Conflux Journal of Education Vol 1 Issue 2 July 2013 Nas Publishers

7/21/2019 Conflux Journal of Education Vol 1 Issue 2 July 2013 Nas Publishers

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Ihdtjr Hr/ Kardakka KatmiwAssjgdati Vrjlissjr

Viit Kikjrdac Xradodon Gjccini

Kavicdeara# Eiraca# Dohda/

Assjgdati Ihdtjr Oasiiracd/ K/ E/Risiargm WgmjcarNjvirokiot Gjccini jl Xiagmir Ihugatdjo#

Xmygauh# Xmdruvaoaotmapurak# Eiraca# Dohda/

Assdstaot Hr/ X/\/ Wuodsm

Xj tmi Ihdtjr Cigturir# Dotir Yodvirsdty Giotri ljr Hdsabdcdty Wtuhdis#

Kamatka Naohmd Yodvirsdty# Ejttayak#

Eiraca# Dohda/

Ihdtjrdac Bjarh Kaodeaohao Acuonac Hmarkahasao

DGWWR Liccjwsmdp Awarhii#

Wgmjjc jl Dotiroatdjoac Ricatdjos aoh Vjcdtdgs#

Kamatka Naohmd Yodvirsdty# Ejttayak#Eiraca# Dohda/

Hmaoya ErdsmoaAssdstaot Vrjlissjr# Hipartkiot jl Gjkkirgi#

WON Gjccini# Gmicaoour# Ejzmdejhi#

Eiraca# Dohda/

V/ Rdotara`ao \arnmisiMiah# Kihdgac Wurndgac Hipartkiot#

Bic+ Adr Gjccini jl Oursdon# Vuoi#

Kamarasmtra# Dohda/

Vrdogi/ X/ R/

Njvirokiot Mdnmir Wigjohary Wgmjjc# Euogmdtmaood#Dhueed Hdstrdgt# Eiraca# Dohda/

Wdbu/ \/N/Hipartkiot jl Ioncdsm

Wt/ ]avdirs Dotiroatdjoac Wgmjjc# Vaogmnaod#

Kamarasmtra# Dohda/

Vubcdsmir Oasiiracd/ K/E/

Risiargm Wgmjcar

Njvirokiot Gjccini jl Xiagmir Ihugatdjo#

Xmygauh# Xmdruvaoaotmapurak# Eiraca# Dohda/

Vubcdsmdon Masmdl Kaozdc# Virdotmattdrd V/J/

Mjusi Gmicjjr# Kacappurak Ht/ Eiraca# Dohda/

Vm0 64>896>71


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Cdvi as dl yju wiri tj hdi tjkjrrjw/ Ciaro as dl yjuwiri tj cdvi ljrivir/

Kamatka Naohmd


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Gjotiots

Lrjk tmi Hise

Ri Wiargmdon tmi Risiargm 1

Oasiiracd/ K/E/Artdgcis

Wtuhiots Attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi Dogcusdjo jl Cdlistyci Ihugatdjo do Xmi Wigjohary Wgmjjc

Gurrdgucuk 2

Hr/ Wmyakac Eukar Bdswas aoh Hr/ Xumdo Eukar Wakaota

Ikpjwirkiot jl Rurac ^jkio tmrjunm \jgatdjoac Ihugatdjo aoh Xradodon

V/ Odrkaca Xakdcgmicvd aoh Hr/ W/ Wiotmdcoatmao

Kaoanikiot jl Gjkkjo Kiotac Miactm Vrjbciks0 Wiosdtdsatdjo tj Gmdchrios Oiihs 71

Ldrjz E/X aoh Asiic Abhuc âmdh

Wtuhy jl Iovdrjokiotac Awarioiss jl Vupdc Xiagmirs# Xradoii Xiagmir Ihugatjrs aoh Xradoii

Kaoanirs jl Njraempur Gdty Jl Yttar Vrahism 71

Hr/ K/X/\/ Oanaraù

Gmaccionis jl tmi Ioncdsm Gcassrjjks do Dohda =6

Ks/ W/ Wavdtma

Ikjtdjoac Katurdty aoh Wjgdac Doticcdniogi jl Ldrst Bjro aoh Cast Bjro Ndrcs jl ^jredonKjtmirs =7

Hr/ Ravbiit Naur

Xiagmdon Ioncdsm VjitryA Qudotissiogi =9

Bmavhdp Gmavha

A Wtuhy jl Vrjbciks jl Ahùstkiot jl Wiodjr Wigjohary Wgmjjc Wtuhiots 46

Odhmd Nupta

Awarioiss jl Xiagmir Ihugatdjo Gjccini Wtuhiots abjut \drtuac Ciarodon do Xmaoàvur Hdstrdgt

jl Xakdcoahu 42

Hr/ K/Wurism Eukar aoh N/Xmakdc Wicvd

Niohir Hdsgrdkdoatdjo do Wigjohary Ihugatdjo do Eiraca+A Ka`jr Xmriat tj WjgdacHivicjpkiot aoh Dotinratdjo/ Ao Aoacytdgac Wtuhy jo Riasjos aoh Gjosiquiogis 166

Wuhmiir E/\ aoh Hr/A/Witmuraka Wubbdam

Rjci jl a Xiagmir do Ihugatdjo at 21st

Giotury 162

O/Wubbarayuhu aoh Hr/ W/ Babu Vraviio Eukar

Aohakao Odgjbar Dscaohs0 Mdstjrdgac aoh Cdonudstdg Dolcuiogi jo Wgmjjc Ihugatdjo 164

Cacdta Oadr

Ricatdjosmdp bitwiio Wjgdac Doticcdniogi aoh Gjris jl Cdli Wedccs0 A Wtuhy jo Mdnmir

Wigjohary Wgmjjc Wtuhiots 119Vraeasm Acix

Kdsgiccaoy


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Gjolcux @juroac jl Ihugatdjo DWWO 2726+4769 \jcuki 1# Dssui 2# @ucy 2617 1

Lrjk tmi Hise

RI WIARGMDON XMI RIWIARGM

Oasiiracd/K/E/

Xmi Kirrdak+îbstir Jocdoi Hdgtdjoary hildois risiargm as "a stuhdjus doqudry jr ixakdoatdjo5ispigdaccy0 dovistdnatdjo jr ixpirdkiotatdjo adkih at tmi hdsgjviry aoh dotirpritatdjo jl lagts# rivdsdjo jlaggiptih tmijrdis jr caws do tmi cdnmt jl oiw lagts# jr pragtdgac appcdgatdjo jl sugm oiw jr rivdsih tmijrdis jrcaws/ Dt ds a wicc+eojwo lagt tmat tmi ldrst stip tj quacdty ihugatdjo ds njjh quacdty risiargm/ Xmi jutgjki jlsugm risiargm kust bi sjcutdjos tj riac cdli prjbciks# uoiartmdon jl lagts# prjvdsdjo jl ojvic tiagmdon stratindisaoh tigmodquis tj kaei tiagmdon kjri illigtdvi/ Xmi wjrch higcaratdjo jo mdnmir ihugatdjo ljr tmi twioty ldrstgiotury do artdgci 1 statis tmat joi jl tmi gjri kdssdjos aoh vacui jl mdnmir ihugatdjo ds tj ahvaogi# griati aohhdssikdoati eojwcihni tmrjunm risiargm aoh prjvdhi# as part jl dts sirvdgi tj tmi gjkkuodty# ricivaot ixpirtdsitj assdst sjgditdis do gucturac# sjgdac aoh igjojkdg hivicjpkiot# prjkjtdon aoh hivicjpdon sgdiotdldg aohtigmojcjndgac risiargm as wicc as risiargm do tmi sjgdac sgdiogis# tmi mukaodtdis aoh tmi griatdvi arts/

Cjjedon at tmi gurriot sgioardj jl mdnmir ihugatdjo aoh ricatih risiargm agtdvdtdis do jur gjuotry# tmdskdssdjo rikados ùst a hriak a liw ihugatdjodsts mjpi wdcc gjki trui/ Tiar altir yiar jur uodvirsdtdis ari pdcdonsubstaoharh hdssirtatdjos tmat ari natmirdon hust/ Risiargm agtdvdtdis akjon stuhiots mavi bigjki kiri

agahikdg ixirgdsi /Actmjunm wi dosdst jo gjkpucsjry risiargm prjìgt ljr tmi awarh jl mdnmir hinriis# wi turo abcdoh iyi tj tmi quacdty jl risiargm/ As a risuct tmiri ds ao dogriasi do dolirdjr quacdty risiargmis tmat hj ojtgjotrdbuti aoytmdon tj tmi hivicjpkiot jl tmi prjlissdjo ojr tj tmi sjgdity/

Joi jl barrdirs do tmi hivicjpkiot jl risiargm ds tmi dogriasi do oukbir jl autjojkjus uodvirsdtdis aohdostdtutis tmat mavi spruon up as part jl gjrpjratdzatdjo/ Kaoy jl tmisi uodvirsdtdis ari jocy gjogiroih wdtmdogriasdon tmidr stuhiot striontm aoh ari ciast bjtmirih abjut tmi quacdty jl stuhiots passdon jut wdtm mdnmhinriis/ Xmds agts as a rjahbcjge do tmi prjnriss jl agahikdg risiargm do jur oatdjo/

Aojtmir dkpjrtaot lagtjr tmat mdohirs tmi hivicjpkiot jl risiargm do jur gjuotry ds hikjtdvatih nudhis/Wdogi tmi oukbir jl risiargm nudhih ds taeio dotj aggjuot ljr prjkjtdjos aoh pires# kaoy ihugatjrs ljgus jotmi quaotdty jl stuhdis dnojrdon tmi quacdty/ Xmi prjbcik ds ojt sj smaccjw as dt siiks bigausi hikjtdvatihnudhis ndvi rdsi tj hikjtdvatih stuhiots wmj do turo wdcc bigjki tjkjrrjws hikjtdvatih nudhis tmus startdon a

vdgdjus gygci tmat noaws at tmi prjnriss jl risiargm aoh quacdty ihugatdjo do jur gjuotry/

Dt ds tdki tmat wi taei ojtdgi jl tmds pcdnmt jl mdnmir ihugatdjo aoh risiargm aoh taei apprjprdati stips tjdkprjvi tmi stati jl tmdons/ Xmiri kust bi gciar nudhicdois aoh grdtirda sit# tj ivacuati tmi quacdty jl risiargm/Aoy stuhy tmat hjis ojt lucldcc tmisi grdtirda kust bi riìgtih/

Luohdon accjttih tj dostdtutis jl mdnmir ihugatdjo aoh uodvirsdtdis ljr risiargm agtdvdtdis kust bigariluccy sgrutdodzih/ Luohs jl ojo pirljrkdon uodvirsdtdis aoh dostdtutis kust bi wdtmhrawo aoh hdvirtih tjuodvirsdtdis aoh dostdtutis tmat pirljrk nioudoi risiargm aoh gjotrdbuti tj tmi hivicjpkiot jl tmi sjgdity/

Gjkpucsjry aggrihdtatdjo jl acc uodvirsdtdis aoh dostdtutis jl mdnmir ihugatdjo wdcc iosuri tmat quacdty jlihugatdjo do acc jrnaodzatdjos ari jo par wdtm iagm jtmir aoh dkprjvi tmi quacdty risiargm do tmi cjon ruo/

Ao jocdoi rindstry tj gjkpdci acc VmH tmisis gao bi hivicjpih at tmi oatdjoac civic/ Xmiri kust bistrdoniot nudhicdois tmat mavi tj bi lucldccih biljri a tmisis nits iotry dotj tmds oatdjoac rindstry/ Lrii aggiss kust

bi accjwih tj iviryjoi wmj wdsmis tj vdsdt tmi sdti aoh hjwocjah risiargm artdgcis/ Jogi tmi tmisds ds pubcdsmih

do tmi rindstry# jocy tmio hinrii kust bi awarhih tj tmat partdgucar gaohdhati/ Xmds kust bi kahi appcdgabci tjacc tmi uodvirsdtdis/ Xmds wdcc micp do kdodkdzdon hupcdgatdjo jl risiargm aoh wdcc iogjurani agahikdgdaos as wiccas risiargm sgmjcars tj nit a bittir pirspigtdvi jl wmat risiargm ds acriahy hjoi aoh wmat mas tj bi hjoi / Dt wdccacsj micp ihugatdjodsts do pragtdgdon ivdhiogi basih tiagmdon/

Xmi agahikdg risiargm sgioardj jl jur gjuotry oiihs dkkihdati rivakpdon/ Dt ds tmi huty jl iviryihugatdjodst# iviry stuhiot aoh iviry gdtdzio jl tmds oatdjo tj iosuri tmat tmds riljrkatdjo do risiargm bindossjjo/


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2 Gjolcux @juroac jl Ihugatdjo DWWO 2726+4769 \jcuki 1# Dssui 2# @ucy 2617

Artdgcis

WXYHIOXW AXXDXYHI XJ^ARHW XMI DOGCYWDJO JL CDLIWXTCI

IHYGAXDJO DO XMI WIGJOHART WGMJJC GYRRDGYCYK

Hr/ Wmyakac Eukar Bdswas

1

aoh Hr/ Xumdo Eukar Wakaota

2

Abstragt

Xmds stuhy ds ao attikpt tj dovistdnati tmi stuhiots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdlistyci ihugatdjo

do tmi sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/ 221 sigjohary sgmjjc stuhiots jl ljur sigjohary sgmjjc jl Vurucda hdstrdgt wiri taeioas sakpci tmrjunm raohjk sakpcdon/ Xmi sicl kahi quistdjooadri usih ljr hata gjccigtdjo tj ldoh jut tmitiagmirs attdtuhi/ Xmi kiao vacui ->1/78$ dohdgatis tmat stuhiots ari mavdon mdnm attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjojl cdlistyci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/ Dt acsj dohdgatis tmat tmiri ds oj sdnodldgaot hdlliriogibitwiio bjys aoh ndrcs stuhiots do rispigt jl tmidr attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdli+styci ihugatdjo do

sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/ But tmiri ds a sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi bitwiio urbao aoh rurac stuhiots do rispigt jltmidr attdtuhi/ Xmiy bicdivi tmat Cdlistyci ihugatdjo wjuch bi illigtdvi tj smapi tmidr miactmy sixuac cdli do luturi/

Eiy wjrhs0Wigjohary sgmjjc stuhiot# Wtuhiots Attdtuhi aoh Cdli+styci Ihugatdjo/

DOXRJHYGXDJO

Oiwspapirs# pirdjhdgacs# `juroacs aoh kanazdois jltio garry siosatdjoac stjrdis jl tiioani sixisgapahis# prinoaogdis aoh sixuaccy traoskdttih hdsiasis cdei njojrrmia# sypmdcds# Agqudrih Dkkuoi HildgdiogyWyohrjki -MD\ADHW$ aoh mirpis/ Xmisi six isgapahis agtdvdtdis ari acways dolcuiogih by ticivdsdjo aohgdoika vdiwdon jr riahdon panis jl rjkaogi jr pjrojnrapmdg katirdacs/ Xmi vdgtdks ari kadocy tiioanirs jl tmisigjohary sgmjjcs aoh gjccinis wmdgm ari sgattirih tmrjunmjut tmi gjuotry/ Xmiy pirljrk mjrrdbci agts do tmidr

bdh tj nit rdh jl prinoaogdis/

Xmi gurriot nioirac igjojkdg hiprissdjo ljrgih sj kaoy cahdis dogcuhdon mjusiwdvis aoh sdoncipariots dotj trahdon tmidr bjhdis ljr kjoiy -gjkkirgdac six wjreirs$/ Xmds ds bidon hjoi tj idtmir suppcikiottmidr kianir ldoaogdac risjurgis jr as a survdvac stratiny/ Wjki pariots# bigausi jl pjvirty# kaei usi jl tmidrtiioani haunmtirs tj iaro kjoiy lrjk wdccdon aoh do raohy kio/ Yohir tmds privadcdon gdrgukstaogis vardjuslakdcdis# gjkkuodtdis aoh tmi sjgditdis do nioirac mavi riohirih tmi ricdndjus# kjrac aoh gucturac gmige tj

bacaogis do kattirs gjogirodon mukao sixuacdty/ Do kjhiro tdkis tmds dodtdatdvi mas ladcih tj priviot tmikjrdbuoh sdtuatdjo/

Do vdiw jl tmi ljrinjdon# tmi quistdjo ds tmat mjw tmi sjgdity wjuch kiaodonluccy aoh gjostrugtdvicyahhrissis tmi sjgdac kacadsi do tmi dotirist jl tmi prisiot aoh luturi nioiratdjos/ Xmi joi aoh jocy aoswir ds tmattmi tiagmdon jl six ihugatdjo smjuch bi dostdtutdjoacdzih at tmi sigjohary sgmjjc civic/

Ihugatjrs aoh iocdnmtioih pariots startih riacdzdon tmi oiih jl tmi six ihugatdjo do bindoodon jl tmi26tm giotury/ Xmiy startih ticcdon gmdchrio abjut tmi six jrnaos aoh sixuac riprjhugtdjo jl pcaots# bdrhs# riptdcisaoh aodkacs/ Do tmi sigjoh macl jl tmi 26tm giotury hui tj tmi last+nrjwdon ipdhikdg jl ADHW tmrjunm jut tmiwjrch ADHW ihugatdjo# mukao riprjhugtdjo# pjpucatdjo ihugatdjo# lakdcy cdli ihugatdjo# ahuct ihugatdjo aohvacui ihugatdjo mavi biio dogjrpjratih do tmi trahdtdjoac gjogipt jl six ihugatdjo/

Xmi catist gjogipt jl six ihugatdjo kust bi a viry wdhi aoh acc dogcusdvi gjogipt wmdgm smjuch mavi

tmi luogtdjoac icikiots jl eojwcihni abjut six# sixuacdty# six vacuis# miactm aoh myndioi# lakdcy vacuis#priviotdjo lrjk WXH aoh ADHW# ahjcisgiot ihugatdjo# ricatdjosmdp bitwiio six# kjracdty# lriihjk# griatdvdty#mappdoiss aoh prjnriss/ Xmi jvir+acc purpjsi jl sugm a luogtdjoac aoh acc+dogcusdvi prjnrissdvi gjogipt jl sixihugatdjo smjuch bi tj kaei iviry bjy aoh ndrc a rispjosdbci pirsjo do kattirs gjogirodon mds jr mir sixuacdty#attdtuhis aoh vacuis tjwarhs tmi gmdchrio# ahjcisgiots aoh ahucts jl tmi jtmir six/ Wixuac dohdsgdpcdoi ds at tmi

piae jl acc sjrts jl lakdcy aoh sjgdac hdsjrnaodzatdjo# grdkis# pmysdgac aoh kiotac hdsiasis aoh wdhispriahhdsgjotiot gruictdis# kdsirdis aoh uomappdoiss/ Xmiriljri# dt bigjkis tmi huty jl acc iocdnmtioih pariots#tiagmirs# tiagmir ihugatjrs# pubcdg kio aoh ONJs tj uohirstaoh aoh apprigdati tmi sjgdac gjotixt# dkpcdgatdjostmi vardjus triohs jl tmi ikirndon gjogipt jl six ihugatdjo do tmi 21st giotury/

1 Assdstaot Vrjlissjr# Wpjosjrih Xiagmirs Xradodon Gjccini# Vurucda# ^ist Bionac/2 Assjgdati Vrjlissjr# Ihugatdjo Hipartkiot# Burhwao Yodvirsdty# Burhwao# ist Bionac/


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Lrjk tmi abjvi tabci dt dohdgatis tmat tmi stuhiots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdlistyci ihugatdjowas mdnm/ Xmi kiao vacui jl stuhiots attdtuhi ->1/78$ dohdgatis tmat stuhiots ari mavdon mdnm attdtuhi tjwarhs

tmi dogcusdjo jl cdlistyci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/ Xmus# tmi mypjtmisds sigjohary sgmjjcstuhiots ari ojt mavdon mdnm attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdlistyci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk-

6M1$ ds ri`igtih/

Xabci 2 prjvdhis a gjkparatdvi pdgturi jl stuhiots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdlistyci ihugatdjodo sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk akjon tmi bjys aoh ndrcs stuhiots/ Dt was mypjtmisdzih tmat tmiri ds oj

sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi bitwiio bjys aoh ndrcs stuhiots do rispigt jl tmidr attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdli+styci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/

Xabci 2/ Gjkputih t+vacui jl Bjys jl aoh Ndrcs Wigjohary Wgmjjc Wtuhiots/

Wakpci Kiao W/H O t+vacui Xabucatih vacui at 6/69 civic Wdnodldgaogi at 6/69 civic

Bjys >2/19 =/=4 1681/28 1/4> Ojt sdnodldgaot

Ndrcs >6/

Lrjk tmi abjvi tabci dt mas biio ljuoh tmat tmi t+vacui ds ojt sdnodldgaot aoh dt ds gjogcuhih tmat tmiri dsoj sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi bitwiio bjys jl aoh ndrcs sigjohary sgmjjc stuhiots do rispigt jl tmidr attdtuhi tjwarhstmi dogcusdjo jl cdli+styci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/ Xmus# tmi oucc mypjtmisds 2ds aggiptih/

Xabci 7 prjvdhis a gjkparatdvi pdgturi jl urbao aoh rurac stuhiots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jlcdlistyci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/ Dt was mypjtmisdzih tmat tmiri ds oj sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi

bitwiio urbao aoh rurac stuhiots do rispigt jl tmidr attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdli+styci ihugatdjo dosigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/

Xabci 7/ Gjkputih t+vacui jl Yrbao aoh Rurac Wigjohary Wgmjjc Wtuhiots/

Wakpci Kiao W/H O t+vacui Xabucatih vacui at 6/69 civic Wdnodldgaogi at 6/69 civic

Yrbao >9/6< 9/72 118

Xmi abjvi tabci smjws tmat tmi hdlliriogi bitwiio urbao aoh rurac stuhiots do rispigt jl tmidr attdtuhitjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdli+styci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk ds sdnodldgaot at 6/69 civic/ Dtdohdgatis tmat tmiri ds a sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi bitwiio urbao aoh rurac stuhiots do rispigt jl tmidr attdtuhi tjwarhstmi dogcusdjo jl cdli+styci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/ Xmus# mypjtmisds 7ds ri`igtih/

LDOHDONW

Do tmi prisiot stuhy dt mas biio ljuoh tmat+

Wtuhiots smjwih viry mdnm attdtuhi -kiao;>1/78$ tjwarh tmi dogcusdjo jl cdli+styci ihugatdjo dosigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk wmdgm ds ojrkac aoh oaturac/ Xmds kay ticcs us tmiy ari do lavjur jltjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdlistyci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/

Xmiri ds oj riac six hdlliriogi akjon bjys aoh ndrcs stuhiots do rispigt jl tmidr attdtuhi tjwarhs tmidogcusdjo jl cdli+styci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/

Xmiri ds a riac cjgatdjo hdlliriogi akjon tmi sigjohary sgmjjc stuhiots do rispigt jl tmidr attdtuhitjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl cdli+styci ihugatdjo do sigjohary sgmjjc gurrdgucuk/ Xmds kay ardsi hui tjkihda lagdcdtdis aoh gucturac hdlliriogis# actmjunm tmiy ari ljccjwdon saki gurrdgucuk/


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GJOGCYWDJO

Dt ds ixpigtih tmat stuhiots wdcc eojw abjut tmi mazarhs jl six aoh mjw tj ixirgdsi miactmy sixuac cdlitmrjunm cdlistyci ihugatdjo do tmi sgmjjc/ Xmiy acsj try tj priviot tmiksicvis lrjk sixuac hdsiasis/ Do prisiotstuhy dt mas biio ljuoh tmat stuhiots mavi suppjrtih tj tmi dogcusdjo jl cdlistyci ihugatdjo do tmi sigjoharysgmjjc gurrdgucuk/ Xmat kiaos illigtdvi dkpcikiotatdjo jl cdlistyci ihugatdjo ds issiotdac wdtmjut aoy hicay/

RILIRIOGIW

Anarwac# @/G/ -2667$#Vjpucatdjo Ihugatdjo# 2oh Ihdtdjo# Wmdpra Vubcdgatdjo# Oiw Hicmd/

Bmahrayu# \/\/ -14=4$# Wtuhy jl tmi dkpagt jl sicl+dostrugtdjoac katirdac jo six ihugatdjo jo ah`ustkiot#oiurjtdgdsk aoh attdtuhi tjwarhs mdnm sgmjjc stuhiot# Ldltm Wurviy jl Ihugatdjoac Risiargm/

Nijrni#E/\/-1441$# Hikjnrapmdg stuhdis do ihugatdjo aoh pjpucatdjo ihugatdjo# Ldltm Wurviy jl IhugatdjoacRisiargm# 1>7>+1>9>/

@ado# K/ E/# @jmo# X/ @/ , Eiusgm# N/ X/ -1448$/ A rivdiw jl mukao dkkuojhildgdiogy vdrus doligtdjo do Dohda/@juroac jl Agqudrih Dkkuoi Hildgdiogy Wyohrjkis# 11=9+1148/

Kurtmy# K/W/R/ -1441$# Gjogipt ljrkatdjo jl six aoh riprjhugtdjo akjon uokarrdih rurac ahjcisgiot ndrcs#Ldltm Wurviy jl Ihugatdjoac Risiargm/

Vatmae# R/ -1448# @aouary 71$/ Xmi oiw nioiratdjo/ Dohda Xjhay# 8=+91/

Vjrtir# W/ B/ -1447$/ Vubcdg eojwcihni aoh attdtuhis abjut ADHW akjon ahucts do Gacgutta Dohda/ ADHW Gari 9#1$/ A stuhy jo tmi attdtuhi jl pariots aoh tiagmirs lrjk rurac aoh urbao arias tjwarhspjpucatdjo ihugatdjo# Ldltm Wurviy jl Ihugatdjoac Risiargm/

Wamu# B/ E/ -2662$/Vjpucatdjo Ihugatdjo# Wtircdon Vubcdsmdon Gj/ Cth/# Oiw Hicmd/

Xdejj# K/# Bjcckao# W/ R/# , Birnio# K/ B/ -1449$/ Eojwcihni civic jl yjutm do Dohda rinarhdon mukaosixuacdty aoh ADHW/@juroac jl Wix aoh Kardtac Xmirapy# 21# 28


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Gjolcux @juroac jl Ihugatdjo DWWO 2726+4769 \jcuki 1# Dssui 2# @ucy 2617 >

dogcuhdon wjkio/ Dt gao tmus bi mjpih tmat \IX wdcc pcay a ka`jr rjci do dkprjvdon tmi cdvis jl tmi pijpci jlDohda/

GJOGIVX JL \JGAXDJOAC IHYGAXDJO AOH XRADODON

Vrdjr tj tmi Dohustrdac Rivjcutdjo# tmi appriotdgismdp systik aoh mjki wiri tmi prdogdpac sjurgis jlvjgatdjoac ihugatdjo/ Wdogi tmio sjgdity mas biio ljrgih by tmi higcdoi jl maohwjre aoh tmi spigdacdzatdjo jljggupatdjoac luogtdjos tj hivicjp dostdtutdjos jl vjgatdjoac ihugatdjo/ Kaouac tradodon# dovjcvdon nioirac

dostrugtdjo do tmi usi jl maoh tjjcs# hivicjpih dodtdaccy do Wgaohdoavda -g/1=


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= Gjolcux @juroac jl Ihugatdjo DWWO 2726+4769 \jcuki 1# Dssui 2# @ucy 2617

Xigmodgac aoh \jgatdjoac Ihugatdjo pcays a vdtac rjci do mukao risjurgi hivicjpkiot jl tmi gjuotry bygriatdon sedccih kaopjwir# iomaogdon dohustrdac prjhugtdvdty aoh dkprjvdon tmi quacdty jl cdli/

Xmi tirk Xigmodgac Ihugatdjo -XI$ aoh \jgatdjoac Xradodon -\X$ ari sjkitdkis usih syojoykjuscy/Mjwivir# as pir prisiot pragtdgi# tmi tirk XI rilirs tj pjst sigjohary gjursis jl stuhy aoh pragtdgac tradodonadkih at priparatdjo jl tigmodgdaos tj wjre as supirvdsjry stall/ Xmi tirk \X rilirs tj cjwir civic ihugatdjo aohtradodon ljr tmi pjpucatdjo jl sedccih jr sikd+sedccih wjreirs do vardjus trahis aoh dt hjis ojt iomaogi tmidr civicwdtm rispigt tj nioirac ihugatdjo -\d`ay# 266=$/ \jgatdjoac ihugatdjo aoh tradodon ds aoy ljrkac# pjst+

gjkpucsjry ihugatdjo tmat hivicjps eojwcihni# sedccs aoh attrdbutis cdoeih tj partdgucar ljrks jl ikpcjykiot#actmjunm do sjki dotirpritatdjos tmds wjuch ixgcuhi prjlissdjoac ihugatdjo/ \IX dogcuhis dodtdac tradodon aohgjotdoudon prjlissdjoac hivicjpkiot/ Dt ds gcjsicy cdoeih tj cdlicjon ciarodon-Marviy# 266812$/

DKVJRXAOGI JL \JGAXDJOAC IHYGAXDJO AOH XRADODON

\IX ds dkpjrtaot as dt iordgmis a pirsjo ljr cdli aoh dt prjvdhis tmi gjkpitiogis wmdgm ari oigissary doa hikjgratdg sjgdity/ Wjgditac aoh igjojkdg hivicjpkiot hipiohs jo tmi striontm jl \IX as dt prjvdhis aggisstj sedccs aoh iotry rjutis dotj tmi cabjur kareit/ Ljr uohir+prdvdcinih# karndoacdzih nrjups aoh wjkio do tmirurac sigtjr do partdgucar# dt gao bi ao dkpjrtaot rjuti tjwarhs a bittir cdli/ Jo tmi jtmir maoh# vjgatdjoacihugatdjo aoh tradodon ari pjwirluc wiapjos anadost pjvirty aoh muonir# aoh ljr wjkios ikpjwirkiot/ Lrjka hivicjpkiotac pirspigtdvi# dovistdon do tmi ihugatdjo aoh tradodon jl likacis mas tmi mdnmist rati jl rituro jlaoy pjssdbci dovistkiot do hivicjpdon gjuotrdis -LAJ# 144>$0 ihugatih kjtmirs# mavdon liwir gmdchrio# dovistkjri do tmi miactm aoh ihugatdjo jl iagm gmdch# tmiriby radsdon tmi prjhugtdvdty jl luturi nioiratdjos# dogriasdon

tmidr dogjki# aoh nioiratdon sustadoabci nrjwtm/ Ivdhiogi lrjk Asda sunnists tmat bittir ihugatdjo ioabcis ruracwjreirs tj ldoh mdnm paydon ojo+lark ikpcjykiot# wmirias a cage jl ihugatdjo tiohs tj cdkdt tmidr gmjdgis tjanrdgucturac aoh cjw+wani ojo+lark ikpcjykiot -DCJ# 2664$/ Jvir twj+tmdrhs jl tmi wjrchs =


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BARRDIRW DO VRJ\DHDON \IX XJ RYRAC ^JKIO

Hispdti rurac wjkios ka`jr rjci do anrdgucturi aoh jtmir rurac agtdvdtdis# mdnmir barrdirs do ihugatdjoaoh tradodon cdkdt tmidr jppjrtuodtdis aoh gapagdtdis tj ionani do kjri prjhugtdvi aoh rikuoiratdvi wjre#

pirljrk kaoanirdac aoh ciahirsmdp rjcis aoh partdgdpati luccy do tmi hivicjpkiot jl tmidr gjkkuodtdis# aohhikaoh tarnitih agtdjo tj hdskaotci tmik/

Actmjunm prdkary aoh sigjohary sgmjjc iorjckiot mas dkprjvih sdnodldgaotcy ljr rurac ndrcs do kaoygjuotrdis -DCJ# 2664$# tmiy nioiraccy gjotdoui tj sullir hdsahvaotanis do aggiss tmat tioh tj aggukucatitmrjunmjut tmidr cdvis as basdg ihugatdjo ds jltio a pririqudsdti ljr lurtmir sedccs hivicjpkiot5 aoh wjkiorigidvi ciss vjgatdjoac tradodon tmao kio -@ittdon aoh Kjrrdssjo# 2664$/

^jkio ari ciss cdeicy tmao kio tj bi riagmih by anrdgucturac ixtiosdjo wjreirs -LAJ# 2669 pir giot jl tmi tjtac pjpucatdjo/ Abjut


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/ Wuppjrt# hisdno aoh hicdvir niohir+rispjosdvi gjkkuodty+basih tradodon dodtdatdvis# dogcuhdon sedccstradodon do ikpcjykiot+dotiosdvi dolrastrugturi prjnrakkis# ispigdaccy do arias cagedon ljrkacihugatdjoac dostdtutdjos/

=/ Gjkpcikiot vjgatdjoac aoh tigmodgac tradodon wdtm oukiragy aoh cdtiragy tradodon ljr tmi rurac wjkiowmj oiih dt/ ^jkio# partdgucarcy tmi kjst hdsahvaotanih# kay acsj oiih tradodon jo niohir dssuis aohcdli sedccs# sugm as miactm aoh outrdtdjo# gjoldhiogi budchdon# oinjtdatdjo aoh ciahirsmdp sedccs/

4/ Gjkbdoi tigmodgac aoh iotriprioiursmdp tradodon# ljr ixakpci# tmrjunm gjkkuodty+basih dodtdatdvis# askaoy rurac wjkio kaei a cdvdon tmrjunm sicl+ikpcjykiot do tmi doljrkac igjojky/

16/ Hivicjp tarnitih stratindis tj accjw rurac wjkio tj aggiss ljrkac aoh ojo+ljrkac vjgatdjoac ihugatdjoaoh tradodon/ Xmisi dogcuhi0

a$ Rihugdon ldoaogdac barrdirs ljr rurac wjkio tj aggiss sedccs tradodon -ljr ixakpci# tmrjunm stdpiohs$#gjosdhirdon dssuis jl tdkdon aoh cjgatdjo jl tradodon# aoh hivicjpdon lcixdbci gurrdguca tmat ldt ruracwjkios oiihs/

b$ Dogriasdon tmi oukbir jl wjkio tradoirs aoh anrdgucturac ixtiosdjo wjreirs# aoh prjvdhdon niohirawarioiss tradodon tj tradoirs aoh jtmir stall jl tradodon dostdtutdjos -dogcuhdon jo dssuis ricatih tj

sixuac marasskiot aoh tj niohir stirijtypis do mjusimjchs aoh do tmi wjrch jl wjre$/ g$ Vrjvdhdon dolrastrugturi suppjrt aoh lagdcdtdis# dogcuhdon aggjkkjhatdjo# sali aoh likaci+lrdiohcy

traospjrt lagdcdtdis# gmdchgari sirvdgis aoh tjjc edts/

h$ Hivicjpdon gurrdguca tmat ahhriss rurac wjkios hdlliriot sedcc oiihs -ljr ixakpci# do tmi ldich jlgcdkati gmaoni jr sustadoabci anrdgucturac pragtdgis$/ Xaei dotj aggjuot tmi hdlliriot edohs jldohdniojus eojwcihni aoh sedccs tmiy mavi# aoh gjkpcikiot tmik wdtm up+tj+hati eojwcihni aohtigmojcjny/

i$ Radsdon awarioiss akjon rurac wjkio aoh tmidr lakdcdisgjkkuodtdis# aoh tradodon dostdtutdjos# jltmi bioildt jl tradodon wjkio wdtm tarnitih prjnrakkis do ojo+trahdtdjoac trahis# do usdon oiwtigmojcjndis# aoh do trahdtdjoaccy kaci jggupatdjos/

l$ Hivicjpdon niohir+siosdtdvi hicdviry kigmaodsks tmat katgm rurac wjkios aoh kios hdlliriotoiihs# sugm as kjbdci tradodon uodts# ixtiosdjo sgmikis aoh hdstaogi ciarodon usdon kjbdci pmjois#rahdj aoh dotiroit/ ^dtmdo tmjsi kigmaodsks# tmi kjst hdsahvaotanih -sugm as wjkio wdtmhdsabdcdtdis# lrjk itmodg kdojrdtdis# jr assjgdatih wdtm arkih ljrgis jr ix+gjkbataots$ smjuch binuaraotiih aggiss tj spigdldgaccy hisdnoih tradodons/

RILIRIOGIW

Aoouac Ripjrt0 -266=$/ Kdodstry jl Mukao Risjurgi Hivicjpkiot# Hipartkiot jl Ihugatdjo# Dohda/

Gmappicc# G/ -2667$/ Risiargmdon \jgatdjoac Ihugatdjo aoh Xradodon0 ^miri tj Lrjk Miri:# @juroac jl\jgatdjoac Ihugatdjo aoh Xradodon# 99 -1$# pp/ 21+72/

LAJ/ -144>$/ Mdnmir anrdgucturac ihugatdjo aoh jppjrtuodtdis do rurac hivicjpkiot ljr wjkio# by K/ Earc/Rjki/

LAJ/ -266


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DCJ/ -266=$/ Ripjrt \+ Wedccs ljr dkprjvih prjhugtdvdty# ikpcjykiot nrjwtm aoh hivicjpkiot/ Nioiva aohLAJ mttp0www/laj/jrnirpio # Rjki/

DCJ/ -1446$/ Wtatdstdgac Wjurgis aoh Kitmjhs# Nioiva0 DCJ/

DCJ/ -266=$/Ripjrt D\0 Vrjkjtdjo jl rurac ikpcjykiot ljr pjvirty rihugtdjo/ Nioiva/

DCJ/ -2664$/ Nriio `jbs0Dkprjvdon tmi gcdkati ljr niohir iquacdty tjj!mttp0www/dcj/jrnwgksp9nrjupspubcdg+++hnripjrts+++niohirhjgukiotspubcdgatdjo wgksZ161969/phl/

DCJ/ -2664$/ Ripjrt \D0 Niohir Iquacdty at tmi Miart jl Higiot ^jre# Nioiva Burgmd# L/ aoh Hi Kurj# V/26640 Rihugdon Gmdchrios Ljjh Dosigurdty tmrjunm Vrdkary Ihugatdjo ljr Rurac Kjtmirs0 Xmi gasi jl

Kjzakbdqui/ LAJ# Rjki/

@uttdon# @/ aoh Kjrrdssjo# G/ -2664$/ ^jkio# bah `jbs# rurac aria0 wmat gao "WDND" ticc us: / LAJ+DLAH+DCJ^jresmjp Jp/Gdt/

Kjjhdi# N/ -2662$/ Dhiotdlydon \jgatdjoac Ihugatdjo aoh Xradodon# @juroac jl \jgatdjoac Ihugatdjo aohXradodon# 98 -2$# pp/ 284+2$/ Wtatus jl Ihugatdjo aoh \jgatdjoac Xradodon do Dohda+2668+69# Kdodstry jl Wtatdstdgs

aoh Vrjnrakki Dkpcikiotatdjo# Njvirokiot jl Dohda/Xigmodgac aoh \jgatdjoac Ihugatdjo aoh Xradodon do Dohda -Ojv/266=$0 Ripjrt gjkpdcih by Virya Wmjrt#

Ihugatdjo Gjuosiccir -Wjutm Asda$/

YO/ -2664$/ Xmi Kdcciooduk Hivicjpkiot Njacs Ripjrt 2664/ Oiw Tjre/

YOIV -266=$0 Nriio @jbs0 Xjwarhs Higiot ^jre do a Wustadoabci# Cjw+Garbjo ^jrch/ YOIV#Oadrjbd/

YOIWGJ/ -14>7$/ Xigmodgac aoh \jgatdjoac Xiagmir Ihugatdjo aoh Xradodon# Vards0 YOIWGJ/

YOIWGJ/ -2661$/ Rivdsih Rigjkkiohatdjo Gjogirodon Xigmodgac aoh \jgatdjoac Ihugatdjo aoh Xradodon#

Vards# YOIWGJ/

\ioo# N/ -14


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VARIOXW AXXDXYHI XJ^ARHW XMI DOGCYWDJO JL XMIDR

GMDCHRIO ^DXM AYXDWK DO KADOWXRIAK GCAWWRJJKW

Hr/ Nayatrd Amu`a1

aoh Hr/ X/\/ Wuodsm2

Abstragt

Hdsabdcdty ricatih cindscatdjos jl jur gjuotry nuaraotii tmat acc gmdchrio# rinarhciss jl tmidr hdsabdcdtyjr pirgidvih ihugabdcdty# ari iotdtcih tj a lrii aoh apprjprdati ihugatdjo/ Ljr kdccdjos jl gmdchrio# tmisicindscatdjos jpioih tmi hjjrs tj tmi kadostriak ihugatdjo/ Ao dogcusdvi systik jl ihugatdjo tmat strdvis tj

prjhugi bittir jutgjkis ljr acc stuhiots/ Do sugm a systik# spigdac ihugatdjoac sirvdgis ari prjvdhih as asuppjrt tj stuhiots wmj oiih tmik do jrhir tj agmdivi tmi jutgjkis ixpigtih jl acc stuhiots# aoh kadostriakihugatdjo aoh spigdacdzih sirvdgis gjkpcikiot aoh suppjrt iagm jtmir/ Xmi gurriot risiargm ljgusis jo tmi

pariots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jl tmidr gmdchrio wdtm Autdsk do kadostriak gcassrjjks/ Xmds stuhy

gjosdhirs tmi way tj kaei kjri prjhugtdvi usi jl doljrkatdjo do a rigjnodsih surviy dostrukiot# tmi VariotsAttdtuhis Xj Dogcusdjo -VAXD$ sgaci ds usih as a tjjc/ Xmi prisiot stuhy natmirih rispjosis lrjk a sakpci jl 22pariots jl gmdchrio hdanojsih wdtm autdstdg spigtruk hdsjrhir aoh iorjccih do kadostriak ihugatdjo/ Xmi risuctjl tmi stuhy smjws tmat Variots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi quacdty jl ihugatdjoac sirvdgis do kadostriak ihugatdjo dsoinatdvi/ Rinarhdon tmi gmdch aggiptaogi aoh triatkiot do kadostriak ihugatdjo tmi pariots mavi pjsdtdvi

attdtuhi/ Dt ds acsj ljuoh tmat pariots jl gmdchrio wdtm autdsk mavi oiutrac attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi kutuac bioildts jldogcusdvi ihugatdjo/

DOXRJHYGXDJO

Dogcusdvi ihugatdjo# as ao apprjagm# siies tj ahhriss tmi ciarodon oiihs jl acc gmdchrio/ Dogcusdviihugatdjo ds a gjogipt tmat accjws gmdchrio wdtm spigdac oiihs tj bi pcagih aoh rigidvi dostrugtdjo do tmikadostriak gcassis aoh bidon taunmt by kadostriak tiagmirs/ Wuppjrtirs jl dogcusdvi ihugatdjo bicdivi tmatstuhiots wdtm Wpigdac Ihugatdjoac Oiihs gao aoh smjuch bi ihugatih do tmi kadostriak ihugatdjo gcassrjjkwdtm tmi prjvdsdjo jl suppcikiotary adhs aoh sirvdgis/ Dt dkpcdis acc ciaroirs# yjuon pijpci + wdtm jr wdtmjuthdsabdcdtdis bidon abci tj ciaro tjnitmir tmrjunm aggiss tj gjkkjo pri+sgmjjc prjvdsdjos# sgmjjcs aoh gjkkuodtyihugatdjoac sittdon wdtm ao apprjprdati oitwjre jl suppjrt sirvdgis/ Xmds ds pjssdbci jocy do a lcixdbci ihugatdjosystik tmat assdkdcatis tmi oiihs jl a hdvirsi raoni jl ciaroirs aoh ahapts dtsicl tj kiit tmisi oiihs/ Dt adks at accstaeimjchirs do tmi systik -ciaroirs# pariots# gjkkuodty# tiagmirs# ahkdodstratjrs aoh pjcdgy kaeirs$ tj bi

gjkljrtabci wdtm hdvirsdty aoh sii dt as a gmaccioni ratmir tmao a prjbcik/

Risiargm# as wicc as pragtdgac ixpirdiogi mas hikjostratih tmat pariots pirgiptdjos ari dkpjrtaot dohitirkdodon tmi illigtdvioiss jl dogcusdjo# as pariots ari tmi sigjoh tiagmirs aoh kjst rispjosdbci ljrdkpcikiotdon dogcusdvi sirvdgi hicdviry kjhics/

OIIH LJR XMI WXYHT

Hdsabdcdty ricatih cindscatdjos do Dohda aoh YOGRVH mavi priparih tmi way ljr stuhiots wdtm spigdacoiihs tj agqudri a rdnmt tj rinucar ihugatdjo/ Wtuhdis jl staeimjchir attdtuhis tj dogcusdjo mavi alldrkih tmi

prdogdpcih# pmdcjsjpmdgac suppjrt ljr dogcusdjo prjkjtih by sjki pariot nrjups aoh by sigtdjoac dotirists wdtmdotmi ihugatdjoac gjkkuodty/ Dt ds dkpjrtaot tj dovistdnati tmi attdtuhi jl pariots jl gmdchrio wdtm autdsk abjut tmidogcusdvi ihugatdjo/ Xmidr hisdrabci jpdodjos tjj ari a pririqudsdti dl dogcusdvi ihugatdjo ds tj bi agtuacdzih doDohda/ Xmiri ds ao urniot oiih tj cjje dotj tmidr vdiws aoh gjogipts abjut tmi pmdcjsjpmy aoh dkpcikiotatdjo jl

tmi dogcusdvi pjcdgdis/JB@IGXD\IW JL XMI WXYHT

1/ Xj gjohugt tmi dtik wdsi aoacysds jl pariots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi kadostriak ihugatdjo jl tmidrgmdchrio jbtadoih lrjk VAXD sgaci/

2/ Xj ixpcjri tmi pariots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi quacdty jl ihugatdjoac sirvdgis do kadostriak ihugatdjo7/ Xj ixpcjri tmi pariots attdtuhis tjwarhs tmi gmdch aggiptaogi aoh triatkiot do kadostriak

ihugatdjo

1 Cigturir# AT@ODMM+ORG# Oiw Hicmd2 Cigturir# Dotir Yodvirsdty Giotri ljr Hdsabdcdty Wtuhdis# Kamatka Naohmd Yodvirsdty# Ejttayak


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8/ Xj ixpcjri tmi pariots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi kutuac bioildt jl kadostriak ihugatdjoJVIRAXDJOAC HILDODXDJOW

Dogcusdjo0

Xmi Gmdchrio wdtm Autdsk ari pcagih do tmi saki gcassrjjk wdtm ojo+dkpadrih gmdchrio# wmiri tmiyrigidvi vardjus ihugatdjoac sirvdgis/ Xmi sgmjjcs systik ds priparih sj as tj aggipt aoh ritado gmdchrio wdtmhdvirsi oiihs/

Attdtuhi0

Ao istdkatih bicdil jl a pariot wmdgm ds ao jutgjki jl mdsmir ixpirdiogi# eojwcihni aoh doliriogishrawo abjut dogcusdvi ihugatdjo/ Do tmds stuhy attdtuhi ds assissih jo tmi basds jl tmi sgjri rigidvih lrjk tmiVAXD sgaci/

RI\DI^ JL RICAXIH CDXIRAXYRI

Bjir -2664$ rivdiwih cdtiraturi abjut pariots attdtuhis tjwarhs dogcusdvi ihugatdjo/ A rivdiw jl tmicdtiraturi risuctih do 16 stuhdis smjwdon tmat tmi ka`jrdty jl pariots mjch pjsdtdvi attdtuhis/ Mjwivir# pariots jlgmdchrio wdtm spigdac oiihs ripjrtih vardjus gjogiros# dogcuhdon tmi avadcabdcdty jl sirvdgis do rinucar sgmjjcsaoh dohdvdhuacdzih dostrugtdjo/ Wivirac vardabcis wiri ljuoh wmdgm ricati tj pariots attdtuhis# sugm as

sjgdacigjojkdg status# ihugatdjo civic# ixpirdiogi wdtm dogcusdjo aoh typi jl hdsabdcdty/

Vackir# Luccir# Arjra# aoh Oicsjo -2661$ surviyih pariots jl gmdchrio wdtm siviri hdsabdcdtdis rinarhdontmidr pirgiptdjos tjwarh dogcusdjo/ Xmiy ahkdodstirih a


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24/135

Gjolcux @juroac jl Ihugatdjo DWWO 2726+4769 \jcuki 1# Dssui 2# @ucy 2617 1>

Xmds risuct jl tmi stuhy sunnists tmat prjvdsdjos cdei tmi priparatdjo aoh gjkpitiogi jl tiagmirs bjtm atdodtdac aoh do+sirvdgi civic# aoh tmi prjvdsdjo aoh pjssdbci tradodon jl ojo+tiagmdon suppjrt ds oiihih tj prjvdhitmi quacdty ihugatdjo/ Nriatir cdoeanis bitwiio kadostriak aoh spigdac sgmjjcs wdtm pupdcs njdon bage aoh ljrtmjr spigdac sgmjjc stall agtdon as jutriagm suppjrt tiagmirs do kadostriak sittdons aoh vdgi virsa ds a lurtmir

pjssdbdcdty tj iomaogi tmi quacdty/ Xmi dogriasih prjkjtdjo jl ao dogcusdjo anioha as a liaturi jl jtmirihugatdjoac aoh njvirokiotac dodtdatdvis smjuch bi gjosdhirih/

Jb`igtdvi 70 Xj ixpcjri tmi Variots attdtuhis tjwarhs tmi gmdch aggiptaogi aoh triatkiot do kadostriak

ihugatdjo

Xabci 8/ Kiao aoh WH jl Variots Attdtuhis tjwarhs tmi Gmdch Aggiptaogi aoh Xriatkiot do

Kadostriak Ihugatdjo

O Kiao Wth/ Hivdatdjo

22 8/17 /=9

Xmi dtiks 2 aoh 7 do VAXD wiri eipt tj ldoh jut tmi Variots attdtuhis tjwarhs tmi gmdch aggiptaogi aoh

triatkiot do kadostriak ihugatdjo/ Xmi Kiao vacui ds 8/175 dt smjws tmat tmi pariots mavi pjsdtdvi attdtuhitjwarhs gmdch aggiptaogi aoh triatkiot do kadostriak ihugatdjo/

Xmi pariots jltio mavi twj gjogiros0 tmi dotiragtdjos wdtm piirs aoh tmi quacdty jl tmi ihugatdjoprjnraks/ Do agtuacdty# mjwivir# pariots jl gmdchrio do dogcusdvi sittdons ripjrtih viry liw hdlldguctdis wdtm piirsaoh anrii tmat dogcusdvi sittdons prjkjti pjsdtdvi sjgdac gjotagt ljr acc gmdchrio/ Kaoy pariots jl gmdchrio wdtmhdsabdcdtdis waot tmidr gmdchrio tj ljrk lrdiohsmdps wdtm ojohdsabcih gmdchrio aoh riap tmi bioildts jl riac+wjrchixpirdiogis jllirih by sgmjjc/

Jb`igtdvi 80 Xj ixpcjri tmi Variots attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi kutuac bioildt jl kadostriak ihugatdjo

Xabci 9/ Kiao aoh WH jl Variots Attdtuhi tjwarhs tmi Kutuac Bioildt jl Kadostriak Ihugatdjo

O Kiao Wth/ Hivdatdjo

22 7/76 1/27

Do jrhir tj ldoh tmi attdtuhi jl pariots jl gmdchrio wdtm autdsk tjwarhs tmi kutuac bioildt jl kadostriakihugatdjo# tmi risiargmir usih tmi dtiks 1# # , 16 do tmi VAXD sgaci/ Xmi kiao vacui ds 7/76/ Dt gao bi ljuohtmat tmi attdtuhi civic jl pariots ds oiutrac/ Xmi risuct jl tmi stuhy tmrjws cdnmts tj tmi oiih jl awarioiss akjon

pariots rinarhdon tmi bioildt jl dogcusdvi ihugatdjo ljr tmi hdsabcih aoh ojohdsabcih do gcassrjjk/

CDKDXAXDJOW JL XMI WXYHT

Xmi sakpci sdzi ds tjj skacc aoh sdogi tmi stuhy was gjohugtih do a liw hdstrdgts jl Eiraca# dt gaoojt bia riprisiotatdvi sakpci jl tmi wmjci pjpucatdjo jl Dohda/ Lurtmir stuhdis wdtm ao iocarnih sakpci hrawo lrjk acctmi prjvdogis jl Dohda ari oiihih/ Xmds smjuch acsj hdlliriotdati pariots attdt uhis tjwarhs tmi dogcusdjo jlhdlliriot typis jl G^WIO# wmdgm ari tmjunmt tj gjostdtuti ao dkpjrtaot parakitir as wicc as hata cdoedon

attdtuhdoac sgjris tj idtmir tiagmdon illigtdvioiss jr tj stuhiot jutgjkis wmdgm ds yit tj bi ixpcjrih/ Kjrinioiraccy# luturi risiargm oiihs tj ahhriss a vardity jl dssuis ricatih tj tmi dssui jl dhiotdlydon prigdsicy wmiri#do tmi dogcusdjo hibati# hdstdogt gatinjrdis jl nrjups jl staeimjchirs anrii aoh wmiri tmiy hdllir/

GJOGCYWDJO

Basih jo tmi abjvi risucts jl tmi stuhy# do nioirac# tmi illjrts tj dkpcikiot tmi dogcusdvi prjnrakkirigidvih pjsdtdvi as wicc as oinatdvi rispjosis lrjk tmi pariots/ Wtuhdis mavi smjwo tmat tmi suggiss jl tmidogcusdvi ihugatdjo hipiohs# tj a carni ixtiot# jo tmi wdccdonoiss aoh tmi abdcdty jl acc tmi staeimjchirs# kjstdkpjrtaotcy pariots# tj kaei aggjkkjhatdjos ljr dohdvdhuacs wdtm spigdac oiihs/ Do gjogcusdjo# dotirvdiws wdtm

pariots sirvi tj gjoldrk tmi gjkkjo anriikiot jo a nioirac rdnmt tj dogcusdjo aoh tmi oiih ljr ixtra suppjrtaoh tradodon tj acc tmi staeimjchirs/ Xmat ds# hispdti do prdogdpci anriikiot abjut dogcusdjo# attdtuhi jl pariotsrikadoih kdxih abjut pragtdgis ricatih tj dogcusdjo/


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1= Gjolcux @juroac jl Ihugatdjo DWWO 2726+4769 \jcuki 1# Dssui 2# @ucy 2617

Risiargm mdnmcdnmts tmi bioildts jl illjrts jo tmi part jl sgmjjcs tj ldoh kiaodonluc aoh griatdvi waysljr pariots jl gmdchrio wdtm hdsabdcdtdis tj partdgdpati aoh gjotrdbuti do tmi sgmjjc gjkkuodty sj tmat tmidrattdtuhi bigjkis pjsdtdvi tjwarhs dogcusdjo/

RILIRIOGIW

Acur K/ , Bagm K/ -Ihs$ -2669$ Dogcusdvi ihugatdjo0 lrjk rmitjrdg tj riacdty -Oiw Hicmd# Dohda$/

Acur# K/ -2662a$ Xmiy hdh ojt ldnuri0 pjcdgy ixgcusdjo jl hdsabcih pijpci do Dohda# Dotiroatdjoac @juroac jl

Dogcusdvi Ihugatdjo# 22=>/

Vackir# H/ W/# Luccir# E/# Arjra# X/# , Oicsjo# K/ -2661$/ Xaedon sdhis0 Variots vdiws jo dogcusdjo ljr tmidr

gmdchrio wdtm siviri hdsabdcdtdis/Ixgiptdjoac Gmdchrio# # 8+8=8/

Wmamzahd W/ Dogcusdvi Ihugatdjo0 Virspigtdvi jl Wirvdgis/ Vapir prisiotih at Dotiroatdjoac Wpigdac IhugatdjoGjonriss# Yodvirsdty jl Kaogmistir# 2666/

Wdonac# O/ -2669$/ Kappdon tmi ldich jl dogcusdvi ihugatdjo0 a rivdiw jl tmi Dohdao cdtiraturi# Dotiroatdjoac@juroac jl Dogcusdvi Ihugatdjo/

******


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MJ^ XIAGMIRW GAO RIGJNODPI AOH HIAC ^DXM

BIMA\DJRAC VRJBCIKW JL AHJCIWGIOXW DO

XMI GCAWWRJJK:

Kumakkih/ E/\1 aoh Hr/Kjmakihuood Acdas Kustmala/ KO2

Abstragt

Dt ds viry gjkkjo tmat tiagmirs oiih tj hiac wdtm stuhiots liicdons jl lrustratdjo# hdsappjdotkiot#aoxdity# itg/ Xmisi sdtuatdjos ari hdlldguct tj hiac wdtm ljr kaoy tiagmirs aoh acsj tj gjpi up wdtm tmisibimavdjrac prjbciks do tmi gcassrjjk/ Ao dosdnmt do tj tmisi bimavdjrac prjbciks aoh sunnistdon kiasuris tjjvirgjki tmik ds tmi tase uohirtaeio by tmi dovistdnatjrs do tmi prisiot stuhy/ Xmi dovistdnatjr sicigtih 86gjccini tiagmirs tiagmdon do ldrst yiar nrahuatdjo aoh usih tmi tigmodqui dotirvdiw aoh a quistdjooadri tjixpcjri tmi tiagmirs vdiws abjut tmi gmaragtirdstdgs jl bimavdjrac prjbciks ixmdbdtih do tmi gcassrjjk aoh tmidrricatdvi illigts/ Xmi stuhy ikpcjyih quacdtatdvi hisdno do wmdgm tmi dovistdnatjrs sunnistih nudhicdois tjjvirgjki bimavdjrac prjbciks do tmi gcassrjjk by aoacyzdon tmi pirgiptdjo jl tiagmirs/

Eiy wjrhs0Xiagmirs# Ahjcisgiot prjbcik bimavdjrs# Rigjnodtdjo aoh Hiacdon

DOXRJHYGXDJO

Wgmjjc ds a stratindg iovdrjokiot tmat ndvis kjst gmdchrio jppjrtuodtdis ljr a wdhi raoni jl sjgdacdotiragtdjo/ Dt ds uohirstaohabci# tmio# tmat tmds dostdtutdjo# wmdgm pcays a rjci do hivicjpdon tmi gmdchs autjojkyaoh sjgdacdzatdjo# wdtoissis sjgdac aoh hivicjpkiotac prjbciks/ ^mdci bimavdjr prjbciks# gao taei kaoy ljrks#dogcuhdon buccydon# annrissdjo tjwarhs piirs jr autmjrdty ldnuris jr histrugtdjo jl jtmirs. prjpirty# tmi risuct dsjltio a hdsruptdjo jl ivirybjhys ciarodon/

Xmi nriatist sjurgi jl lrustratdjo ljr kjst tiagmirs typdgaccy giotirs jo stuhiot bimavdjr aoh gcassrjjkkaoanikiot dssuis/ Gmdchrio wdtm bimavdjrac prjbciks ari jltio hdlldguct aoh hdsruptdvi# riqudrdon kugm jl tmitiagmirs attiotdjo/ Micpdon tmik suggiih agahikdgaccy aoh sjgdaccy ds a muni tase/ Dt ds qudti oaturac ljr tmitiagmir tj liic jvirwmickih wmio lagih wdtm ao aonudsmih gmdch wmj# tj prjtigt jr hilioh mdksicl# wriaesmavjg do tmi gcassrjjk/ Xmi tiagmirs `jb ds a sjcdtary joi# aoh actmjunm spigdacdzih prjlissdjoac sirvdgis arisjkitdkis avadcabci tj tmi stuhiot# tiagmdon rikados a ricatdjosmdp bitwiio tmi tiagmir aoh tmi stuhiot tmat

oiihs tj bi hivicjpih ljr bjtm tj suggiih/

OIIH AOH WDNODLDGAOGI JL XMI WXYHT

Jur tiagmirs ari ldohdon dt hdlldguct tj dhiotdly tmi bimavdjrac prjbciks ixmdbdtih by tmi ahjcisgiots aohtmiri by ojt mavdon iojunm sedcc jo mjw tj tageci tmisi prjbciks/ Xmrjunm tmds artdgci tmi dovistdnatjrs aritrydon tj dhiotdly tmi spigdldg gmaragtirdstdgs jl bimavdjrac prjbciks lrjk tmi pirgiptdjo jl tiagmirs aohsunnistdon kiasuris jo mjw tj nit tmrjunm tmisi prjbciks do a prjpir way/

Risiargm Quistdjos Vjsih

^mat ari tmi ka`jr gmaragtirdstdgs jl bimavdjrac prjbciks ixmdbdtih by tmi ahjcisgiots do tmi gcassrjjk dotmi pirgiptdjo jl tiagmirs:

Mjw tmisi bimavdjrac prjbciks alligt tmi ciaroirs lrjk tiagmirs pirgiptdjo: ^mat ari tmi kiasuris tj bi sunnistih tj tageci bimavdjrac prjbciks do tmi gcassrjjk:

HIWDNO JL XMI WXYHT

Xmi stuhy ljccjwih a quacdtatdvi hisdno/ Rispjosis jl tmi tiagmirs wiri gariluccy gatinjrdzih tjdhiotdly tmi spigdldg gmaragtirdstdgs jl bimavdjrac prjbciks aoh dts ricatdvi illigts jo ahjcisgiots/Xmds prjgiss

pirkdttih ao jonjdon rildoikiot aoh icdkdoatdjo jl rihuohaogdis do gatinjrdis/ Nriat gari was taeio tj iosuritmat gatinjry gjostrugtdjo wmdgm rilcigtih tmi gjkprimiosdvioiss jl rispjosis aoh tmat tmi hata wirikaoaniabci/ Dt ds tmds autmiotdgdty jl tmi hata tmat ciah tmi dovistdnatjrs tj sunnist pjssdbci nudhicdois ljr tmi

1 @uodjr Risiargm Liccjw# Hipartkiot jl Ihugatdjo# Yodvirsdty jl Gacdgut# Eiraca2 Assdstaot Vrjlissjr# Hipartkiot jl Ihugatdjo# -Riahir# YNG+AWG jo hiputatdjo$# Yodvirsdty jl Gacdgut# Eiraca


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tiagmirs jo mjw kugm striontmio smjuch bi tmidr illjrt do hiacdon wdtm ciaroirs mavdon tmisi bimavdjracprjbciks/

WAKVCI

Xmi dovistdnatjrs sicigtih raohjkcy 86 gjccini tiagmirs wmj ari tiagmdon do ldrst yiar nrahuatdjo# 76likaci aoh 16 kaci tiagmirs# lrjk tmi hdstrdgts jl Kacappurak aoh Ejzmdejhi do tmi stati jl Eiraca/

XJJC AOH XIGMODQYI YWIH LJR XMI WXYHT

Xmi hata was gjccigtih usdon quistdjooadri aoh suppcikiotih by ao dotirvdiw wmdgm was usih tjdhiotdly tmi gmaragtirdstdgs jl tmi bimavdjrac prjbciks/ Basih jo tmi rispjosis jl tmi tiagmirs tmi dovistdnatjrshivicjpih ao jpio iohih quistdjooadri wdtm tmi ka`jr hdkiosdjos cdei agahikdg pirljrkaogi# kiotac wiccoiss#ikjtdjoac wiccbidon# sjgdac dotiragtdjo aoh vacuis/Quistdjos micpih tj hdsgcjsi tmidr vdiws abjut tmi marklucilligts jl bimavdjrac prjbciks# wmdgm do turo ciah tmi dovistdnatjrs tj pjsi girtado kiasuris tj jvirgjki dt/

RIWYCXW

Basih jo tmi aoacysds jl tmi rispjosis jl tmi tiagmirs tmi dovistdnatjrs dhiotdldih girtado gmaragtirdstdgsjl bimavdjrac prjbciks ixmdbdtih by ciaroirs do tmi gcassrjjk wmdgm ari viry kugm alligtdon tmi ikjtdjoac aohkiotac wiccbidon jl tmi ahjcisgiots as dhiotdldih by tmi tiagmirs/ Xmisi gmaragtirdstdgs# wmdgm do turo smattir tmiagahikdg pirljrkaogi jl tmi ciaroirs# ari mdnmcdnmtih bicjw/

Gmaragtirdstdgs jl Bimavdjurac Vrjbciks Ixmdbdtih by Ahjcisgiots do Xiagmirss Virgiptdjo

Vrjbciks ricatih tj agahikdgs0 Kaoy ciaroirs siik tj mavi prjbcik wdtm wjredon ljr ao ixtiohihpirdjh jl tdki jo a partdgucar tase/ Xmi ciaroirs apprjagm tj sgmjjc wjre ds acways oinatdvi aoh dohdsgdpcdoih/ Xmi ciaroir kay mavi pjjr agahikdg pirljrkaogi do joi jr kjri agahikdg jr sub`igt arias/Xmiy usuaccy smjw tmidr ricugtaogi tj cdstio tj tmi gcass jr taei hjwo ojtis/ Xmiy ari ojt gjogiroih abjut

bittir pirljrkaogi do tmi agahikdgs aoh tmisi stuhiots usuaccy cage prjpir spao jl attiotdjo aohgjogiotratdjo/

Vrjbciks wdtm tiagmirs aoh pariots0 Xmiy kaei jlliosdvi jr dosuct rikares tj stall aoh jtmir ciaroirswmdgm ari cdeicy tj ciah gjolrjotatdjos/ Xmiy agt jut anadost tmidr pmysdgac aoh sjgdac iovdrjokiot wdtmsugm dotiosdty aoh gmrjodgdty tmat dotirpirsjoac ricatdjosmdp wdtm lakdcy# sgmjjc# gjkkuodty aoh piirs

bigjki viry hdlldguct/ Ciaroirs wdtm bimavdjrac prjbciks kay attikpt tj gjvir up do apprjprdati bimavdjrwmio tmiy riacdzi tmat tmiy mavi ojt bimavih do ao apprjprdati kaooir/ Xmiy ari gjogiroih wdtm bidongaunmt# puodsmih# aoh bcakih dostiah jl wjrrydon abjut tmi lagt tmat tmiy mavi bimavih dogjrrigtcy/ Xmisiciaroirs tioh tj bi pirsdstiotcy ojo gjjpiratdvi aoh hdsruptdvi hispdti tmi tiagmirs gjotdoudon gjogiro/Xmiy smjw hdsrispigt tj tmi autmjrdty/ Xmi prjbcik bimavdjr kay bi a way tj attragt attiotdjo5 dl tmiciaroir liics as tmiy ari oincigtih by pariots# tiagmirs# gjkkuodty# piirs sjgdity aoh jtmir lakdcykikbirs/ Xmiy siie attiotdjo tj kiit tmidr oiih jl sigurdty# cjvi uohirstaohdon aoh suppjrt/

Vrjbciks wdtm sdbcdons aoh piirs0 Xmisi ciaroirs kay mdt# edge# nit do tj ldnmts jr virbaccy tmriatio jrdosuct jtmirs aoh ari jltio uooaturaccy annrissdvi tjwarhs tmidr piirs aoh sdbcdons/ Wjki ciaroirs wdtm

bimavdjrac prjbciks ari dogcdoih tj bi pmysdgaccy jr virbaccy assauct/ Xmiy jltio mavi tmi liicdon tmat tmiyari ojt garih at mjki as tmidr sdbcdons aoh kay bigjki domukaocy gruic tj tmi sdbcdons sjkitdkis/ Xmiykay taei rdse do tmi gcassrjjk# bimavdon anadost tmi rucis tj smjw tmidr piirs tmat tmidr pirljrkaogi dsjutstaohdon aoh tmiri by siiedon tmi giotir jl attragtdjo do tmi gcassrjjk/

Ikjtdjoac prjbciks0 Xmi civic jl doticcdniogi jl tmisi ciaroirs hjis ojt hdllir sdnodldgaotcy lrjk jtmirciaroirs/ Xmiy ixpirdiogi ojt bidon cjvih jr garih ljr bidon ri`igtih jr abaohjoih# bidon dogjkpitiotaoh hiprissih/ Xmidr kjjhs ari prihjkdoaotcy sah aoh hiprissdvi# hipdgtdon a siosi jl mjpicissoiss aohhispadr/ Xmi ciaroir ixpirdiogis a oiih ljr cjvi# aggiptaogi# sigurdty aoh rigjnodtdjo/ Ciaroirs wdtm

bimavdjrac prjbciks mavi a tiohiogy tj hivicjp pmysdgac sykptjks jr liars wdtm pirsjoac jr sgmjjcprjbciks/

Basih jo tmisi gmaragtirdstdgs tmi dovistdnatjr kahi ao attikpt tj dhiotdly tmi illigts jl bimavdjracprjbciks lrjk tmi pirgiptdjo jl tiagmirs dtsicl/ Xmds micpih tj ixpcjri mjw lar dt ds markluc tj tmik do accaspigts/


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Dhiotdldih Xmrust Arias

Dt ds ao issiotdac icikiot tj dhiotdly tmi arias alligtih by bimavdjrac prjbciks jo ahjcisgiots/Dhiotdldgatdjo jl tmi tmrust arias kaeis dt micpluc tj riacdzi tmi dotiosdty jl tmi markluc illigts jl bimavdjrac

prjbciks/ Dt acsj griatis ao iasdoiss tj sunnist kiasuris jo mjw tj hiac wdtm tmi prjbciks/ Basih jo tmirispjosis jl tmi tiagmirs# tmi dovistdnatjrs dhiotdldih girtado tmrust arias wmdgm ari cdstih bicjw/

Agahikdg pirljrkaogi0 stuhiots smjwdon bimavdjrac prjbciks ari pjjr do agahikdg pirljrkaogi/ Xmiy ari

mavdon viry cjw spao jl attiotdjo aoh ari ciss attiotdvi do tmi gcass/ Wtuhiots mavdon bimavdjrac prjbciks aricdeicy tj siie attiotdjo do tmi gcass by hdsturbdon tmi gcassrjjk sissdjos aoh tmidr piirs/ Xmiy ari ojt gjogiroihabjut agahikdg agmdivikiot/ Agahikdg agmdivikiot ds ojtih kjri do ciaroirs wdtm bimavdjrac hdsjrhirsgjkparih tj jtmirs as pirgidvih by tiagmirs/ Xmiy wjot taei hjwo ojtis aoh ari ojt gjogiroih abjut bittir

pirljrkaogi/ Xmiy mavi kjri gjolcdgts wdtm tiagmirs aoh a ciss pjsdtdvi sicl +pirgiptdjo wmdgm kay ciah tj ljrkao dolirdjrdty gjkpcix tmat kay hitirdjrati tmi agahikdg pirljrkaogi/

Kiotac miactm0 Wjuoh kiotac miactm ds issiotdac ljr tmi bittirkiot jl ciaroirs/ Wtuhiots wdtm bimavdjracprjbciks ari usuaccy sah aoh hiprissdvi/ Xmiy ari hiprdvih jl grdtdgac aoh hdvirniot tmdoedon as pir tmi jpdodjojl tiagmirs/ Xmiy cage tmi lcixdbdcdty tj hiac wdtm gmaccionis/ Xmiy usuaccy ionani do rdse bimavdjrs wmdgm alligttmidr pmysdgac aoh kiotac miactm/ Xmiy mavi oinatdvi ixpigtatdjos ljr tmi luturi aoh siosatdjo siiedon attdtuhigjkparih tj jtmir stuhiots do tmi pirgiptdjos jl tiagmirs/ Civics jl aoxdity wiri dosdnodldgaot agrjss kjst jl tmistuhiots mavdon tmi bimavdjrac prjbciks/

Ikjtdjoac wiccoiss0 Ikjtdjoac wiccoiss ds a gjkpcix aria/ Wjki stuhiots wmj ari vdgtdks jl aotd+sjgdacbimavdjr kay mavi a rihugih civic jl ikjtdjoac wiccbidon nioiraccy aoh as a risuct jl dssuis jl aotd+sjgdacbimavdjr tmat tmiy ari sullirdon/ Aotd+sjgdac bimavdjr gao mavi a viry oinatdvi dkpagt jo a pirsjos quacdty jlcdli aoh ikjtdjoac miactm/ Dt ds acsj rigjnodzih aoh ageojwcihnih tmat sjki pirpitratjrs jl aotd+sjgdac bimavdjrmavi tmi prjbciks jl ikjtdjoac jutburst aoh cage tmi abdcdty jl lrustratdjo tjciraogi/ Xmisi stuhiots mavi pjjr

prjbcik sjcvdon sedccs# doabdcdty tj nioirati actiroatdvi sjcutdjos# icivatih civics jl striss aoh pjjr gjpdon sedccs/

Wjgdac dotiragtdjo0 Xmiy ojtih tmat tmisi gmdchrio mah sirdjus prjbciks jl sjgdac ah`ustkiot# wiri hdsruptdvi atmjki as wicc as do sgmjjc aoh ladcih tj kaei lrdiohs/ Xmiy mavi pjjr ricatdjosmdp wdtm tiagmirs aoh ari ojtriahy tj aggipt ojrks aoh gjogiros jl tmi sjgdity/ Gjkparih tj jtmir stuhiots# stuhiots wdtm bimavdjrac

prjbciks ldoh dt hdlldguct tj gjjpirati aoh ah`ust wdtm jtmirs dosdhi tmi gcassrjjk/ Xmiy gjuchot ldoh tmiksicvisa pcagi do tmi gurrdgucar aoh gj+gurrdgucar agtdvdtdis hui tj tmidr doabdcdty tj kdonci wdtm jtmirs illigtdvicy/ Xmiytmiksicvis ldoh dsjcatih do tmi gcassrjjk/

\acuis0 Bimavdjrac prjbciks mavi oinatdvi illigts do dkbdbdon vacuis akjon tmi stuhiots mavdon bimavdjracprjbciks gjkparih tj jtmir stuhiots/ Xmiy ari ojt kugm gjogiroih do gmirdsmdon aoh upmjchdon tmi vacuis/Lriquiot ticcdon jl lacsi riasjos as a kitmjh jl hiliosi kigmaodsk# tmilt do tmi gcassrjjk tj smjw tmidrhjkdoaogy# lriquiot kdsbimavdjr tj tiagmirs itg/ ari usuac pragtdgi siio do tmi gcassrjjk lrjk tmi part jl tmisistuhiots/ Xmiri mavi oj gjogiro ljr tmi wiclari jl jtmirs aoh cage mukaodtardao gjosdhiratdjo as pirgidvih bygjccini tiagmirs/

Lrjk tmi abjvi hisgrdptdjo dt ds riviacih lrjk tmi jpdodjo jl tiagmirs mjw lar bimavdjrac prjbciksakjon ahjcisgiots ari siviricy alligtdon tmi ciaroirs aoh tmi skjjtm luogtdjodon jl tmi tiagmdon+ ciarodon

prjgiss/ Jur tiagmirs ari ojt nittdon kugm jrdiotatdjo jo mjw tj hiac wdtm tmisi stuhiots do tmi gcassrjjk/ Xmiyari ldohdon dt hdlldguct tj tageci tmisi prjbcik stuhiots/ But tmi lagt ds tmat# wi smjuch ojt gcjsi jur iyis tjwarhstmds dssui aoh gaoojt oincigt tmisi stuhiots/ \arditdis jl gausis ari ciahdon tmisi gmdchrio tj tmds bimavdjr aohtmiy gjuch nit tmrjunm tmisi prjbciks dl ndvio prjpir gmige jo tmik/ Gjosdhirdon tmds sirdjus dssui aoh basihjo tmi rispjosis jl tmi tiagmirs tmi dovistdnatjrs kahi ao attikpt tj sunnist nudhicdois tj tiagmirs ljr kaoandon

prjbcikatdg bimavdjr wmdgm ari hdsgussih bicjw/

Kaoandon Vrjbcikatdg Bimavdjr

Xmi sivirdty jl bimavdjrac prjbciks jo mjw dt illigts tmi ahjcisgiots at tmi ixtriki ds ixpcadoih do tmistuhy aoh oj hjubt# dt ds uohirstjjh tmi doivdtabdcdty tj kaoani tmisi prjbciks ljr tmi bittirkiot jl jurahjcisgiot nioiratdjo/ Jo tmi bagenrjuoh jl tmi rispjosis jl tmi tiagmirs# tmi dovistdnatjrs sunnist girtadokiasuris ljr tmi tiagmirs tj dkpcikiot do tmi gcassrjjk/

Xmi tiagmir smjuch ljgus jo tmi ciaroirs gucturac iovdrjokiot/ Xmi iovdrjokiot hitirkdois acc bimavdjrjl ciaroirs tmrjunm tmidr dotiragtdjo wdtm jtmir rjci pcayirs/


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Variots aoh tiagmirs smjuch bi dovjcvih wmdci aoacyzdon tmi prjbcik bimavdjrs jl ciaroirs/ Variotssmjuch bi gjosuctih tdkicy ljr assdstdon tmi ciaroirs wmdci hiacdon wdtm prjbcik bimavdjrs/

Hj ojt kaei uooigissary rucis aoh sit yjursicl as tmi rjci kjhics ljr ciaroirs/ Gjosdhir tmi gcasshyoakdsk aoh kaei suri tmat yju ari do lucc gjotrjc jl tmi gcass/

Hj ojt kaei pmysdgac ljrgi jr smjut at ciaroirs uooigissardcy/ Bi lrdiohcy aoh pradsi tmi ciaroirs wmjbimavi wicc/ Griati a sali atkjspmiri do tmi gcassrjjk sugm tmat tmi ciaroirs gjuch smari tmidr prjbciks

wdtm tmi tiagmir/ Xmi tiagmir smjuch ljgus jo tmi ciaroirs dovjcvikiot do ricatdjosmdp# as ricatdjosmdps ari issiotdac tj

ciarodon/ Xmi ricatdjosmdp tmat ixdsts bitwiio tiagmirs aoh ciaroirs# bitwiio ciaroirs tmiksicvis# bitwiiosgmjjc aoh pariots aoh bitwiio tmi sgmjjc aoh gjkkuodty smjuch bi miactmy# suppjrtdvi aoh rispigtluc dojrhir tj assdst ciaroirs wdtm bimavdjrac prjbciks/

Wiie gjjpiratdjo jl gjuosicjrs tj assdst wmdci hiacdon wdtm ahjcisgiot prjbcik bimavdjrs/ Ase tmi stuhiot tj stjp tmi uohisdrabci bimavdjr aoh ixpcado bimavdjrac ixpigtatdjos tj tmi stuhiot/ Xmds

micp tmi stuhiot tj riacdzi tmat wmat mi ds hjdon ds ojt aggiptabci bimavdjr aoh jutcdois tmi bimavdjrixpigtih do tmi gcassrjjk/

Rikjvdon tmi stuhiot lrjk tmi hise ds viry illigtdvi do hdsgjurandon bah bimavdjr/ Xmi bimavdjr kayjocy jggur wmio girtado stuhiots sdt tjnitmir aoh kay stjp wmio tmi stuhiots ari siparatih/

Assdno tmi stuhiot actiroatdvi ani+apprjprdati gjursi wjre tj eiip tmik jggupdih/ Kaoy stuhiots agt jutbigausi tmiy ari ojt dotiristih jr ionanih do tmi gjursiwjre/ Ldohdon tjpdgs jl dotirist ljr tmi stuhiotskay icdkdoati sjki bimavdjrac prjbciks/

Wpiae tj tmi stuhiot jutsdhi tmi gcassrjjk# agtdvicy cdstiodon tj tmi gjogiros jl tmi stuhiot/ Xmi stuhiot dsjltio agtdon jut bigausi jl a spigdldg prjbcik/ Kaoy ihugatjrs assuki tmi stuhiot mas a nioiraccy hildaot

pirsjoacdty# aoh hj ojt siie jut tmi rjjt gausi jl tmi bimavdjr/ Dl a rjjt gausi ds hitirkdoih taei tmioigissary agtdjos tj sjcvi tmi prjbcik/

Hjgukiot acc jggurriogis jl kdsbimavdjr/ Xmds hjgukiotatdjo gao bi usih wmio hdsgussdon tmi stuhiot.sbimavdjr wdtm pariots aoh ahkdodstratjrs/

GJOGCYWDJO

Mavdon risjcvih tj taei a oiw hdrigtdjo ljr suggiss tjnitmir# sgmjjcs gaoojt dnojri gmdchrio wdtmbimavdjrac hdlldguctdis/ Hispdti tmi gjosdhirabci illjrts kahi jvir tmi yiars by jltio +jvirwmickih sgmjjc stallaoh ahkdodstratjrs tj rispjoh tj tmisi gmdchrios hdstriss aoh hispdti tmi sdnodldgaot oukbir jl pihanjndgac#

ahkdodstratdvi aoh ldoaogdac kiasuris wmdgm mavi biio taeio# suggiss mas icuhih us tmi oukbir jl stuhiots wdtmbimavdjrac hdlldguctdis gjotdouis tj nrjw iviry yiar/ Ndvio tmi gjogiro jvir tmi nrjwdon oukbir jl stuhiotswdtm bimavdjrac hdlldguctdis# ndvio tmi aoxdity nioiratih by tmi agahikdg aoh sjgdac gjosiquiogis ljr tmisiyjuonstirs dl wi ari uoabci tj micp tmik suggiih# wi kust cjsi oj tdki do ldohdon jut kjri abjut bimavdjr

prjbciks# rivdiwdon jur pragtdgis aoh wjredon tjnitmir tj micp stuhiots wdtm bimavdjrac hdlldguctdis isgapibidon karndoacdzih do tmi sgmjjc gjotixt/

RILIRIOGIW

Akirdgao Vsygmdatrdg Assjgdatdjo/Hdanojstdg aoh Wtatdstdgac Kaouac jl Kiotac Hdsjrhirs# 8tm ih/# tixt rivdsdjo-HWKD\+XR$/ ^asmdontjo# HG0 Akirdgao Vsygmdatrdg Vriss# Dog/# 2666/

Lrdihkao# D/ A -1449$/ Wtuhiot bimavdjr pattiro gjotrdbutdon tj stuhiot burojut/ Xmi `juroac jl ihugatdjoacrisiargm# ==-9$# 2=1+2=4/

Eirr# K/K , Oicsjo G/K/ -14=4$/ Wtratindis ljr kaoandon bimavdjurac prjbciks do tmi gcassrjjk/ WigjohIhdtdjo/ Cjohjo0 Xmjkas Kirrdcc/

Rdgi# R/L -1449$/ Mukao hivicjpkiot0 A cdli spao apprjagm/ Oiw @irsy0 Vriotdgi Macc/

^aceir# M/# Gjcvdo# N/# , Raksiy# I/ -1449$/ Aotdsjgdac bimavdjr do sgmjjc0 Wtratindis aoh bistpragtdgis/ Vagdldg Nrjvi# GA0 BrjjesGjci Vubcdsmdon Gjkpaoy/

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ILLIGXD\IOIWW JL WXYHIOX+XIAK AGMDI\IKIOX HD\DWDJO

-WXAH$ JO XMI IOMAOGIKIOX JL IONCDWM CAONYANI

GJKVIXIOGT AKJON WXYHIOXW AX WIGJOHART CI\IC

Hr/ Wuodca Xmjkas1 aoh Wriivdhya Oadr O/2

Abstragt

Xmi prisiot stuhy was uohirtaeio tj ixakdoi tmi illigt jl WXAH kitmjh do iomaogdon gjkpitiogy doIoncdsm jl tmi stuhiots at sigjohary civic/ Xmi risucts smjw tmat tmiri was a sdnodldgaot nado do sgjris hui tj tmikitmjh ahjptih aoh tmiri was sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi akjon tmi pirljrkaogi jl bjys gjkparih tj ndrcs docaonuani hivicjpkiot/ Bjys ljuoh tj ixgic do caonuani hivicjpkiot/ Xmi dovistdnatjr riagmih tmi gjogcusdjotmat tmiri was oj sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi bitwiio tmi pirljrkaogi jl stuhiots bicjondon tj Ioncdsm aoh

Kacayacak kihduk sgmjjcs wdtm rinarh tj iomaogikiot jl caonuani gjkpitiogy/

Eiy wjrhs0Illigtdvioiss# Wtuhiot+Xiak Agmdivikiot Hdvdsdjo -WXAH$# Wtuhiots at Wigjohary Civic/

DOXRJHYGXDJO

Ioncdsm ds nioiraccy gjosdhirih as a hdlldguct sub`igt tj ciaro /But dts tiagmdon do tmi rdnmt way gao

girtadocy kaei dt iasy# dotiristdon aoh lrudtluc/ Caonuani tiagmdon ds usiluc jocy dl tmi apprjagm tj dt dssjgdacdzih/ Dt smjuch dovjcvi agtdvdty# bjtm jo tmi part jl tmi stuhiots aoh tmi tiagmirs/ Hurdon tmi stani jlagtdvdty# ivirytmdon bigjkis sj autjkatdg tmat joi gao spiae tmi caonuani# riah aoh wrdti dt wdtmjut strioujusilljrts/ Kjrijvir# caonuani agqudsdtdjo taeis pcagi autjkatdgaccy ivio wdtmjut jur bidon awari jl tmigjkpcixdty jl dts oaturi jr strugturi/ As spiigm ds tmi riprisiotatdjo jl tmi ixpirdiogi jl tmi kdoh# tmi stuhiotskust bi ndvio uocdkdtih jppjrtuodtdis tj ixpirdiogi tmi caonuani/ Caonuani ds issiotdaccy a tjjc jlgjkkuodgatdjo usih do mukao gjkkuodtdis/ ^mio tmi stuhiots ari do a gjkkuodty jl tmidr jwo gjnodtdviabdcdty# tmiy ari ciss domdbdtih tj spiae/ Gjjpiratdvi ciarodon ioabcis tmik tj bi illigtdvi usirs jl caonuani/

OIIH AOH WDNODLDGAOGI JL XMI WXYHT

Gjjpiratdvi ciarodon ds ojw wdhicy rigjnodzih as joi jl tmi kjst rikareabci aoh lirtdci arias jltmijry# risiargm# aoh pragtdgi do ihugatdjo/ Ldoaccy wi gao say tmat gjjpiratdjo# gjccabjratdjo# gjosdhiratdjo#griatdvdty# rispjosdbdcdty# partdgdpatdjo acc tmisi tmdons siik tj bigjki dovjcvih do tmi 21st giotury# as hjis tmi

sunnistdjo jl stritgmdon tmi stuhiot.s ixpirdiogi biyjoh dohdvdhuac eojwdon tj a edoh jl gjccabjratdvi wdshjk/Gjjpiratdvi ciarodon ixdsts wmio stuhiots wjre tjnitmir tj aggjkpcdsm smarih ciarodon njacs -@jmosjo ,@jmosjo# 14=1$/ Iagm stuhiot gao tmio agmdivi mds jr mir ciarodon njac dl aoh jocy dl tmi jtmir nrjup kikbirsagmdivi tmidrs/ Xmiri ds ao ivir dogriasdon oiih ljr dotirhipiohiogi do acc civics jl jur sjgdity/ Vrjvdhdonstuhiots wdtm tmi tjjcs tj illigtdvicy wjre do a gjccabjratdvi iovdrjokiot smjuch bi a prdjrdty/ GjjpiratdviCiarodon ds joi way jl prjvdhdon stuhiots wdtm a wicc hildoih lrakiwjre lrjk wmdgm tj ciaro lrjk iagm jtmir/Wtuhiots wjre tjwarhs lucldccdon agahikdg aoh sjgdac sedcc njacs tmat ari gciarcy statih/ Dt ds a tiak apprjagmwmiri tmi suggiss jl tmi nrjup hipiohs upjo iviryjoi puccdon mds jr mir widnmt/

Xmi prisiot stuhy was uohirtaeio tj ixakdoi tmi illigt jl WXAH do iomaogdon Ioncdsm caonuanigjkpitiogy jl tmi stuhiots at sigjohary civic/ Xmi stuhy ds ricivaot do tmds gjotixt/

WXAXIKIOX JL XMI VRJBCIK

Xmi stuhy ds iotdtcih as# Illigtdvioiss jl Wtuhiot+Xiak Agmdivikiot Hdvdsdjo -WXAH$ jo tmiiomaogikiot jl Ioncdsm caonuani gjkpitiogy akjon stuhiots at sigjohary civic

JVIRAXDJOAC HILDODXDJO JL EIT JRHW

Illigtdvioiss0 Dt sunnists tmi quacdty jl mavdon a hildodti jr hisdrih illigt/ Miri dt hiojtis tmi illigt jl apartdgucar ciarodon stratiny -WXAH$ jo tmi iomaogikiot jl caonuani gjkpitiogy jl stuhiots at sigjohary civic/

Wtuhiot+Xiak Agmdivikiot Hdvdsdjo -WXAH$0 Dt ds a wdhicy usih gjjpiratdvi ciarodon kitmjh ndvio by Wcavdo-14>=$/

1 Assjgdati Vrjlissjr# Xdtus DD Xiagmirs Gjccini# Xmdruvacca/2 Risiargm Wgmjcar# Hipartkiot jl Ihugatdjo# Bmaratmdar Yodvirsdty# Gjdkbatjri/


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Wtuhiots at Wigjohary Civic0 Xmiy hiojti stuhiots uohirnjdon = tm# 4tm aoh 16tm civic jl gjursis/ Miri ljr tmipurpjsi jl tmi stuhy# tmi dovistdnatjrs sicigtih 4

tmstaoharh

stuhiots/

JB@IGXD\IW JL XMI WXYHT

Xmi stuhy ds hisdnoih aoh gjohugtih ljr agmdivdon tmi ljccjwdon jb`igtdvis0

1/ Xj ldoh jut tmi illigtdvioiss jl WXAH kitmjh do iomaogdon Ioncdsm caonuani gjkpitiogy akjon stuhiots atsigjohary civic/

2/ Xj ldoh jut tmi sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi jl WXAH kitmjh do iomaogdon Ioncdsm caonuani gjkpitiogy akjonstuhiots at sigjohary civic wdtm rispigt tj niohir/

7/ Xj ldoh jut tmi sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi jl WXAH kitmjh do iomaogdon Ioncdsm caonuani gjkpitiogy akjonstuhiots at sigjohary civic wdtm rispigt tj kihduk jl dostrugtdjo/

MTVJXMIWIW

1/ Xmi WXAH kitmjh ds kjri illigtdvi do iomaogdon Ioncdsm caonuani gjkpitiogy akjon stuhiots atsigjohary civic/

2/ Xmiri ds oj sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi jo iomaogikiot jl caonuani gjkpitiogy jl Ioncdsm stuhiots at sigjoharycivic taunmt tmrjunm WXAH kitmjh wdtm rispigt tj niohir/

7/ Xmiri ds oj sdnodldgaot hdlliriogi jo iomaogikiot jl caonuani gjkpitiogy jl Ioncdsm stuhiots at sigjohary

civic taunmt tmrjunm WXAH kitmjh wdtm rispigt tj kihduk jl dostrugtdjo/

KIXMJHJCJNT

Wakpci

A sakpci jl >2 stuhiots stuhydon do staoharh D] was sicigtih by raohjk sakpcdon tigmodquis lrjk twjsgmjjcs do Vatmaoaktmdtta hdstrdgt/

Xjjcs Ysih

Cissjo hisdnos basih jo WXAH kitmjh# wjresmiits# pri tist do Ioncdsm

Vrjgihuri

D/ Biljri tmi start jl tmi ixpirdkiot# a pri tist was ahkdodstirih tj tmi stuhiots by usdon sjki sicigt tjpdgs

lrjk tmidr Ioncdsm Gjursi bjje tj assiss tmidr gjkpitiogy/

DD/ Gjohugtdon tmi Dostrugtdjoac prjnrakki ljr WXAH nrjup

Xmi ljccjwdon stips wiri ljccjwih jo mjw stuhiots wiri dotrjhugih tj WXAH/

D/ Xiagm0 Xmi uodt was prisiotih as pir tmi tiagmir+hdrigtih dostrugtdjos/

DD/ Xiak+Wtuhy0 Dt dogcuhih tmi ljccjwdon stips0

-a$ Raoedon jl Wtuhiots

Xmi stuhiots wiri raoeih jo tmidr privdjus tist sgjris lrjk tjp tj bjttjk/

-b$ Ljrkatdjo jl tmi nrjups

Wtuhiots wiri assdnoih tj tmi tiaks jl ljur kikbirs iagm/ Xmi raoeih cdst was higdhih dotj quartirs

-hdvdhih by 8$/ Do tmds way ljur quartirs wiri ljrkih/ Joi stuhiot was sicigtih lrjk iagm quartir tj kaei anrjup jl ljur/

-g$ ^jredon do Nrjup

Hurdon tiak ciarodon# stuhiots wjreih -86 kdoutis$ jo wjresmiits do tmidr tiaks tj kastir tmi katirdacwmdgm was prisiotih do tmi sedcc bidon taunmt aoh tmiy assissih tmiksicvis aoh tmidr tiak katis/ Ljr tiak stuhy#tmi ljccjwdon stips wiri ljccjwih0

1/ Xiak+katis wiri aseih tj kjvi tmidr hise tjnitmir

2/ ^jresmiits wiri maohih jvir tj iagm tiak

Acc tiak kikbirs wiri ndvio tmi ljccjwdon dostrugtdjos0


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1/ Wtuhiots jo iagm tiak wdcc wjre do padrs/ Dl tmiy ari wjredon jo a prjbcik# iagm stuhiot# do a padr# smjuchwjre tmi prjbcik aoh tmio gmige wdtm mds jr mir partoir/ Dl aoyjoi kdssih a quistdjo# tmio dt ds tmirispjosdbdcdty jl tiakkatis tj ixpcado dt/

2/ Dl tmiri ds a hdsanriikiot akjon tiak kikbirs jo tmik# tmiy ari tj prisiot tmidr arnukiots aoh risjcvi tmiprjbcik tmiksicvis/ Jocy wmio tmiy ari uoabci tj risjcvi tmi prjbcik# tmiy smjuch ase tmi tiagmir ljr micp/

7/ Wtuhiots smjuch ldodsm stuhydon jocy wmio tmiy ari girtado tmat iviryjoi do tmidr tiak uohirstaohs aoh sjcvis

iagm dtik do tmi wjresmiits/8/ ^mio yju mavi quistdjos# ldrst ase a tiak+kati biljri asedon tmi tiagmir/

9/ Iogjurani aoh pradsi yjur tiak+katis lrjk tdki tj tdki/

/ Dl aoy jl yjur tiak+kati dohucnis tmi nrjup do njssdpdon tmio stjp mdk stirocy/ Dl oiih bi# ticc tmi tiagmir/

=/ Mavi patdiogi do ixpcadodon tmi gjogipt jr sedcc tj a wiaeir stuhiot/

4/ Altir ixpcadodon tmi sedcc jr gjogipt tj joi jl yjur tiak+katis# tmio gmige dt wmitmir mi ds abci tj hj tmisdkdcar quistdjo jr ojt/

16/ Dl yju mavi a tiak+kati do a nrjup# wmj ds wiae# iogjurani mdk tmat mi gao acsj hj wicc aoh gao riagm up tjtmi civic jl jtmirs/

^mdci stuhiots wiri wjredon do tiaks# tmi tiagmir kjvih tmrjunm tmi gcass# pradsih tiaks tmat ariwjredon wicc# iogjuranih tmi tiaks# aoh sat wdtm iagm tdki tj miar aoh sii mjw kikbirs ari hjdon/ Xmi tiagmirgmigeih tmi wjresmiits sdhi by sdhi aoh gjrrigtih tmidr kdstaeis# dl aoy/

Ricdabdcdty jl tmi tist was istabcdsmih tmrjunm tist ritist kitmjh wmdgm navi tmi ricdabdcdty dohix tj bi6/


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2-kiao$ 12/28-W/H$

6/>-kiao$ 12/77-7$# 888+884/

Kjrrdsm# @/ -14>2$/ Caonuani Ciaroirs aoh Xmidr Irrjrs/ Oiw Tjre0 Ojrtjo/

Wcavdo# R/I/ -14>=$/Illigts jl stuhiot tiaks aoh piir tutjrdon jo agahikdg agmdivikiot aoh tdki jo tase/@juroac jl Ixpirdkiotac Ihugatdjo# 8=-8$# 292+29>/

\ioeatiswarao# W/ -1449$/ Vrdogdpcis jl Xiagmdon Ioncdsm/ \deas Vubcdsmdon Mjusi V\X CXH/

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Gjolcux @juroac jl Ihugatdjo DWWO 2726+4769 \jcuki 1# Dssui 2# @ucy 2617 2>

DOLJRKAXDJO CDXIRAGT LJR CDLICJON CIARODON

V/ Odrkaca Xakdcgmicvd1

aoh Hr/ W/ Wiotmdcoatmao2

Abstragt

Do tmds hdndtacdzih wjrch# Doljrkatdjo pcays a prjkdoiot rjci aoh iagm aoh iviry joi ricdis jo dt/ Dt kaygjki lrjk papir*sjuoh*vdsuac*dkanis basih katirdac aoh acsj dt kay bi do tmi ljrk jl jrac*wrdttio*dkani itg/ Doihugatdjo# dt ds suppjrtih as tmi bagebjoi tj iviry mappiodon/ Ljr illigtdvi aggjkpcdsmkiot jl aoy iohiavjrstmat wdcc oiih tmi pijpci illigtdvicy usi tmi doljrkatdjo sgattirih biljri tmik ds tmi Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy-DC$/ Do tmi ani jl Cdlicjon Ciarodon -CCC$# Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy ds ao dkpjrtaot sedcc tj kjvi amiah agrjss tmi

ncjbi# lcjjhih wdtm doljrkatdjo do ao uoprigihiotih way/ Xmi Doljrkatdjo cdtirati# mas ao abdcdty tj taeidoljrkih higdsdjos*sjcvi tmidr prjbciks aoh eojw mjw tj ciaro/ Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy ds ao ioabcir tj tjugm acctmi hdkiosdjos jl ciarodon# aoh dt ds tmi eiy tj suggiss jl aoyjois cdli do tmi doljrkatdjo sjgdity/ Anadost tmdsiovdrjokiot# tmds papir hdsguss tmi gjogipt jl Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy# Cdlicjon ciarodon# appiaraogis jldoljrkatdjo cdtiratis aoh ahhrissis tmi ricatdjosmdp bitwiio Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy aoh Cdlicjon ciarodon/

Eiy wjrhs0 Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy -DC$# Cdlicjon Ciarodon -CCC$#

Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy iogjkpassis eojwcihni jl jois doljrkatdjo gjogiros aoh oiihs# aoh tmi abdcdty

tj dhiotdly# cjgati# ivacuati# jrnaodzi aoh illigtdvicy griati# usi aoh gjkkuodgati doljrkatdjo tjahhriss dssuis jr prjbciks at maoh5 dt ds a pririqudsdti ljr partdgdpatdon do tmi Doljrkatdjo Wjgdity# aohds part jl tmi basdg mukao rdnmt jl cdlicjon ciarodon/

+ YOIWGJ -YW Oatdjoac Gjkkdssdjo jo Cdbrary aoh Doljrkatdjo Wgdiogi# 2667$

DOXRJHYGXDJO

Iviryjoi ricdis jo doljrkatdjo iviry hay/ ^dtm wdhispriah usi jl tmi Dotiroit# dt bigjkis gciar tmatsedccs riqudrih ari ojt kiricy mjw tj usi gjkputirs jr mjw tj nit doljrkatdjo# but ratmir mjw tj sjcvi prjbciksaoh mjw tj griati vacuis wdtm tmi micp jl jtmirs tmrjunm doljrkatdjo oitwjres/ Doljrkatdjo kay gjki lrjkaojtmir pirsjo# lrjk a papir+basih kanazdoi jr bjje# ripjrt jr oiwspapir# lrjk a hdndtac sjurgi sugm as ahatabasi# a siargm iondoi jr a i+bjje aggissih tmrjunm a gjkputir# jr dt kay gjki lrjk aoy jtmir ljrk jlkihda0 ldck# vdhij# H\H# rahdj# ticivdsdjo# itg/ Do tmi ira jl cdlicjon ciarodon# doljrkatdjo cdtiragy mas ricivaogi

ljr acc anis lrjk prdkary tj siodjr gdtdzios/ Doljrkatdjo cdtirati pijpci uohirstaoh kjri tmao mjw tj ldohdoljrkatdjo# tmiy uohirstaoh dts cdkdtatdjos aoh tmi oiih tj ixakdoi mjw tmiy usi doljrkatdjo# aoh tmiyuohirstaoh mjw tj kaoani aoh gjkkuodgati doljrkatdjo/ Xmi dotiroit aoh tmi wib# mavi dotrjhugih a oiwsjgdity wmiri pijpci gao smari doljrkatdjo lriicy# aoywmiri# at aoytdki# agrjss tmi ncjbi/ Doljrkatdjooitwjres mavi bigjki ao issiotdac icikiot jl jur cdvis aoh tmi ncjbac igjojky/ Do sugm doljrkatdjo douphatih wjrch# doljrkatdjo cdtiragy ds ao issiotdac aoh hdsgriti hixtirdty/

DOLJRKAXDJO CDXIRAGT

Do 14>8# Vauc Purejwsed usih tmi tirk Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy do a ripjrt tj tmi Oatdjoac Gjkkdssdjo joCdbrardis aoh Doljrkatdjo Wgdiogi -OGCDW$/ Mi hildoih Doljrkatdjo Cdtiratis as Vijpci tradoih do tmiappcdgatdjo jl doljrkatdjo risjurgis tj tmidr wjre aoh jbsirvih tmat tmiy mavi ciaroih tigmodquis ao h sedccs ljrusdon tmi wdhi raoni jl doljrkatdjo tjjcs as wicc as prdkary sjurgis do kjchdon doljrkatdjo sjcutdjos tj tmidr

prjbciks/

Akirdgao Cdbrary Assjgdatdjo -ACA$ Vrisdhiotdac Gjkkdttii -14=4$ jo Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy statis#tj bi ao doljrkatdjo cdtirati# a pirsjo kust bi abci tj rigjnodzi wmio doljrkatdjo ds oiihih aoh mavi tmiabdcdty tj cjgati# ivacuati# aoh usi illigtdvicy tmi oiihih doljrkatdjo/ Xmisi abdcdtdis ari issiotdac

gmaragtirdstdgs ljr cdlicjon ciarodon bigausi doljrkatdjo cdtirati pijpci gao acways ldoh tmi doljrkatdjo oiihihljr aoy tase jr higdsdjo tmat tmiy lagi do cdli/

Aggjrhdon tj Assjgdatdjo jl Gjccini aoh Risiargm Cdbrardis AGRC -266


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2= Gjolcux @juroac jl Ihugatdjo DWWO 2726+4769 \jcuki 1# Dssui 2# @ucy 2617

Brugi -2667$ rilirs tj doljrkatdjo cdtiragy as# tmi abdcdty tj aggiss# ivacuati# jrnaodzi aoh usi

doljrkatdjo do jrhir tj ciaro# prjbcik+sjcvi# kaei higdsdjosdo ljrkac aoh doljrkac ciarodon gjotixts# at wjre#at mjki aoh do ihugatdjoac sittdons/

CDLICJON CIARODON

Cdlicjon Ciarodon ds tmi prjvdsdjo jr usi jl bjtm ljrkac aoh doljrkac ciarodon jppjrtuodtdis tmrjunmjutpijpcis cdvis do jrhir tj ljstir tmi gjotdoujus hivicjpkiot aoh dkprjvikiot jl tmi eojwcihni aoh sedccs

oiihih ljr ikpcjykiot aoh pirsjoac lucldcckiot/ Dt smaris kdxih gjoojtatdjos wdtm jtmir ihugatdjoac gjogiptssugm as Ahuct Ihugatdjo# Xradodon# Gjotdoudon Ihugatdjo# Virkaoiot Ihugatdjo aoh jtmir tirks tmat ricati tjciarodon biyjoh tmi ljrkac ihugatdjoac systik/

Do tjhays doljrkatdjo sjgdity# tmi kjst dkpjrtaot ciarodon jutgjki ljr acc stuhiots ds tmidr abdcdty tj

luogtdjo as dohipiohiot cdlicjon ciaroirs/ Xmi issiotdac ioabcir tj riagm tmat njac ds doljrkatdjo cdtiragy/Doljrkatdjo cdtiragy rilirs tj tmi abdcdtdis tj eojw wmio tmiri ds a oiih ljr doljrkatdjo# aoh tj bi abci tjdhiotdly# cjgati aoh illigtdvicy usi tmat doljrkatdjo ljr tmi dssui jr prjbcik at maoh/ Do a wjrch do wmdgmdoljrkatdjo ds ixpaohdon at ao ixpjoiotdac rati# aoh tmi tigmojcjny# wmdgm prjvdhis aggiss tj kugm jl tmatdoljrkatdjo ds rapdhcy gmaondon# sugm abdcdtdis ari luohakiotac tj cdlicjon ciarodon# Wj jo tmi joi maoh#doljrkatdjo cdtiragy abdcdtdis bjtm iomaogi stuhiot pirljrkaogi do ljrkac ciarodon sittdons aoh accjw stuhiots tjciaro dohipiohiot jl sugm jllirdons/ Jo tmi jtmir maoh# doljrkatdjo cdtiragy ds a sjcutdjo wdtmjut a prjbcik jrauhdiogi# dl pijpci hj ojt uohirstaoh tmidr oiih ljr cdlicjon ciarodon/

Doljrkatdjo cdtiragy ljrks tmi basds ljr cdlicjon ciarodon/ Dt ds gjkkjo tj acc hdsgdpcdois# tj acc ciarodoniovdrjokiots# aoh tj acc civics jl ihugatdjo/ Dt ioabcis ciaroirs tj kastir gjotiot aoh ixpioh tmidr dovistdnatdjos#bigjki kjri sicl+hdrigtih# aoh assuki nriatir gjotrjc jvir tmidr jwo ciarodon/ Ao doljrkatdjo cdtiratidohdvdhuac ds abci tj0

Hitirkdoi tmi ixtiot jl doljrkatdjo oiihih Aggiss tmi oiihih doljrkatdjo illigtdvicy aoh illdgdiotcy Ivacuati doljrkatdjo aoh dts sjurgis grdtdgaccy Dogjrpjrati sicigtih doljrkatdjo dotj jois eojwcihni basi Ysi doljrkatdjo illigtdvicy tj aggjkpcdsm a spigdldg purpjsi Yohirstaoh tmi igjojkdg# cinac# aoh sjgdac dssuis surrjuohdon tmi usi jl doljrkatdjo# aoh aggiss aoh usi

doljrkatdjo itmdgaccy aoh cinaccy/WVIGXRYK JL CDXIRAGT IHYGAXDJO

-Wjurgi0 Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy0 Mjw hjis dt hdllir lrjk Xrahdtdjoac jr Gjkputir Cdtiragy: By Xadzj Odsmdkurj$

Ldnuri1/ Wpigtruk jl Cdtiragy Ihugatdjo

Xmi nrapm smjws a typdgac mdirargmy jl ihugatdjo do tmi spigtruk jl cdtiragy ihugatdjo ixpigtih# hitadcsljr wmdgm kay hdllir lrjk gjuotry tj gjuoty aoh lrjk sgmjjc tj sgmjjc/ Ldrst# trahdtdjoaccy# cdtiragy sdkpcykiaos tmi luohakiotac abdcdty tj riah# wrdti aoh gacgucati/ Wigjoh# gjkputir cdtiragy gjvirs VG jpiratdjo#ikadc aoh sj ljrtm# acc jl wmdgm ari ljgusih jo mjw tj usi tmi gjkputir aoh gjkputir tjjcs/ Xmdrh# doljrkatdjo


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cdtiragy kiaos gjkputir cdtiragy pcus tmi abdcdty tj sjcvi taei ahvaotani jl doljrkatdjo tigmojcjny aohoitwjres/

Doljrkatdjo cdtiragy aoh cdlicjon ciarodon mavi a stratindg# kutuaccy ridoljrgdon ricatdjosmdp wdtm iagmjtmir tmat ds grdtdgac tj tmi suggiss jl iviry dohdvdhuac# jrnaodzatdjo# dostdtutdjo# aoh oatdjo+stati do tmi ncjbacdoljrkatdjo sjgdity/ Hivicjpdon cdlicjon ciaroirs ds giotrac tj tmi kdssdjo jl mdnmir ihugatdjo dostdtutdjos/ Byiosurdon tmat dohdvdhuacs mavi tmi doticcigtuac abdcdtdis jl riasjodon aoh grdtdgac tmdoedon# aoh by micpdon tmikgjostrugt a lrakiwjre ljr ciarodon mjw tj ciaro# gjccinis aoh uodvirsdtdis prjvdhi tmi ljuohatdjo ljr gjotdouih

nrjwtm tmrjunmjut tmidr gariirs# as wicc as do tmidr rjcis as doljrkih gdtdzios aoh kikbirs jl gjkkuodtdis/

Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy aoh Cdlicjon Ciarodon0 Xmi Dotirricatdjosmdp

Bjtm jl tmisi gjogipts0

Ari carnicy sicl+kjtdvatih aoh sicl+hdrigtih/ Xmiy hj ojt riqudri tmi kihdatdjo jl ao jutsdhi dohdvdhuac#ao jrnaodzatdjo# jr a systik biyjoh tmi dohdvdhuac mdksicl jr mirsicl# actmjunm ahvdgi aoh assdstaogi lrjka rispigtih lrdioh sugm as a kiotjr jr gjagm gao bi micpluc/

Ari sicl+ikpjwirdon/ Xmiy ari adkih at micpdon dohdvdhuacs jl acc ani nrjups tj micp tmiksicvis#rinarhciss jl tmidr sjgdac jr igjojkdg status# rjci jr pcagi do sjgdity# niohir# ragi# ricdndjo jr itmodg

bagenrjuoh/

Ari sicl+agtuatdon/ Xmi kjri doljrkatdjo cdtirati ao dohdvdhuac bigjkis# aoh tmi cjonir tmi dohdvdhuacsustados njjh doljrkatdjo cdtiragy ciarodon aoh pragtdgis tmjsi mabdts# tmi nriatir tmi sicl+iocdnmtiokiottmat wdcc jggur# ispigdaccy dl pragtdgih jvir ao iotdri cdlitdki/

Maroissih tjnitmir# doljrkatdjo cdtiragy aoh cdlicjon ciarodon substaotdaccy dkprjvi tmi0

Wit jl pirsjoac gmjdgis aoh jptdjos jpioih up ljr# aoh jllirih tj# ao dohdvdhuac do tmi gjotixt jl pirsjoac#lakdcy aoh sjgditac kattirs/

Quacdty aoh utdcdty jl ihugatdjo aoh tradodon do bjtm ljrkac sgmjjc sittdons prigihdon iotry dotj tmiwjreljrgi# aoh catir do doljrkac vjgatdjoac jr jo+tmi+`jb tradodon sittdons/

Vrjspigts jl ldohdon aoh eiipdon a satdslydon `jb aoh kjvdon up tmi gariir cahhir rapdhcy aoh wdtmapprjprdati riwarhs# aoh kaedon gjst+illigtdvi aoh wdsi igjojkdg aoh busdoiss higdsdjos/

Vartdgdpatdjo jl tmi dohdvdhuac illigtdvicy do sjgdac# gucturac aoh pjcdtdgac gjotixts# bjtm at tmi cjgacgjkkuodty civic aoh at mdnmir civics# aoh do dhiotdlydon aoh lucldccdon prjlissdjoac njacs aoh aspdratdjos/

Buohy# -2668$ hildois tmi ricatdjosmdp bitwiio doljrkatdjo cdtiragy aoh cdlicjon ciarodon as ljccjws/Doljrkatdjo cdtiragy ds tmi ljuohatdjo ljr tmi dohipiohiot ciarodon aoh cdlicjon ciarodon/

Doljrkatdjo cdtiragy ds a sit jl sedccs tmat gao bi ciaroih/ Xmat sit jl sedccs dogcuhis a girtado attdtuhi

tjwarh ciarodon dtsicl# tmi usi jl tjjcs# sugm as jocdoi tutjrdacs# tmi usi jl tigmodquis# sugm as wjredon wdtmnrjups# aoh tmi usi jl kitmjhs# sugm as a ricdaogi jo kiotjrs# gjagmis aoh jkbuhspirsjos/ Do gjotrast# cdlicjonciarodon ds a njjh mabdt tmat kust bi agqudrih aoh aggjkpaodih by tmi ahjptdjo jl a pjsdtdvi lraki jl kdoh/ Xmiwdccdonoiss tj gmaoni aoh a gurdjsdty jr tmdrst ljr eojwcihni ds viry micpluc pri+gjohdtdjos tj cdlicjon ciarodon/

-Wjurgi0 Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy aoh Cdlicjon Ciarodon by Ljrist ^jjhy Mjrtjo$Ldnuri 2/ Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy aoh Cdlicjon Ciarodon

Dotir+ricatdjosmdps

+Wicl+kjtdvatih+Wicl+hdrigtih

+Wicl+ikpjwirdon+Wicl+agtuatdo

Bjtm dkprjvi

+Wit jl pirsjoac gmjdgis aoh jptdjos+Quacdty aoh utdcdty jl ihugatdjo aoh tradodon

+Vrjspigts jl ldohdon aoh eiipdon a `jb+Illigtdvi artdgd atdjo do sjgdac gjotixts

Hdlliriogis

+Doljrkatdjo cdtiragy ds a sit jl sedccs+Cdlicjon ciarodon ds a njjh mabdt


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GMARAGXIRDWXDGW JL DOLJRKAXDJO CDXIRAXIW

Doljrkatdjo cdtirati stuhiots ari kjri illigtdvi gjosukirs jl doljrkatdjo risjurgis/ Xmiy ciaro tjrigjnodzi tmat doljrkatdjo ds pageanih do a vardity jl ways# tmat dt ds pageanih usdon a vardity jl tigmodquis# tmatdt sirvis a vardity jl dotirists# aoh tmat dt gjotados a vardity jl vacui kissanis/ Doljrkatdjo cdtirati stuhiots arikjri grdtdgac wmio tmiy kaei higdsdjos abjut tmi risjurgis tmiy usi/

Doljrkatdjo cdtirati gdtdzios apprigdati tmi vacui aoh pjwir jl doljrkatdjo/ Xmiy bicdivi do tmi oiih ljr

doljrkatdjo tj ahhriss prjbciks aoh quistdjos do tmidr jwo cdvis# do tmidr gjkkuodtdis# aoh do sjgdity/ Xmiyuohirstaoh tmat doljrkatdjo ds ojt oigissardcy eojwcihni uotdc dt mas biio aoacyzih# quistdjoih# aoh dotinratihdotj tmidr ixdstdon bjhy jl eojwcihni aoh ixpirdiogis/ Xmiy ari iqudppih tj bi cdlicjon ciaroirs bigausi tmiyeojw mjw tj ciaro/

Ljr ao Doljrkatdjo cdtirati wjreir# tmi wjrepcagi mas bigjki a pcagi jl gjotdoujus gmaoni aoh uotjchjppjrtuodty/ Ahaptdon tj a rapdhcy gmaondon wjre iovdrjokiot wdcc kiao kuctdpci gariir aoh `jb gmaonis/ Aoiarcy gjkkdtkiot tj ciarodon as a prjgiss# ojt as ao ioh prjhugt# aoh tmi rjci doljrkatdjo cdtiragy pcays do tmds

prjgiss# wdcc ioabci wjreirs tj sii tmisi gmaonis as traosdtdjoac# ojt traukatdg/

GJOGCYWDJO

Brdilcy# Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy ds issiotdac sedcc riqudrih ljr 21st giotury/ Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragyagqudsdtdjo ds ao jonjdon prjgiss riqudrih by iviryjoi oj kattir a tiagmir jr a stuhiot/ Dt ds acc abjut

gjkkdtkiot tj vacui# tj wjrtm aoh tj suggiss/ Do tmi gjotixt jl Cdlicjon Ciarodon bidon ikpmasdzih agrjss tmincjbi do acc dts ljur hdkiosdjos vdz/# Ciarodon tj eojw# Ciarodon tj Hj# Ciarodon tj Bi aoh Ciarodon tj CdviXjnitmir# tmi oiih aoh sdnodldgaogi jl Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy assukis nriatir sdnodldgaogi/ Yohjubtihcy#Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy ds gapabci jl sirvdon as tmi gatacyst ljr illigtdvi cdlicjon ciarodon jl pijpci acc jvir tmiwjrch/ Ljr suggiss do acc dodtdatdvis tjwarhs Cdlicjon Ciarodon# Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy Dostrugtdjo ds tmi eiy/

RILIRIOGIW

Idsiobirn Kdgmaic B/# Garrdi KgNudri , Eatmciio C/ Wpdtzir#-2669$# Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy Issiotdac Wedccsljr tmi Doljrkatdjo Ani 2

ohih/ Cjohjo0 Cdbrardis Yocdkdtih -A kikbir jl Nriiowjjh Vubcdsmdon

Nrjup# Dog pp/8+>/

Ljrist ^jjhy Mjrtjo# @r-2669$# Doljrkatdjo Cdtiragy aoh Cdlicjon Ciarodon#mttp0www/`isuscau/gjkhjgspubcdgagdjoishjg2Dlcanudhicdois/phl aggissih jo 28tm Aprdc 2612/

@iss Cau -266


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KAOANIKIOX JL GJKKJO KIOXAC MIACXM VRJBCIKW0

WIOWDXDWAXDJO XJ GMDCHRIOW OIIHW

Ldrjz E/X1

aoh Asiic Abhuc ^amdh2

Abstragt

Xmi dkpjrtaogi jl kadotadodon a njjh kiotac miactm ds grugdac ljr a miactmy cdli/ Kiotac miactm wmionjjh gao iomaogi# wmio pjjr priviot# sjkijoi lrjk cdvdon/ Mjwivir# kaoy gmdchrio gjotdoui tj ixpirdiogijvirt jr gjvirt hiodac jl aggiss tj issiotdac oiihs dogcuhdon ihugatdjo# rigriatdjo aoh pariotac suppjrt/ Xmikanodtuhi jl kiotac miactm prjbciks do gmdchrio mas ojt yit biio rigjnodzih sulldgdiotcy by kaoy njvirokiotsaoh higdsdjo kaeirs/ Xmi kiotac miactm prjbciks jl gmdchrio ari ixpcjdtih ljr cabjr aoh six# jr ljrgih tjkdnrati ljr igjojkdg aoh pjcdtdgac riasjos -Larajoi it ac# 2662$/ Idnmty pirgiot jl tmi wjrchs gmdchrio cdvi do

hivicjpdon gjuotrdis# wmiri kiotac miactm sirvdgis ari kianir jr ojo+ixdstiot/ Xmi pcdnmt jl tmisi gmdchrio dsgjkpjuohih by ka`jr prjbciks cdei gjkkuodgabci hdsiasis# pjvirty aoh strissis jl urbaodzatdjo aohdohustrdacdzatdjo -Kacmjtra# 1442$/Xmi gmdch ds ao dohdvdhuac do dts jwo rdnmt/ Dt mas girtado oiihs wmdgm arigjkkjo tj ahucts/ Xmi gmdch oiihs jppjrtuodtdis ljr nrjwtm aoh hivicjpkiot# gari aoh prjtigtdjo/ Xmiy kaycage gjogiotratdjo# mavi hdlldgucty do gjotrjccdon aonir/ Xmisi ari ojt uogjkkjo sgioardjs/ Xmiy acc dohdgatitmat acc ds ojt wicc wdtm tmds gmdch aoh smjuch bi taeio sirdjuscy/ Kjst pariots aoh tiagmirs ari ojt siosdtdvi tj

pdge up tmisi subtci ljrks jl bimavdjrac dohdgatdjos aoh jltio oincigt tmik/ Gmdchrio uohir pirpituac striss aohtrauka ari trikiohjuscy alligtih do tmidr abdcdty tj cdvi a prjhugtdvi cdli/ Ikjtdjoac aoh bimavdjrac hdsjrhirs#psygmjsjkatdg gjohdtdjos ari ao altirkatm jl tmidr hiprdvih cdvis/ Dl cilt uotriatih# tmisi psygmdatrdg hdsjrhirssirdjuscy dkpadr tmi gmdchs abdcdty tj luogtdjo jptdkaccy do ikjtdjoac# bimavdjrac aoh gjnodtdvi hjkados aoh tjkiit tmi hikaohs jl iviryhay/

DOXRJHYGXDJO

Xmi dkpjrtaogi jl miactmy kiotac aoh pmysdgac hivicjpkiot ljr gmdchrio gaoojt bi jviristdkatih/Kaoy pijpci rigjnodzi tmi dkpjrtaogi jl a miactmy gmdchmjjh# but liw uohirstaoh tmi grdtdgac part pcayih bykiotac aoh ikjtdjoac prjbciks aoh mjw dkpjrtaot aoh markluc tmiy gao bi ljr gmdchrio aoh yjutm tmrjunmjuttmi nrjwdon yiars/ Kiotac miactm gjvirs a cdlispao# lrjk dolaogy tj tmi ichircy yiars# but dt ds do tmi iarcdistyiars# sj jltio hdsrinarhih# tmat tmi dotiragtdjo jl domiriot nioitdg pjtiotdac# iovdrjokiotac ourturdon aoh hadcyixpirdiogi kjuch tmi oaturi jl jur pirsjoacdty aoh jur vucoirabdcdty tj hakandon iviots/

DKVJRXAOGI JL KIOXAC MIACXM DO GMDCHRIO

Kiotac miactm bacaogis hivicjpkiot jl dohdvdhuacs pirsjoacdty aoh attdtuhis/ Ioabci tj cdvi markjodjuscy wdtm mds liccjw kio Gjotrdbutis gjostrugtdvicy tj tmi gmaonis do tmi sjgdac aoh pmysdgac iovdrjokiot Dt kaeis gmdchrio kjri usiluc pirsjo do tmi wjrch Micps tmik wicc iqudppih pmysdgaccy sjgdaccy aoh kjraccy Vrjkjtis gjoldhiogi aoh sicl+dodtdatdjo/ Gapabci ljr gjostrugtdvi aoh gjuranijus agtdjos Hivicjps griatdvi aoh prjhugtdvi taciot do stuhiots Vrjkjtis illigtdvi ciarodon aoh agahikdg agmdivikiot Hivicjpkiot jl sicl+istiik aoh ourturi/ Jvirgjki drratdjoac liars aoh micps tj prjtigt tmik/ Rihugis striss aoh jvirgjki lrustratdjo/ Io`jy a pjsdtdvi quacdty jl cdli/

1 Assdstaot Vrjlissjr# IKIA Xradodon gjccini# Ejohjtty2 Risiargm Wgmjcar# Earpanak Yodvirsdty# Gjdkbatjri


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Watdsly sjgdac ricatdjosmdps aoh hivicjps illigtdvi gjpdon sedccs/ Njjh ricatdjosmdp wdtm sdbcdons aoh piirs/ Gjkprjkdsi wdtm jtmir gmdchrio aoh smjw tmi wdccdonoiss tj ahapt tj sdtuatdjos/ Hivicjps pjsdtdvi tikpirakiot

KIOXAC MIACXM DO RICAXDJO XJ OIIHW JL GMDCHRIO

Xmi gjogipt jl gmdchmjjh mas rigidvih attiotdjo jocy rigiotcy/ Iarcdir tmi gmdch wasgjosdhirih tj bi aodogjkpciti mukao bidon# but gapabci jl pirljrkdon cdei ao ahuct/

Mi was kahi tj wjre aoh smjuchir lakdcy rispjosdbdcdtdis/ Dt ds tj bi rikikbirih tmat tmi gmdch ds aodohdvdhuac do dts jwo rdnmt/ Xmi gmdch mas girtado oiihs wmdgm ari gjkkjo tj ahucts sugm as# outrdtdjo# gcjtmdon#miactm# smictir# sigurdty# itg/ Xmiri ari# mjwivir# girtado spigdac oiihs ljr wmdgm awarioiss do tmi sjgdity dsriqudrih/ Xmi gmdch oiihs jppjrtuodtdis ljr nrjwtm aoh hivicjpkiot# gari aoh prjtigtdjo# rigriatdjo# griatdvdty#vjgatdjoac tradodon itg/ Bisdhis# gmdchrio ari hipiohiot jo ahucts ljr tmi lucldcckiot jl tmisi oiihs aoh ari ojt doa pjsdtdjo tj cjbby ljr tmik/ Xmus tmi rispjosdbdcdty jl ahucts bigjkis kaodljch tj prjvdhi ljr gmdchrio wmattmiy rdnmtcy hisirvi/

OIIHW JL GMDCHRIO

Gmdchrio ari mukaos aoh mavi mukao oiihs/ Xmiy acsj mavi ahhdtdjoac oiihs uodqui tj tmidr partdgucar

sdtuatdjo/ Dt ds a prjljuoh rispjosdbdcdty jl pariots aoh garis tj prjvdhi ljr tmisi oiihs/

BAWDG OIIHW

Ljjh aoh smictirGmdchrio gaoojt agqudri tmidr jwo ljjh jr sustado aoy riasjoabci smictir/ Xmi dodtdac rispjosdbdcdty jl

tmidr pariots ds tmds tj prjvdhi a rjjl jvir tmidr miahs aoh ljjh do tmidr stjkagms/

Vmysdgac salityGmdchrio gaoojt prjtigt tmiksicvis lrjk annrissdvi ahucts -aoh jtmir# strjonir# gmdchrio$/ Xmiy tmus

oiih jtmirs tj prjvdhi pmysdgac sality# eiipdon tmik lrjk mark aoh hiliohdon tmik wmio tmiy ari tmriatioih jrattageih/

Ikjtdjoac sigurdtyAs tmidr kdohs ari hivicjpdon# tmiri ds kugm tmat gmdchrio hj ojt uohirstaoh aoh ivio tmi kjst

doojgiot sdtuatdjos gao bi hiipcy hdstrissdon/

HI\ICJVKIOXAC OIIHW

Biyjoh tmi basdg oiihs# do jrhir tj bigjki luogtdjodon kikbirs jl sjgdity# gmdchrio oiih suppjrt dohivicjpdon aoh ciarodon dkpjrtaot aoh usiluc sedccs/

Wjgdac sedccsGmdchrio hivicjp dotj pijpci wmj kust cdvi aoh wjre wdtm jtmirs/ Ljr tmds tmiy oiih tj ciaro tmi rucis

jl sjgdity/ Xmiy oiih tj bi abci tj gjkkuodgati tmidr dhias aoh hisdris/ Xmiy oiih tj pirsuahi aoh gmaonikdohs/

Gariir abdcdtdisXj bigjki luogtdjodon ahucts# gmdchrio oiih tj ciaro acc edohs jl tmdons# bjtm at sgmjjc aoh jutsdhi

kaoy abdcdtdis tmat ari usiluc do hivicjpdon gariirs ari ojt taunmt at sgmjjc/

Xmds gao bi viry kugm ao ixpcjratjry agtdvdty as gmdchrio hdsgjvir tmidr taciots aoh tmi tmdons tmatkjtdvati tmik -uosurprdsdoncy# tmisi jltio jvircap$/

Dotiroac sedccsGmdchrio acsj oiih tj ciaro tj bi mappy do tmik aoh tj gjpi wdtm tmi hdlldguctdis aoh traukas jl cdli/

Xmiy tmus oiih tj ciaro sicl+gjoldhiogi aoh ikjtdjoac katurdty/


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IKJXDJOAC OIIHW

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tmi sality tmat iviry gmdch oiihs tj nrjw/

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ciaro tj liic cdei wicgjki aoh vacuabci kikbirs jl tmi mukao gjkkuodty/

Kjhicdon0 Gmdchrio oaturaccy taei tmidr guis lrjk pariots jr garindvirs abjut mjw tj dotiragt wdtm jtmirs/ Ikjtdjoaccy Mjoist Garindvirs 0 Dt ds grugdac ljr pariots jr garindvirs tj bi mjoist wdtm tmiksicvis

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Documents

Conflux Journal of Education Vol 1 Issue 2 July 2013 Nas Publishers