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7/30/2012
1
Conducting a Literature Search
for Research Projects
Zona Kahkonen Keppler
Vicky Fout
August 2, 2012
Agenda
□ 1:00 - Introduction & Background
□ 1:10 - Six Steps to a Literature Search
□ 2:00 - Break
□ 2:15 - Group Exercise
□ 3:00 - Conclude
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 2
Background
□ What is a literature search?
A well thought out, organized
search for literature published on
a specific topic.
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Background
□ Why is a literature search important?
□ Uncovers what already exists on a topic
□ Increases your knowledge base
□ Identifies previously conducted work
□ Identifies research methods and results
□ Conveys Understanding
□ Demonstrates your familiarity with the topic
□ Shows how your work contributes or differs
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 4
Background
□ What do I really get out of a literature search?
□ Helps you define your research
□ Provides focus and direction to your research
□ Literature Search may uncover:
□ A solution to your problem ready for use right now
□ A solution that just needs a little tweaking
□ Someone else is currently working on your issue
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 5
Step One
STOP WRITING THE
RFP!
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Step One
□ Identify your topic (problem)
□What is your issue?
□What do you need to have answered?
□Expect to reevaluate your topic/problem
□ Set yourself a schedule
□Give yourself deadlines
□Stick to them
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 7
Step Two
□ Conduct a high-level, preliminary literature
search on your own
□Before you go to the library
□Quick overview
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 8
Step Two
□ WHY???
□Help define/refine your topic
□Begin identifying key words
□Narrows your topic to be more manageable
□Prepares you to go to the ODOT Library (Step 3)
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Step Two
□ Key Words
□Word or phrases that search engines look for
□Related to your topic
□ Identified by the author
□Consider using synonyms,
alternative terms, and truncating
□Can widen your search
□Results not relevant to your problem
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 10
Step Two
□ Sources for Preliminary Literature Search
□ TRID
□http://trid.trb.org/
□RIP
□http://rip.trb.org/
□Practice Ready Papers
□http://prp.trb.org/
□Google Scholar
□http://scholar.google.com/
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 11
Step Two
□ Review the findings
□Scan the abstracts
□Scan articles of interest
□ Look for pertinent information & patterns
□ Review your topic/problem
□Has your issue changed?
□Refine topic/problem appropriately
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Step Three
□ Go to the ODOT Library
The secret to a successful journey though
the literature review
PACK WISELY BEFORE YOU BEGIN
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 13
Step Three
Just as in packing for a trip, you want
everything that you take with you to be
RELEVANT and USEFUL
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Step Three
□ Ask yourself a question or two:
□What problem am I trying to solve?
□What question am I trying to answer?
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Step Three
□ Is your question a matter of:
□ Theory?
□Methodology?
□Policy?
□ Quantitative (effectiveness/impact of a new
procedure: did it work, and why/why not)?
□ Qualitative (studies and research)?
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 16
Step Three
□ What types of responses will answer your
question?
□ Journal research or studies
□DOT research
□Product literature
□Patents
□AASHTO listserv email response
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 17
Step Three
□ How far back in time is RELEVANT and
USEFUL?
□Current information (2010-present)
□Retrospective back 5, 10, 15, or more years
□Keep in mind: the past helps to define the
future
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Step Three
□ Geographically speaking
□United States
□ International
□ For example: All countries with SNOW and
ICE
□English-only…
Spanish, French, German
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 19
Step Three
□ Phrases, terms and keywords
□Winter maintenance AKA Snow and ice
□Anti-icing vs deicing
□ LIDAR AKA Light Detection and Ranging
□General to specific
□What else is it called?
□ I want this, but not that
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Step Three
And…
Keep a log of where have you already
looked, and
What documents that you already have
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Step Three
□ Using the AASHTO Listserv Samples
The Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Personnel is seeking
information from State DOT’s which utilize Facebook as a means to create
greater interest and awareness of job/career opportunities. For those State
DOTs who do use Facebook, please respond to the following:
□ Are all transportation job openings displayed on Facebook or only those job
openings in which recruitment difficulties are encountered?
□ What types of positions have you had success with?
□ Does your Facebook page direct applicants to the State website for job
openings?
□ What are the advantages/disadvantages in using Facebook for recruitment
purposes?
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 22
Step Three
□ AASHTO Listserv Samples (continued)
The Illinois DOT is trying to locate and obtain
copies, print or electronic of any anti-
icing/deicing guidelines used by your state.
Please send responses to…..
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 23
Step Three
□ AASHTO Listserv Samples (continued)
As part of our ongoing bridge inspection program in the State of
Washington we require inspectors periodically attend refresher
training. Our current training curriculum is out of date and no longer
considered to be equivalent to NHI Training by FHWA. We are
looking into options for making updated training available. We are
interested to discover if any other DOT’s have a refresher training
course that they are delivering that is approved by FHWA. Please
provide a response by close of business February 16th.
http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/G5D376X
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Step Three
□ Using the sites:
□ TRID
□http://trid.trb.org/
□RIP
□http://rip.trb.org/
□Practice Ready Papers
□http://prp.trb.org/
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 25
Step Four
□ Review the information
You will need to actually read the articles!
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NO!!!
Step Four
□ Organize the information
□Scan the abstracts
□Highlight items of interest
□Make notes in the margins
□Categorize the articles into groups
□Definitely relates
□Somewhat relates
□Doesn’t relate
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Step Four
□ Create a list of questions
□ Focuses your reading
□Helps analyze and evaluate the article
□Reminds you what you are looking for
□ Ultimate goals:
□Have manageable amount articles
□Avoid over investigation
□ Lessen information overload
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Step Four
□ Does this answer my issue?
□ Can I use it as is?
□ Does it need tweaking first?
□ How does this contribute to my
issue?
□ Starting point
□ Background information
□ Goes in a different direction
□ Who wrote/conducted this?
□ Are they reputable?
□ When was this research done?
□ Still applicable or out-of-date?
□ Why was this research done?
□ What was their goal/purpose?
□ What are the findings?
□ Does this answer their issue?
□ Are the findings acceptable?
□ How does this impact my
issue?
□ Enhances understanding
□ Changes approach
□ Indicates things to avoid
□ No change
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Sample Questions
Step Four
□ Start with Definitely Relates pile first
□Scan the articles
□Read with targets in mind
□Think of your questions
□Highlight and take notes as you read
□What’s good / Why do you like this?
□What’s bad / Why don’t you like this?
□The more you read…. the more things will begin to
seem similar
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Step Four
□ Keep track of where the information came
from (references list)
Websites change - Print (or save) articles
□ Review your schedule
□Do you have time to review the “Somewhat
Relates” pile in detail?
□High level assessment only?
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 31
Step Five
□ Summarize your findings
□Existing Research Section of the RFP
□What did you find?
□How is it relevant?
□How is it not relevant?
□ Convey strengths, weaknesses, and
applicability of the findings to your issue
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 32
Step Five
□ Sample #1: □ RFP 2009-07 - GPS-Based Household Interview Survey for the
Cincinnati, Ohio Region 1) “Deducing Mode and Purpose from GPS Data,” Peter Stopher, Eoin Clifford, Jun Zhang, The Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, and
Camden FitzGerald, PB, 11th TRB National Transportation Planning Applications Conference, 2007
2) Comparative Analysis of Global Positioning System-Based and Travel Survey-Based Data, Stacey Bricka and Chandra R. Bhat, UT at Austin, TRR
No. 1972, pp. 9-20, 2006
3) Estimating Trip Rate Under-reporting: Preliminary Results from the Ohio Household Travel Survey, Ben Pierce, Jesse Casas, Nustats, and
Gregory T. Giaimo, ODOT, Presented at 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2003
4) “Developing and Deploying a New Wearable GPS Device for Transport Applications,” Stopher, P.R., S.P. Greaves, and C. FitzGerald, 2nd
International Colloquium on the Behavioural Foundations of Integrated Land Use and Transportation Models, 2005
5) “Application of New Technologies in Travel Surveys,” J. Wolf, Travel Survey Methods – Quality and Future Directions, 2006
6) “Elimination of the Travel Diary. An experiment to derive trip purpose from GPS Travel Data,” J. Wolf, R. Guensler, and W. Bachman, Presented
at 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2001
7) Impact of underreporting on mileage and travel time estimates, Wolf, Jean, M. Oliveira, M. Thompson, TRR. No. 1854, 2003
8) Comparison of trip determination methods in household travel surveys enhanced by a Global Positioning System , Forrest, Timothy and David
Pearson, TRR No. 1917, 2005
9) Enhanced system for link and mode identification for personal travel surveys based on Global Positioning Systems, Tsui, Sheung Yuen Amy, Amer
Shalaby, TRR No. 1972, 2006
10) “GPS for travel surveys : innovation in household travel survey”, Berthelsen, Gene, Journal (California. Dept. of Transportation). Vol. 3, issue 4,
Jan.-Mar. 2003
11) Conversion of Volunteer-Collected GPS Diary Data into Travel Time Performance Measures: Final Report, Srinivasan, Sivaramakrishnan,
Prabuddha Ghosh, Aruna Sivakumar, Aarti Kapur, Chandra R Bhat, Stacey Bricka, UT at Austin, 2006
12) 1999 Mid-Ohio Area Household Travel Survey Final Report, NuStats, MORPC, 2000
13) 2001-2003 Ohio Statewide Household Travel Survey, NuStats, 2004
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Step Five
□ Sample #1 (continued): □ RFP 2009-07 - GPS-Based Household Interview Survey for the
Cincinnati, Ohio Region
□ Paper 1 details a study, similar to the one proposed, that was conducted in
Sydney, Australia. However, it is desired that this study also include auto
occupancy and joint travel.
□ Reports 2 and 3 report some of the deficiencies of diary-based surveys and
how GPS-based add-ons can help correct for them.
□ Reports 4 and 5 relate to the use of GPS-based units in travel surveys.
□ Reports/Papers 6-11 are related research that may contain information of use
to this project.
□ Reports 12 and 13 are the final reports from the MORPC and Ohio Statewide
Travel Surveys. It is intended that this research be able to replicate the data
obtained from these surveys as much as possible.
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 34
Step Five
□ Sample #2 : □ RPF 2009-09 - Resilient Modulus Predictive Models for Ohio Granular
Base and Subgrade
The following reports/papers discuss models used to predict resilient modulus of soils and granular base:
1) “Continued Monitoring of SHRP Pavement Instrumentation Including Soil Suction & Relationship With Resilient
Modulus”; Wolfe, William E. & Butalia, Tarunjit S., FHWA/OH-2004/007, Ohio State University, June, 2004.
2) “Predicting Resilient Modulus: A study to Determine the Mechanical Properties of Subgrade Soils”, R. F.
Carmichael III and E. Stuart. TRR 1043, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC 1985. This paper
includes a model which predicts MR for granular soil given the unified classification, water content, and
bulk stress.
3) “Study of LTPP Laboratory Resilient Modulus Test Data and Response Characteristics”, Amber Yau and Harold L.
Von Quintus. FHWA-RD-02-051, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia, 2002. One conclusion of
this study is the resilient modulus can be reasonably predicted from the physical properties included in
the LTPP database, but there is bias in the calculated values.
4) “Prediction of Resilient Modulus from Soil Index Properties”, K. P. George. The Mississippi DOT, Jackson,
Mississippi, 2004. This report details the development of a model for Mississippi DOT.
5) “Resilient Modulus Prediction Models Based on Analysis of LTPP Data for Subgrade Soils and Experimental
Verification”. Ramesh Malla and Shraddha Joshi, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 133, No. 9,
September 1, 2007. This paper contains models that would need to be evaluated under Task 1.
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 35
Step Five
□ Sample #2 (continued): □ RPF 2009-09 - Resilient Modulus Predictive Models for Ohio Granular
Base and Subgrade
The following reports contain resilient modulus values for Ohio granular base and/or subgrade materials.
1) “Characterization of Ohio Subgrade Types”, J Ludwig Figueroa, Eric Angyal, & Xiaohua Su. Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 1994
2) “Extended Monitoring and Analysis of Moisture-Temperature Data”, J Ludwig Figueroa. Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001
3) “Monitoring and Analysis of Data Obtained from Moisture Temperature Recording Stations”, J Ludwig Figueroa.
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001
4) “Evaluation of Resilient Modulus by Back-Calculation Technique”, S. M. Sargand and G. A. Hazen. Ohio
University, Athens, Ohio 1991
5) “Laboratory Characterization of Materials & Data Management for Ohio-SHRP Projects (U.S. 23)”, S. M. Sargand
and T. Masada. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 2002
6) “Material Properties for Implementation of Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) Pavement Design Procedures”, T. Masada
et al. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 2004
7) “Permeability and Stability of Base and Subbase Materials”, Brian Randolph, Andrew Heydinger, and Jiwan
Gupta. University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 2000
8) “Evaluation of Drainable Bases under Asphalt Pavement”, Robert Liang. University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 2007.
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 36
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Step Five
□ Sample #3: □ RFP 2008-01 - Cost Benefit Models to Support PMS Decisions
Several related research projects/reports were found in a search of the RIP and TRIS databases. Many of these
presented concepts or case studies. The following studies identify concepts or research methods which can be used to
perform this research, or describe procedures used by others. Given the ODOT specific nature of PMIS, none of these
studies have produced procedures or software which can be incorporated into PMIS without modification.
RIP:
1) Maintenance and Rehabilitation Integration into the PMS for Long Range Planning, Missouri DOT, 7/15/2000 start
date
2) Pavement Performance Evaluation and Rehabilitation Strategies Effectiveness, Arizona DOT, 4/13/98 start date
3) Highway Asset Management Systems for Canadian Agencies, Transportation Association of Canada, 1999 end
date.
TRIS:
1) Integrated Pavement Management System with a Markovian Prediction Model; Abaza, Ashur, & Al-Khatib; Journal
of Transportation Engineering, Vol 130, No 1, January, 2004
2) Guidelines for a Roadway Management System (RMS) for Local Governments; Misra, Roohanirad, &
Somboonyanon; Midwest Transportation Consortium, October, 2003.
3) Issues in Integrating Pavement Management and Preventive Maintenance; Zimmerman & Peshkin; TRR No. 1889,
2004
4) Integer Programming of Maintenance and Rehabilitation Treatments for Pavement Networks; Li, Haas, & Huot;
TRR No. 1629, 1998
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 37
Step Five
□ Sample #4: □ RFP 2011-10: Determining the Limitations of Warm Mix Asphalt by
Water Injection in Mix Design, Quality Control and Placement
OCLC First Search, QuickSearch, TRB RiP Search, and TL Cat databases were
searched for relevant research. Since WMA is a relatively new field a lot of the
research was looking into what had come out of Europe originally. The majority
of this research did not address the foaming method of WMA. The method used
in Ohio for foaming was first developed for WMA by Astec around 2006-2007.
Because of this there is recognition nationally that some of the questions in the
problem statement need researched. Although existing studies have also
determined what questions remain (as did our student study on WMA) none of
the existing research answers the questions for foaming adequately.
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 38
Step Five
□ Sample #5: □ RFP 2013-06: Designing a Research Implementation Process and
Criteria for Performance Measures The concept of implementation tracking and performance measures is not new. Over the years, these
subjects, relative to transportation research, have been researched and analyzed at both the national and state levels on numerous occasions. Realizing there is a vast amount of information available, which is
applicable to this research project, ODOT is not interested in reinventing the wheel, but is seeking a
methodology that is applicable to Ohio’s situation. Results of a preliminary literature search conducted by
ODOT identified a plethora of reports. Below is a sampling of some of the reports that ODOT found to be of
interest.
1) Anderson, D. (2010). Measuring the Benefits of Transportation Research in Utah. University of Utah. Utah
Department of Transportation (UT-10.01)
2) Concas, S., Reich S., Yelds, A. (2002). Valuing the Benefits of Transportation Research: A Matrix Approach.
Center for Urban Transportation Research. Florida Department of Transportation (BC-353-24)
3) CTC & Associates LLC (2011). Implementing Research Results: Highlighting State and National Practices.
Caltrans Division of Research and Innovation.
4) Krugler, P., Walden, M., Hoover, B., Lin, Y., Tucker, S. (2006) NCHRP Project 20-63 Web-Only Document 127:
Performance Measurement Tool Box and Reporting System for Research Programs and Projects.
5) Sabol, S., NCHRP Synthesis 300 Performance Measures for Research, Development, and Technology
Programs. (2001) Transportation, Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
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Step Five
□ Sample #6: □ RFP 2009-04 - Rapid Orthophoto Development System
Both RIP and TRIS were checked. RIP did not reveal any potential related
items. The TRIS search noted 35 potential items of interest. Only one of the
TRIS search items “USGS Automatic Orthophoto System” seemed similar, so we
reviewed the details and discovered that the research did not apply. The
research was conducted in 1971 and did not utilize digital imaging.
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 40
Step Six
□ Re-evaluate your issue
□Has it changed?
□Did you identify new steps/tasks for the
“proposed research” section of the RFP?
□ Go write your RFP
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 41
Step Six
□ Check out the RFP Workshop Video
□ http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/
SPR/Research/Training/Pages/RFP_Worksho
p.aspx
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Questions
Break
Back in 15 minutes
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Group Exercise
□ You pick the topic…..
□ Now, let’s do a literature search….
08/2012 Conducting a Literature Search for Research Projects Training 44