CONNECTING WORDS AND PHRASES · Connecting words and phrases According to se usa para referirse a información proveniente de otras personas o fuentes (according to her, according

Connecting words and phrases

CONNECTING WORDS AND PHRASES

Enumerating/stressing facts

above all

chiefly

(e)specially

finally

first(ly)/second(ly)

in the first place

last(ly)

mainly

primarily

principally

to begin with

then

Making an addition; reinforcing

additionally/in addition

again

also

another thing is that...

apart from this

aside from that

as well as that

besides

for that matter

furthermore

indeed

moreover

what is more

Stating an alternative

Alternatively

apart from this

conversely

except for

excepting

instead

so far as

Giving an example

according to

as far as...is concerned

for example

for instance

namely

such as

Making a comparison or a contrast

as compared to

by/in comparison with

conversely

equally

however

in contrast

in reality

in the same way

likewise


Making a concession

Admittedly

after all

all the same

anyhow

anyway

at all events

at any rate

at least at the same time

despite this

however

I grant you

in so far as

nevertheless

none the less

Making something clear

I mean...

in other words

put another way

to put it differently

that is to say

Time references

Afterwards

at the same time

concurrently

in the meantime

meanwhile

subsequently

Showing results /causes

Accordingly

as a result

because of this

by this means

consequently

for this reason

hence

in the event

in this way

on account of this

owing to this

so

therefore

thus

Summarizing

all in all

all told

and so forth

and so on

essentially

in brief

in conclusion

in effect

in short

to all intents and purposes

to conclude

to sum up

to summarize

ultimately


Moving to a different topic

as far as...is concerned

as for

as regards

as to that

by the by

by the way

coincidentally

funnily enough

incidentally

in passing

to return to

well....

with reference to

SOME NEGATIVE ADVERBS/ADVERBS PHRASES

barely

hardly...when

hardly ever

least of all

little

never

never again

never before

at no time

by no means

in/under no circumstances

in no way

on no account

on no condition

no sooner...than...

neither...nor

not a...

not only...but...

not until/till

nowhere

only after

only at that moment

only by

only if

only in some respects

only later

only on rare occasions

only then

only when

only with

rarely

scarcely...when

seldom

a-words

Algunas palabras comunes en inglés empiezan con a- y se acentúa (stress) la segunda

sílaba

PREPOSICIONES ADVERBIOS ADJETIVOS

Against

Amid (amidst)

Among

(amongst)

Aboard

About

Above

Across

Along

Around

Aboard

About

Above

Across

Along

Around

Abroad

Again

Ago

Alone

Ahead

Aloud

Apart

Aside

Afraid (of/that clause)

(frightened + noun)

Alike (similar + noun)

Alive

Alone

Ashamed (of/that clause)

Asleep (sleeping + noun)

Awake

Aware (of/that clause)

Generalmente van

seguidos del verbo be u

otro linking verb

PREPOSICIONES

1. PREPOSICIONES de una sola palabra

**(=no pueden separarse de las palabras a las que se refieren)

About

Above

Across

After

Against

**Besides

Between

Beyond

**But (=except)

By

Off

On

Onto

Opposite

Out

Under

Underneath

**Unlike

Until

Up


Along

Alongside

Amid(st)

Among(st)

Around

As

At

**Bar

Before

Behind

Below

Beneath

Beside

**Despite

Down

**During

**Except

For

From

In

Inside

Into

Like

**Minus

Near

Of

Outside

Over

Past

**Per

**Plus

Round

**Since

Than

Through

**Throughout

Till

To

Towards

Upon

**Via

With

Within

Without

**Worth

2. PREPOSICIONES de una sola palabra en -ing

Barring

Excluding

Concerning

Including

Considering

Regarding

Excepting

3. PREPOSICIONES de dos o más palabras

According to

Ahead of

Along with

Apart from

As for

As from

As regards

As a result of

As to

As well as

Away from

Because of

But for

By comparison

with

By means of

Due to

Except for

For the sake of

From among

From under

In addition to

In between

In case of

In charge of

In common with

In comparison to/with

In connexion with

In favour of

In front of

In line with

In place of

In spite of

Instead of

In view of

Near to

Next to

On account of

On behalf of

On the left/right of

Out of

Owing to

Regardless of

Together with

Up to

With the exception of

With reference to

With regard to

USOS DE DIVERSAS PREPOSICIONES

'to'+ noun 'at' + noun

He has gone to/been to He is at. He has been at

1. Social/business activities: a concert, aconference, a dance, a dinner, a

funeral, a meeting, a wedding

2. Public places/buildings:

the airport, London airport, the station, Waterloo Station, the bus station, the bus

stop;

the/an art gallery, the Prado Museum, the/a museum, The British Museum, the zoo,

London Zoo;

the car park, the/a filling station, the/a garage;

the shops, Harrods, the butcher's, the chemist's, the shoe shop, the supermarket,

the bank, the library, the police station, the town hall;

the consulate, the embassy;

the/a hotel, the Grand Hotel, the/a restaurant;

the dentist('s), the doctor('s), the hospital.

3. Zero article + noun: go home/be at home, church, college, school, university,

UCLA University, Highfield School, Burgos University

4. Addresses: his sister's, 24 Port Avenue, Rose Cottage


5. Points inside a building or area: the booking office, Reception, the

Customs;

A lift/an elevator may be at the first/second floor, a person is on the first/second

floor.

'to'+ noun 'in' + noun

He has gone to/been to He is in. He has been in

1. Large areas, countries, states: Europe/Asia, Texas/Kent, the Andes, the

Antarctic, The Sahara Desert, the Mediterranean, the Pacific

2. Towns/parts of towns (excepto cuando los consideramos como puntos en

una ruta): Canterbury, Chelsea, Dallas, Manhattan, New York, Paris, The East End.

3. Outside areas (se prefiere go into con, por ej. Garden, street, etc.): the garden,

the park, Hyde Park, the square, the street, Bond Street, the old town;

The desert, the forest, the jungle, the mountains.

4. Rooms (go into o go to): the bathroom, his bedroom, the garage, the kitchen;

Mr Smith's office, the waiting room;

The bar, the cloakroom, the lounge, the Gents'.

'to'+ noun 'at' o 'in + noun

Usamos at cuando consideramos un lugar como, por ejemplo, un punto de

encuentro.

In cuando lo consideramos 'enclosing': the airport, the cinema, the theatre, the

zoo;

The car park, the garage, the office;

The chemist's, th flower shop, the bank, the library, the post office, the hotel , the

Grand (Hotel), the restaurant.

At/in church (e.g. to pray)

At/in the church (for some other reason)

At school (as a pupil)

At/in th school (as e.g. a teacher)

In prison (as a prisoner)

At/in the prison (as e.g. a visitor)

In hospital (as a patient)

At/in the hospital (as e.g. an outpatient)

PARTICULAR PREPOSITIONS, PARTICLES AND CONTRASTS

1. About, on and over

About y on se pueden usar significando 'concerning' o 'relating to' a subject (= acerca

de ....) On se tiende a usarse en contextos más formales y académicos que about:

Have you seen this article on the Pacific?

Have you read that book about animals?

About (no on) se usa después de verbos como know, read, tell, think y adjetivos tales

como anxious, concerned, worried.

About u on se usan después de nombres tales como idea(s), opinion(s).

Over se usa a menudo en el sentido de 'about', concretamente en noticias de la TV y

radio después de argue, argument, concern, dispute, con frecuencia donde se está

implicado en algún tipo de enfrentamiento.

2. According to and by

According to puede significar 'as shown by' (='como se muestra por', 'de acuerdo

con'):

According to the forecast, it will snow tomorrow.

y 'as stated by' (='como se afirma por'):

According to my father, the sea is rising.


According to se usa para referirse a información proveniente de otras personas o

fuentes (according to her, according to the timetable, etc.), pero no a información

proveniente de uno mismo (NO *According to me*) ya que according no se puede usar

con opinion y ,por lo tanto, se debe usar con in:

In my opinion, it is true.

By sólo puede sustituir a according to cuando la referencia es bastante específica, ej.

a un reloj, a un horario (timetable), etc, pero nunca a las personas:

It's now nine thirty by/according to my watch

According to también puede significar 'depending on' (='dependiendo de'):

I get to work at 8:30 or just after according to the traffic on the road.

3. Across and over

Ambas preposiciones pueden usarse para significar 'from one side to the other' (='de

un lado al otro') si nos referimos a una linea (por ej a road, a river, a frontier, etc.).

Al combinarse con verbos como run, walk, (run across/over, walk across/over)(verbos

de movimiento) pueden expresar la misma idea que el verbo cross:

Children are taught not to run across/over the road without looking (=not to

cross).

There is a policeman over/across the road.

Sin embargo, over no puede usarse al referirnos a la superficie de una area amplia:

They are laying a pipeline across Siberia

Con verbos que pueden sugerir 'movimiento sin rumbo' (stroll, wander, etc.) se puede

usar over para describir el movimiento dentro de un área (no neceariamente de un

lado a otro) sugeriendo 'aquí y allí' :

We wandered over the fields

We skated over the frozen lake.

Across debe usarse también cuando nos referimos a un movimiento por el agua:

Patricia swam across the Channel.

Across no puede usarse cuando queremos expresar 'go up and come down again'

(='subir y bajar de nuevo') (de un lado de algo alto al otro):

They escaped by climbing over the wall.

4. Across and through

Across puede referirse a una superficie cuando significa 'from one side to the other'

(='de un lado al otro'):

We skated across the frozen lake.

Through, cuando significa 'from one side to the other' (='de un lado al otro') o 'from

one end to the other' (=de un extremo al otro) puede sugerir más esfuerzo que across.

Through se refiere a

Un hueco:

Water flows through this pipe.

Algo tridimensional que 'envuelve' (por ej, a country, a crowd, a forest, long grass,

mud):

It was hard to cut through the forest (atajar)

Una `barrera' (por ej, the Customs, a door, a net, a roadblock, a window):

Look through the window

El uso de across y through depende del tipo de cosa de la que se esté hablando. En

Let's walk across/through the park

ambos son intercambiables porque en la mente del hablante, across se refiere a una

superficie y through a un área tridimensional.

5. After and afterwards

Ambas pueden significar 'later' (='después'), pero after puede ser preposición (seguida

de objeto) y conjunción (seguida por una frase). En este caso, afterwards no puede

sustituir a after:

Come and see me after classes.

Come and see me after you have finished.

Afterwards sólo puede usarse como adverbio (sin nombre o pronombre objeto):


We made the house tidy and they arrived soon afterwards.

También podemos usar after como adverbio en la oración de arriba

We made the house tidy and they arrived soon after.

O podemos usar and then o and soon after that:

We made the house tidy and then/and soon after that they arrived.

After como adverbio es modificado con frecuencia por soon o shortly y ocurre en

expresiones como happily ever after. No puede usarse en posición inicial para

referirse al segundo de dos acontecimientos distintos:

We had to swim in the sea. Afterwards we lay on the beach.

6. (A)round and about

(A)round y about se intercambian cuando:

se refieren a una falta de propósito o falta de posición o movimiento concretos:

We stood about/(a)round waiting

se refieren a una actividad estúpida:

I wish yiu'd stop fooling around/about

se usan para significar 'aproximadamente':

The fax was received (at) around/about 10

se usan para significar 'en algún sitio cerca':

I lost my wallet about/(a)round here

About no puede reemplazar a around para referirse a:

movimiento circular:

Regino is having a cruise (a)round the world

Distribución:

Would you hand these papers (a)round?

'Todas las partes':

Let me show you (a)round the house

'En el área/zona de':

He lives somewhere (a)round Valladolid

7. At

Se usa para las horas del día, festividades, fines de semana y con el sustantivo night.

Expresiones:

at night

at noon

at midnight

at dinner time

at sunrise

at sunset

at this moment

at Christmas, Easter, New Year

at the weekend

at first

at last

at weekends

At normalmente va detrás de:

Adjetivos asociados con habilidad: good/ bad / clever /better / worse at

I am not good at figures

Unos pocos nombres relacionados con la destreza: a dunce at, a genius at

I am a dunce at chemistry

Verbos usados para sugerir acción dirigida hacia un objetivo o destino (a menudo

sugiriendo agresión) tales como aim, laugh, shout, stare, strike, talk, throw. At

sugiere frecuentemente 'coger un objetivo'. Compara:

Throw the ball to me (para que yo la coja)

Regino is always throwing stones at birds (apuntándoles para herirles)

She shouted to us across the valley (para comunicarse con nosotros)

I got very dirty and she shouted at me (para reñirme)

Against (pero no at) se puede usar detrás de verbos como fight, throw donde no hay

idea de coger un objetivo:

He threw the ball against the wall

We fought against the enemy

Adjetivos que indican una reacción a circunstancias, sucesos, etc: amazed,

annoyed, astonished, surprised, confused, irritated, confused, etc. + at

I am surprised at the calls I have had


At normalmente puede sustituirse por by (surprised by) detrás de palabras como

surprised cuando se usan como participios en las pasivas.

At también se usa referido al precio/velocidad:

We have some balls at $3 each

(este uso de at se representa a veces simbolicamente con @ en listas de precios, etc.)

Regino is driving at 150 kilometers an hour!

8. Away

Away es un partícula adverbial y nunca va seguida de objeto. Normalmente se

combina con el adverbio far (far away) y con la preposición from (away from) y con

verbos que expresan la idea de 'distancia':

Regino sees storm clouds far away in the distance

I live twenty-five miles away from here

Fíjate en los usos con verbos (ej. fire away (=empezar y no parar); put away (=poner

algo en su sitio); work away (i.e. sin interrupción)

9. Because and because of

Because (conjunción) introduce una frase:

Percy could not go because he was ill

Because of (preposition) lleva un objeto:

I could not go because of my illness

On account of + objeto se puede usar en vez de because of (formal):

Farms are going bankrupt on account of the crisis in agriculture

10. Before and in front of

Before se usa normalmente para referirse a tiempo:

Make sure you are here before 6

Before se puede referir a espacio cuando se usa con verbos como come, go, lie, stand,

y en frases hechas como appear before the magistrate, before (o in front of) your very

eyes, come before the court (before = 'in the presence of'.

In front of ( y su opuesto, behind) se refieren a posición o lugar. Before no es posible

en la mayoría de contextos ordinarios para referirse a posición:

I will wait in front of your house (no *before)

Before (como after) combina con, por ej., come/go y se puede intercambiar con in

front of:

You come before (after) me in the queue

Why don't you go after me?

Before e in front of son intercambiables al referirnos a grandes áreas geográficas:

There, before/infront of us lay the desert

O cuando se usan metafóricamente para referirse a grandes espacios de tiempo:

Your whole life lies before/in front of you

11. Behind, at the back (of), back

Behind se puede usar como preposición:

There is a big car behind that house

o como adverbio:

There is a car in front and one behind

Behind se puede sustituir por at the back (of):

There is a big car at the back of that house

There is a big car at the back

Back es un adverbio y se combian, a menudo, con verbos como keep, put, stand y

stay.

I wish you'd put things back in their places

Keep this book. I don't want it back

Back no debe confundirse con again en, por ej.,

Our friends invited us to dinner last week and we must invite them back

(devolverles la invitación)


We enjoyed having our friends to dinner and we are going to invite them again

(en otra ocasión)

Cuando la idea de 'back' esta inmersa en el verbo, el adverbio back no debe usarse:

We has to go back early

We had to return early (No *return back)

Back también puede usarse con el sentido de ago:

I saw her five years ago/back

12. Beside and besides

Beside es una preposición que significa 'junto a' (next to):

Come and sit beside us

Besides es una preposición y adverbio que significas 'además' (in addition to / as well

as):

There were many people there besides us.

This car is very fast. Besides, it has four-wheel drive

Besides no debería confundirse con con except:

All of us went besides Regino (= Regino fué y nosotros también)

All of us went except Regino (= Regino no fué pero nosotros sí)

13. Between and among

Between se usa más normalmente para mostrar una división o conexión entre dos

personas, cosas u horas:

Divide it equally between the two of you

There is a good service between this town and the island

We will be there between 6 and 6:30

Ocasionalmente puede usarse para referirse a más de dos cosas, etc. Cuando se toman

por separado y no hay muchas:

Please don't smoke between courses (platos)

Switzerland is between France, Germany, Austria and Italy.

Between se usa frecuentemente en comparaciones y diferencias cuando hay dos cosas,

etc.:

What is the difference between Regino and Meté?

También puede usarse para referirse a 'una actividad compartida' cuando hay dos o

más:

The scouts collected money for the poor. Between (or Among) them they got

50.000 pesetas.

Among (y el menos popular amongst) + un nombre en plural se refiere a una multitud

de cosas que no pueden ser vistas por separado:

Were you among the members present?

Se usa a menudo para referirse a 3 o más:

Regino is among the world's best rugby players :-)

14. But (for) and except (for)

But for introduce una condición:

We would have been able to get there on time but for the heavy snow

Except for significa 'con la excepción de' (=with the esception of):

Everyone has helped except for you

But y except se usan sin for para significar 'con la excepción de', especialmente

después de compuestos de every/any/no. Sin embargo, no podemos usar but ni

except (sin for ) como preposiciones para empezar una oración:

Everyone but/except you has helped

Except/But for you everyone has helped

Sólo podemos usar except (no except for) delante de una frase preposicional:

Regino goes to bed before 11, except in the summer

Usamos but (no except) en preguntas como

Who but Regino would do a thing like that?

But y except también son conjunciones.


15. By, near and on

Estas palabras se pueden usar para significar 'no lejos de' (= not far from).

By puede significar 'justo junto a' (=right next to) o 'junto a' (= beside) una persona,

objeto o lugar y se puede intercambiar con beside y next to:

I sat by the phone all morning

Near generalmente sugiere 'un corto camino desde' (= a short way from) más que

'justo junto a (=right next to):

We live near Valladolid - just 10 kilometers south

Near (no by) se asocia con not far from:

We live near/not far from the mountains

El opuesto de near es a long way from o (quite) far from:

We live a long way from7(quite) far from the sea.

Near (pero no by) puede ir modificado por very:

The film is very near the end

By puede ir modificado por right and close para enfatizar:

The shop is right by/close by the church

On puede significar 'justo junto a' (=right next to) o 'junto a' (=beside) cuando se

refiere a una linea:

Our house is right on the road/on the river

On my right I have Regino and on my left I have Nacho

On se encuentra con frecuencia en nombres de lugares etc., junto al mar o ríos:

Southend-on-sea; Stratford-(up)on-Avon (Shakespeare)

16. By and past

Ambas se pueden intercambiar con verbos de movimiento (go, run, walk, etc.) para

significar ‘más allá de un punto en el espacio o tiempo’ (=beyond a point in space or

time):

He went right by/past me without speaking

Several days went by/past before I had news

17. By, with and without

By y with pueden usarse para significar ‘por medio de’ (=by means of) pero no son

generalmente intercambiables.

By ocurre en frases hechas como by bus y en construcciones de pasiva

My dog was hit by by a bus

By (a menudo + -ing) se puede referir a ‘método’

You can lock this door by moving this catch to the left (así es cómo debes

hacerlo)

By puede referirse a tiempo, medida, o precio:

I am paid by the hour/day/week

You can only buy eggs singly, not by the pound

También lo usamos para referirnos a cualquier clase de medida en una escala

He is shorter than I am by ten centimeters

Interest rates have gone up by ten per cent

Usamos by para significar ‘por’ (=via) al referirnos a rutas:

We drove to the coast by the main road

With y without se refieren a cosas (especialmente herramientas/instrumentos) que

usamos o necesitamos usar

You might get it open with a bottle opener (es lo que necesitas usar)

It will not open without a bottle opener

With también puede referirse a ‘modo, manera’ (=manner)

Paul returned my greeting with a nod

18. Down, up, under and over

Down es el opuesto de up e indica dirección a un nivel inferior


Let’s climb up the hill, then climb down

Aunque down es más comunmente usado con verbos de movimiento, puede (como

across, along y up) ser usado con verbos de posición para indicar un lugar apartado del

hablante. No hay sugerencia de ‘a un nivel inferior (=at a lower level) en este uso

We live down the street

Under lleva la idea de ‘estar cubierto’ (=being covered)

Let’s sit under this tree

There are a lot of minerals under the sea

Over puede significar ‘cubriendo’ (=covering)

Keep this blanket over you

19. Due to and owing to

Algunas gramáticas establecen una distinción entre estas dos preposiciones que sería

que due es un adjetivo y debe, por lo tanto, estar asociado con un nombre + be. Puede

sustituirse por caused by

Our delay (nombre) was due to/caused by heavy traffic

Owing to esta relacionado con un verbo. Puede sustituirse por because of

The soccer game was cancelled (verbo) owing to/because of the strike

En la práctica, esta distinción no se tiene en cuenta por parte de muchos hablantes

educados que usan due to de la misma forma que owing to o because of

He lost his job due to/owing to/because of a change in management

20. For

Usos comunes

Propósito The best man for the job

+ -ing I need this for opening it

‘recipient’ This the train for York

I have news for you

Razón, motivo He did it for the money

Duración Regino has been away for days

‘Exchange’ I bought it for 1.000 ptas.

Significado What is Spanish for ‘cat’?

(= as) I did it for a joke

(= instead of) I will do it for you

(= in favour of) Are you in favour of this? Yes. I am all for it

El opuesto es against: I am against the idea

Intención Let’s go for a swim (Después de go y come for no va seguido de

- ing)

Referencia de tiempo específico (no periodo de tiempo) I’ll order a taxi for 11

For y to: for no se usa delante de un infinitivo con ‘to’ pero puede ir seguido de

un gerund para indicar propósito o razón I used this tool to drill a hole

This tool is used for drilling holes

He was praised for being punctual

21. From

From se usa a menudo para indicar origen. La referencia puede ser de

Un lugar Regino is from Valladolid

Una persona Who is that letter from?

Un grupo We are from the government

Una cita This line is from 'Macbeth'

Distancia I am away from my city

Abstracto He died from a stroke

I acted from delf-interest

22. In and out

Se usan como partículas. In y out se refieren a menudo a 'entrada' y 'salida', como en

Way in y Way out, o simplemente in y out. El significado puede extenderse a la


referencia a correo entrante y saliente. Como en los sustantivos in-tray (=bandeja de

entrada) y out-tray (=bandeja de salida)

23. In spite of, etc

(Al)though (=aunque) es una conjunción e introduce una frase. En comparación, in

spite of (3 palabras)(= a pesar de), despite (= a pesar de, pese a) y notwithstanding

(= a pesar de que) en cambio no (introducen una frase) y son muy formales. Veamos la

siguiente escala:

The temperature has dropped, but it is still warm

It is still warm,(al)though the temperature has dropped

It is still warm in spite of the drop in temperature

It is still warm, despite the drop in temperature

It is still warm, notwithstanding the drop in temperature

Notwithstanding puede usarse al final de una oración para expresar incluso mayor

formalidad:

It is still warm the drop in temperature notwithstanding

In spite of, despite y notwithstanding van a menudo seguidos de the fact that

In spite of the fact that he has failed so often he has entered for the exam again

In spite of/despite pueden ir seguidos de -ing:

In spite of losing a fortune, he is still rich

For all (= a pesar de) expresa la misma idea pero menos formalmente:

For all her money, Regino is not happy

Compara con with all (= teniendo en cuenta/con todo/a/os/as = having into account)

With all this rain, there will be a good crop

24. Instead and instead of

Instead es un adverbio; instead of es una preposición compuesta. Cuando se usa

instead como adverbio, generalmente se coloca al final de la frase:

If you don't want a holiday in Villasana, why don't you go to Pucela instead?

Usamos instead of + sustantivo, pronombre o -ing:

We eat fish instead of meat

Why can't Regino drive you into town instead of me?

Instead of writing, I prefer reading

25. Like and as

Like como preposición va seguida de sustantivo, pronombre o -ing.

There's no sport like rugby (=para compararlo)

There's no one like her (=para compararle)

Why don't you try something like doing a bit of work for a change? (= tal como)

There were lots of people we knew at the party, like the Rodriguez and the

Gutierrez (=tales como/por ejemplo)

Like algunas veces puede sustituirse por such as (no por as):

Like puede expresar la idea de 'parecido'

It was like a dream (=parecido a/similar to)

El opuesto es unlike:

The holiday was unlike any other

Like puede sugerir 'a la manera de':

He acts like a king (= de la misma manera que)

As (= en calidad de) puede usarse como preposición y no debería confundirse con like

(=parecido). Puede referirse a personas y cosas.

Compárese: He works as a slave (lo es) /He works like a slave (trabaja mucho)

I work as a teacher

As a lawyer, I would recommend it

Who has used this knife as a pencil?

As (=dado que/ya que) puede ser conjunción introduciendo una frase:

As the last bus had left, we returned on foot

Usada como conjunción, as puede expresar similitud (= como):


She is musical as her mother was/as was her mother

Like (= como/como si) se usa a menudo como conjunción especialmente en inglés

americano coloquial que esta influyendo al inglés británico en este sentido. Este uso

no ha conseguido aceptación en el inglés británico.

Like I told you, it is an offer I cannot refuse ( As I told you...)

She is spending money like there was no tomorrow (= ...as if...)

Like y unlike pueden comportarse como adjetivos cuando los usamos después de

very, more o most:

He is more like his mother than his father. I don't agree. They are very unlike.

26. Of, out of, from, with

Todas estas preposiciones se pueden combinar con made para indicar los materiales o

ingredientes de lo que algo está creado. Made of y made out of se usan cuando

realmente podemos reconocer el/los material/es: made of wood, iron, etc.

You rarely find toys made (out) of solid wood

Made from se usa cuando el ingrediente/s no son inmediatamente obvios

Beer is made from hops

Bronze is made from copper and tin

Made with para sugerir 'contener' , se usa frecuentemente para identificar uno o más

de los ingredientes usados:

This sauce is made with fresh cream

Estas preposiciones pueden seguir a los participios pasados de otros verbos como, por

ej., built/constructed of/out of/from/with y ocurren en expresiones tales como paved

with tiles, loaded with hay, etc

27. Of and off

Of/off no son intercambiables pero su ortografía tan parecida puede hacer que nos

confundamos. Of nunca ocurre como partícula y off es , a la vez, preposición y

partícula.

Of

Se emplea para usos posesivos y también para:

Origen Mrs Ray of Worthing

Dirección north/east/south/west of

Instituciones The University of Valladolid

Edad A man of 33

Off

SeparaciónIt is just off the motorway / Take the top off (of this jar)

Salida We set off at noon

Desaparición Has your headache worn off?

28. On and in

On e in se usan frecuentemente con referencia al cuerpo. On se refiere a posición en

una superficie:

There is a black mark on your nose

The X-ray shows a spot on the lung

In se usa en relación a un espacio o área para sugerir 'metido':

I have a speck of dust in my eye

También para referirse a:

Dolores I have a pain in my stomach/back/ear

Heridas profundas I have a cut in my foot

Heridas superficiales pueden usarse con on:

I have a scratch on my arm

29. On and off

On y off se usan generalmente como preposiciones o partículas para referirse al

suministro de energía, especialmente electricidad y agua:

Turn the light/tap/faucet on/off

También se usan en relación con sentimientos:


Amaya turns her affections on and off

Ambas preposiciones se encuentran frecuentemente en interruptores, aparatos, etc.

ON/OFF

30. Opposite (to)

Opposite puede ser un adverbio:

Where is the bank? - It is opposite

O puede usarse como preposición, con o sin to (aunque to es frecuentemente

innecesario).

There is a bank opposite (to) my office

Opposite puede usarse como adjetivo predicativo:

The house opposite is very expensive

y como adjetivo atributivo:

We both have opposite points of view

31. Out of, outside, out

Out of es el opuesto de into cuando describimos movimiento:

We ran out of the burning house

Compara:

We got into the house in a hurry

Out of es el opuesto de in cuando no se implica movimiento:

Regino is out of the office (=no está/he is not in)

Regino is in his office (=no es tá fuera/he is not out)

Out se usa a veces informalmente como preposición:

Don't throw your bus ticket out the window (out of the window)

Outside puede susutituir a veces a out of para describir movimiento:

We ran outside the burning house

Pero, sin información adicional, , esto puede ser interpretado también como que

nosotros ya estábamos fuera de allí cuando empezamos a correr.

Inside e into permanecen en la misma relación:

We ran inside the burning house

también puede ser interpretado como que ya estábamos dentro cuando empezamos a

correr.

Sin movimiento, outside no puede sustituir a out of:

He is outside his office

significa 'él está justo fuera de la oficina, en una habitación, etc. contígua'

He is out of his office

significa 'él no está aquí, está en algún otro sitio'.

Outside e inside se pueden usar como adverbios; into y out of sólo pueden usarse

como preposiciones:

He is inside/outside

We rushed inside/outside

Siempre es más seguro usar into y out of como preposiciones mejor que outside e

inside significando 'de un lugar a otro'.

In/into pueden usarse como adverbios:

He is in/out

32. Over, above, on top of

Over puede tener el sentido de 'cubriendo' (y a veces 'tocando') y su opuesto es under

(cubierto por/covered by).

Above subraya la idea de 'a un nivel más alto' (i.e. 'sin tocar')

Keep the blankets over you

I can't sleep with a light on above my head

On top of generalmente sugiere 'tocando':

Don't put anything on top of the TV, please

Above y over pueden usarse frecuentemente intercambiados con verbos de

movimiento:

I'd like to fly above/over the Pacific


Over y above se pueden usar intercambiados en el sentido de 'verticalmente a un nivel

más alto'

The helicopter was over/above the bridge

My bedroom is over/above the kitchen

Sin embargo, no son intercambiables cuando todo a lo que nos referimos está 'a un

nivel más alto' (no 'verticalmente a un nivel más alto'). Si, por ejemplo nos estamos

refiriendo a dos gatos en un arbol deberíamos decir que A is above B, no over B. En

términos generales, over y under indican relación vertical, mientras que above y

below se refieren simplemente a niveles.

Over y above tienen diferentes usos metafóricos o figurados.

Over significa 'a cargo de':

We don't want anuone like that over us

Above puede significar 'un rango más alto':

Major is above the rank of captain

Over ( y menos comúnmente above) pueden significar 'más que':

He isn't over (above/more than) 24

Above (no over) se usa para medir en una escala:

His work is on average

Ambos over y above se combinan con see (see over=pasa a la página siguiente / see

above=mira más arriba de la misma página/hace referencia a la página anterior)

Over puede combinarse con turn, en turn over (una página) y su opuesto es turn

back.

33. To

Cuando to va con el infinitivo, no es una preposición: I want to go / She began to sing,

etc.

Sin embargo,después de verbos tales como object, look forward, be/get used o

adjetivos tales como accustomed, to es una preposición. Significa que puede ir

seguida de un sustantivo o un gerundio:

I am accustomed to hard work

I am accustomed to working hard

34. Towards

To en I go from A to B cubre todo el movimiento, empezando en A y llegando a B.

Towards indica dirección general y no cubre todo el movimiento.

Puede expresar:

Dirección/movimiento Walk slowly towards me

'en dirección de' My house looks toward the river

'cerca' I feel tired towards the end of the day

'en relación a' My attitude towards...

'por el propósito de' Pay towards a pension

Toward es más común en inglés EEUU que towards.

35. Under, underneath, beneath, below

Under significa 'cubierto por' (y, a veces, 'tocando') y 'en un lugar más bajo que' (no

'tocando')

There is nothing new under the sun

También puede usarse con verbos de movimiento:

We walked under the bridge

Under puede significar 'menos que'

I think he is under 19

Below también es posible en ciertos contextos:

Mrs Smith can't be below 40

Underneath significa 'completamente cubierto por' (tocando y no tocando):

Put a mat underneath that hot dish

Beneath es menos común y más literario pero puede sustituir a under y underneath:

Our possessions lie beneath the rubble (escombros)


Below es el opuesto de above. Se puede intercambiar con under y underneath cuando

significa 'a un nivel más bajo':

We swam just below the surface

We camped below/under/underneath the summit (cumbre)

Pero no es generalmente intercambiable al referirse a lugar o posición:

The stone hit me just below the knee

Under puede usarse para significar 'mandado por':

Our foreman/boss has ten people under him

Below puese usarse figurativamente para referirse a rango:

What's the rank below Captain

36. With and without

With y without puede usarse para significar 'acompañado de' o 'no acompañado de':

I went to the zoo with Regino

What was your life like without any brothers?

I can't manage without you

With puede sustituir a 'teniendo' en, por ej.,

He stood with his hands in his pockets

With his background, he should go far

Without puede sugerir 'y no hacer algo':

We must get inside without waking Regino

With puede sugerir 'tomando en consideración':

With the cost of living so high, we are cutting down on luxuries

With so many accidents on the road, the use of seat-belts was made ompulsory

With (pero no without)

Sigue a adjetivos comunes para expresar sentimientos: angry, annoyed, furious, etc.

(with someone, pero at something)

Y ten en cuenta: blue with cold, green with envy, etc.

With también sigue a verbos como cope, fight, quarrel, etc.

37. With, without, in, of

With y without puede usarse para significar 'llevando' o 'no llevando':

Who's the woman with the green umbrella?

I am without any money

o puede significar 'acompañado/no acompañado por':

The camera comes with/without a case

With y without pueden usarse para significar 'teniendo' o 'no teniendo' características

físicas:

He is a man with a big nose and black hair

Se puede extender esto a características externas como estilos de peinado o

maquillaje:

The woman with red lipstick

In puede usarse para significar 'llevando puesto':

Who is the man in the blue jeans?

y para referirse al tono de voz:

He spoke in a low/loud voice/in a whisper

Of puede usarse para describir:

Cualidades personales He is a man of courage

Edad He is man of about 34

Riqueza He is a man of means

38. With regard to, etc.

Un número de preposiciones pueden usarse cuando queremos hacer referencias

formales o llamar la atención ,por ej., as far as ...is concerned, as for, as regards, as

to, regarding, with reference to, with regard to

As regards your recent application for a job, we haven't made up our minds

yet.


We haven't had a reply from our neighbours regarding their proposal to build a

garage

I am writing to you with reference to your inquiry of November 27th

Sin embargo, pueden ocurrir usos informales:

I didn't ask too many questions as to his whereabouts (paradero)

As for his interest in this business, I have no comment to make

As far as I am concerned, you can do as you please

ALGUNAS FRASES PREPOSICIONALES

AT +

Meals (lunch, etc.)

place

points of time

all events

all times any rate

best/worst

fault

first

first sight

hand

...km per hour

last

least

leisure

length

a loss

the moment

most

once

pains

peace/war

play/work

present

a profit

sea

sight

table

the time

times

BY +

bus, etc...

time

weight

accident

air

all means

any/no means

birth

chance

cheque/credit card

day/night

degrees

design

far

force

hand

heart

land/sea/air

luck

marriage

means of

mistake

name

post

right(s)

stages

surprise

virtue of

the way

way of

FOR +

period of time

the better/the best

a change

ever

once

sale

a walk, etc.

FROM +

A to Z

bad to worse

the first

good to bad

the heart

now on

then on

IN +

place

time

action

addition

all

any case, any event

brief

business

case of

cash

the circumstances

comfort

comparison

control

danger

debt

demand

depth

detail

doubt

the end

fact

full

general

half/halves

a hurryink/pencil

a minute

no time

order

pain

personal practice

public

return

short

tears

time

turn

view of


conclusion love

OFF +

duty

one's head

the point

the record

the road

school/work

ON +

day/date

account of

approval

average

behalf of

business

condition

the contrary

credit

demand

display

duty

fire

foot

guard

hand

holiday

the hour

the job

a journey

loan

no account

offer

one's own

purpose

the radio/tv

sale

strike

the (tele)phone

time

a visit

the way

a farm

a plane/bus/train/boat

OUT OF +

breath

character

control

danger

date

debt

doors

fashion

favour

focus

hand

hearing

humour

love

luck

order

the ordinary

pain

place

pocket

practice

reach

season

sight

step

stock

style

touch

tune

turn

use

work

PAST +

belief

care

control

hope

TO +

advantage

a great extent

hand

the point

UNDER +

age

control

cover

one's feet

the impression

(no) obligation

orders

pressure

repair

the rules

suspicion

the weather

UP TO +

date

mischief

much/ (not) up to much

no good

one's ears

to (you)

WITH +


regard to

respect to

the exception of

WITHIN +

one's income

the law

range

reach

WITHOUT +

bothering

ceremony

delay

a doubt

exception

fail

prejudice

Nombre + preposición

Necesidad de = a need for

La causa de= the reason for

Una solución a = a solution to

La llave del piso = the key to the flat

Un cheque de 10 dolares = a cheque for ten dollars

Un billete de 5 dólares = a five dollar bill/note

Adjetivo + preposición

TO BE:

Estar enfadado/furioso por algo =

Arrepentirse de/sentir algo =

Estar emocionado/preocupado por=

Estar trastornado por/triste a causa de=

Darse bien/saber hacer=

Darse mal/no saber hacer=

Ser negado para algo=

Estar impresionado/sorprendido por=

Ser responsable de=

Ser diferente de=

Estar interesado por=

Tener miedo a=

Estar cansado de=

Estar harto/aburrido de

Estar celoso/tener envidia de=

A favor de=

En contra de=

Ser independiente de=

Ser dependiente de=

Ser aficionado a=

Estar casado con=

Ser amable con=

Tratar mal=

Ser educado con=

Ser maleducado/grosero con

Estara costumbrado a=

Estar enfadado/furioso con alguien

Estar contento/encantado con

Estar harto de

Estar aburrido con=

Ser generoso/amable/sensato de mi...=

angry/furious about sth

sorry about sth

excited/worried about

upset/sad about

good at sth

bad at sth

hopeless at sth

socked/surprised at/by sth

responsible for

different from

interested in

afraid of

tired of

bored of

jealous of

in favour of

against

independent of

dependent on

keen on

married to

nice/kind to

cruel to

polite to

rude to

used to

angry/furious with sb

pleased/delighted with

fed up with

bored with

generous/kind/sensible of sb to do sth


Alegrarse/entristecerse...de hacer algo happy/sad ... to do sth

Verbos + preposiciones

+ about

pensar en = to think about

soñar con = to dream about

quejarse de/reclamar = to complain about

+ after

cuidar = to look after

+ at

reirse/mofarse de = to laugh at

mirar = to look at

sonreir = to smile at

gritarle a alguien = to shout at sb

tirar a (agresivo) = to throw at

llegar a = arrive at + lugar

(ir a casa = to go/arrive/get home)

+ for

esperar = to wait for

solicitar algo = to apply for sth

pedir a alguien una cosa = to ask sb for sth

preguntar a alguien una cosa = to ask sb for sth

rogar = to beg for

esperar a = to hope for sth

anhelar = to long for

desear algo = to wish for sth

buscar = to search/look for

(registrar) = to search

pagar = to pay for

sentir pena por alguien = to feel sorry for sb

disculparse por = to apologize for

apreciar = care for

echar a alguien la culpa de = to blame sb for

+ from

padecer de = to suffer from

impedir a alguien hacer = to prevent sb... from ...ing

+ in

conseguir = succeed in

creer en = believe in

vestir = dress in

llegar a = arrive in + ciudad/país

+ into

chocar con algo = to crash/run/drive/bump into sth

encontrarse por casualidad = to run/bump into sb

dividir/cortar en = to divide/cut into

+ of

soñar con (conscientemente;el futuro) = to dream of

consistir en = consist of


pensar en = think of

recordar/traer a la memoria = to remind sb of sb/sth

ocuparse de/cuidar = to take care of

+ off

vivir de (algo/alguien) = to live off

+ on

insistir en = to insist on

depender de = depend/rely on

vivir de (e.g. poco dinero) = to live on (e.g. little money)

concentrarse en = concentrate on

subir a (tren , etc) = to get on (train, etc.)

entenderse con alguien = to get on with sb

+ to

atender a algo/alguien = to attend to sb

oponerse a algo = to object to sth

oponerse a alguien = to oppose sbescuchar = to listen to

escribir a = to write to

hablar con = to speak/talk to

anticipar/desear algo con ganas = look forward to

llamar a alguien a voces = to shout (sth) to sb

tirar algo a alguien = to throw sth to sb

+ with

tratar con = to deal with

tirar adelante con algo = to go ahead with sth

sin preposición

esperar algo = to expect sth

casarse con alguien = to marry sb/ to get married to

salir de = to leave

carecer de = to lack

ir a casa = to arrive/get/go home

Documents

CONNECTING WORDS AND PHRASES · Connecting words and phrases According to se usa para referirse a información proveniente de otras personas o fuentes (according to her, according