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Congenital anomalies of hand 동아대학교 의과대학 정형외과학 교실 김성수

Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

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Page 1: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

Congenital anomalies of hand

동아대학교 의과대학

정형외과학 교실

김 성 수

Page 2: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

General principles of hand surgery

Good pinch and grasp

Acceptable cosmesis

Page 3: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

배아의 상지 발달은 근위-원위 축, 전-후 축(요골-척골 축), 배부-복측 축을 따라서 이루어진다. 근위-원위 축의 성장은 apical ectodermal ridge와 그아래의 mesoderm이 fibloblast growth factors와Wnt 단백질의 상호 작용을 통해 조절한다. 전-후축의 성장은 후방 mesoderm에 존재하는 zone of polarizing activity가 morphogen과 sonic hedgehog(SHH) 분비를 통해서 확장하여 후방화를이룬다. 배부-복측 축의 성장은 dorsal ectoderm이Wnt7a 분비와 Lmx1b 유도를 통해서 상지의 배부화를 만든다.

Page 4: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

- Classification of Congenital

Anomalies of the Hand -

I. Failure of formation

II. Failure of differentiation

III. Duplication

IV. Overgrowth

V. Undergrowth

VI. Congenital ring syndrome

VII. Miscellaneous

Page 5: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

I. Failure of formation

A. Transverse deficiency

1. Acheiria

Transmetacarpal amputation

Prosthesis : controversial

Trans-MP amputation

Metacarpal lengthening

Page 6: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

I. Failure of formation

B. Longitudinal deficiency

# Absent thumb

Tx: pollicization, < 1 Y

Page 7: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

I. Failure of formation

B. Longitudinal deficiency

# Cleft hand

• typical3rd ray longitudinal formation failure

Page 8: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

I. Failure of formation

B. Longitudinal deficiency

• atypical lobster claw hand2, 3, 4th ray longitudinal formation failure

Tibia hemimelia

Page 9: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

I. Failure of formation

Typical Atypical

V shape U shape

AD(+) AD(-)

ulna, radial side syndactyly Thumb & little finger in hand

Bilateral Unilateral

Similar foot deformity Foot (-)

Cleft hand Lobster claw

B. Longitudinal deficiency

# Cleft hand - central deficiency

Typical vs Atypical

Page 10: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

I. Failure of formation

B. Longitudinal deficiency

# Cleft hand - central deficiency Tx

Typical: cleft closure, syndactyly release,

thumb adduction contracture release

Atypical: deepening of the palm, metacarpal

osteotomy, tendon transfer, toe to finger

transfer for 1 digit hand

Page 11: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

II. Failure of differentiation

# Syndactyly (합지증)Complete or incomplete

Simple or complex

① Hand 선천성기형중 3번째로흔한기형

(Trigger thumb, Polydactyly)

② 3-4 수지간이 50%이상, 그다음4-5 수지간

③양측성많음, 남자많음

Page 12: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

II. Failure of differentiation

# Syndactyly (합지증)

Syndactyly 보이는질환I. Poland SD

-동측 P.major의 sternocostal 부분이없다.

brachydactyly

multiple syndactyly

hypoplastic hand

Page 13: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

II. Failure of differentiation

# Syndactyly (합지증)Syndactyly 보이는질환

II. Apert syndrome

Acrocephalosyndactyly

①양측성, 대칭성

②넓은이마, 평편한뒤통수,

짧은턱, 턱선이낮음

③다양한합지증, 손톱공유, LOM,

4,5th complete simple syndactyly

④ Carpenter's SD은 Acrocephalo polysyndactyly

Page 14: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

II. Failure of differentiation

# Syndactyly (합지증)

Tx.

수술시기는 6-12개월(cf. > 18 M, 환지-소지: 6개월)

multiple digit involve시 1st op.→ 3개월이후 2차 op.

OP. 3 steps

I. digit의 separation

II. web commissure의 recon.(skin graft보다 local flap이좋음)

III. digit 사이 border의 resurfacing

(4th finger base에는반지를못낄수있어 skin graft 시행안함)

Page 15: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

II. Failure of differentiation

# Symphalangism (지유합증)

① 한수지안에있는지간관절들이하나의지골로유합

② 50% 이상에서유전성

③ 유아기에는이환된관절이연골조직으로유합되어약간의움직임도가능, 단순방사선검사상관절간격이보여혼동가능, 수장부의정상주름(finger

crease)의발달이거의없어, 이학적소견으로만진단가능

Page 16: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

II. Failure of differentiation

# Symphalangism (지유합증)

④ 이환된수지는대개신전상태

⑤ 유합된관절의주변관절은보상을위해과굴곡되는경향

⑥ 동일수지에서단지증이거의대부분의환자에서병발되어기타수부의형성부족이나측만지등이출현

⑦ 환자의약 20%정도에서족부의원위지골결합동반

⑧ 치료 : 관절운동을회복하는치료법은아직없음

쥐는기능을위해수지골굴곡절골술을시행

Page 17: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

II. Failure of differentiation

#Carpal coalition

lunotriquetral coalition이흔함

Fibrous, chondral, bony coalition

No symptom

No treatment

Page 18: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

II. Failure of differentiation

# Metacarpal synostosis

(중수골골결합)① 인접한두개의중수골사이에일

어나는선천성골결합

② 제 4-5 중수골사이에가장흔함

③ 제 4,5지의중수골이결합된경우60~80%는양측성

④ 제 4지의기능에는별이상이없으나, 제5지의중수-지간관절의운동범위는감소

Page 19: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

II. Failure of differentiation

# Metacarpal synostosis (중수골골결합)

⑤ 단순방사선상

- 결합부는근위부에만있는것이보통이나, 경우에따라서는두중수골이완전히붙어있어단일골형성도가능

- 결합이원위부로길어질수록제 5지가가늘고 짧으며외전변형이심해지는경향

⑥ 기능적문제는적으나미용상이유로수술

- 교정절골술로모양및기능의호전기대

⑦ 무지와인지사이에도중수골결합이발생가능

- 제 1물갈퀴공간이좁아져있거나무지의대립에장애가심각하면수술적치료필요

Page 20: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

III. Duplication

# Polydactyly (다지증)

Thumb이대부분, 단측성

Page 21: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

III. Duplication

# Preaxial polydactyly

Wassel classification

Bifid: 1,3,5

Duplicated: 2,4,6

Triphalangism: 7

제 4형이 m.c.(duplicated prox. phalanx)

Page 22: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

III. Duplication

Syndactyly Polydactyly

특징 양측성(50%), 대칭성

남자에 흔함

편측성

동반질환 빈도 common rare

빈도 3-4 수지에 흔함 thumb에 흔함

합병증 Scar, circulation insufficiency

angular deformity, joint instability

동반질환 Poland SD

Apert SD

Carpenter SD

Halt – Oram SD

Carpenter SD

# Syndactyly와 Polydactyly 비교

Page 23: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

III. Duplication

# Polydactyly (다지증) 수술시기 수술시기는 6-12개월 (cf 18M, no later than 5Y)

① Preaxial - 18개월 ~ 5세

② Central - 6개월

③ Postaxial - 1년

④ Triphalangism - 1년

⑤ Ulnar dimelia - 2년

단순절제±관절막, 인대재건±교정절골술

1,2형에서작은 nail: Bilhaut-Cloquet 술식

Page 24: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

III. Duplication

# Polydactyly (다지증)

late angular deformity, instability 발생가능

합병증발생시 ligament recon., close wedge

osteotomy, arthrodesis시행

가능하면 ulna 쪽 thumb을보존

대개 radial 쪽 thumb hypoplastic함

muscle, nerve 보존이중요

Page 25: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

III. Duplication

# Central polydactyly (AD)

Page 26: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

III. Duplication

# Postaxial polydactyly (AD)

Page 27: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

III. Duplication

# Mirror hand (거울손)

주관절이하의요골측구조물이없고대신척골측구조물들이중복되어있는기형→즉, 요골이없고척골이두개, 엄지는없고손가락만이 7~8개

매우희귀하며이중척골 (ulnar dimelia)라고도함

유전성질환은아니라고추정, 대부분편측성 병리소견:

- 전완부에는 2개의척골이존재- 주관절부에는두개의주두와 (olecranon fossa)끼리마주보는양상

- 수근부에는주상골, 대능형골 (trapezium)등이없고대신 7~8개의수지가있음

Page 28: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

III. Duplication

# Mirror hand (거울손)

④임상양상:

- 수근부와주관절부가넓적하고운동제한

- 손목과주관절은구축을보이기도함

- 하지의경골측구조물이없고비골측중복

⑤치료

- 기능성이가장좋은축전성의수지로무지성형술

(pollicization)시행/ 여분의수지들은절제

- 수근관절과전완부에서는필요에따라

연부조직유리술, 관절고정술, 교정절골술시행

Page 29: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

IV. Overgrowth

# Macrodactyly

① Index : most common

②유전성은없고대부분동반질환없다

③ Involved finger 모든것이커지나어떤경우tendon, vessel은보존됨

Page 30: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

IV. Overgrowth

# Macrodactyly Tx

I. Debulking – 절반수술후 3

개월뒤나머지절반수술

II. Epiphysiodesis

III. Digital shortening

IV. Closed wedge osteotomy

V. Amputation

Page 31: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

V. Undergrowth

# Congenital hypoplasia of the thumb

(선천성무지저형성증)

Thumb: 수부전체기능의 40%

Absence of thumb: 현저한기능저하, 재건술통한기능회복필요함

경한경우 web release, collateral ligament reconstruction, 대립근성형술

심한경우 Index finger를이용한 pollicization

수술시기는빠를수록좋음

: 2세전에시행해야새로운 thumb에대한대뇌적응을기대

3세후에수술하면대뇌적응이불충분

Page 32: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

V. Undergrowth

M/7

# Congenital hypoplasia of the thumb(선천성무지 저형성증)

Page 33: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

V. Undergrowth

# Congenital clasped thumb (선천성내전굴곡무지)

① 무지중수지관절의심한굴곡-내전변형을보이는기형

② 단무지신건및장무지신건의저형성이각각동반되는경우가많음

③ 생후 3~4개월이후발견되는경우많음

④ 남아에 2배, 85%가양측성

⑤ 산발적으로발생하는경우가많음

⑥ 관절구축증, Freeman-Sheldon증후군, MRSA(mental retardation,

aphasia, shuffling gait, adducted thumb)증후군등과동반가능

Page 34: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

V. Undergrowth

# Congenital clasped thumb (선천성내전굴곡무지)

Congenital clasped thumb의치료 우선적으로비수술적치료가선행

- 목적:연부조직의구축개선또는예방- 해당무지를신전및외전하고약 5분이상붙들고있는수동신장운동이효과적

Page 35: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

V. Undergrowth

# Congenital clasped thumb (선천성내전굴곡무지)

Congenital clasped thumb의치료 보존적치료에실패한경우수술적치료

- 수장부피부및연부조직구축유리술을시행할경우,

Z-성형술또는전층피부이식술이필요- 필요에따라장무지굴곡건연장술이나무지중수지관절의신전건 재건술이도움이됨

- 무지저형성증이있으며중수지관절이불안정한경우에는중수지관절고정술시행

Page 36: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

V. Undergrowth

# Brachydactyly (단지증)

① Brachymesophalangy 많다

② Brachymetacarpia는 4,5th finger에많다

③ Brachydactyly with 3,4,5 brachymetacarpia:

pseudohypoparathyroidism과연관

④그외 Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD과연관

Page 37: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

VI. Congenital constriction band

syndrome

사지의피하조직이섬유조직으로대치되어반지모양의수축대형성

①대개동반기형이많으므로Syndrom으로 명명

②대개심부근막까지침범하고, 드물게는골막까지침범

③유전적증거는없다.

④대개 asymmetric

⑤수지에가장호발

Page 38: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

VI. Congenital constriction band

syndrome

⑥반드시 multiple Z plasty로 Tx. (simple excision은 재발)

→ 반씩나누어 2~3개월뒤에 2차 OP

Page 39: Congenital anomalies of hand - kpos.or.kr · PDF file#Carpal coalition lunotriquetral ... ④그외Turner SD, Biermond SD, Silver SD

VII. Miscellaneous anomalies

# Congenital trigger thumb

(선천성방아쇠무지)

① Flexion deformity보임triggering은 보통없음

② Thumb에많다. 양측성이 25%

③유전적성향이낮다.

④출생시 25%에서인지됨. 1~2세까지모르는경우많다.

⑤ DDx.

Clasped thumb deformity

→ MP joint의 flexion deformity (& adduction)

⑥ 1세이내에 30%에서자연치유⑦ 2세경에수술, radial digital nerve 주의⑧ Trigger finger는 trigger thumb과다르다 (FDS slip, A3)

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VII. Miscellaneous anomalies

# Camptodactyly (굴지증)

① PIP의 flexion deformity

② 5th finger에많다.

③ 2/3에서양측성

④치료안하면 80%에서악화

⑤ Serial stretching with splint

⑥ OP는 4세경에 skin---FDS release---

volar plate---collateral ligament 점진적시행

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VII. Miscellaneous anomalies

# Kirner’s deformity (Kirner 변형)

①소지원위지골이앵무새부리(parrot’s beak)

처럼수장-요측으로굽어진기형

②드물게무지에서발생하는경우도있음

③ 5~14세정도에발견됨

④남자에호발하며, 양측성인경우많음

⑤산발성또는상염색체우성

⑥ Silver 증후군, Cornelia de Langew증후군, Turner증후군등에동반

⑦수술이필요한경우드믐. 미용상의이유로교정절골술시행가능

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VII. Miscellaneous anomalies

# Delta phalanx (삼각지골)

①지골이삼각형또는마름모형태를이루는기형

②골단은 C자형으로되어비정상적인골성장에따른수지의각변형을초래

③무지와소지의근위지골에흔히발생④해당골은삼각형, 능형, 또는거의원형에

가까운모양으로보임⑤산발성, 유전성, 또는다른증후군과동반

가능⑥다지증, 합지증, 지유합증, diastrophic

dysplasia, Poland증후군과동반가능⑦정상적발달저해시수술적치료

: 교정절골술, 면도술, 삼각지골절제술, 절제-관절유합술등을선별해서시행

Preop

POD 2Y

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VII. Miscellaneous anomalies

# Delta phalanx (삼각지골)

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VII. Miscellaneous anomalies

# Clinodactyly (측만지)

① 수지가요척방향으로굽은(radioulnar curvature)변형② 소지근위지간관절에호발③ 가족성측만지가가장흔함

- 상염색체우성유전하는경우많음- 흔히 brachymesophalangy와동반

④ 다른선천성이상과동반된측만지-Down 증후군, Klinefelter증후군, Tuner증후군,

Apert증후군등에서나타남⑤ 외상성측만지

-골절, 동상등으로인한성장판손상으로발생가능⑥ 치료

-소지에서발생한경우, 대부분기능이좋아서치료는불필요-심각한각변형시교정절골술시행

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VII. Miscellaneous anomalies

# Clinodactyly (측만지)

M/4

C.C) angulation 2, 3, 4, 5th finger

→ Bracket epiphysis release with fat

graft 2,3,4,5 finger middle

phalanx

POD

1Y

POD

3Y

Preop

Preop

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VII. Miscellaneous anomalies

# Triphalangeal thumb (삼지골무지)

① TypeⅠ- delta phalanx

→ 아주작은경우 excision, 절제관절고정수술② TypeⅡ - extraphalanx, 5 fingered hand

: 손가락이길어져 opposition 장애→ 반드시 op 필요

radial most finger의 pollicization

③동반기형은 polydactyly가가장 흔함④수술시기는대개 1세때⑤ 60%에서 web contracture

⑥ AD이고 thalidomide 사용과연관⑦치료목적은각변형교정및정상길이, Web 구

축과무지대립기능회복

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VII. Miscellaneous anomalies

# Triphalangeal thumb (삼지골무지)

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Thank you!