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La conferencia se referirá a la investigación especialmente orientada a cuestiones relativas a las transformaciones de las ciudades existentes y su infraestructura. Organizada en agosto 2012 por el IVM con el apoyo del Gobierno de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y del Consejo Profesional de Ingeniería Civil.
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Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
H A R R I S S C H O O L O F P U B L I C P O L I C YS T I G L ER C EN T ER
Original Variations
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
H A R R I S S C H O O L O F P U B L I C P O L I C YS T I G L ER C EN T ER
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
H A R R I S S C H O O L O F P U B L I C P O L I C YS T I G L ER C EN T ER
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Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
H A R R I S S C H O O L O F P U B L I C P O L I C YS T I G L ER C EN T ER
Original Variations
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
H A R R I S S C H O O L O F P U B L I C P O L I C YS T I G L ER C EN T E R
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
H A R R I S S C H O O L O F P U B L I C P O L I C YS T I G L ER C EN T E R
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Urban transformations in an informatics-advanced world facing climate and energy
constraints
Robert Rosner
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago [EPIC] The University of Chicago
Sponors:
Instituto para la ciudad en movimiento Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires Consejo Profesional de Ingenieria Civil
2 de Agosto, 2012, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
H A R R I S S C H O O L O F P U B L I C P O L I C YS T I G L ER C EN T ER
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Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
H A R R I S S C H O O L O F P U B L I C P O L I C YS T I G L ER C EN T ER
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
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Preliminaries … • There are a number of factors that provide the ‘boundary condi9ons’ for how
we should think about the evolu9on of urban environments … – Increasing urbaniza9on throughout the world – Growing dispari9es in income, educa9onal achievement and social integra9on
among urban popula9ons, especially in the largest ci9es … – Broad penetra9on of wireless communica9on technologies – Development of inexpensive but capable sensor technologies for probing the
environment – Significant advances in our ability to accumulate and analyze enormous data sets
• … all in the context of exis9ng urban environments whose physical infrastructure and poli9cal structures were not designed to deal with the present extent and rate of urbaniza9on …
• … and there are a number of issues that ci9es must (and will) deal with: – Energy supply and use … – Environmental management – and the impacts of climate change … – Service delivery …
Smart Cities Initiative 2
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
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Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
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The ques9on we’d like to address … • How can the tools of modern informa9cs be used to
– Op9mize urban energy produc9on and use? – Minimize urban environmental impacts of energy use? – Op9mize the delivery of service?
• The core of our argument is: moderns tools of informa9cs poten9ally allow us to – Gather informa9on at unprecedented scales, and – Analyze informa9on at unprecedented scales.
• Most important, we argue that modern informa9cs allows us to – Act on the analyses … that is: sense, think, then act, but always subject to the constraints of
• Public/poli9cal acceptance • Realis9c economic ‘business case’ • Legal/regulatory structures (viz., privacy rights, …)
Smart Cities Initiative 3
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
H A R R I S S C H O O L O F P U B L I C P O L I C YS T I G L ER C EN T ER
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Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
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There are constraints and opportuni9es at all levels … • Huge data volumes for collec9on, storage and analyses
– Dimensional reduc9on? Data mining? Machine learning? … – Sensor, transmission costs?
• Rela9ng ‘real world’ problems to technological solu9ons – Economic considera9ons
• What is the business case? What is the ‘return on investments’ (ROI)? • Who are the stake holders who care about the ROI?
– Poli9cal considera9ons • Who are the poli9cal ‘stake holders’, and how do they react to ‘solu9ons’?
– Social considera9ons • What do people really want, and what don’t they want?
– Legal issue (viz., regulatory environments, privacy rights, …) • Taking advantage of the penetra9on of mobile technologies and social media …
Smart Cities Initiative 4
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Before geXng to the specifics … … it’s important to repeat, and keep in mind, that we want to
• Start with the problems to be solved in modern urban conglomera9ons, • Iden1fy possible solu9ons, based on
– Available technology – Sensible economic analyses, demonstra9ng an ROI acceptable to all stake holders
– Poli9cal and sociological feasibility • Deploy solu9ons • Verify and validate, i.e., carry out an impact analysis …
Why this emphasis? • Because Smart City ini9a9ves are oZen ‘captured’ by technology vendors, who want to sell, but not necessarily solve …
• Thus: there is an opportunity for re-‐thinking the rela9onship between natural sciences (and informa9cs) and the social sciences …
Smart Cities Initiative 5
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Example 1: Energy use in urban environments …
• Ci9es are one of the dominant consumers of energy in the world – This fact, together with the great popula9on density in ci9es, suggests par9cularly
large leverage in deploying energy-‐saving technologies … • Energy use in urban environs occurs in 2 dominant sectors …
– Transport sector • Private and public transport
– Building sector • Hea9ng/cooling • Ligh9ng • Machinery: light industry, computers, …
• How might we monitor energy use in the urban environment? – Transport sector: real-‐9me monitoring via dispersed sensor networks – Building sector: “smart” grid, embedded and distributed sensors, …
• How do we deal with the heterogeneity of large urban agglomera9ons? – For example: how can technology serve as an economic ‘leveler’?
– Energy-‐saving technologies are oZen viewed as targeted to the well-‐off, not the poor – Can technologies that sharply lower up-‐front capital costs redress this perceived
imbalance? Smart Cities Initiative 6
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Example 2: The poten9al impact of informa9cs in the urban transport sector …
• Real-‐9me traffic monitoring, coupled to networked traffic control technologies – Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) – “Standard” ITS: What’s already being done …
• Real-‐9me control of traffic signaling • Real-‐9me accident/incident management • Conges9on charge for inner ci9es (e.g., London, UK)
– “Intrusive” ITS: Going beyond what’s done today … • Real-‐9me control of access by private transport, for example, real-‐.me control of conges9on pricing (with variable zones, 9me-‐variable pricing, …)
• Real-‐9me re-‐rou9ng of surface public transport (buses), with integrated use of smartphones for customer rou9ng informa9on
• “Personaliza9on” of public transport … • Impacts …
– Op9mum reduc9on of … • Conges9on • Commute 9mes • Pollu9on
Smart Cities Initiative 7
Energy Policy Institute at Chicago
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Example 3: Energy use op9miza9on in the built urban environment
• Virtually all modern ci9es cons9tute an already ‘built’ environment … – RetrofiXng of exis9ng structures is usually extremely expensive – This suggests that energy monitoring of exis9ng building stock take
advantage of • Wireless technologies – no re-‐cabling of legacy buildings! • Low-‐speed technologies (‘Internet-‐0’ or ZigBee) – drive down cost per sensor and cost per actuator
– Local vs. centralized control? • Local control – i.e., distributed architecture – minimizes requirements for communica9ons – consistent with Internet-‐0 & ZigBee technology
• Local control avoids ‘single-‐point’ failures, inherently isolates faults, allows for incremental implementa9on in legacy environments
• Local control – coupled to low-‐speed wireless technologies – can be more ‘affordable’, hence has the poten9al of allowing technology penetra9on into lower urban income groups – and indigenous produc9on!
• Local control may be more amenable to smart phone/cellular service interfacing: Personalized environmental control in the built environment
Smart Cities Initiative 8
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• Ci9es are rarely – if ever – located where ‘renewable’ or ‘green’ energy genera9on technologies make tradi9onal sense …
• Opportuni9es – Mo9vates re-‐engineering of na9onal and regional grids
• For example: systema9c replacement of HVAC with HVDC lines for long-‐distance transmission
– Coupling remote intermikent ‘renewables’ to an electrified urban transport sector using storage (bakeries?) for cars and buses
Urban rooZop windmills and solar panels (Chicago, IL)
Example 4: “Green” energy deployment in urban environments
• The public and private urban transport sector as a large-‐scale storage medium for ‘renewables’
– Local genera9on • Urban-‐adapted wind turbines … • Roof-‐top solar … • Combus9on of urban waste …
Smart Cities Initiative 9 200 MW waste combus9on plant (Trondheim, Norway)
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• Op9mizing water distribu9on and use in the built environment … – Clean, potable water is increasingly scarce and expensive … – Can cellular technology be used to op9mize urban water use?
• Wireless technology has penetrated most urban environments – and is thus ubiquitous • Wireless technology avoids the infrastructure disrup9on and costs of wired systems …
– Wireless water meters – coupled to remotely-‐controlled valves – can be used to • Meter water use on the individual user level …
– Poten9ally allow ci9es to charge for water use – on the personal use level – Early/efficient detec.on and localiza.on of water leaks
• Regulate water use – poten9ally allow real-‐9me throkling of excessive water use during shortages … the water use equivalent of ‘brown-‐outs’ in the electricity sector
• This is just an example of the general issue of instrumen.ng urban infrastructure, including the electric grid, the natural gas distribu9on system, the waste collec9on system(s) – and the need to op9mally minimize service interrup9ons, energy use, and environmental impacts …
Example 5: Op9mizing urban water use
Smart Cities Initiative 10
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• A core ques9on is: how do we measure air pollu9on so that we accurately determine human impacts?
– Are sta9onary sensors sufficient? • How do sta9onary sensor measurements correlate with the ‘lived’ pollu9on exposure of typical urban dwellers?
• What is the distribu9on func9on of pollu9on exposure – possibly as a func9on of urban loca9on?
• Example: Real-‐9me sensing of ambient air quality in the ‘lived’ environment
– Deploy portable networked air quality sensor using city employees • City workers can provide a high-‐quality reference set of city dwellers’ air quality experience over a large part of the urban environment …
• This allows iden9fica9on of air pollu9on ‘hot spots’ in real 9me – Respond to pollu9on ‘hot spots’ by re-‐direc9on of human and/or vehicle traffic
Example 6: Managing urban air pollu9on
Smart Cities Initiative 11
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What do all these poten9al advances have in common?
• A fully ‘instrumented’ urban environment – Enabled by technology advances in component miniaturiza9on, wireless
communica9ons, communica9on protocols, … • Capacity to store and analyze – if needed, in real .me – extremely large
data sets – Enabled by the revolu9on in massively parallel compu9ng, cloud technologies, …
Image copyright & courtesy SOM (2012)
• Implementa.on capacity – Capture and analysis of informa9on is
ul9mately useless unless one has the capability to act on the gathered informa9on
– But: Field experience to date is sparse – pilot projects are cri9cal first steps!
• THUS: we need urban pilot projects! – Example: The ‘Lakeside Project’ in Chicago …
Smart Cities Initiative 12
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The Chicago Lakeside Ini9a9ve … • Site of former US Steel plant • ~600 acres, landfill • Former ‘brown field’, now cleaned … • 3 partners: McCaffery Interests, US Steel, & Chicago Lakeside Development LLC
Smart Cities Initiative 13
Lakeside Today
• ~14,000 dwelling units • ~17,500,000 square feet commercial space
– Light industry, shopping, … • Schools, ‘informal’ educa9on, … • Technology leader: district energy, low waste, highly connected, … Lakeside in 2030
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Final thoughts … • “Smart City” ini9a9ves typically focus on technology – and tend to
be weak on the social sciences – How does the inser9on of ‘smart city’ enclaves into an exis9ng urban
environment modify that exis9ng environment? – How do these perturba9ons of exis9ng urban environments depend on the
scale of a ‘smart city’ enclave ? – How does informa9on technology interact with social sciences?
• Urban problems are rarely only technological … • Can informa9on technology address problems that urbanologists – urban sociologists, anthropologists … – have iden9fied … as opposed to solving technology challenges that natural scien9sts are used to solve …
– This perspec9ve can lead to a new paradigm in the natural science/social science interac9on …
• Can urban issues serve as the ‘playground’ in which we explore the use of natural science ‘tools’ in the social sciences?
– Data mining, dimensional reduc9on, machine learning? Smart Cities Initiative 14
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… which brings us to ques9ons and discussion
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