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8/6/2019 Consequences of Neglect
1/44
Colleen Moore
Jeremy Oenstein
Nancy Shulock
July 2011
Caliornia State University, Sacramento
ii r hihr dcaiadrhip & picy
Performance Trends in California Higher Education
ConsequenCes of negleCt:
6000 J Steet, Tahoe Hall 3063 | Sacaento, CA 95819-6081
T (916) 278-3888 | F (916) 278-3907 | www.csus.edu/ihelpInstitute or Higher Education Leadership & Policy
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| iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Executive Summary
Calona lawakes hae oun t nceasngl cult to
otect the states nestent n ts colleges an unestes
oe the last ecae este the gowng eence that the state
nees a oe o ts ctzens to ean ostsecona ceentals.Atonall, Calona hghe eucaton contnues to oeate
wthout eecte coonaton an wth no state-leel lannng,
este contnue calls o the state to set goals an eelo
lans to ensue that ts colleges an unestes wll e 21st
Centu econoc coetteness an socal well-beng. Ths
eot eonstates the consequences o estng on eutatons
an olces o esteea. Calona s nowhee nea a leae on
the easues o hghe eucaton eoance that the natons
goenos an eucatonal leaes hae been tackng o oe a
ecae. We ae aeage, at best, an tenng ownwa.
Oe the seen eas that the insttute o Hghe EucatonLeaesh & polc (iHELp) has been tackng these easues,
eeloe b a leang natonal olc oganzaton (see
box), thee has been oeent n onl one aea the
eaaton o hgh school stuents o college an we ae
stll wose than ost states n that catego. iHELp oes ths
eot n the hoe that Calonans wll cot to eesng the
ten towa oucng oung geneatons that ae not as well
eucate as we nee the to be. in atcula, we hoe that
those who benette n the letes o the ublc colleges
an unestes that ae the state geat wll act to ao
that sae ootunt to oung Calonans an eese the
eclne towa the botto o the ack. it s a seous stake
to assue that a subset o hgh ole, hgh eong
colleges an unestes equates to a ublc ostsecona
sste that s u to the task o eucatng gowng geneatons
o Calonans. The outcoes ocuente n ths eot ae
not ones to celebate. Tes ae tough but the ae tough
acoss the count. Calona shoul o bette.
Key Findings by Category
n Calonas eoance n each o the categoes lace
the state no hghe than aeage, excet atcaton,
whee the ata showng stong atcaton coae to
othe states a be outate an not account o ecent
ecesson-elate buget cuts an enollent essues.
n Whle stll eong wose than ost states on natonal
easues, ntenal state ata show oeent n the aea
o eang K-12 stuents o hghe eucaton, nclung
aong the une-eesente not oulatons whose
college eaaton has lagge.
n Calona ates about aeage aong the states on
aoablt, but buget cuts an substantal nceases n
tuton an ees a be eong the states oston on
aoablt; ang o sng an unectable college
costs s a challenge o an o the states stuents an
the ales.
About this Report Series:Ths s the outh n iHELps sees o eots eousl ttle The Grades are In. Each eot (2004, 2006, an
2008) ollowe the ublcaton b the Natonal Cente o publc polc an Hghe Eucaton o ts b-annual Measuring Up eot gang
the 50 states on the eoance o the hghe eucaton sstes.1The Grades are In eots exloe Calonas gaes n oe eth
an oe atonal analses o eoance b egon an b ace/ethnct. 2 The Natonal Cente not ssue a Measuring Up eot
ca n 2010 n antcaton o ts lanne closue. Ths eot uses aalable ata to ate the eoance o Calona hghe eucaton n a
natonal context an uates the o analses o aatons acoss egons an gous wthn the state.3
Methods: We exane Calonas eoance n sx categoes: eaaton, atcaton, aoablt, coleton, benets, an nance. We
use ata o the Natonal Cente o Hghe Eucaton manageent Sstes (NCHEmS) inoaton Cente o Hghe Eucaton polcakng
an Analss4 to calculate Calonas eoance elate to othe states. We not eo sla coutatons o the othe 49 states;
theeoe, we cannot cte to-eong states n each catego o Calonas secc laceent aong states, excet whee we coent on
nual easues wthn a catego. in aton to the state-leel easues o NCHEmS, we use othe souces o ata to analze eoance
b egon an b ace/ethnct, an to assess tens oe te. (See Aences 1 an 3 o oe etals about ethoolog.)
Category Current Performance 7-year Trend
peaaton Wose than ost states
Aoablt Aeage
patcaton Bette than ost states
Coleton Aeage
Benets Aeage
Fnance Aeage
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
n Coaatel hghe atcaton n college too o ten
als to lea to egee coleton. Whle gauaton
ates o ull-te stuents ae hgh, Calona eos
ool on the nube o egees awae n elaton to
enollent.
n The ublc benets assocate wth eucatonal
attanent a be at sk. Whle the shae o the
oulaton wth a bachelos egee s hghe than n
an states, Calonas elate oston s eclnng as
each successel ounge wokng-age geneaton s less
hghl eucate than the one beoe.
n Calona ranks 50th aong states n total unng e
stuent. State-allocatedunng s a lttle below thenatonal aeage but tuition revenue e stuent to
suot ublc hghe eucaton s arbelow the natonal
aeage, owng to the e low tuton n the lage
count college sste. The aeage state eenue
an lowest tuton eenue cobne to leae Calona n
last lace n total unng e stuent.
n Acoss all categoes o whch ata et egonal an
acal/ethnc beakowns, thee ae sgncant sates
that theaten utue eucatonal attanent an
coetteness. Black an Latno stuents contnue to
lag behn othe acal/ethnc gous n leels o college
eaaton, atcaton, an coleton. The gowng
nlan aeas o the state geneall lag the ole, coastal
countes n eoance.
Conclusions
n Calonas utue oset ests on ts ablt to
aatcall oe outcoes o those oulatons
an egons that seousl lag the est o the state. These
nclue gants, nate st-geneaton college
stuents, an low-ncoe nuals o all aces anethnctes. Closng these eoance gas ust
becoe a to state ot wth a oe ublct
an accountablt b colleges an unestes and
lawakes o ensung equtable ootuntes o
access to ostsecona nsttutons that ae eque
o an cotte to stuent success.
n The cuent aoach to unng hghe eucaton an
settng olces s not eecte. Whethe t be one
on a statewe o egonal bass, thee ust be bette
lannng, bette ata, we noleent o lawakes,
an oe authot to ut n lace the stuctues an
olces that wll ouce bette state-we outcoes.
Othe states ae takng a oe oacte an ntentonal
stes to oe ostsecona success, such as
jonng Complete College America, bulng ntegate
ata sstes, eelong stategc lans, changng
the ncentes n the nance olces, an aotng
statewe accountablt lans that seak to tal state
goals. Calona ust egan the uoseul aoach
to hghe eucaton that t oele oe t eas ago
wth the maste plan o Hghe Eucaton.
Outline o Report
intene as a esouce o those nteeste n ong
the nubes o Calonans who ean ostsecona
ceentals o alue o ou ublc colleges an
unestes, ths eot nclues:
3 an assessent o Calonas oeall eoance n each
o sx categoes, base on the ata gathee b NCHEmS5
3 analses o ata o othe souces that allow o abeakown o eoance b egon6 an ace/ethnct,
n oe to ocus attenton on the ke aatons that
waant olc attenton7
3 a sua o tens n each eoance aea
3 a be escton o soe ke ssues n each
eoance aea to oe the context o ossble
actons to oe eoance, wth a lst o esouce
ateals whee oe secc ecoenatons a be
oun o olc ssues o nteest
3 aences to assst those wth an nteest n the etals
o the coutatons, nclung ou ethoolog o
etenng Calonas elate eoance aong
the states.
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1 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Preparation: Worse than Most States
+ Calona anks 8th n the nube o Ap scoes at 3o aboe e 1,000 junos/senos.
The hgh school gauaton ate o the state s 68%,
ankng 36th aong the states.
The state anks no bette than 39th n the shae o 8th
gaes who scoe at the ocent leel o bette on
the Natonal Assessent o Eucatonal pogess.
How is Caliornia Perorming?Preparation
College eaness s tcall ene an easue n tes
o stuents acaec sklls an eaaton to succee ncollege-leel couses. Whle thee ae an non-acaec
actos that aect ostsecona success, nclung stuents
otaton, cotent, te anageent sklls, an
unestanng o the college context, easues o these
attbutes ae not as eal aalable.
in tes o acaec eaaton o college, Calona
eos wose than ost states. The one bght sot
coae to othe states s the nube o Aance
placeent (Ap) test scoes at 3 o aboe (the scoe neee
to ecee college cet), on whch the state anke 8th.
Although Calonas Ap stuents ae elatel well eae,
othe ncatos ont to eaaton obles aong
the ajot o stuents. in atcula, leels o eaaton
aong 8th gaes wee low as easue b the
stanaze tests that ake u the Natonal Assessent o
Eucatonal pogess. On all ou subject tests, 25% o ewe
8th gaes teste as ocent o bette an the state anks
nea the botto on these easues. The states hgh school
gauaton ate s also low elate to othe states neal
a th o nnth gaes n the state o not colete hgh
school wthn ou eas.
Key Findings: Regional Dierences
n pocenc n ath an language ats aong 8th gaes,
as easue b the Calona Stanas Tests (CST), aes
conseabl acoss egons (Table 1).
The ate o ocenc n ath aong 8th gaes
anges o 50% o oe n the ino-mono egon
an Oange Count to about 33% n the inlan
Ee an the San Joaqun valle.
Over 60% of 8th graders are proficient in language
ats n Oange Count an the San Fancsco Ba,
whle 45% o 8th gaes n the South San Joaqun
valle ae ocent.
n deences n the nube o hgh scoes on college
entance exas efect aaton n both the shae o
stuents takng the tests an the e oance o the test-
takes. The nube o SAT test-takes as a shae o hgh
school senos was 40% o oe n the San Fancsco Ba
aea an Oange Count. in contast, less than one-quate
o senos n Sueo Calona, South San Joaqun valle,
the Noth Coast, an the Ue Sacaento valle took
the SAT.
n Slal, the nube o hgh scoes on Ap exas efects,at least n at, eences n the aalablt o Ap couses
an exas acoss the state. Ap test takes as a shae o
juno an seno enollent was 25% o oe n the
Cental Coast, Los Angeles an Oange Countes, the San
Fancsco Ba, an San dego/ieal, but onl 12% to
18% n all othe egons.
n Hgh schools n soe egons ae bette able to oe
stuents wth a oe goous set o couses to eae
the o college (Fgue 1).
The shae o 8th gaes takng algeba anges o 45%
n the Cental Coast an the ino-mono egon to oe
60% n the San Fancsco Ba an the inlan Ee.
Enollent n chest an hscs as a shae o
11th an 12th gae stuents s below 50% n all
egons, an enollent n aance ath couses s
geneall een lowe, angng o 18% n the South
San Joaqun valle to about 37% n the San Fancsco
Ba, Oange Count an the ino-mono egon.
About 20% of high school graduates in the Upper
Sacaento valle an Noth Coast egons
colete the college-eaato cuculu
eque o ent to the states ublc unestes
(known as the a-g couses), whle 40% o oe o
gauates n Los Angeles an Oange Countes, the
San dego-ieal egon, an the San Fancsco
Ba colete that set o couses.
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3 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
How is Caliornia Perorming?Preparation
RegionShare of 8th Graders ator Above Proficient in
Math, 2010*
Share of 8th Graders ator Above Proficient in
Language Arts, 2010
Number of AP Scores >=3per 1,000 11th and 12th
Graders, 2008-09
Number of Scores on SAT>=1500 and on ACT >=21
per 1,000 HS Seniors, 2008-09
ino-mono 53% 55% 132 210
Oange Count 50% 63% 414 377
Cental Coast 49% 58% 277 290
San Fancsco Ba 47% 61% 366 384
San dego/ieal 44% 60% 330 282
Sacaento-Tahoe 44% 58% 178 246
Sueo Calona 40% 57% 130 184
Noth Coast 39% 52% 118 172
Ue Sacaento valle 39% 53% 102 163
montee Ba 37% 49% 172 201
Los Angeles Count 37% 48% 264 232
Noth San Joaqun valle 35% 48% 124 149
South San Joaqun valle 34% 45% 109 113
inlan Ee 32% 50% 152 150
Table 1
K-12 Preparation Measures by Region
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton
* refects the eoance o stuents who took the CST o ethe Geneal matheatcs o Algeba i
n Twent ecent o Calona 11th gaes atcatng
n the CSUs Eal Assessent poga eonstateeaness o college n Englsh, whle 14% eonstate
eaness o college-leel ath an anothe 41% wee
contonall ea (Fgue 2).8 reaness n Englsh ae
o 14% n the South San Joaqun valle to 27% n the
Cental Coast, an ath eaness (nclung contonal)
ae o 42% n the montee Ba to 67% n the Cental
Coast. A lage shae o Calona junos atcate n
the Englsh EAp (81%) than the ath (38%). All junos ae
elgble to take the Englsh EAp exa whle onl thoseenolle n a ath class at the leel o inteeate Algeba
o hghe can take the ath exa. The shae o junos
takng the ath exa ae substantall acoss egons,
o 26% n the Noth Coast to 43% n Oange Count.
most egons ha about thee-quates o oe o junos
takng the Englsh exa, although t was soewhat lowe
(67%) n the Noth Coast.
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Figure 1
Enrollment in College Preparatory Courses by Region
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton
Share o 8th Graders taking Algebra, 2009-10
Enrollment in Chemistry/Physics as a Share o 11th-12th Grade Enrollment, 2008-09
Enrollment in Advanced Math Courses as a Share o 11th-12th Grade Enrollment, 2008-09
Share o HS Grads Completing A-G, 2009
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
inlan Ee
San Fancsco Ba
Noth San Joaqun valle
South San Joaqun valle
San dego/ieal
Oange Count
Los Angeles Count
Noth Coast
Sueo Calona
montee Ba
Ue Sacaento valle
Sacaento-Tahoe
ino-mono
Cental Coast
Statewide
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5 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
How is Caliornia Perorming?Preparation
Figure 2
Share o Tested 11th Graders Demonstrating Readiness or College on Early Assessment Program (E AP) Exams
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona State Unest
Key Findings: Racial/Ethnic Dierences
n Asan20 an whte 8th gae stuents ae neal twce as
lkel to be ocent n ath an language ats as ae
black an Latno stuents (Fgue 3).
n Black an Latno stuents ae substantall less lkel to
take aance ath n hgh school an to colete the
sees o couses eque o asson to the states
ublc unestes, although thee s less sat n
the shae o 8th gaes takng algeba (Fgue 4). Asan
stuents ae the ost lkel to take goous college
eaato cousewok.
n Black an Latno stuents ae less lkel to atcate n
the Eal Assessent poga, esecall n ath. Aong
11th gaes, onl 24% o black an 30% o Latno stuents
took the ath EAp exa, coae to 41% o whte an
60% o Asan stuents, lkel elate to the lowe shae oblack an Latno stuents enolle n the leel o ath
couse that quales the to atcate. dsates n
takng the Englsh exa ae less stak, wth 69% o black
stuents an 75% o Latnos atcatng, coae to
79% o whte an 88% o Asan stuents.
n Aong hgh school junos who take the EAp exas, black
an Latno stuents ae substantall less lkel to be oun
ea o college (Fgue 5).
Scored Ready or College in English, 2010 Scored Ready or College in Math, 2010 Scored Ready - Conditional in Math, 2010
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Cental Coast
San Fancsco Ba
Oange Count
ino-mono
San dego/ieal
Sacaento-Tahoe
Sueo Calona
Noth Coast
Ue Sacaento valle
montee Ba
Los Angeles Count
inlan Ee
Noth San Joaqun valle
South San Joaqun valle
Statewide
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Figure 4
Enrollment in College Preparatory Courses by Race/Ethnicity
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Asan/pacc islane
Whte
Hsanc o Latno
Black
Share o 8th Graders taking Algebra, 2009-10
Enrollment in Chemistry/Physics as a Share o 11th-12th Grade Enrollment, 2008-09
Enrollment in Advanced Math Courses as a Share o 11th-12th Grade Enrollment, 2008-09
Share o High School Graduates Completing A-G, 2008-09
65%65%
61%55%
59%43%
41%
57%
52%
34%
34%
34%
19%
17%
26%
27%
Figure 3
8th Grade Profciency on the Caliornia Standards Tests
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Asan/pacc islane
Whte
Hsanc o Latno
Black
Share o 8th Graders scoring at or above profcient on CST or Language Arts, 2010
Share o 8th Graders scoring at or above profcient on CST or Mathmatics, 2010
74%66%
71%53%
40%30%
25%40%
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7 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
How is Caliornia Perorming?Preparation
Perormance Trends
n The shae o 8th gaes scong at o aboe the ocent
leel n ath ncease oe the last seeal eas, o 28%
n 2004 to 40% n 2010. Stuents o all acal/ethnc gous
oe the eoance (Fgue 6), but substantal
sates ean between whte an Asan stuents on the
one han an black an Latno stuents on the othe.
n math ocenc oe n all egons o the state, wthnceases o teen ecentage onts o oe n the South
San Joaqun valle, the San dego/ieal egon, an Los
Angeles Count.
n The shae o Calona 8th gaes ocent n language ats
ncease b 20 ecentage onts, o 33% n 2004 to 53%
n 2010 (Fgue 7). The ate o ocenc ouble o black
an Latno stuents, but a substantal sat wth whte an
Asan stuents eans. Language ats ocenc ncease
substantall n all egons o the state.
n The shae o Calona 8th gaes takng algeba has ncease
substantall, o 38% n 2003-04 to 58% n 2009-10 (Fgue
8). An ncease occue o all acal/ethnc gous an n all
egons. patculal lage nceases o about 25 ecentage
onts wee seen n the ual aeas o the Noth Coast, ino-
mono, an Sueo Calona, an n the Noth San Joaqun
valle, the San Fancsco Ba, an Oange Count.
n Enollent n aance ath couses as a shae o hgh
school junos an senos was about 29% statewe o 2009-
10 coae to 27% n 2003-04, a sall ncease ossbl
elate to the ncease n 8th gaes takng algeba. Thee
was also a sall ncease n enollent n chest an
hscs as a shae o junos an senos, o 38% n 2003-
04 to 41% n 2009-10.
n The shae o hgh school gauates coletng the a-g
cuculu has eane al fat at 35% (Fgue 9). Thee
wee slght nceases wthn acal/ethnc gous, but the
oeall ate has not ncease because o the gowng shae o
gauates that s Latno (wth a lowe ate o coletng a-g).
The changes ae acoss egons, wth a nube o egons
actuall showng eclnes: the Noth Coast, Sueo Calona,
the Ue Sacaento valle, the Noth San Joaqun valle,
an Sacaento-Tahoe. The shae o gauates coletng a-g
ncease o between one an e ecentage onts n the
othe egons.
n moe hgh school junos ae atcatng n the Eal
Assessent poga. Between 2006 an 2010, the shae o
junos takng the Englsh exa ose o 67% to 80% anthe shae takng the ath exa ncease o 29% to 38%.
The shae eetng college eaness stanas n Englsh
ncease o 15% n 2006 to 21% n 2010 (Fgue 10),
nceasng aong all acal/ethnc gous an all egons.
The share determined to be ready for college math
(nclung ea-contonal) ose onl slghtl o
55% to 57%, although the nceases wee soewhat
lage aong non-whte stuents (Fgue 11).
Figure 5
Share o Tested 11th Graders Demonstrating Readiness or College on Early Assessment Program (EAP) Exams
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Cal ona deatent o Eucaton
Scored Ready or College in English, 2010 Scored Ready or College in Math, 2010 Scored Ready - Conditional in Math, 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Asan/pacc islane Whte Hsanc o Latno Black
34%29%
46%
32% 32%
17%
48%
10% 10%6% 4%
36%
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Figure 6
Trends in Math Profciency o 8th Graders
Figure 7
Trends in Language Arts Profciency o 8th Graders
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
40%41%47% 50%50%
53%58% 62%
66%
37%33%
28%25%22%26% 30%
18%21%15% 12%
PercentatoraboveProfcient
Asan/pacc islane Whte Hsanc o Latno Black All 8th Gaes
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
50% 51%
18%25%
31%
40% 40% 41%33%
45%53%
19%27%
32%
59%62% 63%
71%66%
74%
PercentatoraboveProfcient
Asan/pacc islane Whte Hsanc o Latno Black All 8th Gaes
2004 2006 2008 2010
2004 2006 2008 2010
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9 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
How is Caliornia Perorming?Preparation
Figure 8
Trend in Percent o 8th Graders Taking Algebra
Figure 9
Trend in High School Graduates Completing A-G Courses
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton
2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10
2003 2005 2007 2009
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pe
rcentEnrolledinAlgebra
Asan/paccislane
Whte Hsanc oLatno
Black All 8thGaes
50%
40%35%
32%
44%47% 47%
52% 51%
38%
49%45%
48%
57% 58%53%
59%58%63% 65%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
PercentCompletingA-G
Asan/paccislane
Whte Hsanc oLatno
Black All Gauates
52%54% 55% 55%
39% 39%41% 41%
21% 24% 24%25% 25%26% 26% 27%
33% 35% 35% 35%
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11 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
most o the NCHEmS easues o aoablt ae o 2008
an ecee the wost acts o the nancal css. As o
2008, the states oeall eoance was aeage an efects
goo eoance on soe easues an oo eoance
on othes. relate to othe states, Calona eos bette
on easues o aoablt that o not account o the cost
o lng. in atcula, low ncoe ales nee a salleshae o the ncoe to coe the cost o tuton an ees at
a count college an the state has oe a ecte
towas low ncoe ales. Calonas eoance s
wose on easues o aoablt that nclue the cost o
oo an boa. Wth oo an boa nclue, attenng
the states ate ou-ea colleges an ublc two-ea
colleges s oe exense than n ost othe states whle
the cost o attenance at a ublc ou-ea college s aeage.
Snce 2008, howee, the econoc css has seeel
eoe Calonas hghe eucaton bugets. To ake
u o the lost eenue, tuton has ncease n all theesegents an ost aatcall n the CSU an UC, whle
al ncoe has stagnate. Whle othe states hae
seen sla tens, attenng college n Calona a be
less aoable elate to othe states toa than t was n
2008 gen the states hghe uneloent an slowe
econoc ecoe. Concens about aoablt hae
cetanl ncease, as 57% o aents wth chlen 18 o
ounge ae e woe about beng able to ao college,
coae to 43% who elt that wa thee eas ago. 21
Key Findings
data ae not aalable o state souces to calculate
aoablt easues b egon o b ace/ethnct.Stuent ee leels wthn each segent o hghe eucaton
ae the sae acoss the state,22 whle aeage househol
ncoe an cost o lng a both b egon an b ace/
ethnct. Aoablt calculatons sla to those use b
NCHEmS woul eque ata to ajust o stuent nancal
a b egon an ace/ethnct. instea o ong
atonal etal b egon an ace/ethnct, we look at
how the aoablt tens a be eent acoss the
segents an o eent gous o stuents because o
the states nancal a olces.
n The Cal Gant oga s stuctue to otect elgblestuents o the act o sng tuton. Because the
sze o the Cal Gant nceases to coe tuton nceases,
those UC an CSU stuents who ecee tuton
assstance though Cal Gants hae not been aesel
aecte b ecent tuton nceases. Fnancall nee
count college stuents hae been hel haless
o ee nceases as well because the ees ae wae
une the Boa o Goenos Fee Wae oga.
rsng tuton has ost cetanl nshe aoablt,
howee, o stuents who o not qual o Cal Gant
tuton a because the o not eet ncoe, acaec,o othe equeents (e.g., unocuente gants,
age/te out o hgh school).
n Aoablt has eclne sgncantl o stuents who
el on the access oton o Cal Gants ntene o
non-tuton costs lke housng, textbooks, tansotaton,
an othe lng exenses. The xe $1,551 access awa
has not ket ace wth sng college costs. Table 2 shows
that the non-tuton oton o college costs s substantal
n all segents, et these costs ae not well aesse b
the Cal Gant oga.
n Fnancall nee UC stuents (as etene b
eeal a entons) hae lkel weathee the sng
costs o hghe eucaton bette than stuents n the
othe segents. UC has an nsttutonal a oga
that contbutes towa unet nee eanng ate
eeal, state, an ate a ae ale. its Blue an
Gol Ootunt poga coes tuton an ees o
stuents o ales wth ncoes o u to $80,000
How is Caliornia Perorming?Aordability
Aordability: Average
+ Calonas ooest ales a the lowest shaeo the ncoe o tuton at the lowest-ce
college.
+ State gant a tagete to low-ncoe ales as
a shae o pell gant a was hghe than n ost
states. The state anke 14th on ths easue.
The state anke 26th on the ecent o al
ncoe to a o ublc 4-ea college (nclung
oo an boa).
The state anke below ost states n the shaeo al ncoe neee to a o ate ou-
ea an ublc two-ea college (nclung
oo an boa).
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13 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Figure 12
Share o Students Eligible or Competitive Cal Grant Who Received a Grant
How is Caliornia Perorming?Aordability
Souce: Calona Stuent A Cosson, Facts at Your Fingertips: Competitive Cal Grant Program eots o 2001-02 though 2010-11
(ong assstance to those who ont qual o
tuton gants une Cal Gant) an eas othe
eucatonal exenses o soe stuents. in aton, the
oga coes tuton increases o stuents wth al
ncoes u to $120,000.
n insttutonal a ogas at UC an CSU hae been
nceasng the nube an sze o the awas n ecent eas,
as the ae une n at o nceasng tuton eenues.
n Count college stuents hae lkel been the
ost etentall aecte b sng costs o college
attenance. Thee s no nsttutonal a oga
(beon ee waes) n the count colleges lke
thee s o UC an CSU to suleent Cal Gantsan pell Gants. Futheoe, CCC stuents ae oe
eenent on the coette Cal Gants because
elgblt o the enttleent gants s lte to ecent
hgh school gauates, an uch geate ootons o
CCC stuents ae o non-tatonal college age. Fgue
12 shows how the xe nube ocompetitive Cal Gants
has accounte o shal nshng shaes o elgble
stuents eceng such gants.
Perormance Trends
Whle ost states hae ncease tuton/ees substantall
n ecent eas, Calonas nceases hae exceee thenatonal aeage ate o ncease (Table 3).
The aeage total tuton an ees a b esent
unegauate stuents at UC an CSU ncease
substantall oe the last ecae. Tuton/ees ncease
o $3,859 n 2001-02 to $11,279 n 2010-11 at UC, an wll
ncease to $13,218 n 2011-12. At CSU, the ncease o
$1,876 to $5,285, wth a scheule ncease to $6,422 n
2011-12. The natonal aeage o tuton n ublc ou-ea
nsttutons was $7,605 n 2010-11.
The enollent ee at the CCC ncease o $11 e untn 2001-02 to $18 e unt n 2003-04, an ncease agan
to $26 e unt n 2004-05. The ee was euce back to $20
e unt n 2006-07, then ase back to $26 e unt n 2009-
10. deste a scheule ncease to $36 e unt n 2011-12,
ees n the count colleges woul ean the lowest n
the naton, an woul be less than hal (40%) the cuent
natonal aeage.
CCC CSU UC
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
University Community College
YearUC1 CSU2
National Avg forPublic 4-yr
CCC3National Avg for
Public 2-yr
2001-02 $3,859 $1,876 $3,766 $330 $1,608
2002-03 $4,017 $2,005 $4,098 $330 $1,674
2003-04 $5,530 $2,572 $4,645 $540 $1,909
2004-05 $6,312 $2,916 $5,126 $780 $2,079
2005-06 $6,802 $3,164 $5,492 $780 $2,182
2006-07 $6,852 $3,199 $5,804 $600 $2,266
2007-08 $7,517 $3,521 $6,191 $600 $2,294
2008-09 $8,027 $3,849 $6,591 $600 $2,372
2009-10 $9,311 $4,893 $7,050 $780 $2,558
2010-11 $11,279 $5,285 $7,605 $780 $2,713
2011-12 $13,218 $6,422 NA $1,080 NA
Total incease 242% 243% 102% 227% 69%
Aeage Annual incease 13.4% 13.5% 8.1% 15.3% 6.0%
1 Includes the systemwide tuition and the average campus-based ees (excluding health insurance ees which can be waived)
2 Includes the systemwide tuition or more than 6 units and the average campus-based ees
3 Represents the total ee or a ull-time load o 30 units
Table 3Average Annual Tuition/Fees or Resident Undergraduate Students
UC CSU CCC
Exenses Exclung Tuton/Fees (o-caus housng) $16,578 $16,578 $16,578
2010-11 Tuton/Fees $11,279 $5,285 $780
Total $27,857 $21,863 $17,358
Non-Tuton/Fees Shae o Total Cost 60% 76% 96%
Table 2
Non-Tuition/Fees as a Share o Total Cost o Attendance at a Public College or University in Caliornia
Souce: data o UC, CSU, an CCC gathee o the Calona postsecona Eucaton Cosson, Resident Undergraduate Fees in Actual
Dollars, at htt://www.cec.ca.go/Fscaldata/FeesOtons.as. Fgues o the natonal aeage wee obtane o The College Boas
Trends in College Pricing eots (htt://www.collegeboa.co/htl/costs/cng/)
Souce: Calona Stuent A Cosson, Proposed 2010-11 Student Budget, an Calona postsecona Eucaton Cosson, Resident
Undergraduate Fees in Actual Dollars
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15 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Table 4
College Participation Rates by Region
As wth aoablt, the NCHEmS easues o atcaton
ae o 2008 an 2009, beoe the wost act o
the ecesson on hghe eucaton. Accong to those
easues, atcaton ates n Calona ae bette than
n ost states. The state anks 6th n the ecent o 18-24
ea ols enolle n college an a lage shae o stuents
enoll n college wthn one ea o gauatng hgh school.
Howee, Calona anks towas the le o states n
the nube o st-te ostsecona enollents as
a shae o the nube o 9th gaes ou eas eale.
The sceanc between 9th gaes chance o college
an the hgh atcaton ate o oung aults s lkel
exlane b Calonas lowe hgh school gauaton ate.
The atcaton ate aong wokng-age ault stuents
s also hghe than n othe states, although the low ees at
count colleges lkel encouage oe enollent o
aults o esonal nteest athe than usut o ceentals
o othe wokoce-elate uoses than s the case n
othe states. it s lkel, howee, that Calonas oston on
atcaton ates has eclne because the buget cuts
hae nshe the states hghe eucaton caact.
Key Findings: Regional Dierences
n The ecent o 18- to 24-ea-ols enolle n college aes
substantall acoss egons (Table 4). The ate s oe 50%
n the Cental Coast, the Ue Sacaento valle, an
Oange Count,28 but s less than 30% n the South San
Joaqun valle an the ino-mono egon.
n The ecent o aults age 25 an ole enolle n college
aes less acoss egons, angng o thee to sx ecent.
Wthn the egons, howee, the atcaton ates o ths
RegionPercent of 18-24
Year-Olds Enrolled inCollege
Percent of Adults Ages25+ Enrolled
in College
Cental Coast 56% 4.7%
Ue Sacaentovalle
54% 5.6%
Oange Count 52% 5.7%
San Fancsco Ba 49% 5.7%
Sacaento-Tahoe 48% 6.2%
montee Ba 45% 5.3%
San dego/ieal 44% 6.1%
Los Angeles Count 43% 5.5%
Noth Coast 41% 4.5%
inlan Ee 36% 5.4%
Noth San Joaqun
valle35% 4.9%
Sueo Calona 34% 4.6%
South San Joaqun
valle27% 4.4%
ino-mono 22% 3.4%
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Census
Bueaus 2009 Aecan Count Sue (ACS), excet as
sece n ennote 28.
How is Caliornia Perorming?Participation
Participation: Better than Most States
+ Calona has hgh leels o atcaton aongtatonal age college stuents coae to
othe states.
+ The state anks 5th n the shae o ole stuents
enolle elate to the oulaton o wokng
aults wthout a bachelos egee.
The state anks 25th n the nube o st-te
ostsecona stuents as a ecentage o 9th
gaes enolle ou eas eale.
age gou ae lowe n countes whee esents lack eas
access to a count college, wth ates o less than thee
ecent n Aao, Colusa, maosa, mooc, mono, Sea,
an Tuolune Countes.
n The atcaton ates n Table 4 ae aecte b the locaton
o unestes, esecall o the Ue Sacaento valle
egon. Fo the oung ault oulaton, the atcaton
ate aong countes othe than Butte Count s onl 17% to
31%, but the locaton o CSU Chco an ts 16,000 stuents n
Butte Count ases the oeall ate o the egon to 54%.
n The college-gong ate ectl o hgh school aes
o a low o 40% n the montee Ba an ino-mono to
a hgh o 70% n the Cental Coast (Fgue 13). A 9th gaen the ino-mono egon has a 26% chance o enollng n
college wthn ou eas, whle the chance s 56% o 9th
gaes n the Cental Coast.
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Key Issues in Participation
States budget problems are reducing college access
declnes n atcaton ae lkel elate to buget
cuts n hghe eucaton athe than lowe nteest n
attenng college. Accong to ecent olls, Calonanscontnue to lace a hgh alue on college, an ae een
oe lkel than eole natonwe to sa college s e
otant o acheng econoc success.29 Geneall,
college enollent nceases ung a ecesson, esecall
n count colleges, as hgh uneloent akes
college attenance oe attacte than enteng the
wokoce an eole enoll to e-tan o ugae the
sklls to be oe aketable to eloes.30 Howee,
buget-elate enollent cuts, along wth tuton
nceases, hae ae college attenance oe cult. UC
has tghtene assons equeents to soe causes
an ncease asson o out-o-state stuents, who ae
chage thee tes the tuton o state esents. moe
Calona stuents ae beng ene asson to the
eee nsttuton an eecte to lowe-ean
causes o lace on watng lsts. CSU s esgnatng
an nceasng nube o ogas an causes as
acte an nceasng assons ctea, wth soe
CSU-elgble stuents beng let wthout access to een
the local CSU. The CCC ae oen access nsttutons,
an achee enollent euctons al b eucng
couse oengs; the oee 38,000 ewe couse sectons
n 2009-10 than n the eous ea.
State leaders need to be more strategic about
rationing access to postsecondary education
Wth buget constants ltng access to ublc hghe
eucaton, the states leaes shoul ensue that ths
atonng s one n a wa that s best algne wth state
goals. Fo the count colleges, on whch the state
eles to ensue boa access, ths onts to the nee to
otect the thee coe ssons -- basc sklls (eeal),
tanse, an caee techncal eucaton. A outh aea
enollent n couses o esonal nteest ust be a
lowe ot n toas constane scal enonentan wth the ugent nee to ncease eucaton leels.
pootng le-long leanng s a aluable sece to local
countes, but wth college access beng atone
b the shnkng aalablt o classes, we shoul not
exect (ehas not allow) the colleges to enoll well
eucate aults n hghl-subsze couses when those
subses coul be use to suot those stuents who
seek a college ceental o wokoce-elate tanng.
Count colleges can esee the statue as aluable
count esouces b ong access to lelong
leanng though extenson echanss.
CCC should reconceive its access mission around
programs, not coursesThe count colleges oe a we aa o ogas,
et oe lte suot to hel stuents choose
o aong what can be an oewhelng nube
o otons.31 The colleges geneall o not oganze
the nstuctonal oengs aoun a coheent set o
ogas wth a sequence o classes that stuents can
cleal access as the ogess though a oaa o
cetcate o egee equeents. The access sson
sees to be concee aoun accessng couses, athe
than accessng ogas. Class scheules ae tcall
base on hstocal attens o stuent ean, acult
aalablt, an elate class costs. Buget cuts ae oe
lkel to be aesse b cuttng low-enolle couses than
elnatng low-enolle o low-eong ogas. in
ost cases, stuents o not eclae ajos an colleges
o not tack stuent ogess wthn ogas. Asng
stuents s too oten base on what couses t the
scheules athe than what the nee to ulll oga
equeents. reconceng the access sson aoun
ogas, not just couses, coul hae teenous
aantages as stuents woul not sen te an one
on classes the ont nee o want an those classes
woul be aalable o stuents who o nee the.Colleges coul otze the class scheule aoun a set o
ogas an oe access o oe stuents.
Resources (see Appendix 4)
ppiC, Higher Education in Caliornia: New Goals or the
Master Plan
CSHE, Beyond the Master Plan: The Case or Restructuring
Baccalaureate Education in Caliornia
CCrC, Get with the Program: Accelerating Community
College Students Entry Into and Completion o Programs
o Study; The Shapeless River: Does a Lack o Structure
Inhibit Student Progress at Community Colleges?
LAO, The Master Plan at 50: Guaranteed Regional
Access Needed or State Universities; The 2011-12 Budget:
Prioritizing Course Enrollment at the Community Colleges
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Key Findings: Racial/Ethnic Dierences
n Aong Asan hgh school gauates, 67% go ectl to
college, a ate substantall hghe than o othe acal/ethnc gous (Fgue 14).32
n The ect college-gong ates o black an Latno hgh
school gauates ae coaable to those o whte
gauates. But thee s a bg sat on the secon
easue shown n the gue - a substantall lowe
ecentage o black an Latno 9th gaes enoll n
college wthn ou eas, efectng lowe hgh school
gauaton ates aong these oulatons.
Perormance Trends
n The college-gong ate o hgh school gauates ncease
between 2003 an 2007, but eclne n 2009 (Fgue 15), a
atten seen aong all acal/ethnc gous. The eclne n
atcaton was geate o black stuents than o othe
gous, although that ght sl efect the salle
nube o black stuents n Calona coae to the othe
gous, whch nceases the olatlt o easung changes
oe te (note that the ncease n atcaton n the o
eas was also geate).33
n College-gong ates n 2003 efecte a context o ecesson-
elate buget cuts to ublc colleges an unestes
accoane b substantal nceases n stuent ees,
both o whch lkel eesse atcaton ates, so the
gans between 2003 an 2007 wee ostl just estong
ates to eale leels. The o n 2009 occue ung a
sla eo o ecesson-elate buget cuts an tuton/
ee nceases. Accong to the Calona postsecona
Eucaton Cosson, the 2009 college-gong ate was
lowe than at an te n the last 25 eas.34
n The change n college-gong ates ae acoss egons. The
ate ncease between 2003 an 2009 n seeal o the oe
ual egons whee college-gong was lowe, but those gans
wee oe than oset b fat o eclnng college-gong ates
n the oe oulate aeas o the state.
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton an the Calona postsecona Eucaton Cosson
Figure 13
Direct College-Going Rates by Region
College Going Rate, 2009 9th Graders Enrolling in College within 4 Years, 2009
Cental Coast
Ue Sacaento valle
Oange Count
San Fancsco Ba
Los Angeles Count
Sacaento-Tahoe
Sueo Calona
South San Joaqun valle
San dego/ieal
Noth San Joaqun valle
inlan Ee
Noth Coast
ino-mono
montee Ba
Statewide
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
How is Caliornia Perorming?Participation
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Figure 14
Direct College-Going Rates by Race/Ethnicity
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton an the Calona postseconaEucaton Cosson
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona deatent o Eucaton an the Calona postseconaEucaton Cosson
College Going Rate, 2009
9th Graders Enrolling in College within 4 Years, 2009
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Asan/pacc islane
Whte
Hsanc o Latno
Black
58%
67%
43%
35%
42%
25%
39%
22%
Figure 15
Trend in Direct College-Going Rate
0%
20%
30%
40%
50%
10%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Pe
rcentGoingDirectlytoCollege
Asan/pacc islane Whte Hsanc o Latno All StuentsBlack
2003 2005 2007 2009
67%
48% 48%51% 50% 49%46%
57% 58%
39 %43% 43% 43%
53% 53% 53%
42%
70%72%
76%
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19 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Calonas oeall coleton eoance s aeage. The
state anke atculal hgh on the gauaton ates o
ull-te, st-te stuents n two- an ou-ea colleges,
but anke low on easues o coleton that coae
the nube o egees/ceentals ouce to enollents.
multle actos coul exlan the sceanc between
the states ankngs on these two tes o easues. One
ossble exlanaton s that gauaton ates n Calona
ae coaatel hgh because the states ata sstes ae
able to tack enollents an gauaton acoss ultle
causes. Othe states not oganze nto sstes, o
wthout that caact to tack stuents at the sste leel,
cant count stuents as coletes the tanse to anothe
state school. Anothe exlanaton s that, whle ull-te
stuents colete at elatel hgh leels, the state has lagenubes o at-te stuents who ae less lkel to gauate,
ullng the ato o awas to enolle stuents own to leels
lowe than n othe states.
Thee s also a sceanc n the elatel hgh nube o
assocate egees awae e 100 hgh school gauates
thee eas eale an the elatel low nube o bachelos
egees awae e 100 hgh school gauates sx eas
eale. A ossble exlanaton o the hghe elate
eoance o the two ea colleges s that count
colleges see lage nubes o wokng aults whose
egees a to those eane b stuents enollng ectlo hgh school. Thee s no equalent at ou-ea
nsttutons, whch see oe tatonal college-age
stuents enteng ectl o hgh school.
Key Findings: Regional Dierences
n The nube o baccalaueate egees awae as a
shae o enollent n UC an CSU s hghest o stuents
o the Ue Sacaento valle (25.8) an lowest o
stuents o the inlan Ee (17.8) (Fgue 16).
n vaaton b egon n awang cetcates an egeesa be aecte b seeal actos othe than the
eoance o the colleges. The egee o ehass on
the tanse sson elate to caee eucaton coul
aect awa ates, snce stuents who tanse geneall
o so wthout eanng an assocate egee. Also, local job
akets a, wth soe hang oe nee o shote-
te cetcates than othes, whch a aect awa
ates. As one exale, the excetonall hgh awa ate
o count colleges n the Ue Sacaento valle
egon efects the awa o an shot-te cetcates
(less than one ea) n agcultual oucton an
otecte seces.
n Thee s no clea elatonsh between eoance on
the two easues: egons that ank elatel hgh on
awang bachelos egees ae not the sae as those
that ank hgh on awang assocate egees.
Key Findings: Racial/Ethnic Dierences
n The nube o BA egees awae e 100
unegauates enolle n UC an CSU s hghest o
whte stuents (24.9) an lowest o Latno stuents (16.8)
(Fgue 17).
n The nube o cetcates an egees awae b
count colleges e 100 unegauates enolle s
also hghest o whte stuents (10.5) an lowest o Latno
stuents (7.8).
How is Caliornia Perorming?Completion
Completion: Average
+ Calona has the 4th hghest etenton ate o stte eshen.
+ The gauaton ate o ull-te, st-te
stuents n ou- an two-ea colleges s bette
than n ost states.
+ The state anks 12th on the nube o assocate
egees awae e 100 HS gas thee eas
eale.
The state anke 26th n the tanston ate an
coleton ates o 9th gae to college.
The nube o egees/ceentals ouce e
100 unegauates s lowe than ost states.
The state anks 41st on the nube o bachelos
egees awae e 100 HS gas 6 eas eale.
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Key Issues in Completion
Growing recognition o the need to increase
college completion; bold actions needed
The natonal ocus on college coleton has taken
hol n Calona. CSU has ntate an eot to ncease
the gauaton ate to be n the to quatle natonall
aong sla nsttutons. The CCC Boa o Goenos
has aonte a Stuent Success Task Foce to eelo
ecoenatons to ncease coleton an the
Count College League o Calona has set abtous
goals o oe cetcates an egees.35 Ths cotent
to nceasng coleton s otant, an ust be atche
b bol actons towa eo at the state, sste, an
college leels. An aoach that eles solel on shang best
actces o tng to scale u sall ogas s not gong to
aect enough stuents to oe the neele on coleton.
New transer degree should increase completion;
implementation is critical
The new assocate egees o tanse (Chate 428,
Statutes o 2010) shoul ncease the nube o assocate
egees awae b the CCC an bachelos egees
awae b the CSU, whch wll see oe an bette
eae tanse stuents. Whle the legslaton stes
o statewe consstenc n tanse equeents, t onl
authozes each o the 112 colleges to eelo a set o
egees o tanse, eanng that each college coul
eelo ts own eson o, o exale, an assocate
egee o tanse n Econocs. i that haene, the
goal to achee statewe attens to oote tel an
ecent tanse woul be thwate an the ncenteso stuents to ollow that tanse athwa woul be
euce. The CCC Acaec Senate s attetng to
eelo a sngle enton o each tanse egee
an encouage all colleges to use t, but sageeents
about the aount o secct n a el that best sees
stuents theaten to lea to egonal aatons - an
outcoe less lkel to axze egee coleton.
Need more emphasis on sub-baccalaureate credentials
Natonal eseach ns sgncant econoc benet o
cetan sub-baccalaueate ceentals,36 suggestng that
well-esgne CTE ogas coul contbute uchtowas bette outcoes o stuents an the econo.
yet the CTE sson o the CCC aeas to be an une-
alue at o the sste. Stuent nteest s hgh, wth
about 30% o couse enollents n ocatonal couses,
but e ew cetcates an ocatonal assocate egees
ae awae elate to enollents. The huge aet o
loosel-stuctue ogas an the lack o ecate
counselos to hel stuents ent CTE ogas o
nteest ake t ha o stuents to n the wa nto an
though caee ogas. The aablt acoss seengl
sla ogas n cet an ogaatc equeents
akes t ha o eloes to unestan the content an
alue o ceentals. Soe stuents an acult belee
these ceentals ae not alue b eloes, but
cetcates an egees wee esgne so as to sen clea
sgnals about the sklls an coetences o the stuents
who ean the, eloes woul lkel alue the,as s the case n othe states whee sub-baccalaueate
ceentals ae oe hghl alue an bette suote.
Measuring progress toward completion (milestones)
can help target changes in policy and practice
To aatcall ncease college coleton, the state an ts
nsttutons nee bette ata to gue changes n olc an
actce. data on stuent ogess n eetng nteeate
lestones on the athwa to college coleton can be
at o eots to hel olcakes unestan whethe
state goals ae beng et, an can oe ootuntes
o usng nance olces to ceate ncentes o stuentogess. Colleges can use ata on stuents enollent an
acaec attens, b ace/ethnct, to bette unestan
an obles eeale n stuent ogess an to ake
changes n olc an actce.
Credential quality needs attention given the
ixation on completions, but diicult to measure
polcakes an eucaton leaes ust kee ssues o
qualt at the oeont o the eot to oe college
coleton. The nteests o stuents an the state wll
be coose , n usut o nubes, we lose sght
o qualt. We nee high-qualitycetcates an egeesthat efect goous stanas an hae eal alue n the
aketlace. Whle t s cult to ene an easue
qualt, eos to hel oe stuents colete ust be
ae n the context o antanng stanas an qualt.
Wth lage nube o stuents enteng college uneae,
nnoate changes to eeloental eucaton an
oeents n K-12 college eaness eots ae ctcal to
nceasng coleton wthout saccng qualt.
Resources (see Appendix 4)
iHELp, The Road Less Traveled; Advancing by Degrees;
Taking the Next Step: The Promise o Intermediate
Measures or Meeting Postsecondary Completion Goals;
Coleton b desgn, Completion by Design
Concept Paper
inana Cosson o Hghe Eucaton, Reaching Higherwith College Completion: Moving rom Access to Success
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21 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Figure 16
Certifcates and Degrees Awarded per 100 Undergraduates Enrolled by Region
25.8
24.7
23.3
23.1
22.9
22.8
22.1
21.9
21.9
20.2
19.4
18.9
18.4
17.8
8.0
0.0
10.3
8.3
8.2
8.5
7.5
6.0
7.0
8.9
8.8
7.8
8.4
8.4
17.8
UC/CSU, 2009 (by county where students graduated rom high school)
CCC, 2009 (by county where student attends community college)
Perormance Trends
n The nube o cetcates an egees awae e 100
stuents enolle n the count colleges eaneelatel stable between 2003 an 2009 (Fgue 18). it
ncease b a sall aount o whte, Asan an Latno
stuents, but not o black stuents.
n The nube o bachelos egees awae e 100
unegauates enolle n UC/CSU also eane al
How is Caliornia Perorming?Completion
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona postsecona Eucaton Cosson. Thee ae no count collegeslocate n the ino-mono egon.
Ue Sacaento valle
Cental Coast
Noth Coast
Sueo Calona
montee Ba
Oange Count
San Fancsco Ba
San dego/ieal
Sacaento-Tahoe
Los Angeles Count
Noth San Joaqun valle
South San Joaqun valle
ino-mono
inlan Ee
Statewide
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
stable. it ncease b a sall aount o whte an Asan
stuents but ecease slghtl o Latno stuents.
n Thee has been no consstent oeent n the acal/ethnc gas n coleton.
n degees awae e 100 unegauates enolle hae
fuctuate n ost egons, wth no egons hang a
consstent ncease o ecease between 2003 an 2009
acoss the count colleges an the unest sstes.
21.8
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Figure 17
Certifcates and Degrees Awarded per 100 Undergraduates Enrolled by Race/ Ethnicity
UC/CSU, 2009
Community colleges, 2009
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Whte
Asan/pacc islane
Black
Hsanc o Latno
24.9
10.5
21.7
16.8
7.8
18.2
8.1
9.7
Figure 18
Trends in Number o Certifcates and Degrees Awarded per 100 Undergraduates Enrolled
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona postsecona Eucaton Cosson
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o the Calona postsecona Eucaton Cosson
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Certiicates/Degreesper100Enrolled
CCC CCC CCC CCC CCCUC/CSU UC/CSU UC/CSU UC/CSU UC/CSU
Whte Asan/pacc
islane
Hsanc o
Latno
Black All Stuents
9.5
22
.4
8.3
6.7
19
.2
17
.7
8.2 8.2
20
.5
17
.1
10
.3
23
.6
8.6
7.1
21
.2
18
.6
8.1 8.5
22
.0
16
.9
10
.7
10
.5
23
.424
.9
9.29
.7
7.68.1
20
.721
.7
17
.7
16
.8
7.97.8 8
.9
8.0
21
.421
.8
16
.918
.2
2003 2005 2007 2009
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23 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Hghe eucaton leels ae assocate wth boa econoc
an cc benets nclung hghe eanngs, lowe ates o
ncaceaton an use o socal ogas, an hghe ates
o otng, olunteeng, an akng chatable onatons.37
Oeall, Calona has aeage benets elate to hghe
eucaton. The shae o the wokng-age oulaton wth a
bachelos egee s hghe than n an states but the stateeos less well on ths easue o ounge cohots; the
state anks 15th n the ecentage o the oulaton age
45-64 wth a bachelos egee but sls to 20th aong
25-34 ea ols an 21st aong 35-44 ea ols.
The econoc benets assocate wth hghe eucaton
ae geate n Calona than the cc benets. The state
anks 7th n e cata esonal ncoe an the eanngs
aantages o hang an assocate o bachelos egee
coae to a hgh school loa ae geate than n an
othe state. in contast, the state anks 23 n the shae o
tezes that eclae chatable gts an Calonans ae
less lkel to ote than those n 41 othe states.
Key Findings: Regional Dierences
n Eucatonal attanent leels a acoss the state. Fot-
thee ecent o aults between the ages o 25 an 64n the San Fancsco Ba aea hae at least a bachelos
egee, oe than thee tes the shae o aults wth
that leel o eucaton n the South San Joaqun valle
(Fgue 19).38
n Geneall, the coastal an uban aeas o the state
hae hghe eucatonal attanent leels than those
oun n the ual an cental egons. Ths s lkel
ue to seeal actos nclung geate access to the
nueous colleges an unestes locate n those
aeas an the nees o local job akets, as the ubanan coastal egons ae hoe to oe o the states
hgh-skll nustes.
n pe cata ncoe closel tacks eucatonal attanent
leels. regons wth oe college-eucate nuals
hae hghe ncoe leels.
Key Findings: Racial/Ethnic Dierences
n Aong Calona aults ages 25 an oe, 47% o
Asans an 39% o whtes hae at least a bachelos
egee. The gues o black an Latno aults ae 21%an 10%, esectel (Fgue 20).39
n deences n eucaton leels ae hghl coelate
wth eences n e cata ncoe acoss acal/
ethnc oulatons.40 Black an Latno e cata
ncoe s a below that o whtes an Asans.
Perormance Trends
n The shae o the wokng-age oulaton (ages 25-64)
wth a bachelos egee o hghe has eane al
stable oe the last seeal eas at aoun 30% (Fgue 21).
n The substantal sates n eucatonal attanent
acoss acal/ethnc oulatons hae not nshe
(Fgue 21).
n Eucatonal attanent leels hae eane al
stable n all egons oe the last seeal eas, so the
sates acoss egons ean unchange.
How is Caliornia Perorming?Beneits
Benefts: Average
+ in Calona, assocate an bachelos egeeholes ean the hghest wage eu oe hgh
school gauates.
+ The state has the seenth hghest e cata
esonal ncoe.
+ The state anke 15th n the ecentage o the
oulaton age 45-64 wth a bachelos egee.
The state anke 20th an 21st n the ecent
o the oulaton age 25-34 an age 35-44,
esectel, wth a bachelos egee.
The state anks 42n n the shae o the elgble
oulaton otng.
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Key Issues in Benefts
State still lacks goals and str ategic thinking to
guide its higher education enterprise
deste gowng awaeness o weak lannng an
coonaton n Calona an the exales set
b othe states, Calona lacks a stategc lan, o
what soe states call a ublc agena, o hghe
eucaton that sets goals acoss all sectos o college
atcaton an egee coleton an outlnes
the eans to achee the goals. Such lannng woul
allow Calona lawakes to ent aoate
olces an nestents an to set u an eecte
accountablt ocess o ontong ogess
towa acheeent o the goals. The states that ae
leang the wa wth new aoaches n an eot
to ncease coleton an gane the benets oncease eucatonal attanent o state econoc
an socal health, ae ong so une the guance o
such stategc thnkng an lannng. Goals to euce
the cuent sates n college success an egee
coleton acoss the ajo acal/ethnc gous n
the state wll be an otant at o an stategc lan
o Calona. rathe than oe to establsh eecte
coonaton, the Goeno elnate the exstng
coonatng agenc, whch has not oe the
neee coonaton an lannng. A new cosson
ae u o busness an cc leaes - calle Calona
Coetes - has been oe to t to ll the o o
leaesh oe Calona hghe eucaton.41
Urgent need to improve Latino educational
attainment
in aton to the eteent o the hghl-eucate
bab boo geneaton, Calonas eclne n the shae
o college eucate aults acoss the geneatons s ue
to the lowe eucaton leels o the ast-gowng Latno
oulaton. The shae o Latnos wth a bachelos egee
has ncease o 7% to 10% snce 1990, an s ojecte
to be onl 12% n 2020.42 Whle college attanent
s nceasng, the Latno oulaton s ojecte to
ean the acal/ethnc gou wth the lowest shae
o college-eucate aults n Calona. As the shae o
the wokng-age oulaton that s Latno contnues to
ncease, the lowe college attanent leels becoe
oe ctcal to the states oeall eucaton leel an the
coetteness o ts wokoce. Latnos gew o 22%
o the wokng-age oulaton n 1990 to 34% cuentl,
an ae ojecte to gow to 50% b 2040.43
Are the public beneits o higher education in
jeopardy?
When conseng both the econoc an cc benets
o hghe eucaton, t sees aoate to queston
whethe the extent to whch Calonans ecognze aublc, o cc, benet o hghe eucaton. Changng
scal ccustances hae le ost states to eexane
the balance o ublc an ate benets an ethe
ece o atonalze that snce stuents gan nancall
o a college eucaton the shoul a oe o t.
These contons hae also ut a eu on exanng
eucatonal outcoes o the esecte o wokoce
nees. most stuents toa ente college al
to aance the caee ootuntes.44 Eloes
locate whee well-tane an eucate wokes ae
ost abunant. Colleges an unestes extol the
contbutons to the states wokoce. Lawakes exectnsttutons to oe hgh-qualt ogas that algn wth
wokoce nees. Facult an othes who oce objectons
to the aketzaton o acaea ae ssse b soe
as eanng o a bgone ea. But Calona ns the
eans to engage oe thoughtull n stategc thnkng
about hghe eucaton, t woul be otant that those
scussons aess exectatons about cc health as well
as econoc health. As the state becoes oe ese
an oe eoccue wth scal sual o ales an
nsttutons the otental o ts colleges an unestes
to oe benets to those beon ts classoos shoulnot be gnoe.
Resources (see Appendix 4)
iHELp, Divided We Fail; Technical Difculties
NCppHE, Good Policy, Good Practice II: Improving
Outcomes and Reducing Costs in Higher Education: A
Guide or Policymakers
LAO, The Master Plan at 50: Greater than the Sum o Its
Parts Coordinating Higher Education in Caliornia
ppiC, Caliornias Future Workorce: Will there be Enough
College Graduates?
Tennessee Hghe Eucaton Cosson, The Public
Agenda or Tennessee Higher Education 2010-2015
illnos Boa o Hghe Eucaton, The Illinois Public
Agenda or College and Career Success
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25 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Figure 19
Educational Attainment and Per Capita Income by Region
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o Census Bueau, Aecan Count Sue 2009, Table B15002 (o eucatonalattanent) an Tables B19313 an B03002 (o e cata ncoe), excet as note n ennote 38
Percent o Population Aged 25 to 64 with a Bachelors Degree or Higher, 2009
Per Capita Income, 2009
SanFrancscoBay
OrangeCounty
Sandego/iperal
CentralCoast
LosAngelesCounty
Sacraento-Tahoe
montereyBay
inyo-mono
NorthCoast
UpperSacraentovalley
inlanEpre
SuperorCalforna
NorthSanJoaqunvalley
SouthSanJoaqunvalley
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50% $40,000
$35,000
$30,000
$25,000
$20,000
$15,000
$10,000
$5,000
$0
43%
36%
35%
32%
30%
30%
27%
25%
22%
20%
19%
19%
18%
13%
How is Caliornia Perorming?Beneits
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Figure 20
Educational Attainment and Per Capita Income by Race/Ethnicity
Figure 21
Trends in Educational Attainment
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o Census Bueau, Aecan Count Sue 2009, Table B15002 (o eucatonalattanent) an Tables B19313 an B03002 (o e cata ncoe)
Souce: Autho calculatons base on ata o Census Bueau, Aecan Count Sue
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50% $45,000
$40,000
$35,000
$30,000
$25,000
$20,000
$15,000
$10,000
$5,000
$0
Percent o Population Aged 25 and over with a Bachelors Degree or Higher, 2009Per Capita Income, 2009
Asan/pacc
islane
Whte Hsanc o
Latno
Black
47%
39%
21%
10%
39%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
PopulationAges25+withBachelorsorHigher
37%
21%
31%
9%
38%
22%
31%
10%
38%
21%
21%
31%
31%
10%
10%
Asan/pacfc
islander
Whte Total
(for ages 25-64)
Hsanc or
Latno
Black
2003 2005 2007 2009
47%
47%
46%
45%
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27 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Base on ata o 2008, the aount o state an local
tax eenues that Calona aoates e ull-te
equalent stuent (FTES) anks the state a lttle aboe the
ean on ths easue. Howee, low tuton, atculal
n the count colleges, laces the s tate secon o
the botto n totaleenues e FTES. The nance easue
on whch the state eos best s state an local suot
e cata a easue that efects the lage sze o the
ublc ostsecona secto n Calona coae to
othe states whee ate nsttutons ae oe ealent.
The sceanc between Calonas hgh ankng on
suot per capita an ts low ankng on suot per FTES
tells us that the state suots a lage shae o ts eole
than ost states but oes so at a oe oeate leel o
How is Caliornia Perorming?Finance
Figure 22
Funding or Higher Education, 2010
Souce: State Hghe Eucaton Execute Oces, State Higher Education Finance FY 2010. Ths ata souce uses uch hghe enollentcounts (FTES) than eote n ipEdS ata, accountng o lowe e-FTES unng leels o all states, but not aectng the alt onte-state coasons.
Finance: Average
+ Calona anks 10th n state an local suot ohghe eucaton e cata.
The state anke 22n on the olla aount o
state an local suot e FTES.
The state anke 24th on state an local
aoatons as a ecentage o state an local
tax eenues.
The state anks at the botto n total eenues
e ull-te equalent stuent.
unng e ull-te stuent. An as s tate aboe, the low
total unng e stuent s exlane n lage at b the
e low tuton collecte elate to othe states.
The state anks nea the ean on two easues o the
ehass the state laces on hghe eucaton. The state
anks 19th on the shae o esonal ncoe sent on
hghe eucaton o ee $1000 o esonal ncoe n
the state, the state sens $9 ollas on hghe eucaton.
O the state an local tax eenues, as well as lotte
eenues, Calona sens a lttle oe than 7% on
hghe eucaton. The shae o eenues sent on hghe
eucaton s hghe n Calona than n 26 othe states.
data o souces othe than NCHEmS ncate that
Calonas eoance n nance has not oe snce2008. State an local aoatons o hghe eucaton
aounte to $5,941 e FTES n 2010, soewhat below the
natonal aeage o $6,451 (Fgue 22) an own o $7,177
n 2008.45 Coounng the below-aeage aoatons,
Calona collects conseabl lowe aounts o tuton
eenue e stuent than the natonal aeage, ankng
50th aong the states n the tuton/ees chage o
enollent n a count college.46 due to the ecent
ajo nceases n tuton at UC an CSU, Calona now
anks 25th n the tuton an ees chage o attenng
ublc 4-ea nsttutons, u o 38th thee eas ago but
stll below the natonal aeage. Total eenues geneate
o tuton an ees e FTES n Calona wee $1,777
n 2010, less than hal the natonal aeage o $4,321. The
cobnaton o state aoatons an ee eenues
$10,775
$7,718
$4,321
$1,777
$6,451$5,941
$12,000
$10,000
$8,000
$6,000
$4,000
$2,000
$0
S tat e A o a t ons e FT ES Fe e re enu e e FT ES S tat e Fu n ng an Fee reenu ee FTES
Caliornia
National Average
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Key Issues in Finance
Budget cuts threaten Caliornias uture prosperity
Calonas cuent buget obles ae a ectng all
onts n the eucaton elne. pe-ul senng n
K-12 ecease b 5% o $8,235 n 2007-08, beoethe ecesson, to $7,820 n 2010-11, wth oe cuts lkel
n the 2011-12 buget.47 Stee nceases n tuton ae
egang at least the eceton o aoablt o
hghe eucaton n the state, an hgh uneloent,
stagnant al ncoe an otental cuts n soe
nancal a ogas ake ths eceton a ealt o
nceasng nubes o stuents. Cuts to college bugets
(n eal tes) euce access an leae the colleges
wthout aequate esouces to oe stuents wth
the suot neee to colete a college cetcate o
egee. These ccustances coul eess eucatonal
attanent at the sae te that Calona nees bggans n the nube o eole wth college ceentals.
Cutalng nestents n the states utue wokoce an
tax base s exteel counteoucte.
Better iscal data and more reined policy
attention are needed
The stana aoach that lawakes take to
scal ecson-akng o hghe eucaton s not
well sute to toas challenges. Tcall, unng
ecsons ae ae ea-to-ea, eenng on what
s aalable an wth lttle coonaton acoss the
thee sstes. dscussons n the legslatue ocus onwhethe the state can ao to ncease o ecease
the annual allocatons, un ojecte enollents,
an coe cost-o-lng nceases. Fa less te s sent
atculatng what outcoes the state wants o
hghe eucaton as a whole an how t can best use
aalable uns to accolsh those ens. Lawakes
o not ask o o ecee the kns o ata the woul
nee to answe questons lke how the nsttutons
sen the uns, what shae o eucatonal costs s
an shoul be bone b stuents, what s the elate
cost o eucatng stuents n each sste an oaous kns o egees, an what sstec changes
ght lea to geate ouctt. data ae aalable
though a natonal oject that can hel lawakes
ene the scal lannng o hghe eucaton.48
New inance policies could increase productivity
The states unng oulas o ts colleges an
unestes ceate ncentes o enollng stuents but
oe no scal ncentes o stuent success, as the
stbute uns base on enollent eal n the te
(e.g., 3 week o CCC, 4th week o CSU). Ate that ont,
colleges hae no scal ncente to oe the necessa
attenton an suot seces to eent stuents
o ong o alng classes, takng classes that onot hel the ogess towa a egee, o ong
out altogethe. The weakness nheent n ths aoach
s o nceasng concen as oe an oe enteng
stuents ae uneeae to succee n college an
eque uch oe than access to classes n oe to
be successul. Acoss the count, states ae ecng
that the can no longe ao to nest n enollent
esecte o success an an ae ajustng the
unng oulas to bul n soe ncentes o stuent
ogess an coleton n addition to the ncentes
to enoll stuents. States ae eelong a aet o
aoaches o count colleges an unestes
that nclue osons, such as ultles, to ensue
that nsttutons ae not scouage b the new unng
aoaches o seng une-eae stuents.
States ae nceasngl lookng to eoance unng
because o ts otental to algn esouces wth success
goals, theeb axzng the act o nceasngl
scace uns. B ewang outcoes n the unng
oula, states ceate ncentes o nsttutons to aot
goo actces that oote stuent success an to
n nnoate was to see stuents at a lowe cost.
pong colleges an unestes wth fexblt n howthe use the uns s anothe asect o nance olc
that esees attenton. Categocal ogas an a
lethoa o ules, egulatons, an eotng equeents,
esecall n the CCC, ntouce constants that can
aen the oucte use o esouces.
Resources (see Appendix 4)
iHELp, Perormance Incentives to Improve Community
College Completion: Learning rom Washington
States Student Achievement Initiative; ConcernsAbout Perormance Funding and Ways that States are
Addressing the Concerns
LAO, The Master Plan at 50: Connecting Financing with
Statewide Goals or Higher Education
delta Cost poject, Trends in College Spending, 1998-2008
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29 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Figure 23
Trends in Higher Education Funding per FTES (in 2010 dollars)
Souce: State Hghe Eucaton Execute Oces (SHEEO), State Higher Education Finance eots o 2005 - 2010. Fgues o 2003 an 2004
wee obtane o the NCHEmS inoaton Cente o State Hghe Eucaton polcakng an Analss (base on ata o SHEEO).
Fgues ajuste o nfaton usng the Calona Cpi-U nex o the Calona deatent o inustal relatons.
$10,000
$8,000
$6,000
$4,000
$2,000
$0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
$7,509
$889 $1,225 $1,395
$1,532 $1,546
$7,068 $6,540 $7,420 $7,601
2008 2009 2010
$1,412 $1,584$1,777
$7,207 $6,869 $5,941
Fee Revenue per FTES State Appropriations per FTES
How is Caliornia Perorming?
Finance
Perormance Trends
n Ate ajustng o nfaton, total unng e FTES o
hghe eucaton was about 8% lowe n 2010 than n2003 (Fgue 23). Coae to 2007, 2010 total unng
was neal 16% lowe, aountng to a loss o oe than
$1,400 e FTES.
n State an local aoatons hae been eclnng snce
2007 ate ajustng o nfaton. inceases n net ee
eenue (ate ajustng o state nancal a an ee
waes) hae not ae u o cuts n aoatons,
leang to the ecease n total unng.
esults n total unng e FTES that s substantall below
the natonal aeage. Cobne eenues n Calona o
$7,718 e FTES ae $3,000 below the natonal aeage o
$10,775, an ae the lowest aong the 50 states, owno $8,583 an 49th lace n 2008. in Calona, 23% o
total unng e FTES s geneate though stuent ees,
whle the natonal aeage s 40%.
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Summary and Conclusions
The ata esente o not ant a ett ctue. The
Calona that an lke to thnk o as a leae n hghe
eucaton s aeage at best an tenng n the wong
ecton. Ths toublesoe eoance s not olack o cotent an eot b acult an sta at
Calonas colleges an unestes. rathe, t elects lack
o coonate attenton b the states olc leaesh.
Calona s lng oo that leang nsttutons can
coexst wthn stugglng state sstes o hghe
eucaton. it s also lng oo that the absence o son
an o oacte policy leaesh can euce nestents
n, an etuns o, hghe eucaton an nsh
osects o an ente state.
peoance, as ocuente n ths eot, s ostl
aeage wth esect to othe states an s eclnng nan ke easues nclung college-gong ates an
alang ten n ew o the nee o oe Calonans
to ean college ceentals. Futheoe, the ostl
aeage eoance asks sgncant eoance gas
acoss egons an acal/ethnc gous that ae ostl
not ong.
A host o olc ssues ae e to aess as ente
n each o the sx sectons o ths eot. Soe o
these wll eque a e-oeng o state otes
(an accoanng nestents) as an nuson o
esouces s neee to oe oe aoable access
to ostsecona eucaton. But a eew o the Ke
issues ages eeals a nube o tes whee sgncant
ogess coul be ae wthout ajo nancal
nestents. Wth son, coonaton, olc leaesh,
oltcal wll, an an unelentng ocus on stuent success,
we coul see sol oeents n K-16 cuculu
algnent, caee athwa stuctues, count college
ee olc, an ata collecton an use, to cte a ew
exales.
Two oeng conclusons ae nescaable o the ata
we esent an the ssues that awat attenton.
n Calonas utue oset ests on ts ablt to
aatcall oe outcoes o those oulatons
an egons that seousl lag the est o the state.
peoance gas ae well ocuente hee an hae
been ocuente b othes, but ae not lkel to be
Category Current Performance 7-year Trend
peaaton Wose than ost states
A oablt Aeage
patcaton Bette than ost states
Coleton Aeage
Benets Aeage
Fnance Aeage
close untl the becoe a oe sble state ot
wth a oe ublct an accountablt o ensungequtable ootuntes o access to colleges an
unestes that ae eque o an cotte to
stuent success.
n mechanss to eelo a son acoss all segents o
ostsecona eucaton an to eelo the olces
to achee the son ust be oun. The Goenos
ecent acton to elnate the Calona postsecona
Eucaton Cosson (CpEC) was an acknowlegeent
that eecte coonaton has been lackng. But hang
nothng take ts lace s a ste n the wong ecton.Othe states ae takng a oe oacte an ntentonal
stes to oe ostsecona eoance, such as
jonng Complete College America, bulng ntegate
ata sstes, eelong stategc lans, changng
the ncentes n the nance olces, an aotng
statewe accountablt lans that seak to tal state
goals. Such stes eque a leel o coonaton that
we o not hae. Calona ust egan the uoseul
aoach to hghe eucaton that t oele oe t
eas ago wth the maste plan o Hghe Eucaton.
Tes ae nee tough o hghe eucaton acoss
the count. But ths eot shows that othe states ae
nng was to out-eo Calona. Calona a
hae oe challenges than an states, but t also has
oe esouces an oe otental than an an a
taton o geat success on whch to aw. Calona
ust, an can, o bette.
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31 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Appendix 1
Methods or Calculating CaliorniasPerormance Relative to Other States
1. Collected data on p erormance measures
Fo each nex, we ente easues sla to those
use n Measuring Up. most o the easues cae o the
Natonal Cente o Hghe Eucaton manageent Sstes
inoaton Cente o Hghe Eucaton polcakng an
Analss.49 Howee, we uate the ata on eghth gae
eoance on the Natonal Assessent o Eucatonal
pogess (NAEp) usng ata o the Natonal Cente o
Eucaton Statstcs.50
2. Ranking Caliornia relative to other states
Fo each easue we ente the scoe o the hghest
eong state, the scoe at the 75th ecentle (.e., hghe
than 75% o the othe states), the ean scoe, the 25th
ecentle scoe (.e., hghe than 25% o the othe states),
an the lowest scoe. These e onts wee use to lace
Calona nto the coesonng categoes o aong the
best states, bette than ost states, aeage, wose than
ost states, an aong the wost states (see Fgue A1).
Fo exale Calonas scoe on a easue was close to
bette than ost than to aong the best o aeage,
Calonas eoance was anke as bette than ost.
Base on the eoance catego, the state was then
assgne a scoe angng o one to e wth e beng
the best eoance.
3. Calculating the index score
Fo ost eoance aeas, the states scoe on each
easue was weghte usng weghts sla to those use
n the 2008 Measuring Up eot, whch wee etene
b exstng eseach ocuentng the sgncance o
these aables as a easue o catego eoance. 51
in cases whee ata wee not aalable o each o the
sub-ensons o the eoance catego, the weghtswee estbute ootonatel acoss the aalable
easues. Slal, n cases whee we use atonal
easues we eallocate the weghts accongl. The
Measuring Up eots not assgn a gae o hghe
eucaton nance but we . Thee wee e easues o
nance that we goue nto two categoes, e stuent
unng easues an easues o the state ehass on
unng hghe eucaton. Each o these categoes was
gen equal weght. The weghts ae shown n Table A1.
Figure A1
Range of StatesScores
CorrespondingPerformance
CategoryRank Score
Highest Score Among the Best 5
75th Percentile Better than Most 4
Median Average 3
25th Percentile Worst than Most 2
Lowest Score Among the Worst 1
The weghte scoes wee sue to o an nex scoe
angng o 1 to 5. Ths scoe was then use to assgn the
state to a eoance catego o the oeall nex.
4. Example: Scoring the participation category
Table A2 shows Calonas eoance on the oueasues o the atcaton aea. in Calona, the
nube o st-te eshen was 44% o the nube o
9th gaes ou eas eale. The eoance o all 50
states ange o 26% to 60% an Calonas eoance
was closest to the ean (44%), gng t a eoance
ankng o aeage an a ank scoe o 3. The weght o ths
easue was aoxatel .22, eanng that ths easue
accounte o 22% o the total nex scoe. multlng
Calonas anks scoe o 3 b the weght ges a weghte
scoe o .67. The su o all o the weghte scoes o ths
eoance aea s 3.8 whch tanslates nto bette than
aeage eoance o the nex oeall.
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Table A1
Weights or Perormance Measures
Measure Weight
Preparation
High School Completion (47.2%)
Public high school graduation rate (2008) .472
K-12 Student Achievement (52.8% )
Number o AP scores at 3 or above per 1,000 juniors/seniors (2007)
High ACT/SAT scores per 1,000 HS grads (2007; high = 25+/1780+)
Percent o 8th graders at or above profcient on NAEP - MATH (2009)
Percent o 8th graders at or above profcient on NAEP - READING (2009)
Percent o 8th graders at or above profcient on NAEP - WRITING (2007)
Percent o 8th graders at or above profcient on NAEP - SCIENCE (2009)
.165
.165
.050
.050
.050
.050
Affordability
Family ability to pay (f irst-time, full-time undergraduates) (50% )
Percent o amily income to pay or private 4-year college (2008) (lowest)
Percent o amily income to pay or public 4-year college (2008) (lowest)
Percent o amily income to pay or public 2-year college (2008) (lowest)
.260
.180
.060
Strategies for affordability (40 %)
State grant aid targeted to low-income amilies as share o Pell grant aid (2008) (highest)
Share o income poorest amilies pay or tuition at lowest priced college (2008) (lowest)
.200
.200
Reliance on loans (10%)
Average loan amount students borrow each year (2007) (lowest) .100
Participation
Young Adults ( 66.67%)
9th graders chance or college within 4 years (2008)
Percent o 18-24 year olds enrolled in college (2009)
Direct college-going rate (2008)
.222
.222
.222
Working-Age Adult (33.33%)
Enrollment o 25-49 year olds as share o 25-49 yr olds with no BA (2009) .330
Completion
Persistence (20%)Retention rate - frst time college reshmen returning second year (2008) .200
Completion (80%) NCHEMS includes several of these measures under Productivity rather than Completion
Graduation rate = 6-year or bachelors (2008)
BAs awarded per 100 undergraduates (2005)
Graduation rate = 3-year or associate (2008)
Ratio o degrees/credentials awarded per 100 students in 2-years (2005)
Pipeline - transition-completion rate rom 9th grade to college (2008)
AA awarded per 100 HS grads 3 years earlier (2007)
BAs awarded per 100 HS grads 6 years earlier (2007)
.114
.114
.114
.114
.114
.114
.114
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Appendix 1
Table A2
Example o Scoring Perormance Categories Participation
Measure Weight
Benefits
Educational Achievement (37.5%)
Percent o population age 25-34 with BA (2009)
Percent o population age 35-44 with BA (2009)
Percent o population age 45-64 with BA (2009)
.125
.125
.125
Economic Benefits (31.25%)
Dieren ce in Median Earnings Between a High School Diplo ma and an Associates Degree 25 to 64 Year Olds (2007)
Dierence in Median Earnings Between a High School Diploma and a Bachelors Degree 25 to 64 Year Olds (2007)
Per capita personal income (2007)
.104
.104
.104
Civic Benefits (31.25%)
Charitable Giving - Percent o Itemizers on Federal Tax Returns Declaring Charitable Gits (2005)
Percent o the Eligible Population Voting (2006)
.156
.156
Finance
Per student funding (50%)
State and local support per FTES (2008)
Total revenues (appropriations + tuition) per FTES (2008)
.250
.250
State higher education financing emphasis (50%)
State and local support or higher ed per capita( 2008)
State and local support or higher ed per $1000 o personal income (2008)Higher ed priority appropriations relative to state/local tax revenues (2005)
.167
.167.167
Table A1 (continued)
NCHEMS Measure (most recent year) CAFigure
Highest75th
PercentileMedian
25thPercentile
Lowest RankingRankScore
WeightWeighted
Rank Score
Young Adults (66.67%)
9th graders chance or college within 4
years (2008)44% 60% 48 % 44% 41% 26% Average 3.0 0.22 0.67
Percent o 18-24 year olds enrolle d in
college (2009)41% 53% 38% 35% 33% 19% Better 4.0 0.22 0.89
Direct college-going rate (2008) 65% 77% 67% 63% 59% 46% Better 4.0 0.22 0.89
Working-Age Adult (33.33%)
Enrollment o 25-49 year olds as share o
25-49 yr olds with no BA (2009)8% 10% 7% 6% 5% 4% Better 4.0 0.33 1.32
Index Rank Score 3.8
Index Ranking Better than Average
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CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT |
Appendix 2
Region Counties in Region
North Coast Del Norte, Humboldt, Lake, Mendocino
Superior California Lassen, Modoc, Shasta, Siskiyou, Trinity
Upper Sacramento Valley Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Plumas, Sierra, Tehama
Sacramento-Tahoe Alpine, Amador, El Dorado, Nevada, Placer, Sacramento, Sutter, Yolo, Yuba
San Francisco Bay Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma
Monterey Bay Monterey, San Benito, Santa Cruz
Nor th San Joaquin Valley Calaveras, Fresno, Madera, Mariposa, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Tuolumne
South San Joaquin Valley Kern, Kings, Tulare
Inyo-Mono Inyo, Mono
Central Coast San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura
Los Angeles County Los Angeles
Orange County Orange
Inland Empire Riverside, San Bernardino
San Diego/Imperial Imperial, San Diego
List o Counties by Region
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35 | iNSTiTUTE FOr HiGHEr EdUCATiON LEAdErSHip & pOLiCy AT CALiFOrNiA STATE UNivErSiTy, SACrAmENTO
Appendix 3
Methods or Calculating Measures byRegion and by Race/Ethnicity
Followng ae suaes o the calculatons ae o eacheasue, wth the calculatons one usng ata b count(aggegate nto egons) o b ace/ ethnct.
Preparation (all measures include only public school students)
1. Shae o 8th Gaes