CONFERENCE ON MOUNTAIN ENERGY, WATER

AND FOOD FOR LIFE

MOUNTAINS, GLACIERS AND WATER SITUATION IN

PAKISTAN

MILAN, ITALY (MAY 27-28, 2009)

BY

DR.MUHAMMAD AKRAM KHALOWN(TI)

(The Hindu Kush-Himalaya Mountain Chain)

� Encompasses parts of mountain in Afghanistan, Bangladesh,

Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan.

� Extends over 3500 KM.

� Home to over 140 Million Population.

A. MOUNTAINS OF PAKISTAN

HINDU KASH HIMALAYIA

� Assemblage of 35 Giant Peaks.

� 4 peaks higher than 25584 ft (7800 m),108

peaks higher than 24000 ft (7925 m).

� Many higher than 26000 ft.

� K-2 and Mount Everest.

� Climbers Paradise.

MOUNTAIN PEAKS

8035Gasherbrum II

(K4)513

8047Broad Peak (K3)412Baltoro

MuztaghKarakoram

8080Gasherbrum I

(K5)311

Himalaya8126Nanga Parbat29

Baltoro

MuztaghKarakoram8611K212

LocationHeight (m)NameRank

(Pakistan)

World

Rank [2]

WORLD RANK PEAKS (MORE THAN 8000 M)

MAP SHOWING KARAKORAMS AND SIACHEN

K2, the 2nd highest in the world

Broad Peak, the 12th highest in the world

B. GLACIERS OF PAKISTAN

� More than 134 Glaciers.

� The Largest Glaciers.

� Glacial Area = 13680 Km2.

� Producing More than 150 MAF/annually.

LOOKING NE TOWARDS K2 AT TOP CENTRE

K2 (8,611 FROM CONCORDIA

K2 (8,611 M)

BROAD PEAK (8,047 M) FROM CONCORDIA

MASHERBRUM (7,821 M)

GASHERBRUM II (8,035 M)

MUZTAGH TOWER (7,273 M)

TRANGO OWERS (6,286 M)

TRANGO TOWERS

ULI BIAHO TOWER (6,417 M)

MITRE PEAK (6,025 M)

URDOKAS CAMP SITE ABOVE THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE

BALTORO

BALTORO GLACIER

� Are shrinking.

� Moving.

� Melting at Faster Rate.

C. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

� Standard of Living.

� Resources Degradation.

� Human Resources Development.

� Institutional gaps.

� Problems of Marginality.

� Soil Erosion.

� Knowledge Constraints.

CHALLENGES FACED BY MOUNTAIN COMMUNITIES

ENERGY SECTOR CHALLENGES

($ 50 to $ 140 per barrel)

� Uncertainty of oil prices

(Rs.65 Billion subsidy provided in Fy 2008-09)

� Dependence on Government subsidy

(TESCO 10%, HESCO 40%, PESCO 70%, QESCO) 60%)

� Poor Recoveries

(Rs. 205 Billion, Rs. 80 Billion retired in March, 2009)

� Accumulation of Circular Debt

(IESCO 11% to HESCO 36%)

� High System Losses

(Started in 2007, 300 MW gradually increased currently 1000 MW in winter to

3500 MW in summers)

� Power Shortage

ENERGY SECTOR STRATEGY

• Reversing the Energy Mix (Hydel 70%, Thermal 30%)

• Developing the indigenous resources for power needs

(Hydel, Coal, renewable energy, gas)

• Exploring the Regional Electricity Market

(Iran, CASAREM, ECO, SAARC)

� KEY STRATEGIC APPROACHES

• Affordability, Energy security and Financial viability

� OBJECTIVE

Feasibility done840� Suki Kenari Hydropower

Feasibility done740� Munda Hydropower Project

Feasibility done900� Tarbela IV Extension Project

Projects in Pipe Line

2015969� Neelum – Jhelum

20129,503� Additional Generation by IPPs

20111,050� Thermal in public sector

2010502� Hydropower in public sector

2010300� Rehabilitation of GENCOs plants

2009600� Captive power plants

20091,519� IPPs under construction

20091,541� Rental Projects

Expected CODCapacity (MW)

INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS POWER SHORTAGES SUPPLY SIDE

MEASURES

RENEWABLE ENERGY INITIATIVES

• 35.25 MW installed; Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) for 22 MW signed.

• Feasibility Study for Waste to Energy potential in 13 cities completed.

• 8 projects (95 MW) under process.

� WASTE TO ENERGY

• Identification of marginal lands for cultivation of crops for bio-diesel production in

progress

� BIODIESEL PROGRAMME

• 100 Villages (3000 houses) electricfied in District Tharparkar, Sindh

• 400 Villages planned to be electrified in Balochistan

� SOLAR

• 6 MW installed

• 400 MW projects in process

� WIND

� Pakistan playing a load role in Central Asia South Asia Regional Electricity

Market (CASAREM).

� Import of 1000 MW of Electricity from Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan; feasibility

study being finalized.

� Construction of 220 KV Transmission line & Grid for import of 100 MW

power from Iran for Gawadar is in process.

� Feasibility study in progress to import 1,000 MW from Iran.

� Feasibility for Grid Interconnection among SAARC Countries is under

finalization.

PROMOTION OF REGIONAL ELECTRICITY TRADE

� Replacing the old energy meters with smart meters.

� Replacing the conventional bulbs with Energy saver bulbs.

� Installation of L.T & H.T Capacitors.

� Energy Loss Reduction Measures in Transmission and Distribution.

� Smart Grid System.

� Rehabilitation of GENCOs (300 MW already achieved)

� Aggressive public awareness and conservation campaign.

INITIATIVES FOR EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT

� Annual Water Availability = 175 BCM (143 MAF)

� Groundwater Withdrals = 50 BCM (42 MAF)

� Population = 141 Million

� Geographical Area = 796100 Km2

� Irrigated Area = 14.5 MHa (36 Million Acres)

� Total Power Generation = 17942 MW

� Hydropower Generation = 5039

D. WATER AVAILABILITY

WATER REQUIREMENT AND AVAILABILITY

3111Shortfall (%)

104104Average Surface Water Diversions Without Additional Storages (MAF)

135115Surface Water Requirement (MAF)

20052004

YearRequirement/Availability

REDUCTION IN STORAGE CAPACITY

5.06 (32%)3.79 (24%)Combined Storage Loss

10.6411.9115.70Total

26%3.9220%4.245.30Mangla

55%0.3243%0.400.70Chashma

34%6.4025%7.289.70Tarbela

Year 2010Year 2002Original

Live Storage Capacity (MAF)

Reservoirs

� Increasing demand of water for food, fibre and power.

� Conjunctive use of surface and ground water.

� Inefficient use and inequitable distribution of water, especially in irrigation.

� Inadequate drinking water supply and poor quality of service.

� Deteriorating Infrastructure in the irrigation and drainage sub-sectors.

� Environmental degradation of irrigated lands.

� Sage disposal of saline drainage effluent to the sea.

TECHNICAL ISSUES

THANKYOU !THANKYOU !