Nonrenewable Energy 529

Fighting to survive, the nine coal miners, trapped 73 meters (240 feet) underground, could do only one thing to let the world know that they were still alive. They tapped on an air pipe and hoped that some-one on the surface would hear the taps.

The accident that trapped the miners happened on July 24, 2002, in Quecreek, Pennsylvania. The miners were working deep underground when a wall collapsed. The opening created by the collapse led to an abandoned mine filled with water. The bitterly cold water rushed into the miners’ work area. Within seconds, the area had flooded. The miners were trapped in an air pocket and couldn’t get out.

Rescuers went to work as soon as they realized what had happened. At first, they had no luck. Finally, a huge drill broke through into the miners’ area, and much-needed air could be pumped in. After three days under-ground, the miners were finally rescued. One by one, all nine of them were lifted to safety. Their families and friends, who had almost given up hope, began to celebrate.

The Quecreek accident is a reminder that fossil fuels come with costs as well as benefits. Workers risk their lives to obtain the fuels we need. And use of the fuels can cause damage.

LESS

ON 3Consequences of Fossil

Fuel Use

Figure 13 rescue! One of the Quecreek miners is carried to safety.

• Explain how pollutants released by fossil fuels damage health and the environment.

• Describe the environmental and health effects of mining and drilling.

• Explain the implications of dependence on foreign nations for fossil fuels.

• Explain why energy conservation is important.

Reading Strategy As you read, draw a concept map about the harmful effects of fossil fuels. Be sure to include all the blue and green headings in your map.

vocabulary acid drainage, energy conservation

guiding Question: What problems are associated with fossil fuel use?

FOCUS Using a piece of note-book paper and a pen, have each student draw two simple pictures that depict problems associated with the use of fossil fuels. Have students form pairs, and have each pair discuss their drawings. Call on volunteers to share their drawings with the class.

GUIDING QUESTION

17.3 Lesson PLan PreviewDifferentiated Instruction Advanced students summarize relevant content from the pre-vious chapter to help the class learn about fossil fuel pollution.Inquiry Students observe a demo modeling the effects of mountaintop removal.Real World Students create posters about energy conservation.

17.3 resoUrCesScientific Method Lab, Identifying Insulators • Real Data Online • Map It Online • Lesson 17.3 Worksheets • Lesson 17.3 Assessment • Chapter 17 Overview Presentation

Real Data

Data from Marland, G., et al. 2006. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Fossil Fuels

Billi

on m

etri

c to

nsof

car

bon/

year

Year1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

10

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Total

CoalOil

Natural gas

530 Lesson 3

Pollution From Fossil Fuels The burning of fossil fuels causes pollution that affects health

and the environment.

When they are burned, fossil fuels release substances that contribute to climate change and cause pollution. In addition, the processes involved in obtaining and refining fuels can harm human health and the environ-ment. Some of these effects are described below.

Releasing Greenhouse Gases All fossil fuels contain carbon. When fossil fuels burn, they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. As you have learned, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Carbon diox-ide produced by the combustion of fossil fuels warms the atmosphere and drives changes in global climate. Because of its role in global climate change, carbon dioxide pollution is becoming recognized as the greatest environmental impact of fossil fuel use.

Air Pollution The burning of coal and oil releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which contribute to industrial and photochemical smog and cause acid deposition. However, catalytic converters have cut down the release of pollutants by motor vehicles. To reduce pollution by power plants, the U.S. government and industries are working to develop a coal-fired power plant that does not release pollutants.

Carbon Dioxide From Fossil FuelsThe combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon diox-ide into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas that is increasing in the atmosphere because of human activities. The graph shows how the release of carbon dioxide by the burning of oil, coal, and natural gas has changed since 1800. Study the graph and then answer the questions.1. Interpret Graphs What does the purple line on the

graph represent? 2. Relate Cause and Effect Around what year did

the total emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels begin to go up dramatically? What do you think accounts for this dramatic change? (Hint: Around that time, how did people’s lifestyles begin to change?)

3. Analyze Data Which two fossil fuels release the most carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

4. Predict Do you think the overall trend shown on the graph will change? Explain your answer.

ANSWERS

Real Data1. The total emissions of carbon diox-

ide from the burning of fossil fuels from 1800 to the present.

2. Around 1950 when people’s lifestyles began to change in ways that demanded more energy

3. Coal and oil4. Answers will vary, but should show

understanding of the trend shown on the graph.

(c)

Nonrenewable Energy 531

Water Pollution Fossil fuels pollute water as well as air. For example, some oil from nonpoint sources, such as industries, homes, and cars, runs off from its sources. This oil in runoff can contaminate water in or on the ground. Eventually, this runoff oil enters rivers and streams. From there, the oil may be carried to the ocean. Huge oil spills from ships and platforms also can severely damage marine environments. This was the case with the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989. Oil from Alaska’s North Slope had been piped to the port of Valdez and loaded onto the ship. Leaving the port, the ship grounded, causing a huge oil spill. The spilled oil caused massive long-term environ-mental damage to Alaska’s Prince William Sound. Twenty-one years later, the Deepwater Horizon, an offshore drilling rig, exploded in the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting oil spill will likely be more devastating than the Valdez spill.

Effects on Health Numerous health risks are associated with fossil fuels. Mercury, for example, which is present in coal in trace amounts, is released from coal-fired power plants. Mercury can damage the central nervous system and the kidneys, and can cause severe nausea. Motor vehicles release pollutants that irritate the nose, throat, and lungs. Gases such as hydrogen sulfide can evaporate from certain kinds of crude oil and irritate the eyes and throat. Crude oil also often contains trace amounts of poisons such as lead and arsenic.

ReadingCheckpoint

How do fossil fuels affect water?

FIGURE 14 The Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon Oil Spills (a) Two days after the Exxon Valdez spill began, a smaller tanker tries to offload oil from the ship to prevent more oil from spilling into Prince William Sound. (b) A man becomes covered with oil while helping to clean a beach in Alaska. (c) An explosion destroys the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, killing 11 workers and allowing oil to spurt directly from the sea floor into the Gulf of Mexico. (d) Workers clean a brown pelican at the Fort Jackson Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Louisiana.

(a)

Prince William Sound, 1989

(b)

(d)

Gulf of Mexico, 2010

ANSWERS

Reading Checkpoint Fossil fuels pollute water and damage aquatic environments.

532 Lesson 3

Damage Caused by Extracting Fuels Mining and drilling for fuels can endanger people and change

ecosystems in harmful ways.

In most cases, it isn’t easy to remove fossil fuels from the ground. Tunnels often must be dug, and holes must be drilled. Expensive technology is needed, energy is required, and the process takes a long time. Jobs in mining and oil operations can be dangerous. And damage to the environ-ment can result from the extraction of fossil fuels.

Dangers of Mining Underground coal mining today is one of our society’s most dangerous occupations. As the Quecreek accident and other mining accidents show, miners risk injury or death from collapsing shafts and tunnels. In addition, miners risk their health by inhaling coal dust, which can lead to respiratory diseases, including black lung disease.

Strip Mining and the Environment Strip mining can destroy large areas of habitat and cause extensive soil erosion. Acid drainage occurs when sulfide minerals in exposed rock surfaces react with oxygen and rainwater to produce sulfuric acid. As the acid runs off, it removes metals from the rocks, and both the acid and metals enter groundwater and water bodies. In high concentrations, many of these metals are toxic to living things. Acid drainage occurs through natural processes as well as mining. However, it speeds up when mining exposes many new rock surfaces at once. Regulations in the United States require mining com-panies to restore land that has been strip mined. However, the effects are still severe and last a long time.

Mountaintop removal can have an even greater impact than ordinary strip mining. Tons of rock and soil are removed from the top of a moun-tain. This material may accidentally slide downhill, or it may be deliber-ately dumped downhill in order to dispose of it. The rock and soil may destroy land habitats and clog waterways.

ReadingCheckpoint

Describe the effects of acid drainage.

FIGURE 15 Mountaintop Removal Part of the summit of this mountain in West Virginia has been blasted away to get to a coal deposit.

Can we depend on nonrenewable energy resources for our energy needs?Perspective Read aloud the Big Question. Point out that many people develop an answer to this Big Question based solely on the perspective of supply and de-mand. Have students consider the Big Question from another perspective—the harmful effects of extracting and using nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels. Ask students to write several sentences summarizing their response to the Big Question from this perspective.

BIG QUESTION

ANSWERS

Reading Checkpoint Acid drainage results in the removal of metals from rocks, which in high concentrations are harmful to living things.

Nonrenewable Energy 533

Damage From Oil and Gas Extraction Developing an oil or gas field involves much more than drilling. For example, roads must be built, and housing for workers must be constructed. Workers build pipelines to carry the fuel. These activities may harm plants and animals.

▶ Prudhoe Bay Tundra vegetation at Prudhoe Bay still has not fully recovered from temporary roads that have not been used in 30 years. Experts do not agree on whether the region’s caribou have been harmed. Surveys show that the caribou population has increased since Prudhoe Bay was developed. Other studies, however, show that female caribou and their calves avoid all parts of the Prudhoe Bay oil complex.

▶ Possible Impact on the Arctic Refuge To predict the ecological effects of drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, scientists have exam-ined the effects in similar environments in Alaska. In addition, they have conducted some experiments to determine what might happen. Based on these studies, many scientists predict that wildlife and plants will be damaged. Oil spills can harm plants, and sometimes plants may be buried under gravel pits or roads. Roads can break up habitats. Other scientists, however, think that drilling in the Arctic Refuge will not affect the envi-ronment that much. For example, they point out that most drilling would take place in the winter, when caribou are not in the area. They also note that the technology has improved in the time since the Prudhoe Bay oil fields were developed, and claim that development of the Arctic Refuge would be more sensitive to the environment.

FIGURE 16 Oil Technology in the Tundra A caribou wanders across a field near buildings used in the oil industry near Prudhoe Bay in Alaska.

Map it

KEYProven reserves at end of 2008

(thousand million barrels)

Asia Pacific 42.0North America 70.9South America and Central America 123.2Africa 125.6Europe and Eurasia 142.2Middle East 754.1National border

Data from British Petroleum. Statistical Review of World Energy 2009.

534 Lesson 3

Dependence on Foreign Sources Since fossil fuels are unevenly distributed in the world, many

nations need to depend on foreign sources.

Fossil fuels are not evenly distributed worldwide, as shown in Figure 17. Some nations have more deposits of a fossil fuel than others. The United States, for example, has extensive coal resources. However, Middle Eastern nations such as Saudi Arabia and Iran have far more crude oil reserves than does the United States. Almost all our modern technology and services depend in some way on fossil fuels. This means that a nation can suffer when its supplies become unavailable or very costly.

Disadvantages of Foreign Dependence Nations that lack adequate fossil fuels are especially at risk. For instance, Germany, France, South Korea, and Japan consume far more energy than they produce. Therefore, nations such as these rely almost entirely on fuel imports for their economic well-being. In recent years, the United States has relied more and more on foreign energy. Today the United States imports two thirds of its crude oil. Such reliance means that seller nations can control energy prices. They can force buyer nations to pay more and more as sup-plies of fossil fuels decrease.

Reducing Dependence on Foreign Oil The United States govern-ment has enacted policies to reduce dependence on oil from some foreign nations. One policy calls for developing additional resources within the United States, such as some of those in Alaska.

Imports and ExportsStudy the map in Figure 17 and answer the questions. 1. Interpret Maps Which region

of the world has the least oil? Approximately how much oil can be found in this part of the world?

2. Interpret Maps How do the oil reserves in North America compare to those in the rest of the world?

3. Infer Which part of the world probably exports the most oil to other areas?

FIGURE 17 World Oil Distribution The map shows the approximate oil reserves, in thousand million barrels, in different regions of the world.

Nonrenewable Energy 535

1. Explain Describe how oil in runoff from a city street might eventually reach the ocean.

2. Infer U.S. government regulations require compa-nies to restore land after strip mining. In spite of these regulations, why does strip mining still have a severe impact on the environment?

3. Relate Cause and Effect Why can it be a disad-vantage for a nation to depend on foreign oil?

4. Apply Concepts What effect might an increase in gasoline taxes have on the way people get to work? Explain your answer.

5. You have been elected United States Senator from Alaska. The other sena-tor from Alaska has just proposed a law that would open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. Would you vote in favor of this law? Why or why not?

3

In addition, the United States has diversified its sources of petroleum. It now receives much of its petroleum from nations other than those in the Middle East. For example, we now import a lot of oil from Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, and Nigeria. Another way to reduce dependence on foreign oil is to develop renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. You will learn more about renewable energy in the next chapter.

Energy Conservation To save fossil fuels and limit the damage they cause, we need to

conserve energy.

We want supplies of fossil fuels to last as long as possible, and one way to accomplish that is to reduce our use of them. In addition, if we are less dependent on fossil fuels, we can prevent some of the environmental damage they do. Energy conservation is the practice of reducing energy use to meet those goals.

Conservation and Transportation Transportation accounts for two thirds of oil use in the United States. One way to conserve energy is to design and sell motor vehicles that use less gasoline. In addition, if taxes on gasoline were increased, gasoline would become more expen-sive, and people would then have a powerful reason to conserve gasoline. Drivers in many European nations pay much higher gasoline taxes than do drivers in the United States.

Many critics of oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge point out that our cars and trucks waste huge amounts of oil. They argue that a small amount of conservation would save the nation far more oil than it could obtain from the oil deposits in the Arctic Refuge.

Personal Choices Individual people can make choices that save energy. In addition to driving less, we can take other actions. For exam-ple, we can turn lights off in rooms that aren’t being used. By turning down thermostats, we can reduce the energy needed to heat homes. We can buy appliances that conserve energy. All these actions save people money and reduce fossil fuel use.

FIGURE 18 Gas Guzzlers Huge recreational vehicles use a lot of gas, increasing our need for oil.

ANSWERS

Map It 1. Asia Pacific; 42.0 thousand million

barrels2. North America has smaller re-

serves than anywhere except Asia Pacific.

3. Middle East

Lesson 3 Assessment For answers to the Lesson 3 Assessment, see page A–27 at the back of the book.