CONSERVATION & RESTORATION OF HERITAGE ......cantonment upt o 1854 during British period. Nakodar 8 gurudwaras . 6.2. Tombs of Nakodar The town is famous for its 2 historic tombs,

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp.

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976

© IAEME Publication

CONSERVATION & RESTORATION OF

HERITAGE STRUCTURES

CASE OF TOMBS OF NAKODAR

Assistant Professor,

Apeejay College of Fine Arts, Jalandhar City

ABSTRACT

Heritage structures perform vital role in nation’s history, culture and signify the

richness of it. To augment life and enhance strength, their

important for the future generations to have knowledge about

past ages. (Preserving and restoring monuments and historic buildings, 1972)

demographic and economic changes thre

cultural heritage. Hence, arises a need

good condition and restoring the structure to its normal static and functional

condition. (HakkiO.Ozhan, 2014)

defects and problems faced in old structures

Nakodar and identifying the methods adopted in the past

while respecting structure’s cultural integrity

of intrinsic as well as extrinsic causes responsible for decay of the building. Thus this

paper is an attempt to facilitate the work of

necessary information required for the con

monument and to devise a systematic approach towards handling these issues

Keywords: Nakodar Tombs,

Techniques.

Cite this Article: Ar. Rajni Kumar conservation & Restoration of Heritage

Structures: Case of TOMBS of Nakodar

and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5

1. INTRODUCTION

Heritage has an important role in shaping the

its own life cycle and grows old with the ageing of its component materials. Most old cities

have some monuments which represent the religious, military, political or economic powers

of the past. The condition of such monuments is determined largely by their present function

IJCIET/index.asp 1390 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2017, pp. 1390–1400, Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_150


6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

Scopus Indexed

ONSERVATION & RESTORATION OF

HERITAGE STRUCTURES:


“Without Architecture, we cannot remember…”

Ar. Rajni Kumar

Assistant Professor, Department of Design,

Apeejay College of Fine Arts, Jalandhar City.


richness of it. To augment life and enhance strength, their conservation

important for the future generations to have knowledge about how mankind lived in

(Preserving and restoring monuments and historic buildings, 1972)

demographic and economic changes threaten, as never before, the sur

Hence, arises a need for conservation to keep the

storing the structure to its normal static and functional

(HakkiO.Ozhan, 2014) This paper is an attempt to identify

d in old structures by taking a case example of the tombs of

identifying the methods adopted in the past to undertake

structure’s cultural integrity. It has been found that there are number


paper is an attempt to facilitate the work of a conservation-architect by providing

on required for the conservation and restoration of

a systematic approach towards handling these issues

Tombs, Heritage Conservation, Documentation, Causes,

Ar. Rajni Kumar conservation & Restoration of Heritage

Case of TOMBS of Nakodar. International Journal of Civil Engineering

, 8(5), 2017, pp. 1390–1400.


Heritage has an important role in shaping the destiny of the community.



f such monuments is determined largely by their present function

[email protected]

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5

ONSERVATION & RESTORATION OF

:


Without Architecture, we cannot remember…” - John Ruskin


conservation is very

how mankind lived in

(Preserving and restoring monuments and historic buildings, 1972)Today,

aten, as never before, the survival of our

the monuments in

storing the structure to its normal static and functional

This paper is an attempt to identify the common

by taking a case example of the tombs of

to undertake conservation

It has been found that there are number


architect by providing

restoration of a historic

a systematic approach towards handling these issues.

Causes,

Ar. Rajni Kumar conservation & Restoration of Heritage

vil Engineering


Every building has



f such monuments is determined largely by their present function

Conservation & Restoration of Heritage Structures: Case of TOMBS of Nakodar

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1391 [email protected]

and use. Monuments which have no further utilization tend to decay rapidly, while

monuments which are still in use have a better chance of being maintained. Restoration

increases the total expected life of the structure by strengthening it to withstand all imposed

loads. If the structure is not timely restored, its condition may worsen to an extent such that it

becomes very difficult to regain its original condition. Nakodar is one such city in Punjab

with rich treasure of cultural heritage in the form of architecture and urban spaces, that needs

to be conserved so that it becomes the reason for social integrity and economic prosperity for

generations to come.

AIM : Safeguard the architectural heritage by promoting systematic conservation and

restoration.

2. OBJECTIVES

• To investigate the causes of deteriotion of a heritage structure.

• Assess existing condition of the structure and identify the conservation strategies.

• Additional design strategies for the future.

3. METHODOLOGY

• Literature review

• Brief History and Documentation of tombs of Nakodar

• Data collection: Causes of decay

Conservation Practices adopted in the past

• Analysis: Conservation Practices needed in the future

Identifying the need of conservation

4. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TOWARDS CONSERVATION

A general restoration approach may be adopted as a basis for taking up work of restoration

that provides a logical sequence of various activities to be followed in restoration works.

Identification of various problems, divising the most suitable method to tackle the same,

careful decision taking care of building's historical significance, physical condition is the

restorer's task. The technique adopted should be effective and economical.

Arjun Kumar Singh


Source: http://www.irjet.org

5. LITERATURE REVIEW

The author R. Subramaniam explicates that to extend the service life of a structure repair and

rehabilitation play a vital role which is the process of achieving the original state of structure

when it undergoes any sort of deterioration. (Subramaniam, 2016) Number of heritage

buildings are surveyed by the author to know about the causes of destruction of which

cracks, roof leakage, peeling of walls and ceilings, presence of mold stains are the common

problems faced by the heritage structures. Author Sayali Sandbhor and Rohan Botr insist on

adopting a systematic approach towards restoration of heritage buildings. The best therapy to

reduce decay according to them is preventive maintenance that can limit or postpone the need

for subsequent intervention. The actual problems have been analyzed by reviewing a paper

by M. Y. Awan and N. S. Kazmi who have discussed the present condition and causes of

decay of Tomb of Jahangir which is 370 years old and one of the most significant buildings

of the Mughal period at Shahdara, Lahore. The natural and man made causes of deterioration

of the structure are studied to find suitable solutions for their conservation. The examination

and analysis reveal that the building is in acute need of structural stability, instead of its face

lifting. The efforts should be shifted from restoration work to regular maintenance of

building. It is also important to protect our heritage structures from natural calamaties like

earthquakes for which the author Sanghamitra Basu advices that measures for before, after

and during the earthquake should be pre decided. Understanding the nature and causes of

damage, Improvement of the seismic resistance of heritage buildings, Learning from

traditional construction in Seismic Areas and Formulation of steps to organise disaster

preparedness can certainly be a strong measure when the disaster strikes. (Basu, 2012) A

report ons site conservation assessment to study Jahangir's Tomb Complex prepared by

Rogers Kolachi Khan & Associates reveal that not only strategies for conservation are

required for the upliftment of the structure but also Community Involvement, development of

Tourism, provision of visitor facilities, site cleanliness, preparedness for disaster, knowing

Conservation & Restoration of Heritage Structures:


about threats to the site, routine monitoring and issues like staffing, funding, encroachment

etc also need to be considered.

6. STUDY AREA

Nakodar, a major urban se

the Persian words Neki ka dar

Mughal period, the road from Agra to Lahore passed through the town.

away while Ludhiana, Punjab’s industrial hub, is 50 km

famous for Dera Baba Muraad Shah ji, visited by thousands of visitors on daily basis.

also famous for its farm produce, movie projectors

(Jurisdiction, 2015)

6.1. Historical Background

Nakodar, a historical town was anciently founded by the Hindu Kamboh. The lordship of the

town passed over to the Khanzadaas from the Kamboj tribe in 1570 AD with the coming of

Nawab Kutb Khan, who came

the Rajputs got the town in

apparently divesting the Khanzadahs.

built a fort. Maharaja Ranjit Singh seized it in the year 1816. It also functioned as a

cantonment upto 1854 during British period. Nakodar

8 gurudwaras.

6.2. Tombs of Nakodar

The town is famous for its 2 historic tombs,

Haji Jamal situated close together which are among the 30

archaeological sites in Punjab. These are maintained as protected monuments by the ASI.

two magnificient tombs, popularly known as that of the Ustad

quiet part of the town, surrounded by other old buildings currently in use for various civic

purposes. One of these old buildings is a baradari or meeting hall, now magistrate’s office;

another serves as a PWD rest house

1950s, even Ustad’s tomb housed a municipal school but then Archaeological Survey of India

took over the monuments and gradually restored them to beauty.

onservation & Restoration of Heritage Structures: Case of TOMBS of Nakodar


threats to the site, routine monitoring and issues like staffing, funding, encroachment

also need to be considered. (Khan, 2011)

a major urban settlement of District Jalandhar derived

Neki ka dar, which mean Gate of Goodness or Virtue

, the road from Agra to Lahore passed through the town. Jalandhar lies 25km

Ludhiana, Punjab’s industrial hub, is 50 km down another road.

Dera Baba Muraad Shah ji, visited by thousands of visitors on daily basis.

its farm produce, movie projectors, pharmaceutical machinery and rugs.

Historical Background

was anciently founded by the Hindu Kamboh. The lordship of the


Nawab Kutb Khan, who came with an army from Indor near Nuh. Within two generations,

the Rajputs got the town in jagir from Emperor Jahangir, in later sixteenth century,

apparently divesting the Khanzadahs. During sikh period, Sardar Tara Singh captured it and

Ranjit Singh seized it in the year 1816. It also functioned as a

o 1854 during British period. Nakodar town has 20 mosques,

2 historic tombs, Tomb of Mohammed Momin

situated close together which are among the 30 listed monuments

archaeological sites in Punjab. These are maintained as protected monuments by the ASI.

two magnificient tombs, popularly known as that of the Ustad and that of his Shagird lie in a


buildings is a baradari or meeting hall, now magistrate’s office;

ther serves as a PWD rest house; third haveli behind the tombs houses a school. Till the


and gradually restored them to beauty.

Source: Google

Case of TOMBS of Nakodar

[email protected]

threats to the site, routine monitoring and issues like staffing, funding, encroachment

derived its name from

Gate of Goodness or Virtue. During the

Jalandhar lies 25km

down another road. The town is

Dera Baba Muraad Shah ji, visited by thousands of visitors on daily basis. It is

pharmaceutical machinery and rugs.

was anciently founded by the Hindu Kamboh. The lordship of the


. Within two generations,

Jahangir, in later sixteenth century,

During sikh period, Sardar Tara Singh captured it and

Ranjit Singh seized it in the year 1816. It also functioned as a

mosques, 16 temples and

Tomb of Mohammed Momin and Tomb of

listed monuments and

archaeological sites in Punjab. These are maintained as protected monuments by the ASI. The

of his Shagird lie in a


buildings is a baradari or meeting hall, now magistrate’s office;

eli behind the tombs houses a school. Till the


Arjun Kumar Singh


7. THE TOMB OF MOHAMMED MOMIN

As mentioned in the historical inscription on the S facade, the tomb was built by Muhammad

Momin during his lifetime in 1612 A.D. in the beginning of the reign of Jahangir. Ustad

Muhammed Momin was a tambura player in the service of Khan-I-Khanan, one of the

Mavaratnas in the court of Emperor Akbar.

DOCUMENTATION

Material Brick and Lime Mortar

Plan The ground floor is a Baghdadi octagon, consisting of four large and four

smaller sides. 9.8m and 6.4m each that enclose a square room of 9m side.

Architectural

Characteristics

The tomb stands on an octagonal platform approached by a flight of steps on

two sides, it is square from inside and octagonal on outside. Surmounted by a

pinnacle, the hemispherical dome sits over a low cylindrical drum and is

relieved by four cupolas. Each of the longer face is pierced by deep recesses

while the shorter by half octagonal recesses placed one over the other, all

covered by pointed arches. The entrances are on the northern and southern

recesses while the other recesses are blocked with pierced tracery screens.

Decorations The middle portions of the panels on the exterior and the arch spandrels,

parapets and corner structures are decorated with geometric design ( star &

octagon shape) in glazed tile work. The upper and lower panel, framed in lines

of red plastered bricks, contain painted designs showing guldastas. Originally

within the burial chamber were two elegant sarcophagi of sienna coloured

marble inlaid with white marble inscription , which are now lost. The second

sarcophagus might have been that of Muhammad Mumin's wife.

Protecting body ASI

Source: Google

Source: Self



8. CONDITION ASSESSMENT

The lime plaster from

all the walls is worn out.

The fresco work at the

parapet is completely

ruptured.

The pillars of cupolas being

exposed on the terrace is

affected badly due to climatic

conditions.

The whole structure is almost in rough situation inspite of the strong and stable

9. THE TOMB OF HAJI JAM

The two lined inscription engraved on the entrance gate of the tomb refers to its being the

tomb of Haji Jamal, a pupil of Ustad Muhammed Husseini, the tambura player, towards the

close of Emperor Shah Jahan's



CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF TOMB OF MOHAMMED MOM

The lime plaster from

all the walls is worn out.

The fresco work on the exterior walls

is ruptured from many areas due to

human factors or climatic weathering.

The flooring is being affected

due to poor maintenance and

low cleanliness.

Only the remains of lime plaster is

left on the cupolas and the bricks

used for construction is totally

exposed.

The whole structure is almost in rough situation inspite of the strong and stable structural factor.

THE TOMB OF HAJI JAMAL


a pupil of Ustad Muhammed Husseini, the tambura player, towards the

Emperor Shah Jahan's reign and gives a date of AH 1067 (1657 A.D.)

Source: Google


[email protected]

TOMB OF MOHAMMED MOMIN

The fresco work on the exterior walls

is ruptured from many areas due to

human factors or climatic weathering.

Only the remains of lime plaster is

structural factor.


a pupil of Ustad Muhammed Husseini, the tambura player, towards the

A.D.)


Material Brick and Lime Mortar

Plan This tomb reverses the plan of its neighbouring tombs as it is square on the

outside and octagonal inside,

one on the S side gives access to the interior.

Architectural

Characteristics

It stands in the middle of the 32.5m square and 2.4m high platform, panelled on

all sides with deep recesses concealing two flig

the four faces have octagonal recesses covered by pointed arches. The building

measures 16.2m square , having an octagonal turret at each corner. A bulbous

dome crowned with pinnacle sits over a high drum and is balanced b

cupolas crowning the turrets

Decorations The interior of the tomb is covered with very fine plaster. The façade is divided

into red stucco covered brick framed panels and painted with white lines. The

larger panels are filled with flower pots and the smaller with geometrical

designs. The broad be

in tiles of different colours. The octagonal towers and the battlements as well as

the pinnacles of the domes are ornamented with glazed tiles.

Graves There are six sarcophagi inside the tomb. As

interring six bodies in the tomb, one was buried outside, on the platform. The

sarcophagus made of sienna coloured marble bearing an inlaid inscription in

white marble is very beautiful.

Protecting body ASI

10. CONDITION ASSESSMENT

The lime plaster

from

all the walls is

worn out.

Even the remains

of fresco are hard

to figure.

Arjun Kumar Singh


DOCUMENTATION

Brick and Lime Mortar

This tomb reverses the plan of its neighbouring tombs as it is square on the

outside and octagonal inside, having an archway on each side of which only the

one on the S side gives access to the interior.


all sides with deep recesses concealing two flight of steps on each side. Each of



dome crowned with pinnacle sits over a high drum and is balanced b

cupolas crowning the turrets.

The interior of the tomb is covered with very fine plaster. The façade is divided



designs. The broad belts between the panels are ornamented with diaper designs


the pinnacles of the domes are ornamented with glazed tiles.

There are six sarcophagi inside the tomb. As there was little space inside after



white marble is very beautiful.

CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF TOMB OF HAJI JAMAL

The inner chamber of this

tomb is being misused by

keeping extra things like

ladder, drums that affects the

heritage pride.

Dome has lost its shine due to

environmental factors and poor

maintenance.

Source: Self

Source: Self

[email protected]

This tomb reverses the plan of its neighbouring tombs as it is square on the

having an archway on each side of which only the


ht of steps on each side. Each of



dome crowned with pinnacle sits over a high drum and is balanced by the four

The interior of the tomb is covered with very fine plaster. The façade is divided



lts between the panels are ornamented with diaper designs


there was little space inside after



HAJI JAMAL

Conservation & Restoration of Heritage Structures: Case of TOMBS of Nakodar


11. CAUSES OF DECAY OF BOTH THE TOMBS

11.1. Causes related to geographical location of building

11.1.1. Thermal Movement:

Nakodar has extreme climate; during summer the temperature rises up to 48°C and in winter

falls down to 0°C. The exposed parts of building expand more due to solar radiation, where as

internal and shaded parts of building stay relatively cool. Thermal movements create stress in

building material and components, which results in cracks in the material and structure. The

roof, which is decorated with different colored stones, has also developed cracks between

joints at roof; through these cracks, the rainwater percolates and causes damage to the interior

of building, having fresco painting and mosaic tile work.

11.1.2. Rain & Moisture

Rain damages the masonry above the ground and penetration of rainwater through capillary

action causes decay of structure internally. The rainwater picks up soluble materials along its

path and destructive crystallization process occurs when water evaporates. Salt crystallization

results in powdering of surface, cracking in material and sometimes even complete

disintegration of masonry.

Source: Self

Source: Self

Arjun Kumar Singh


11.2. Causes related to nature of ground

The present water table further rises up during rainy season; resultantly the dampness has

become a permanent feature of building. The salts available in the ground have dissolved the

lime mortar and have caused serious disintegration of masonry joints. The kankar lime plaster

has peeled off from the surrounding rooms of main building.

11.3. Man-made causes

Which include neglect, atmospheric pollution, vibration, wear and tear by visitors and use of

poor conservation techniques.

11. 4. Biological and Micro-biological causes

Due to extensive dampness the growth of microorganisms is very common on the surface of

stone facade. Lichens and fungi have blackened the whole surface, especially the dado panels.

The enzymatic activity of micro-organisms has also resulted in loosening, staining cracking

and falling of building material.

12. CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES

CONSERVATION PRACTICES ADOPTED IN THE PAST

1958-59

Re-erection of the dislodged pinnacle of the central dome

Re-erection of the corner chhattris

Pointing of the open joints

1965-66

Decayed and salt -affected plaster over the apron and arches was replaced by a fresh

coat of plaster.

Removal of moss from the multi coloured inlay work and wall paintings on the exterior

Extrication of moss that had penetrated the parking

1968-69

Chemical treatment using turpentine for removal of moss and lichen on some paintings

and tile work

1988-89 Pointing the joints of brick flooring of the platform

2010-11

Lime-plastered of interior portion covered with dust, dirt and other accretions.

The plastered surface was chemically treated with slurry of bleaching powder and the

stone surface with aqueous solution of ammonia and non-ionic detergent.

The major and minor cracks over the lime-plastered surface were also filled up with

putty made up of lime, pop and adhesive.

The painted area in interior portion of the tomb was chemically treated by using

different organic solvents and preserved with 1% PVA solution in toluene.

The silane and siloxane based water repellent treatment was given to the dried lime-

plastered surface of the monument.

2012-13

The exterior surface covered in thick layers of atmospheric dust, dirt, bird’s droppings

and microbiological growth; treated with water followed by neutralization with mild

alkaline ammonia solution.



The interior walls taken up for cleaning and removal of

dust, soot, stains and greasy matters from their surfaces. A mixture of liquid ammonia

and non- ionic detergent solution in water was used for the removal of all these

accretionary deposits The hard and firm accretions were rem

with additives followed by thorough washing with distilled water.

CONSERVATION ISSUES AND PRIORITIES AT THE TOMBS (AT PRESENT)

High quality of painted decoration is in need of cleaning and conservation.

Rainwater is entering the structure and causing cracks, dampness & discolouration of masonry.

Major crack in the main arch growing inwards which needs to be stablized.

External brickwork which has not been maintained is eroding due to exposure of weathering.

5. Structural assessment of all the sections of the tombs needs to be carried out.

13. DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR THE F

Main entrance of the tomb complex is not

welcoming. It does not attract visitors to

come and visit. The present brick flooring can

be replaced by non slippery stone tiles to

blend with the surrounding landscape.

These tombs house the holy graves,

therefore as a ritual shoes need to be

removed before entering. Therefore,

randomly placed shoes of the visitors

to the tombs need a proper shoe stand,

preferably open type near the entrance

Provision of eating kiosk for refreshment of visitors

and also to

maintain the

tourism

economy of

the site.

An important

intervention can be

the addition of a

Museum, that shall

portray the

historical

background of these

two great people through art, paintings and text.

14. CONCLUSION

Tombs of Nakodar are elegant and

and symbolism in the language of architecture and landscape. It adds to the socio cultural

value of the region as it is symbolic of both historical and

structure may deteriote due to many reasons as discussed but t



The interior walls taken up for cleaning and removal of layers of accumulated dirt,


ionic detergent solution in water was used for the removal of all these

accretionary deposits The hard and firm accretions were removed using fuller’s earth

with additives followed by thorough washing with distilled water.


High quality of painted decoration is in need of cleaning and conservation.

the structure and causing cracks, dampness & discolouration of masonry.

Major crack in the main arch growing inwards which needs to be stablized.


sment of all the sections of the tombs needs to be carried out.

STRATEGIES FOR THE FUTURE

Main entrance of the tomb complex is not

not attract visitors to

The present brick flooring can

slippery stone tiles to

blend with the surrounding landscape.

These tombs house the holy graves,

therefore as a ritual shoes need to be

removed before entering. Therefore,

andomly placed shoes of the visitors

a proper shoe stand,

bly open type near the entrance

Provision of eating kiosk for refreshment of visitors Provision of

dustbins for

maintaining

cleanliness

two great people through art, paintings and text.

Landcaping

elements like

fountains, benches,

gazebos can be

provided.

Tombs of Nakodar are elegant and visually stunning representation of Mughal rule, design


value of the region as it is symbolic of both historical and legandry versions of the past.

deteriote due to many reasons as discussed but the best therapy to reduce decay


[email protected]

layers of accumulated dirt,


ionic detergent solution in water was used for the removal of all these

oved using fuller’s earth


the structure and causing cracks, dampness & discolouration of masonry.


,

visually stunning representation of Mughal rule, design


legandry versions of the past. The

he best therapy to reduce decay

Arjun Kumar Singh


is preventive maintenance. Adequate maintenance can limit or postpone the need for

subsequent intervention. Conservation of the monument shall only, add to the economic

value in terms of potential revenue from tourism, commerce use and amenities. It also

provides a social interactive place and establishes community identity. It is not only the

responsibility of the government or the related agency to safeguard and maintain the tomb

complex or any heritage structure but also needs involvement of the community and thereby

strengthen social cohesion. There is tremendous educational and practical potential to be

realized in the area of restoration. An architectural, engineering, management as well as

social approach is required for such type of endeavour. Proper education and training for such

kind of works is today's need. (Institute T. G., 2000) Involvement of more practitioners and

technical professionals is required. The potential of this field needs to be realized by

integrating and contextualizing the spheres and work of conservation, not only as a self-

contained science or technological endeavour but also as a social practice.

REFERENCES

[1] Basu, S. (2012). Preservation of heritage structures & earthquake issues, guidelines and

lessons from the past. NPCBEERM, MHA (DM).

[2] HakkiO.Ozhan, A. (2014). Value and Vulnerability Assessment of a Historic Tomb for

Conservation. TheScientificWorldJournal , 11.

[3] Institute, M. K. (April 2010). India's urban awakening. India: Mc Kinsey & Company.

[4] Institute, T. G. (2000). Values and Heritage Conservation. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty

Trust.

[5] (2015). LPA Nakodar. In Jurisdiction, Master plan, LPA Nakodar . Nakodar.

[6] Khan, R. K. (2011). Site Conservation Assessment Report: Jahangir Complex Lahore.

Lahore: Global Heritage Network.

[7] (1972). Preserving and restoring monuments and historic buildings. USA: UNESCO.

[8] Subramaniam, S. R. (2016). A Review on Repair and Rehabilitation of Heritage

Buildings. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

Documents

CONSERVATION & RESTORATION OF HERITAGE ......cantonment upt o 1854 during British period. Nakodar 8 gurudwaras . 6.2. Tombs of Nakodar The town is famous for its 2 historic tombs,