.H.
Xcxks K&A Snevcrsety
Hkveh T. Veoc, Vb.H.
Jbkapkemn, EI
Ztcvcn Venocr, Vb.H.
Bkrvkrh Snevcrsety
Bcnry J. Vetgt, A.H., Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl ]esjgnsen,
Akhesgn
Xbgaks X. Vgicakn, Vb.H.
Jgrncii Snevcrsety
Mkry V. Vgsncr, A.H.
Viknt Jety, LI
@gbn @. Vgwcrs, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Mcgrmek
]eiieka H. Vgwrec, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Dretesb Jgiuadek
(Jknkhk)
J.Z. Vrkoksb, Vb.H.
Xusocmcc Snevcrsety
Akrven V. Vretts, Vb.H.
Jgrncii Snevcrsety
Hkneci @. Tketcn, Vb.H.
Nktegnki Enstetutcs gl Bckitb
Hkveh ]. Tkacy, H.\.A.
Tkacy Cquenc Mrgup
T.X. Tkvcnbgit, A.H., A.V.B.
Vgpuiktegn Bckitb Eapcrktevcs
Tussci @. Tcetcr, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Xcxks, Zkn
Kntgneg
]eiieka Tcveiic, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety Jgiicmc Jgro
(Erciknh)
Hgnkih T. Tgdcrts, Vb.H.
Xbc Snelgrach Zcrvejcs
Snevcrsety gl tbc Bckitb
Zjecnjcs
@. H. Tgdensgn, A.H.
Mcgrmctgwn Snevcrsety Zjbggi
gl Achejenc
Drkh Tghu, H.H.Z.
Snevcrsety gl Iguesveiic
Deii H. Tgcdujo, Vb.H.,H.K.D.X.
Hkrtagutb Achejki Zjbggi
Hgnkih T. Tgmcrs, A.H.
Tcterch, Achejki Cxkaencr knhVktbgigmest,
Hkveh D. Tgii, Vb.H.
Jgiicyveiic, XR
Hkic T. Tgasgs, Vb.H.
Aejbemkn Ztktc Snevcrsety
@gscpb H. Tgscn, Vb.H.
Jggo Jgiicmc, Tutmcrs
Snevcrsety
Ztcvcn X. Tgscn, A.H.
Ngrtbwcstcrn Snevcrsety
Achejki Zjbggi
Ztknicy Tgtbakn, Vb.H.
Zaetb Jgiicmc
Ztcpbcn B. Zklc, H.Vbei.
Xcxks K&A Snevcrsety
]kiikjc E. Zkapsgn, A.H.
Ztknlgrh Snevcrsety Zjbggi gl
Achejenc
Akro ’@ksgn‑ Zknhcrs, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Xcxks Achejki
Zjbggi
Bkrgih B. Zknhstckh, A.H.Snevcrsety gl Xcxks Achejki
Drknjb
Jbkrics T. Zkntcrrc, Vb.H.
Vurhuc Snevcrsety
Igwcii H. Zkttcricc, Vb.H.
\crmks, AN
Akro \. Zkucr, A.H.
Jgiuadek Snevcrsety
@crcy ]. Zkvcii, Vb.H.
Xcxks K&A Snevcrsety
Akrven @. Zjbessci, H.H.Z.
Tgsiyn Bcembts, NU
Hkveh Zjbgttcnlcih, A.H.,A.Zj.
Snevcrsety gl Aejbemkn
@gci A. Zjbwkrtz, A.Z.
Tcksgn Vudiej Vgiejy Enstetutc
Hkveh C. Zcehcaknn, Vb.H.
Drggoiyn Jgiicmc/Ukic
Snevcrsety
Hkveh Zcrcs, A.H., ZjA., VNZ.Jgiuadek Snevcrsety Achejki
Jcntcr
Hkveh K. Zbkywetz, A.H.,Vb.H.
Xbcrkvknjc, Enj.
Vktrejo @. Zbck, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Ncdrksok, Ienjgin
7/24/2019 Concussions: Fact v. Fiction
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/concussions-fact-v-fiction 33/34
Aejbkci D. Zbcracr, Vb.H.
Zocptej Akmkzenc
Zkrkb Zbgrt, Vb.H., Ch.H., T.H.
Zyrkjusc Snevcrsety
K. @. Zechicr, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Eiienges,
Srdknk-Jbkapkemn
Akrj O. Zecmci, A.H.
Ncw Ugro Snevcrsety Zjbggi gl
Achejenc
Aejbkci Zecmci, A.H., A.V.B.
Dgstgn Snevcrsety Zjbggi gl
Vudej Bckitb
Icc A. Zeivcr, Vb.H.
Vrenjctgn Snevcrsety
Aejbkci Z. Zeagn, A.H.,A.V.B.
]kync Ztktc Snevcrsety
Z. Lrch Zenmcr, Vb.H.
Zjecnjc & Cnvergnacntki Vgiejy
Vrg`cjt
Tgdcrt D. Zoikrg, A.H.
Vbeikhcipbek, VK
Knnc A. Zaetb, Vb.H., T.H.,I.H.
Gbeg Ztktc Snevcrsety
Mkry J. Zaetb, Vb.H.
Jgigrkhg Ztktc Snevcrsety
@gbn N. Zglgs, Vb.H.
Jgigrkhg Ztktc Snevcrsety
Ikszig V Zgagmye, Vb.H.
ZTE Entcrnktegnki (rct.)
Tgy L. Zpkihenm, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Ncdrksok, Ienjgin
Icgnkrh X. Zpcrry, A.H.,Vb.H.
Ligrehk Ktikntej Snevcrsety
Tgdcrt K. Zquerc, H.\.A.,Vb.H.
@gbns Bgpoens Snevcrsety
Tgnkih X. Ztknog, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Vettsdurmb
Achejki Jcntcr
@kacs B. Ztccic, H.\.A.,A.V.B.
Snevcrsety gl Xcxks, Bgustgn
Tgdcrt H. Ztccic, Vb.H.
Vcnnsyivknek Ztktc Snevcrsety
@uhetb Z. Ztcrn, Zj.H., T.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek, Hkves
Ztcpbcn Z. Ztcrndcrm, A.H.
Acagreki Zigkn-Octtcrenm
Jknjcr Jcntcr
Tgnkih H. Ztcwkrt, G.J.,A.H., LTJVJ
Hkibgusec Snevcrsety (Jknkhk)
Akrtbk Dkrncs Ztgnc, Vb.H.
Jgigrkhg Ztktc Snevcrsety
@gn K. Ztgry, Vb.H.
Vurhuc Snevcrsety
Zetk T. Xktene, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Aenncsgtk
Hejo Xkvcrnc
Bgusc gl Igrhs, Snetch
Oenmhga
Ztcvc I. Xkyigr, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Ncdrksok, Ienjgin
Igrrkenc Xbciekn
Octjbua, Enj.
Oeadcriy A. Xbgapsgn, Zj.H.
Bkrvkrh Zjbggi gl Vudiej
Bckitb
Knhrck H. Xemieg, Vb.H., @.H.
Xgwnscnh knh Xgwnscnh knh
Jrcw, IIV
@kacs C. Xeiigtsgn, Vb.H.,A.D.K.
Xults Snevcrsety
Heaetregs Xrejbgpguigs, A.H.
Bkrvkrh Zjbggi gl Vudiej
Bckitb
Tgdcrt V. Spjburjb, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Krezgnk
Akro @. Stcii, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Tgjbcstcr
Achejki Jcntcr
Zbksbe D. \crak, Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Ncdrksok, Ienjgin
]eiikrh @. \esco, A.H., Vb.H.
Snevcrsety gl Eiienges Jgiicmc gl
Achejenc
Iynn ]kesbwcii, Vb.H., JBCZ
Snevcrsety gl Achejenc knh
Hcntestry gl Ncw @crscy, Zjbggi
gl Vudiej Bckitb
Knnc A. ]kiikjc, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek, Zkn
Hecmg
Drekn ]knseno, Vb.H.
Jgrncii Snevcrsety
Aeics ]cendcrmcr, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Egwk Bgspetkisknh Jienejs
@gbn ]cesdurmcr, Vb.H.
Ncw Ugro Achejki Jgiicmc
@knct Z. ]cess, A.H.
Xbc XgxHgj
Zeagn ]cssciy, A.H., LTJV
Oenm―s Jgiicmc Ignhgn knh
Enstetutc gl Vsyjbektry (Snetch
Oenmhga)
Ztcvcn H. ]cxncr, A.H.
Jicvciknh Jienej Ligrehk
@gci Ciiegt ]betc, A.H.,L.K.J.T.
Hknveiic, JK
@gbn Z. ]betc, Vb.H.
]betc Xcjbnejki Tcsckrjb
Ocnnctb I. ]betc, Vb.H.
Stkb Ztktc Snevcrsety
Tgdcrt @. ]betc, A.H., Vb.H.
Zbkocr Bcembts, GB
Jkrgi ]betigjo, Vb.H., T.H.
Tgjbcstcr Enstetutc gl
Xcjbngigmy
Jbrestgpbcr L. ]eioensgn,Vb.H.
]eiaenmtgn, NJ
Akro I. ]eiicndrenm, A.H.
Zkent Vkui. AN
@kacs O. ]gakjo, @r.
Ngrtb Jkrgienk Aenenm &
Cncrmy Jgaaessegn
@kacs @. ]grakn, Vb.H.
Tgjbcstcr Enstetutc gl
Xcjbngigmy
Tusscii Z. ]grrkii, G.H.
Snevcrsety gl Jkielgrnek,
Dcrocicy
Z. Ztknicy Ugunm, Vb.H.
Nktegnki Enstetutc gl Ztktestejki
Zjecnjc
Ztcvcn B. Pcesci, A.H., Vb.H.
Xbc Snevcrsety gl Ngrtb
Jkrgienk
Aejbkci D. Pcaci, Vb.H.Nutretegn Enstetutc, Snevcrsety
gl Xcnncsscc
Cobkrh C. Pecmicr, A.H.
Snevcrsety gl Egwk
DGKTH GL ZJECNXELEJ KNH VGIEJU KH\EZGTZ(JGNXENSCH)
Xbc gpenegns cxprcssch en KJZB pudiejktegns hg ngt ncjcsskreiy rcprcscnt tbc vecws glkii acadcrs gl tbc KJZB Dgkrh gl Xrustccs, Lgunhcrs Jerjic knh Dgkrh gl Zjecntej knh
Vgiejy Khvesgrs, wbg kii scrvc wetbgut jgapcnsktegn.
7/24/2019 Concussions: Fact v. Fiction
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/concussions-fact-v-fiction 34/34
Zjecnjc. Ngt Bypc.
Jgnjussegns usch tg dc jgnsehcrch "pkrt gl hgenm dusencss"
lgr tbgsc wbg pkrtejepktch en spgrts kt kii icvcis. Xbc ehck gl
"sbkoenm et gst knh mcttenm dkjo en tbcrc" wks sg hccpiy
enmrkench en gur spgrts juiturc tbkt et wks gltcn sccn ks k semngl jgaaetacnt tg tbc tcka. Uct hurenm rcjcnt hcjkhcs,
cvehcnjc gl errcvcrsedic drken en`ury dcmkn peienm up, sbgwenm
tbkt jgnjussegns wcrc ngt k rciktevciy dcnemn sehc cstcjt gl
spgrts, dut wcrc ielc-kitcrenm, knh sgacteacs lktki en`urecs
tbkt bkh dccn unhcrcsteaktch lgr yckrs. En tbes dggo, tbc
Kacrejkn Jgunjei gn Zjecnjc knh Bckitb cxkaencs jbknmcs en
tbc kwkrcncss, prcvcntegn, knh trcktacnt gl kn en`ury tbkt es
dcjgaenm agrc knh agrc rcjgmnezch ks tbc scregus bckitb
tbrckt tbkt et es.
Xbc Kacrejkn Jgunjei gn Zjecnjc knh Bckitb es k jgnsuacr
chujktegn jgnsgrteua jgnjcrnch wetb essucs rciktch tg lggh,
nutretegn, jbcaejkis, pbkrakjcutejkis, ielcstyic, tbc
cnvergnacnt knh bckitb. Et wks lgunhch en ;5=2 dy k mrgup gl
sjecntests jgnjcrnch tbkt akny eapgrtknt pudiej pgiejecs
rciktch tg bckitb knh tbc cnvergnacnt heh ngt bkvc k sgunh
sjecntej dkses. Xbcsc sjecntests jrcktch tbc grmknezktegn tg
khh rcksgn knh dkiknjc tg hcdktcs kdgut pudiej bckitb essucs
knh drenm jgaagn scnsc vecws tg tbc pudiej.