Connecting Hemispheres900 - 1800

WH Chapter 1 Review

European Renaissance and Reformation 1300-1600

• Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance– War and Plague, the Black Death

• One Third of Europe fell to the Black Death, and in some areas, the rates could be over 60%

• Death Cults

– Italy’s Advantages• City States• Merchants and the Medici

– Patrons of the arts

• Looking back at Greece and Rome

– Classical and Worldly Values• Classics lead to Humanism• Worldly Pleasures

– The Spiritual and the Secular

• Patrons of the Arts• The Renaissance Man

– Educated, worldly, “Universal Man”

• The Renaissance Woman– Educated, charming, inspiring

Renaissance Creativity• Renaissance Revolutionizes Art

– Realistic Painting and Sculpture• Michelangelo• Donatello

– Leonardo, Renaissance Man– Raphael advances realism– Anguissola and Gentileschi

• Women artists

• Renaissance Writers Change Literature– Petrarch and Boccaccio

• Writers of poems and stories

– Machiavelli advises rulers• Better to be feared than loved

– Vittoria Colonna• Women writer and publisher The Courtier

The Northern Renaissance• The Northern Renaissance Begins

– By the 1400’s, the Renaissance • Artistic Ideas Spread

– German Painters• Albrecht Durer • Hans Holbein

– Flemish Painters• Jan van Eyck• Pieter Bruegel

• Northern Writers Try to Reform Society– Christian Humanists

• Desiderius Erasmus– Used humor to poke fun at the church and society

• Thomas Moore– Wrote Utopia

– Women’s Reforms• Christine de Pizan

– Wrote many books and essays, criticized men for denying education for women

The Elizabethan Age– William Shakespeare

• Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas– Gutenberg Improves the Printing Process

• First Printed Book :The Bible

• The Legacy of the Renaissance– Changes in the arts

• Art drew on techniques from classical Greece and Rome

• Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways

• Secular and religious works• Writing in vernacular (local language)

– Changes in society• Printing made information more accessible and less

expensive.• More books lead to more learning and desire for more

books.• Publishing accounts of exploration, adventures,

discoveries, maps, and charts lead to collaboration and more discoveries.

• Published legal proceedings and laws helped people understand their rights.

• People began to question the political , religious, and social structures.

Luther Leads the Reformation• Causes of the Reformation

– Criticism of the Catholic Church• Social

– The Renaissance values of secularism and humanism led people to question the church

– The Printing Press helped spread ideas critical of the church

• Political– Monarchs (Kings) challenged the Church as the supreme ruler of

Europe

• Economic– European nobility were jealous of the Church’s wealth– Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the

Church

• Religious– Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt– Many people found Church practices to be unacceptable

(indulgences)

– Early Calls for Reform• Moore, Erasmus, Wycliffe, Hus (and many others) all

advocated Church reform

Luther Challenges the Church– 95 Theses (essays)

• In 1517, a monk and teacher, Martin Luther decided to take a public stand against the Church practice of indulgences, and other concerns. Martin posted a series of essays or theses on the door of St Peter’s Cathedral in Tetzel, Germany.

• These essays were collected and printed and became widely responsible for the Reformation

– Luther’s Teachings• People could achieve salvation through good

works and faith• Church teachings should be based on the

Bible, and that the Church was a false authority

• All people of faith are equal, priests are not needed

The Response to Luther– The Pope’s Threat

• Though at first the Pope saw Luther as a minor problem, as many people continued to read and agree with Luther the Pope decided to threaten Luther with Excommunication unless Luther recanted.

• Luther refused, and Pope Leo X declared him excommunicate. Luther burned the Popes letter with a cheering crowd in attendance.

– The Emperor’s Opposition• The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, put Luther on trial and declared him

outlaw and heretic in the Edict of Worms. • No one in the empire was to give Luther food or shelter, but a Saxon prince

Fredrick disobeyed the emperor and allowed Luther to stay at one of his castles where Luther translated the Bible to German.

• Even with the anger of the Pope and the emperor, people flocked to the ideas of Luther, and a new religious sect started, the Lutherans.

– The Peasants Revolt• Inspired by Luther, the peasants demanded an end to serfdom, and began

riot. • Luther was appalled by this, and stood against the revolt, and more than

100,000 were killed.

– Germany at War• Princes around Germany took sides and Germany was a battleground of

religion.• Ultimately, Charles V could not force Catholicism, and in the Treaty of

Augsberg 1555 allowed for Princes to choose the religion of their country.

England Becomes Protestant– Henry VIII wants a son

• Church laws restricted Henry’s desire to annul the marriage of his first wife, and this led to a series of events which would lead England away from Rome.

– Reformation Parliament• To break away from Rome and the Pope, Henry VIII charged Parliament

with legally cutting the ties

– Consequences of Henry’s Change• All three children ruled, Edward, Mary, then Elizabeth

– Elizabeth Restores Protestantism • After Mary’s bloody reign, Elizabeth restores Protestantism in the English

form of Anglican Church

– Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges• Emergence of England as a power, Spanish Armada

The Reformation Continues• Calvin Continues the Reformation

– Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas, Calvinism• All men are sinful, and only a few will be let into

heaven, the Elect• Predestination

– Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland• Geneva invited Calvin to lead them, turned the city

into a Theocracy

– Calvinism Spreads• John Knox, a Scot, visited Geneva and took many of

these ideas back to Scotland• Scots communities were led by elders, presbyters,

and became known as Presbyterians• In France, followers of Calvin were known as

Huguenots– The Huguenots were suddenly attacked during a

wedding in Paris, which started a pogrom against Huguenots which led to civil war and hunting of French Huguenots (12,000 massacred)

Other Protestant Reformers• The Anabaptists

– The Anabaptists believed baptism could only be real if there is consent, meaning you have to be old enough to decide for yourself. Children should be re-baptized at adulthood.

– Anabaptists also believed that church and state should be separate, they refused to fight wars, and shared within the community.

– Other protestants and Catholics viewed Anabaptists as radicals that threatened society. (Funny how the peacemakers are always viewed as a threat to society. A threat to whom?) (This is what tells you it is really about land/war/power/wealth, and not about religion)

• Women’s Role in the Reformation– (Why does your book always seem to talk about women’s

issues, instead of just talking about the women? I mean, there is never a title heading saying “Men’s Role in the Reformation”)

– Marguerite of Navarre protected John Calvin from persecution, and Katherina von Bora, Luther’s wife and mother of his six children often pushed Luther for equality in marriage.

The Catholic Reformation• Ignatius of Loyola

– Founded the order of Jesuits• Reforming Popes

– Paul III• Investigate Indulgences• Authorize the Jesuits• Create the Inquisition• Council of Trent

– Church’s interpretation of the Bible was Final– Christians are not saved just by good works

and faith– Bible and Church are the foundation of

Christianity– Indulgences were valid, but no more will be

sold

– Paul IV• Index of Forbidden Books

Legacy of the Reformation• Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation

– The Catholic Church was unable to stop the spread of Protestantism.– Both Protestants and Catholics hardened their positions.

• Political Effects of the Reformation– Church authority declined– Lays the groundwork for the Enlightenment