Improving Child Nutrition64

Causes of under-five deaths, 2010Globally, undernutrition contributes to more than one third of child deaths

NUTRITIONAL STATUS

Stunting disparitiesPercentage of children <5 years old stunted,

by selected background characteristics

DEMOGRAPHICS AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION

INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING

Source: WHO/CHERG, 2012.

Under-five mortality rateDeaths per 1,000 live births

Source: IGME, 2012.

Infant feeding practices, by ageExclusive breastfeeding trends Percentage of infants <6 months old exclusively

breastfed

Breastfed and non-milk liquids

Breastfed and solid/semi-solid foods

Breastfed and plain water only

Breastfed and other milk/formula

Exclusively breastfed

Weaned (not breastfed)

Stunting trendsPercentage of children <5 years old stunted

Underweight trendsPercentage of children <5 years old underweight

Burden of malnutrition (2011)

Stunting country rank 8

Share of world stunting burden (%) 3

Source: MICS, 2010.

Source: MICS, 2010.

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

181

168

61

0

40

80

120

160

200

MDG 4target

0–1 2–3 4–5 6–7 8–9 10–11 12–13 14–15 16–17 18–19 20–21 22–23

Age (months)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Stunted (under-fives, 000) 5,228

Wasted (under-fives, 000) 1,024

Severely wasted (under-fives, 000) 337

MDG 1 progress Insufficient progress

Underweight (under-fives, 000) 2,915

Overweight (under-fives, 000) –

Total population (000) 67,758 (2011)

Total under-five population (000) 12,046 (2011)

Total number of births (000) 2,912 (2011)

Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 168 (2011)

Total number of under-five deaths (000) 465 (2011)

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 111 (2011)

Neonatal mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 47 (2011)

HIV prevalence rate (15–49 years old, %) – –

Population below international

poverty line of US$1.25 per day (%)88 (2006)

GNI per capita (US$) 190 (2011)

Primary school net attendance ratio

(% female, % male)72, 78 (2010)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

5144 46 43

1995

Other NS

2001

MICS

2007

DHS

2010

MICS

Poorest 20%

Rural

Urban

Girls

Boys

Second 20%

Middle 20%

Fourth 20%

Richest 20%

4740

3447

47

26

4748

45

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1995

Other NS

2001

MICS

2007

DHS

2010

MICS

MDG 1: INSUFFICIENT PROGRESS

31 3428 24

Neonatal 29%

HIV/AIDS 1%

Diarrhoea 12%

Measles 0%

Injuries 3%

Pneumonia 14%

Malaria 18%

Others 22%

Meningitis 1%

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

24 24

36 37

1995

MICS

2001

MICS

2007

DHS

2010

MICS

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Nutrition Profiles 65

ESSENTIAL NUTRITION PRACTICES AND INTERVENTIONS DURING THE LIFE CYCLE

MICRONUTRIENTS

WATER AND SANITATION

Improved drinking water coveragePercentage of population, by type of drinking

water source, 1990–2010

Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2012.

Improved sanitation coveragePercentage of population, by type of sanitation

facility, 1990–2010

Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2012.

Vitamin A supplementationPercentage of children 6–59 months old

receiving two doses of vitamin A during

calendar year (full coverage)

* Estimates may not be comparable. Source: UNICEF, 2012.

MATERNAL

NUTRITION AND HEALTH

DISPARITIES IN NUTRITION

AnaemiaPrevalence of anaemia among

selected populations

Breastfed and

Source: DHS, 2007.

Indicator

Gender Residence Wealth quintile

SourceMale Female

Ratio of

male to

female

Urban Rural

Ratio of

urban to

rural

Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest

Ratio of

richest to

poorest

Equity chart

Stunting prevalence (%) 47 40 1.2 34 47 0.7 47 47 48 45 26 0.6 MICS, 2010

Underweight prevalence (%) 27 21 1.3 17 27 0.6 29 28 27 21 12 0.4 MICS, 2010

Wasting prevalence (%) 10 8 1.3 7 9 0.8 10 9 10 6 7 0.7 MICS, 2010

Women with low BMI (<18.5 kg/m2, %) – 19 – 16 21 0.8 23 20 21 15 15 0.7 DHS, 2007

Women with high BMI ( 25 kg/m2, %) – 11 – 18 6 2.9 6 6 7 13 23 3.8 DHS, 2007

Improved facilities Shared facilities

Unimproved facilities Open defecation

9

61

12

18

24

40

27

9

23

40

32

5

24

42

33

1

4

69

4

23

24

40

23

13

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 2010Total Urban Rural

1990 2010 1990 2010

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

87 9179

98

838985

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Non-pregnant women

Pregnant women

5260

71

Public health problem

severe

moderate

Preschool- aged children

Iodized salt trends*

Percentage of households with adequately

iodized salt1,206,000 newborns are unprotected against iodine deficiency disorders (2011)

Piped on premises Other improved

Unimproved Surface water

14

31

31

24

9

37

36

18

51

10

39

0

21

17

58

4

0

40

27

33

2

47

25

26

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 2010Total Urban Rural

1990 2010 1990 2010

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

To increase child survival, promote child development

and prevent stunting, nutrition interventions need to be

delivered during pregnancy and the first two years of life.

PREGNANCY BIRTH 0–5 MONTHS 6–23 MONTHS 24–59 MONTHS

Use of iron-folic

acid supplements

Early initiation of breastfeeding

(within 1 hour of birth)

International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes

Maternity protection in accordance with ILO Convention 183

Minimum dietary diversity

Minimum acceptable diet

Full coverage of vitamin A supplementation

Treatment of severe acute malnutrition

included in national health plans

Introduction to solid, semi-solid

or soft foods (6–8 months)

Continued breastfeeding at 1 year old

Infants not weighed at birthHouseholds with

adequately iodized salt

Exclusive breastfeeding

(<6 months)

87%

52%

No

Partial

–

–

98%

Yes

37%30%

43%

59%

2%

Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted

(per 100,000 live births)540 (2010)

Maternal mortality ratio, reported

(per 100,000 live births) 550 (2007)

Total number of maternal deaths 15,000 (2010)

Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in : ) 30 (2010)

Women with low BMI (<18.5 kg/m2, %) 19 (2007)

Anaemia, non-pregnant women (<120g/l, %) 52 (2007)

Antenatal care (at least one visit, %) 89 (2010)

Antenatal care (at least four visits, %) 45 (2010)

Skilled attendant at birth (%) 80 (2010)

Low birthweight (<2,500 grams, %) 10 (2010)

Women 20–24 years old who gave birth

before age 18 (%)25 (2010)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1995

MICS

1997

Other NS

2001

MICS

2007

DHS

2010

MICS

12

90

7279

59