Conservation Agriculture-Based Crop Management for Gravity Irrigated Crop Production Systems in Mexico - Ken Sayre

7/31/2019 Conservation Agriculture-Based Crop Management for Gravity Irrigated Crop Production Systems in Mexico - Ken Sayre

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CIMMYT

International Maize and Wheat Improvement CenterInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE-BASED CROP MANAGEMENT

FOR GRAVITY IRRIGATED CROPPRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN MEXICO

Ken SayreConsulting Agronomist with the CIMMYT Conservation Agriculture-Based CropManagement


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Probably the Most CrucialProblem Facing Many Parts of

the World is the CrisisAssociated with the Use of Water

Resources for Agriculture


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Percent of total water resource used for agriculture

in different parts of the world

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TheW

orld

Afric

a

North

Ame

rica

SouthA

meric

a

Centra

lAme

rica

Asia

Europe

Oceania US

AChinaInd

iaIra

n

Mexic

o

%

WaterU

seforAgriculture


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Factors Associated with the Use of Water Resources

for Irrigation In Many countries, Especially in China, West, Central andSouth Asia, Food Security is Largely Based on CropProduction from Irrigated Areas

In Most Cases, the Efficiency of Water Resources Used forIrrigation is very low.

The Competition for the Use of Water Resources for OtherPurposes is Continually Increasing

Agriculture Will Lose this Competition to Continue to OtherCompeting Uses (Industry, Potable Water, Recreation etc) in

Most Situations

Therefore, to Maintain or Increase the Level of CropProduction in Irrigated Production Systems, Major Increases

in the Efficiency of Irrigation Water Use Must Occur and CA-based Crop Management Can Make Striking Contributions


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Yaqui Valley,

State of Sonora, MexicoGravity Irrigated Wheat-based

Crop Production Systems


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CdCd.. ObregObregnnIrrigatedIrrigated

39 m39 m

CIMMYT HeadquartersEl Batn

MexicoMexicoCityCity

Location of the Main

CIMMYT Experiment Stationfor Irrigated Wheat-based

Production Systems in

Northwest Mexico

MexicoMexico


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Dec.-April 49 0 320 10 26

Summary of weather variables during the wheatgrowing seasonat the CIMMYT Experiment

Station in the Yaqui Valley in Northwest Mexico

(period covered 1973-1996).

Months for Average Min. Max. Averagethe wheat total total total min. max.

Growth rainfall rainfall rainfall temp temp.Cycle ------------------------------------------------------------------(mm (mm) (mm) C C


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YAQUI VALLEY EXPERIENCE

UNTIL ABOUT 30 YEARS AGO,

FARMERS PLANTED CROPSINCLUDING WHEAT ON THEFLAT WITH CONVENTIONAL

TILLAGE AND FLOODIRRIGATION


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THIRTY YEARS AGO, PLANTING ON THE

FLAT WITH FLOOD IRRIGATION WAS THECOMMON PRACTICE IN THE YAQUI VALLEY,ESPECIALLY FOR WHEAT


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YAQUI VALLEY EXPERIENCE

HOWEVER, STARTING ABOUT

30 YEARS AGO, FARMERSBEGAN TO SEED ALL CROPS

ON RAISED BEDS WITH

FURROW IRRRIGATION


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Previous versus the Current Irrigation

System in Northwest MexicoBefore - Flood Irrigation in Basins Now - Furrow Irrigation


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Early wheat emergence, 3 rows

wheat/bed; bed width = 80 cm


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MexicoConventional-

tilled bed

plantedwheat,

2 rowswheat/bed;

bed width =75 cm, 30 cmbetween rows


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Wheat in bedsat maturity

Variety trial infarmer field


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HOWEVER, EVEN THOUGH FARMERSHAVE TAKEN THE FIRST STEP AND

HAVE ADOPTED BED PLANTING FOR

WHEAT WITH FURROW IRRIGATION

THEY ARE STILL USING EXTENSIVETILLAGE

AND SOME FARMERS ARE STILL

BURNING OF CROP RESIDUES


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SOME CONTINUED BURNING OF

CROP RESIDUES


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Conventional land

preparation


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Raised Bed Formation with Conventional

Till


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Farmer bed planter for

conventional till seeding


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THE FARMERS GIVE SEVERAL

REASONS SUPPORTING THECHANGE FROM FLOOD-IRRIGATED, FLAT PLANTING

TO FURROW-IRRIGATED,

RAISED BED PLANTING


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Advantages of Raised BedPlanting Systems

Furrow Irrigation Used with Raised

Bed Planting Improves theefficiency of irrigation watermanagement compared to floodirrigation


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Furrow Irrigation Can Save

20-30% of Irrigation Water


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Total amount of water applied to Barley (m3 /ha)with flood irrigation in basins, furrow irrigation for wide beds and

furrow irrigation for narrow beds in the Bajio of Central Mexicoin 2003 (3 irrigations and 2004 (4 irrigations)

6119

8962

6043

7582

4178

5197

-500

500

1500

2500

3500

4500

5500

6500

7500

8500

9500

Flood Wide Beds 1.6m (6 rows) Narrow Beds 0.80m (2 rows)

Total

AppliedIrrigationWater(m3/ha)

2

003

200

4 2003

200

3

2004

2004


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Dammer Dyker for Irrigation for

Conventiuonal Tilled Raised Beds

F l Ad I i i S


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Frontal Advance Irrigation System

Modified for Raised Bed Planting SystemUsing the Dammer Dyker


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Frontal Advance Sprinkle Irrigation

System


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Raised Beds can be Irrigated by Drip

Irrigation Systems


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Advantages of Raised BedPlanting Systems

New Methods and Options for WeedControl in Small Grain Crops Like

Wheat


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USE OF PRE-SEEDING IRRIGATION FOR

WEED CONTROL


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Mechanical Weed Control

Options


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e application ine application ine application ine application in

bedbedbedbed planted wheatplanted wheatplanted wheatplanted wheat


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Many Small Farmers inBangladesh Indicate that

Hand Weeding is Much Easierwith Bed Planting, Especially

for Small Grain Crops LikeWheat

Many Farmers in Bangladesh Indicate that there is


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Many Farmers in Bangladesh Indicate that there isLess Rodent Damage when Crops like Wheat are

Planted on Raised Beds(See Owl Perches Below)


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Advantages Raised Bed Planting

Systems

Can reduce seed rate and still maintain

high yield

Usually reduces crop lodgingcompared to conventional plantingsystems.


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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHOD ON WHEAT GRAINYIELDS

PLANTING METHOD CONVENTIONAL BED BEDPLANTING PLANTING PLANTING

SEED RATE 12O kg/ha 100 kg/ha 50 kg/ha

-----------------------YIELD (kg/ha)------------------------GENOTYPE________________________________________________________7 CERROS 66 8273 8281 7756YECORA 70 8177 7688 7434CIANO 79 8059 7805 7993

SERI 82 9671 9393 8948OASIS 86 9749 8676 8742SUPER KAUZ 9763 8644 8581

BAVIACORA 92 9767 9796 9698WEAVER 9741 9391 9255-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEAN 9150a 8709b 8803bMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different by LSD (0.05)The planting method by cultivar interaction was significant at the 0.05 level and the

interaction LSD (0.05) was 375 kg/ ha

____________________________________________________________________________


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8,268

7,905 7,902

8,233

8,6098,544

7,723

8,115 8,115

7,855

8,153

7,982

6,500

7,000

7,500

8,000

8,500

9,000

9,500

35 kg/ha 70 kg/ha 105 kg/ha 35 kg/ha 70 kg/ha 105 kg/ha

Effect of planting method and seed rate on the performance of

Baviacora 92 and the bestmodified yield component bread wheatgenotypes tested at CIANO, Cd. Obregon during the 2001/02 cycle

Effect of planting method and seed rate on the performance ofEffect of planting method and seed rate on the performance of

Baviacora 92 and the bestBaviacora 92 and the bestmodifiedmodified yield component bread wheatyield component bread wheatgenotypes tested at CIANO, Cd. Obregon during the 2001/02 cyclegenotypes tested at CIANO, Cd. Obregon during the 2001/02 cycle

G

rainy

ield(kg

/haa

t12%

H2

O)

Gra

iny

ield(kg/haa

t12%

H

Gra

iny

ield(kg/h

aa

t12%

H22

O)O)

LSD (0.05) = 585 kg/haLSD (0.05) = 585 kg/ha

Baviacora 92

VEE/CMH77A.917//VEE/6/CMH79A.955/4/AGA/3/4*SN64/CN067//INIA66/5/NAC

Baviacora 92

VEE/CMH77A.917//VEE/6/CMH79A.955/4/AGA/3/4*SN64/CN067//INIA66/5/NAC

Flat plantedFlat planted Bed plantedBed plantedPlanting

method:

Plantingmethod::

Seed rate:Seed rate::

Lodging Flat planting on the left


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Lodging Flat planting on the left

and bed planting on the right


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Advantages of Raised Bed

Planting Systems

Provides ready field access for:

New opportunities for timely fertilizerplacement especially post emerge N

applications

Facilitates other post-emerge field

operations

BAND APPLICATION OF NITROGEN


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BAND APPLICATION OF NITROGEN

WITH BED PLANTING


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Effect of application timing of 225 kg N/ha on the average grain yieldof six durum wheat genotypes planted on beds at CIANO/Obregon

for the 1996/97, 1997/98 and 1998/99 crop cycles

7,223

7,199

7,641

7,847

7,472

6600

6800

7000

7200

7400

7600

78008000

8200

225

0

0

0

225

0

75

150

0

75

75

75

0

150

75

Grainyield(kg/ha

)LSD (0.05) = 303 kg/ha

Basal

1st node

stage

Boot stageN application (kg N/ha)


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Effect of application timing of 225 kg N/ha on theaverage grain protein content of six durum wheat

genotypes planted on beds at CIANO/Obregon for the1996/97 and 1997/98 crop cycles

Basal1st nodestageBoot stage

N application (kg N/ha)

12.4

12.6

12.8

13.0

13.2

13.4

13.6

13.8

%Gra

inprotein

12.9

13.3

13.1

13.3

13.6

22500

02250

751500

757575

015075

LSD (0.05) = 0.4%


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Narrow Tractor Tires are feasible

for raised beds

Wheat in beds Field access for new


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Wheat in beds Field access for new

management opportunities

THE NEXT STEP


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THE NEXT STEPPERMANENT RAISED BED PLANTING

WHY DO IT?

OPPORTUNITIES TO RETAIN CROP

RESIDUES ON THE SOIL SURFACE INSTEADOF BURNING

MARKED REDUCTIONS IN TILLAGE

DRAMATIC REDUCTIONS IN CROP TURN-

AROUND TIME

ENHANCE SOIL QUALITY PARAMETERS

REDUCE PRODUCTION COSTS

Suitable crop residue management of crop


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p g pfollowing harvest to achieve uniform

distribution is a must. Made easy if combinehas an attached straw chopper

Achieve Uniform Straw Distribution


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Achieve Uniform Straw Distribution

Chopping and distribution of wheat


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Chopping and distribution of wheat

straw residues by chopping wheatstraw after harvest

Partial removal of wheat straw for fodder if


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Partial removal of wheat straw for fodder ifeconomically feasible prior to bed reformation

Furrow irrigation for wheat with


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gretained maize residues with permanent

raised beds

ADOPTION OF NEW IRRIGATION PRACTICES WITH


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PERMANENT BED PLANTING

Use of Drip Irrigation with


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Use of Drip Irrigation with

Permanent Raised Beds

Multi-Crop/Multi-Use Prototype CA


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Implement - MexicoPlanting Wheat and banding basal

fertilizer

Configured for Maize Planting

Side-dress banded N application

for Wheat

Side-dress banded N application

for Maize

Multi-Crop/Multi-Use Implement


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p pPlanting Soybeans on Permanent Beds after Wheat

MAIZE PLANTED ON PERMANENT BEDS AFTER


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WHEAT


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Soybean

planted onpermanent

raisedbeds after

wheat

MEXICO IRRIGATED CHICKPEA ON


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PERMANENT RAISED BEDS AFTER MAIZE


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Tori

planted onirrigated

permanentrainsed

beds

Sesbania planted for green manure on


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permanent raised beds after wheat

Chopping maize straw after


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harvest

Reshaping Permanent Raised Beds andBanding Basal Fertilizer before Pre-seeding


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Banding Basal Fertilizer before Pre-seeding

Irrigation

Planting wheat on permanent raised beds aftermai e ith m lti crop/m lti se implement


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maize with multi-crop/multi-use implement

Planting wheat on irrigated permanent


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beds after maize with smaller-scaleseeders


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Wheat

planted onpermanent

raisedbeds after

maize

WHEAT ON PERMANENT RAISED BEDSAFTER SOYBEAN (less retained residue)


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AFTER SOYBEAN (less retained residue)

Wheat Planted on Permanent Bed LaterStage


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Stage

With Raised Beds and Appropriate Implement,No more Broadcasting of Post-emerge N


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No more Broadcasting of Post-emerge N

Fertilizer

Applying banded side-dress nitrogen to permanentbedplanted wheat; beds allow easy field access


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p ; y

Tillage and N Fertilizer Management Effect on Wheat Yield

Averaged over 2006 and 2007

{LSD (0 05) 909 k /h


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{LSD (0,05)= 909 kg/ha

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

Perm Beds Conv Till Beds

Yield(kg/ha)

0 N

180 N BasalBroadcast

180 N Basal inFurrow

180 N BasalBanded in Row

60 N + 120N

Broadcast

60 N + 120N inFurrow

60 N + 120 NBanded in Row

120 N + 60 N inFurrow

120 N + 60 NBanded in Row

Permanent bed-planted


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wheat during grain-fill


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EFFECT OFRESIDUE RETENTION

AND

ZERO TILL SEEDING ON TOP OF

PERMANENT BEDS

Effect of tillage and residue management over fifteen years on wheat grain

yields with optimum management in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico


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4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000

7500

8000

8500

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year of Harvest

GrainYield(kg/h

a)

Conventional till beds - residues incorporated Permanent beds - residues burned

Permanent beds - 70% residues removed Permanent beds - residues retained

Effect of tillage/crop residue management on grain yield of

wheat over fourteen years (from 1993 to 2006) at CIANO, Cd.


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Obregon

5600

5800

6000

6200

6400

6600

6800

7000

7200

Conventional till

bed

Wh Res - Incorp All

Mz Res - Incorp All

Permanent bed

Wh Res - Burn All

Mz Res - Burn All

Permanent bed

Wh Res - Remove

70%

Mz Res - Remove

70%

Permanent bed

Wh Res - Retain All

Mz Res - Retain All

Grai

nYield(kg/h

a)

Observations on the effects of


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tillage and residue managementfor permanent raised beds on:

Soil Chemical Parameters

Soil Physical Parameters

Soil Biological Parameters Weed and Disease Incidences

Effect of tillage and crop residue management on %Effect of tillag

e and crop residue management on %


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1.23

1.32 1.31

1.43

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.35

1.40

1.45

1.50

%O

rgan

icma

tter

%O

rgan

icma

tter

%O

rgan

icma

tter

LSD (0.05) = 0.15%LSD (0.05) = 0.15%

organic matter for soil samples (0-15 cm) taken in 2002for a long-term trial initiated in 1993 at CIANO, Cd

Obregon, Sonora

organic matter for soil samples (0-15 cm) taken in 2002for a long-term trial initiated in 1993 at CIANO, CdObregon, Sonora

Conventional till beds;straw incorporated

Permanent beds;

straw burned

Permanent beds;

aprox. 60-70% straw

removed for fodder

Permanent beds;

straw retained


Permanent beds;

straw burned

Permanent beds;

aprox. 60-70% straw

removed for fodder

Permanent beds;

straw retained

Effect of tillage and crop residue management on NaEffect of tillage and crop residue management on Na


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564

600

474

448

400

450

500

550

600

650

Nacon

ten

t(ppm)

Nacon

ten

t(

Nacon

ten

t(ppm

ppm))

LSD (0.05) = 53 ppmLSD (0.05) = 53 ppmLSD (0.05) = 53 ppm

Effect of tillage and crop residue management on Nacontent for soil samples (0-15 cm) taken in 2002 for a

long-term trial initiated in 1993 at CIANO, Cd Obregon,Sonora

Effect of tillage and crop residue management on Na

content for soil samples (0-15 cm) taken in 2002 for along-term trial initiated in 1993 at CIANO, Cd Obregon,

Sonora

Conventional till beds;

straw incorporated

Permanent beds;

straw burned

Permanent beds;

aprox. 60-70% straw

removed for fodder

Permanent beds;

straw retained


straw incorporated

Permanent beds;

straw burned

Permanent beds;

aprox. 60-70% straw

removed for fodder

Permanent beds;

straw retained

Effect of tillage and crop residue management on soil wet aggregates

(Mean Weight Diameter) for soil samples (0-10cm) taken in 2004 for a long-

term trial initiated in 1993 at CIANO Cd Obregon Sonora


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term trial initiated in 1993 at CIANO, Cd Obregon, Sonora

1.121

1.421

1.957

1.262

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

1.800

2.000

SoilWetA

ggregates(M

WD)

Conventional till beds; straw incorporatedPermanent beds; straw burnedPermanent beds; aprox. 60-70% straw removed for fodder

Permanent beds; straw retained

LSD (0.05) = 0.333

Effect of tillage and crop residue management on soilmicrobial biomass C content for soil samples (0-15 cm)

Effect of tillag

e and crop residue management on soilmicrobial biomass C content for soil samples (0-15 cm)


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464 465

588600

400

450

500

550

600

650

So

ilm

icr

obialbiomass

Ccon

ten

tmg

C/kgs

oil

So

ilm

icro

bialbiomass

Ccon

ten

tmg

C/kgso

il

So

ilm

icro

bialbiomass

Ccon

ten

tmg

C/kgso

il

LSD (0.05) = 133 mg C/kg soilLSD (0.05) = 133 mg C/kg soilLSD (0.05) = 133 mg C/kg soil

p ( )

taken in 2002 for a long-term trial initiated in 1993 atCIANO, Cd Obregon, Sonora

taken in 2002 for a long-term trial initiated in 1993 atCIANO, Cd Obregon, Sonora


Permanent beds; straw

burned

Permanent beds;

aprox. 60-70% strawremoved for fodder


retained


straw incorporated


burned

Permanent beds;

aprox. 60-70% strawremoved for fodder


retained


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Control of Nutsedge withHalosulfuron


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Without Halosulfuron With Halosulfuron


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Khorezm Region in the Aral Sea Basin inWestern Uzbekistan


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Furrow Irrigated Cotton/wheat based productionsystem with good yields

Nearly all irrigation water from canal system; poordrainage/high water table; severe salinity and soildegradation

Some farmers have livestock do there is demandfor wheat straw for fodder and cotton sticks for fuel

Our focus has been to introduce permanent raisedbeds with residue retention for the Cotton/WinterWheat-Summer Crop (maize, sorghum, sunflower,mung bean)- 3 crops in 2 years

Cotton planted with conventional tillversus permanent raised beds (both with


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furrow irrigation) in Uzbekistan

Cotton Planted on Permanent RaisedBeds in Uzbekistan


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Relay Planting Wheat into Standing


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Cotton on Permanent Raised BedsRelay Planting Wheat into Cotton Relay Planted Wheat in Cotton

Wheat Relay Planted into Cotton on

P R i d B d i U b ki


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Permanent Raised Beds in Uzbekistan

ERR

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Documents

Conservation Agriculture-Based Crop Management for Gravity Irrigated Crop Production Systems in Mexico - Ken Sayre