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Congress of Vienna 1815
• Goal: Return a balance of power to Europe
• Redrew map of Europe, without taking into account the power of nationalism
• Relative peace in the region for 100 years
Great Britain
• Constitutional monarchy
• Leading power in Europe after Industrial Revolution
• Economic wealth, imperial empire, naval supremacy
• Rivalry with France declines, new focus is Germany
• Had the least to gain from a war in Europe
France
• A republic under Napoleon III
• Many longed for glory days of Napoleon’s empire
• Imperial power• Wanted revenge
against Germany.
Austria-Hungary
• Formed a Dual Monarchy in 1867
• Each had their own constitution and parliament
• Shared defense, finance, and foreign affairs
• Slavic groups within the empire wanted independence
The Balkans
• Known as the “Powder Keg” of Europe
• Nationalist feelings divided the area
• Multiple languages, ethnic groups, religions, and cultures
• Each wanted its own homeland
• Independent states of Serbia and Greece
Ottoman Empire
• It was an empire on the decline
• 1914: German influence in Ottoman foreign policy
• Feared the rise of nationalism and newly independent states
Russia• Absolute Monarchy
(Tsar Nicholas II)• Economy based on
serfdom• Not fully
industrialized• Promoted Pan-
Slavism
Germany
• Congress of Vienna had created the German Confederation made of 6 states
• Otto von Bismarck unified the German states (1871)
• Leading industrial power by 1900
• Military buildup