Congo-Brazzaville Strongman Buys SecretWeapons Haul from AzerbaijanBy Khadija Sharife and Mark Anderson

First published by our partner OCCRP and Mail & Guardian (South Africa, in English).

In January 2020, at the Turkish port of Derince on the eastern shores of the Sea of Marmara, a hugecache of weapons was loaded onto the MV Storm. Registered in the tax haven of Vanuatu, the shipset sail with an arsenal of mortar shells, multiple launch rockets, and explosives, en route fromAzerbaijan to the Republic of the Congo, better known as Congo-Brazzaville.

In total, more than 100 tons of weaponry wound its way to a building that appears to be theheadquarters of Congo-Brazzaville’s elite Republican Guard, according to a confidential cargomanifest obtained by OCCRP. The cargo, estimated to be worth tens of millions of dollars, was justthe latest in a series of at least 17 arms shipments sent by Azerbaijan’s Ministry of Defense to theregime of President Denis Sassou-Nguesso since 2015, according to flight plans, cargo manifests,and weapons inventories obtained by OCCRP.

Saudi Arabia was listed as the “sponsoring party” on several of the cargo manifests reviewed byreporters. It’s unclear what that sponsorship entailed, but it could mean that Riyadh paid for theweapons or the cargo deliveries.

Key sites for arms deals between the Republic of the Congo and Azerbaijan. Credit: EdinPasovic/OCCRP

There are no public records of Azerbaijan exporting these weapons, and no similar records of Congo-Brazzaville importing them. The latest transfer has sparked opposition concerns that Sassou-Nguesso is prepared to use force if necessary to maintain power as the country’s March 21 electionnears.

His well-armed security services are a key reason he has ruled the Central African country for 36years, split between two separate terms, making him one of the world’s longest-serving leaders. Hisparty looms large over parliament, which recently changed the constitution to allow Sassou-Nguesso

to run for office again, sparking local and international condemnation. The move means the 77-year-old could, in theory, run in every election for the rest of his life.

OCCRP has obtained confidential documents showing that in the eight months preceding the March2016 election, and for over a year after it, Sassou-Nguesso’s security services bought more than 500tons of arms from Azerbaijan in 16 separate shipments. Just weeks after the vote, the governmentbegan a brutal campaign against a militia from an opposition stronghold that lasted for more than ayear.

President Denis Sassou-Nguesso is seen in 2014. Credit:Wikimedia Commons/Amanda Lucidon/White House

Opposition leaders claim the Republican Guard used the Azerbaijani weapons in that post-electionconflict, spurring a humanitarian emergency which the United Nations said affected around 140,000people in the region of Pool, in the country’s south. Satellite imagery obtained by internationalmedia outlet The New Humanitarian appears to show widespread destruction caused byweapons like rocket launchers and explosives. (There is no way to be certain that these weaponswere from Azerbaijan, since Congo-Brazzaville does not declare its arms imports.)

Since 2015, Congo-Brazzaville has bought a huge weapons stockpile from Azerbaijan,

with over 500 tons of weapons delivered to the country in multiple shipments.

Sassou-Nguesso’s regime is facing one of Africa’s most severe debt crises, raising questions abouthow these arms shipments have been financed. Documents show that at least two consignmentsdelivered between 2016 and 2017 were sponsored by Saudi Arabia, at a time when Riyadh wasvetting Congo-Brazzaville’s application to join the Organization of the Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC). Given Congo-Brazzaville’s significant oil reserves, the kingdom had an incentiveto have a compliant Sassou-Nguesso government in the Saudi-dominated club, according to leadingarms expert Andrew Feinstein, author of The Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade.Theworld’s biggest arms importer, Saudi Arabia is also an unremorseful supplier of weapons to globalconflict zones including Yemen, where it is fighting Iranian-backed Houthi rebels.

Flight manifests list Saudi Arabia as a “sponsoring party” on multiple arms shipments to Congo-Brazzaville, dispatched in 2016 and 2017, as Congo-Brazzaville was on the verge of OPECmembership.

Described by critics as an oil cartel whose members must be compliant with Saudi output demands,OPEC helps the kingdom dominate global oil supply. The effect this has on oil prices, in turn, canboost petroleum revenues in member states.

OPEC’s 13 members include Africa’s biggest producers, Nigeria, Angola, and Algeria. Congo-Brazzaville, which eventually joined OPEC in 2018, would have been seen as a coveted memberbecause it is one of the continent’s top oil producers, which gives OPEC even more heft.

Azerbaijan is not a full OPEC member but it is a significant oil producer.Feinstein added that thelatest Azerbaijan shipment could have been intended to give Sassou-Nguesso the arms to enforce hispolitical will.

“The timing of this shipment is extremely suspicious, given Sassou-Nguesso’s previous crackdownsaround elections,” he said. “The government is likely preparing to quash any dissent around thepolls.”

A spokesman for Congo-Brazzaville’s government did not respond to multiple requests for comment.Azerbaijan’s Ministry of Defence did not respond to a reporter’s email seeking comment, and neitherdid a ministry representative listed on multiple documents. Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Defense didnot respond to questions about the nature of their sponsorship of the arms deals.

Boulevard Denis Sassou-Nguesso

The most recent weapons load, addressed to the Republican Guard at 1 Boulevard Denis Sassou-Nguesso in Brazzaville in January 2020, included 775 mortar shells and over 400 cases of rocketsdesigned to be launched out of Soviet-era trucks, the confidential cargo manifest shows. Theconsignment from Azerbaijan was loaded onto the MV Storm at Derince, about 1,000 kilometerssoutheast of Istanbul.

Credit: Wikimedia CommonsThe port of Derince in Turkey, where the most recent arms shipment set offfor Brazzaville.

The exact price paid by the Congolese regime for the arms shipment could not be verified, althoughan expert who examined the cargo manifests said it would be worth tens of millions of dollars. Aformer senior diplomat with access to information about arms inventories, who asked to remainanonymous for fear of reprisal from authorities, confirmed the authenticity of the cargo manifest and

other documents and noted the sale price for the arms was likely well below market value.

The port of Derince in Turkey, where the most recent arms shipment set off for Brazzaville. Credit:Wikimedia Commons

The documents included end-user certificates, which are issued by the country importing the arms tocertify the recipient does not plan to sell them onward.

In January 2020, more than 100 tons of weaponry was sent from Azerbaijan to Congo-Brazzaville’s Republican Guard, including 775 mortar shells and over 400 cases ofrockets designed to be launched out of trucks.

Pieter Wezeman, a senior researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, saidarms received at a discount are often either surplus weapons or those produced in Bulgaria orSerbia, which are both known for their cheap ordnance.

“It would be less likely that Congo-Brazzaville would be able to buy some of this equipment from …other European countries which have more restrictive arms export policies,” he said.

The Pool Offensive

The 100-ton shipment from Derince was significant, but separate documents reveal another arsenalsent from Azerbaijan between 2015 and 2017 that dwarfed it — and may have had terrifyingconsequences.

In total, over 500 tons of weapons, including hand grenades, mortar systems, and millions of bullets,

were sent to Congo-Brazzaville in 16 shipments during those years, according to documentsincluding inventories, end-user certificates, and cargo manifests obtained by reporters.

One end-user certificate shows five thousand grenades imported for the purposes of “training, anti-terrorism, security and stability operations.” It was signed by a special adviser to President Sassou-Nguesso on March 3, 2016, just days before the election.

After the vote, the opposition claimed the government had rigged the election in favor of Sassou-Nguesso, and unrest broke out in the capital, Brazzaville. The government blamed the unrest on amilitia known as the Ninjas, made up of people mainly from the Lari ethnic group and based in thePool region, which partially surrounds Brazzaville.

A burnt-out vehicle is seen on the road from Brazzaville to Kinkala. Credit: Philip Kleinfeld/IRIN, viaThe New Humanitarian

The weapons from Azerbaijan were then used, an opposition leader claims, to help fuel a prolongedarmed conflict in Pool targeting the Ninjas. Amnesty International condemned the offensive as “anunlawful use of lethal force by the country’s security forces.” As the government pursued the Ninjas,witnesses to the carnage told Amnesty that dozens of bombs were dropped from helicopters, hittinga residential area and even a school.

“During the violence in Pool, the regime deployed a scorched earth strategy,” said Andréa NgombetMalewa, leader of the Incarner l’Espoir political party. “The weapons that they bought fromAzerbaijan went straight to that operation.”

The Baku-Brazzaville Connection

Azerbaijan has emerged as a key foreign ally of Congo-Brazzaville, providing its regime withdiscount arms and, perhaps more importantly, secrecy.

Azerbaijan’s Ilham Aliyev, right, is seen with Turkish leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan at a 2018 paradein Baku. Credit: Wikimedia Commons/Government of Azerbaijan

Buying from Ilham Aliyev, strongman of the notoriously opaque South Caucasus nation, Congo-Brazzaville could do so in the knowledge that the sales wouldn’t be reported.

Congo-Brazzaville has not reported any arms imports for more than three decades, and since there’sno arms embargo in place against the country, it isn’t required to do so. Nonetheless, a trail exists,with disclosures by other countries showing Sassou-Nguesso has been active in the arms market. In2017, Serbia reported exporting 600 assault rifles to Congo-Brazzaville. Bulgaria sent 250 grenadelaunchers.

Opposition figures claim that previous shipments of weapons from Azerbaijan were usedto fuel a brutal post-election offensive in 2016 that led to a humanitarian crisis.

But the Azeri weapons shipments have never been publicly reported, even though documentationseen by OCCRP shows Azerbaijan has been exporting lethal weapons to Sassou-Nguesso since atleast as far back as September 2015. Some of the weapons were sourced from Transmobile, aBulgarian company authorized to trade weapons for Azerbaijan, while others were bought from

Yugoimport, a Serbian manufacturer. Neither company responded to requests for comment.

The first shipments of arms arrived in Brazzaville on Azerbaijani Air Force planes, but starting in2017 a private carrier, Silk Way Airlines, began flying the weapons in instead. As a private carrier,Silk Way would have likely received less scrutiny than its military counterpart.

A Silk Way Airlines Boeing-737 leaves Hong Kong in 1999. Credit: Wilco

Silk Way is registered in the British Virgin Islands, a tax haven, and was previously linked to theAliyev family. As well as previously winning lucrative contracts with the U.S. government to moveammunition and other non-lethal materials, Silk Way was found, in leaked correspondence reportedby Bulgarian newspaper Trud, to have used flights with diplomatic clearance to secretly movehundreds of tons of weapons around the world, including to global conflict zones, between 2014 and2017. The airline did not respond to a request for comment.

Braced for a Crackdown

As his regime heads to the polls on March 21, strongarm tactics mean Sassou-Nguesso is expectedto win. He will reportedly face Mathias Dzon, his former finance minister from 1997 to 2002, andGuy-Brice Parfait Kolélas, who finished second in the 2016 presidential election, among others.

Saudi Arabia was listed as a “sponsoring party” in at least two arms consignments sentin 2016 and 2017, around the same time Congo-Brazzaville’s admittance to OPEC wasbeing negotiated.

In 2016 he claimed 60 percent of the vote, with Kolélas securing just 15 percent. The U.S. slammedthe government for “widespread irregularities and the arrests of opposition supporters.”

Then-U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry greets Denis Sassou Nguesso at a U.S.-Africa Summit inWashington, D.C., on August 6, 2014. Credit: U.S. Department of State/Flickr

Experts don’t believe the opposition will fare any better this time around. Abdoulaye Diarra, aCentral Africa Researcher for Amnesty International, said the government is carrying out a pre-election campaign of intimidation, harassment and arbitrary detention against its politicalopponents.

Fears that press freedom could be under threat ahead of the polls have risen after RaymondMalonga, a cartoonist known for satirical criticism of the authorities, was dragged from his hospitalbed by plainclothes police at the beginning of February.

And now, the weapons haul from Azerbaijan has the opposition concerned about the prospect ofviolence around the polls.

“We are worried that the weapons that Sassou-Nguesso’s regime bought from Azerbaijan could beused to crack down on the opposition during the upcoming election,” said opposition leaderNgombet.

“They don’t want the world to see how much the Congolese people are eager for political change.”

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Simon Allison, Sasha Wales-Smith, and Juliet Atellah contributed reporting.

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