Singapore’s NationalBiodiversity Strategy and

Action Plan

CONSERVINGOUR BIODIVERSITY

2009

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ADDENDUM (20 MAY 2019)

Based on Aichi Biodiversity Targets 2011-2020Singapore’s National Targets

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The development of the Garden City tookroot more than 40 years ago when thenPrime Minister Lee Kuan Yew launched theTree Planting Campaign in the 1960s. Sincethen, Singapore’s greening efforts havetransformed the island into a distinctively lushcity that is almost 50% covered by greenery.

Going forward, our aim is to bring this to thenext level – a city embraced in a garden ofdiverse flora and fauna. This vision is portrayedin many of the children’s artwork featuredinside. The drawings reflect the growingenvironmental awareness among our youngergeneration and underpin the need tosafeguard our natural heritage.

01 INTRODUCTION

03 PRINCIPLES & GOALS

04 STRATEGY 1Safeguard Our Biodiversity

08 STRATEGY 2Consider Biodiversity Issues in Policy and Decision-making

10 STRATEGY 3Improve Knowledge of Our Biodiversity and the Natural Environment

14 STRATEGY 4Enhance Education and Public Awareness

18 STRATEGY 5Strengthen Partnerships with All Stakeholders and Promote International Collaboration

CONTENTS

21MONITORING & EVALUATION

STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS

23 ADDENDUMSingapore’s National Targets Based on Aichi Biodiversity Targets 2011-2020

to establish both policy frameworks and specific measures to ensure better

Diversity (CBD)1

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and talents.

green cover2

“Conserving Our Biodiversity”maps out Singapore’s master plan for biodiversity. It aims to promotebiodiversity conservation, keeping in mind that as a densely populatedcountry with no hinterland, we would have to adopt a pragmatic approachto conservation and develop unique solutions to our challenges. It intends

planning and co-ordination in the sustainable use, management andconservation of our biodiversity.

Biodiversity conservation cannot be achieved with only efforts from oneagency. A holistic approach must be adopted and the inputs of variouspublic sector agencies and nature groups have been taken into considerationin the preparation of this document. The master plan also fulfils our regionaland international commitments, primarily the Convention on Biological

Singapore Today — a Garden City, a Haven for BiodiversitySingapore’s green policies, beginning with the “Garden City”plan in the 1960s, and continuing into the next century as a“City in a Garden” vision, have transformed the city-state intoa distinctive and vibrant global city. The clean and greenenvironment mitigates the harsh concrete urban environmentand improves our quality of life. This has allowed Singapore tomeet the lifestyle and recreational needs of an increasinglysophisticated population, and enhanced Singapore’sattractiveness as a destination for foreign businesses

With careful planning, Singapore has been able to increase its from 35.7% to 46.5% between 1986 and 2007,

despite the population growing by 68% from 2.7 million to 4.6million. Currently, close to 10% of the total land area is setaside for parks and nature conservation. This sense of green

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1 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international agreement established by the United Nations. The CBD currently has 191 Parties.Singapore signed the CBD on 12 June 1992 and subsequently became a Party on 21 December 1995. For more information on the CBD,please visit www.cbd.int

2 This refers to the area covered by greenery. This is based on a study conducted by the Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing(CRISP), National University of Singapore.

space in the city is further enhanced by integrating naturalecosystems into parks, clustering parks with complementaryecosystems and activities, and connecting them in an island-wide network of green links.

The lush green cover and warm tropical climate make Singaporea haven for rich biodiversity despite our small land mass. Theisland has more than 2,000 native vascular plant species, some57 mammal species, 98 reptile species and 25 differentamphibian species. Some 355 species of birds also soarthrough our skies, along with 282 over species of butterflies.

Our inter-tidal mangroves and mudflats are home to hundredsof fish species, which live in the root systems of more than 31true mangrove plant species. Seagrass meadows still remain,with 12 of the 23 Indo-Pacific species found within Singapore’swaters. More than 100 species of inter-tidal sponges have

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been recorded, and many more are likely to be observed inthe sub-tidal areas, along with the 256 different species ofhard corals.

Nestled in the midst of the Indo-Malayan rainforest (one ofthree last remaining rainforest blocs in the world), and at thefocal point between the South China Sea and Indian Ocean,Singapore is well-placed to showcase the richness of theregion’s biodiversity in an easily accessible urban setting.

Our Biodiversity — A Valuable and Precious ResourceSome of us may take for granted how our survival dependson biodiversity. The tropical rainforests in the Central CatchmentNature Reserve protect our water catchment so that we canhave clean water. Plants play important roles like cleaning ourair through the capturing of carbon dioxide, lowering theambient temperature by shading, and reducing soil erosion.Insects function as important pollinators so that we can enjoyfruits. Birds act as seed dispersal agents. Mangroves serve asnurseries for crabs, prawns, cockles, and many of our marineorganisms. Coral reefs harbour several of our favourite seafood.The natural ecosystems found in Sungei Buloh, Bukit Timah,Pulau Ubin, etc., cater to our recreational, educational, andpsychological needs.

A Holistic Approach to Nature ConservationSingapore has adopted the policy to legally protectrepresentatives of key indigenous ecosystems within ourNature Reserves, namely, the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve(lowland dipterocarp forest), the Central Catchment NatureReserve (including freshwater swamp forest), SungeiBuloh Wetland Reserve (mangroves) and Labrador NatureReserve (coastal hill forest). In addition, one of the reserves,Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, holds the distinction of beingan ASEAN Heritage Park, as well as an important link in thechain of stop-over sites for migratory birds from as far as

Siberia. Together, the four nature reserves cover more than3,000 hectares or 4.5% of Singapore’s land area. A networkof green space, parks and park connectors, comprising anadditional 4.5% of our land area, supports and buffers theseNature Reserves.

Looking forward, Singapore will need to continue to groweconomically and demographically. But nature conservationneed not necessarily suffer as a result if we can continue tofind unique solutions to meet our set of challenges. For a citythat is one of the most densely populated in the world, andwhich has no hinterland, the key challenge is to integratenature without impeding economic growth. Hence, beyonddeveloping infrastructure, Singapore has also paid dueattention to conserving the natural biodiversity in the city.This requires a pragmatic approach in balancingdevelopment and biodiversity conservation, findingunique solutions to create a nature conservation model thatchampions environmental sustainability in a small urban setting.Projects like the plan to build a network of 300 km of parkconnectors, the promotion of skyrise greenery and theActive, Beautiful and Clean Waters Programme to softscapeour waterbodies throughout the city provide excitingopportunities to weave nature deeper into the cityscape,and are illustrations of how we materialise the uniqueconservation model into reality.

Ultimately, our work in this area cannot be complete withoutthe full and active support of the people. Community involvementis key to Singapore’s long-term success in conserving ournatural heritage. Already, there are many examples where thepublic, private and people sectors work hand-in-hand insuccessful projects to conserve our native flora and fauna. Butto have a city where people and nature co-exist in harmony,we will need to press on to raise the appreciation of the wondersof nature within our urban setting.

Singapore increased its green cover from35.7% to 46.5% between 1986 and 2007

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Principles& GoalsPRINCIPLESThere is an increasing global awareness on the role of biodiversityconservation in improving the quality of life in cities. “ConservingOur Biodiversity” provides a framework that uses an integratedapproach for the conservation of our natural heritage. Itshowcases Singapore’s commitment to the conservation andsustainable use of its biodiversity resources. Our aim is tocreate a city biodiversity conservation model that championsenvironmental sustainability in an urban setting with well-endowed natural heritage.

The following principles guide its implementation:

• The biodiversity resources of Singaporeare our natural heritage and should beconserved for future generations.

• Considerations on biodiversity andecosystems are factored into thenational planning process.

• A balanced view is adopted of nationalpr ior i t ies and internat ional andregional obligations.

GOALSThe goals of Singapore’s National Biodiversity Strategy andAction Plan mirror the objectives of the Convention on BiologicalDiversity.

1 Conserve and enhance biodiversity atthe genetic, species and ecosystemlevels.Singapore’s habitats and ecosystems should be conservedfor long-term sustainability of the ecosystems. The rates ofdecline in biodiversity should be slowed down as expressedin the World Summit on Sustainable Development target ofreducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. Concertedefforts should be made to conserve existing species, habitatsand ecosystems, and to re-establish species known to havebeen present in the past.

2 Ensure sustainable use of Singapore’sbiodiversity resources.The use of Singapore’s biodiversity, including its benefitssuch as ecosystem services or by-products, should besustainable. Multi-agency cooperation should be central tothe assessment, monitoring and regulation of conservationprocesses.

3 Ensure fair and equitable sharing ofbenefits that result from the use of ourgenetic resources.Policies on sharing of benefits derived from the use of ourgenetic resources are to be formulated and implemented,at the same time balancing the twin goals of biodiversityconservation and sustainable use.

Beautiful Gardens makeBeautiful HomesZhang De Primary School:Chee Jia Yi, Teo Jing Yi,Sandy Toh, Patricia Lim

In this piece, we are trying toportray a Garden City.Everywhere we go, we arebound to come acrossbeautiful flowers and trees. Welove the idea of having natureso close to us. This makesSingapore our lovely home.

Concrete ForestCatholic High School:Tan Jie Qi, Han Jie Chou

This painting shows a city witha dead tree on one side anda live tree on the other. Themessage is that even thoughurbanisation is good, if wedo not take care of theenvironment just as well, allthe beautiful trees and plantswill die.

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Strategy 1: Safeguard Our Biodiversity

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Conserve Singapore’s habitats and ecosystems for long-termsustainability, so that Singaporeans can benefit from their multiplefunctions. Concerted efforts should be made to protect existing nativespecies, habitats and ecosystems, and to re-establish species whichonce existed.

Actions:1.1. Implement species conservation and recovery programmes

1.2. Rehabilitate areas that have previously been degraded

1.3. Extend green corridors to counter fragmentation

1.4. Utilise parks for ex-situ conservation and to house or re-createecosystems that have been lost

Smooth Otters can oftenbe spotted in Sungei BulohWetland Reserve.

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Concerted efforts aremade to protect or re-establish native species,habitats and ecosystems

Species Conservation and Recovery ProgrammesMany activities are being carried out in Singapore, designedto conserve and recover native species. Current highlightsinclude bird, dragonfly and plant conservation. Singapore’sconservation work with Oriental Pied Hornbills has receivednational and international attention. Such work is now beingextended to other species. With plants, we conserve rarespecies in their natural habitats; rescue plants from areasundergoing development; increase their numbers by seeds,cuttings and tissue culture, and plant them in secure areas.We established the Yishun Arboretum in 2008 for the ex-situconservation of rare dipterocarp trees, and will continue withother tree conservation projects in different parks.

Dragonflies are important indicators of freshwater habitat quality.The 117 species found locally are being cultivated by enhancingwaterbodies, such as ponds and streams, with plants importantfor dragonflies. The designs of parks such as Jurong CentralPark, Admiralty Park and Gardens by the Bay are also beingimproved to enhance dragonfly habitats. All these improve theexperience of park visitors, who can enjoy better surroundingsand lively, colourful insects.

NParks also creates and enhances habitats, by replantingdegraded areas, developing new grasslands for birds, andimproving mangroves. These activities are carried out inconjunction with other agencies, in many parts of Singapore,so that sufficient habitat is available for the species we arestriving to conserve.

Marine Rehabilitation Programme: Coral Nursery ProjectCoral reefs in Singapore, though small in size, boast a relativelyhigh biodiversity. These reefs are, however, threatened byvarious human activities. In order to enhance and restore thecurrent coral cover in Singapore, a coral nursery was establishedoff Pulau Semakau in 2007. Unlike other commercial methodsof harvesting corals, which breaks up healthy coral coloniesfor planting, the Pulau Semakau nursery is the first coral nurseryin the region that uses “corals of opportunity” (i.e. coral fragmentsthat lie free on the reef having been fragmented by someimpact) as seed corals for growth and transplantation. This isakin to a horticultural nursery providing seedlings to be plantedin forest sites that need to be reforested. Coral fragments thathave been successfully grown in the coral nursery are beingtransplanted onto the degraded reef sites off the southerncoast of Singapore.

NParks and National University of Singapore jointly championthis marine conservation project with sponsorship from KeppelCorporation and support from the National Environment Agency.

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Terrestrial Rehabilitation Programme:Ketam Mountain Bike ParkThe Ketam Mountain Bike Park in Pulau Ubin is a good exampleof how land can be optimally used for different needs. Theproject demonstrated the sustainable co-existence of natureconservation and outdoor recreation.

When NParks took over management of the site in 1999, ithad been highly impacted by past granite quarrying activities.The severely degraded land was devoid of greenery andbiodiversity, and the ground was highly compacted with granitechips and dust.

To rehabilitate the site, about 350,000 cubic metres of soilwere brought in for landscaping and over 1,500 trees andshrubs were planted. The Bike Park is now a lush habitat fora large number of open country wildlife, attracting even birdspreviously not found in Pulau Ubin e.g. the Red-wattled Lapwing,Baya Weaver and Lanceolated Warbler.

Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Waters ProgrammeSoft-scaping of our waterways has an important role to playin benefiting our biodiversity. Most streams, rivers and pondsin the built-up parts of Singapore had been given hard edges,created by masonry, walls or concrete, to prevent flooding andprotect infrastructure. Now, the trend has been reversed:changes in water flow and water levels are managed ratherthan prevented, and the ABC Waters Programme engages thePeople, Public and Private (3P) sectors to take ownership ofwater resources. It includes initiatives to manage catchmentsand waterways for recreation and enjoyment. Our drains, canalsand reservoirs are being transformed into beautiful streams,flowing rivers and vibrant lakes.

Soft edges, with a variety of native plants, help to merge thebuilt and the natural environment. They encourage directinteraction between people and waterways. Projects such asthe revitalisation of the Kolam Ayer riverside encouragedragonflies, kingfishers and local water plants to thrive. Plantededges create more habitat types, and more places for animalsto seek shelter, rest and feed. The plants can also help inmaking the water cleaner.

More information about the ABC Waters Programme can befound at http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/

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The Ugly TruthCatholic High School:Shi Cheng Zi Jing, KennethTeng, Liew Wai Yinn,Terence Szeto

The healthy tree by the riveris dead in its reflection. Ourenvironment is dying. Themany wonderful sights ofnature are just the minority.Much of nature on Earth isfacing a crisis and we needto do something about it.

The Smoke FromThe FactoryZhang De Primary School:Sandy Toh, Patricia Lim,Chee Jia Yi, Teo Jing Yi

A factory emitting poisonousgas results in acid rain thatdestroys life. This painting wascreated to raise awareness ofthe bad effects of air pollution.The sunflower is lucky to haveshelter from danger but notthe rest of the world.

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Some 355 speciesof birds soar throughour skies

Stork-billed Kingfisher.

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Strategy 2: Consider Biodiversity Issues inPolicy and Decision-making

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The government will take into account biodiversity issues when makingdecisions and adopt holistic approaches towards conserving our naturalenvironment.

Actions:2.1. Incorporate biodiversity conservation considerations, including

integrated coastal management principles, into existingadministrative processes

2.2. Enhance biodiversity assessment capabilities

2.3. Strengthen the current processes on access and benefit sharing,to ensure that biodiversity conservation is considered when grantingaccess to Singapore’s natural genetic resources

A sustainable managementplan for Chek Jawa was

developed in consultationwith various nature groups.

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Singapore is a haven forrich biodiversity despitethe small land mass

Integrated Coastal ManagementAs Singapore progresses economically, the multi-sectoral useof Singapore’s coastal and sea-space resources becomesincreasingly more complex, requiring the balancing ofdevelopment, navigation, public health and conservation goals.The Technical Committee on Coastal and Marine Environment,comprising members from different agencies with a stakein the marine environment, was set up to address theseissues, and will adopt integrated coastal managementprinciples as a holistic approach in managing our coastaland marine resources.

Saving Chek JawaDo Singaporeans care about our biodiversity? In 2001, thepublic learnt about the rich biodiversity of Chek Jawa. Manyvisited the unique juxtaposition of at least 5 inter-tidal ecosystemsin Chek Jawa. Visitors of all ages were fascinated by the variousorganisms seen only during low tides that occur during theearly or late hours of the day. Even more flocked to experienceChek Jawa when they learnt that it was slated for reclamation.They were at first resigned to accept the planned reclamation.However, many felt so strongly about the natural heritage ofChek Jawa that they appealed to the Government to seekalternate solutions.

Does the Singapore Government take biodiversity considerationsinto decision-making and listen to citizens’ feedback? Afterstudying the numerous appeals, supported by documentationof the unique biodiversity found in Chek Jawa and views ofthe scientific experts, and ensuring that critical land use needswould not be unduly compromised, the Government decidedthat as long as it was not needed for development, Chek Jawawould be kept in its natural state.

Today, Chek Jawa, a jewel of our natural heritage, continuesto be enjoyed by all who visit it.

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A survey of Singapore’snatural areas unearthed newrecords of species neverbefore seen here.

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Strategy 3: Improve Knowledgeof Our Biodiversity and the NaturalEnvironmentA keen knowledge of how the key ecosystemsrespond to our activities will enable us to conserveand use them in a sustainable manner. It is essentialthat we support taxonomic studies, document ourbiodiversity and conduct ecological research.

Actions:3.1. Encourage and facilitate research, in particular

on ecosystem and species-speci f icbiodiversity conservation, the interactionsbetween the biological components and theirphysical environment, biodiversity valuationstudies and the impact of climate changeon biodiversity

3.2. Monitor the health of ecosystems and speciesas part of the management process

3.3. Develop and maintain a central informationportal on biodiversity to facilitate more informeddecision-making

3.4. Maintain a list of species with their conservationstatus (red data list)

3.5. Compile case studies on and assess bestpractices that have been implemented

Nature’s OppositesRaffles Institution:See Yong Xin, John Kee JiaLiang, Daniel Siew Jihan

This collage shows thenegative and positive impactsof man on nature in Singapore.The positive side showsbeautiful greenery and a liondrinking from the water whilethe reflection shows thenegative side with a vandalisedtree and sewage.

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Singapore Red Data BookThe Red Data Book is a list, with photographs and descriptions,of the plant and animal species in Singapore which needimprovement on their conservation status. It indicates the mainreasons for rarity of these species, and gives positive guidanceon actions that can be taken for improvement. Many countrieshave their own Red Data Book, complementing the global listof threatened species that is maintained by IUCN WorldConservation Union. Singapore’s first edition of the Red DataBook was produced in 1994 and a second updated editionwas published in 2008.

The book is a resource for planners, researchers, students andagencies, to help plan conservation actions. It is also the basisfor monitoring, so that the status of species can be tracked.Its contents highlight a number of cases where the status ofa species in Singapore differs from the global picture. A speciesthat is common overseas can be very rare in Singapore.Conversely, some species threatened elsewhere, such as theGreat-billed Heron and the Straw-headed Bulbul, are doingwell here. Local context is very important in planning localactions. This is where Singapore’s own data sources andpublications are essential.

In line with making information more readily accessible, theRed Data Book is being placed on-line.

Documenting Our Marine BiodiversityTo better understand and assess the state of our marinebiodiversity, NParks has embarked on a series of researchprojects in collaboration with different research institutions andinterest groups to study, document and monitor our marinenatural heritage.

The study on the biodiversity and distribution of the marinesponges (an animal that comes in various colours, shapes andsizes and is rooted to one spot, very much like a plant) ofSingapore with NUS is one such example. These spongesplay many important roles in the coral reef ecosystem such asserving as food and providing habitats for other marineorganisms. They also possess potential chemical compoundsthat are of interest to pharmaceutical companies. The studyhas so far recorded over 100 species of inter-tidal sponges,of which more than 40 are new records for Singapore, and atleast one is new to science. The project is now in its secondphase, targeting sub-tidal species.

Another research programme that Royal Belgian Institute ofNatural Sciences, NUS and NParks are currently working onis the Singapore Mangrove Insect Project. Eleven mangrovesites in Singapore were surveyed during a one-month samplingcampaign in May 2009 to document the species richness andassess the quality of each site. The insect fauna of Singaporewas found to be surprisingly rich and one of the best knownin the world. During the one-month sampling, at least 10 newfly species for science were found, demonstrating that evenin a densely populated country like Singapore, treasures canstill be found.

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She’s BeautifulPei Tong Primary School:Gan Jia Ai, Bai Yu Xin, Ng YiShien, Ho Pei Xuan

When I lift my head,I can see the cleanopalescent sky.When I take a deep breath,I inhale the clean pristine scent.The Earth I stand onRadiates serenity and beauty.U

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Treasures can stillbe found even in adensely populatedcountry like Singapore

The Singapore Hornbill Projectstudies the nesting ecology of

the Oriental Pied Hornbill.

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Strategy 4: Enhance Education and PublicAwareness

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Knowledge and awareness are pre-requisites for action hencecommunication on biodiversity issues is critical in driving publicinvolvement. Effective communication will create greater awarenessand interest in our natural heritage and instill a sense of national pride.

Actions:4.1. Increase appreciation, awareness and understanding of

Singaporeans for nature through public seminars, road showsand events

4.2. Promote volunteerism through biodiversity interest groups

4.3. Incorporate elements of biodiversity conservation into the curriculaof all levels of education

Natural areas act as livingclassrooms to encouragegreater nature appreciation.

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Community involvement iskey to Singapore’s long-term success in conservingthe natural heritage

Volunteer And Outreach ProgrammesA variety of programmes are available for anyone wanting tobe involved in nature conservation. This includes volunteeringas guides at our nature areas, participating in habitat monitoringand giving a hand in reforestation projects.

Guided walks are available in places such as Sungei BulohWetland Reserve, Central Catchment Nature Reserve, BukitTimah Nature Reserve, Pulau Ubin, Kusu Island, and PulauSemakau. These tours are run by NParks and various interestgroups including The Blue Water Volunteers, Raffles Museumof Biodiversity Research and Nature Society of Singapore.

Those who prefer to get their hands dirty can volunteer toremove debris from our shoreline. The International CoastalCleanup Singapore, which is coordinated by theToddycats (volunteers of the Raffles Museum of BiodiversityResearch), is one of Singapore’s largest environmentalconservation programme with an average annual participationof 1,500 volunteers.

The public can also participate in biodiversity-related seminarsand educational workshops conducted by organisations andinterest groups such as NParks, Nature Society of Singapore,Cicada Tree Eco-place and The Leafmonkey Workshop. Thesevaried organisations also reach out to the community byshowcasing their work in environment-related events, such asEarth Day, International Day for Biological Diversity, WorldEnvironment Day, and Envirofest.

Wireless Learning Trail @ Sungei Buloh Wetland ReserveThe wireless learning trail at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reservewas inspired by the desire to enhance the learning experiencefor students at the reserve. It is a new way of reaching out anddelivering educational programmes that will appeal to the youngand technology-savvy Singaporeans. The first of its kind in theparks of Singapore, and possibly in the region, this is a public-private partnership initiative involving NParks, IDA, MOE andiCELL Network Pte Ltd.

Using webcams installed on Ultra Mobile PCs (UMPC), studentsare able to receive information by scanning the 2-D barcodesthat are located strategically along the wireless learning trail.They can listen to birdcalls or observe behaviour of mudskippers.Students are also prompted with stimulating questions on whatthey can see along the trail and even participate in variouseducational activities provided on their UMPC.

There are 20 barcodes or stations along the MangroveBoardwalk. It takes about 2 hours to finish the entire learningtrail. After completion, students can include their thoughts andobservations to build their own personal learning trail, andshare the information with their classmates. This promoteslearning in the ‘outdoor classroom’.

For more information, visit www.sbwr.org.sg/events/ wirelesslearningtrail/

blog (http://wildshores.blogspot.com). Since it went online

The “Wild Singapore” website (http://www.wildsingapore.com)

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Future in Our HandsKranji Secondary School:Group of 5B and 5Cart students

We used our fingers andhandprints to create an imageof a tulip flower. We want topresent the idea, quite literally,that if we put our handstogether, we will be able tomake our world a better andmore beautiful place.

Irony of LifeZhang De Primary School:Sandy Toh, Patricia Lim,Chee Jia Yi, Teo Jing Yi

A lady takes great care of hergarden yet the real world isdying. She seems to besomeone who loves nature buton the other hand owns a carthat contributes to air pollution.This is the irony of life. Do wesee her in ourselves?

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SUN Club: Special Projects To Understand NatureThe SUN Club programme is founded on the idea of ‘naturefor everyone’. It aims to bring nature appreciation to studentswith special needs through tailor-made projects developed inconsultation with special schools.

Initiated by NParks and launched on 3 October 2006, the SUNClub programme is supported by a sponsorship from SingaporePress Holdings Foundation (SPH Foundation). It is a communitypartnership project that also involves the National Council ofSocial Service (NCSS) and five special schools that pioneeredthe programme with NParks.

SUN Club participants get to visit some of Singapore’s mostfascinating nature areas with trained guides: the Sungei BulohWetland Reserve, Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Pulau Ubin,Pasir Ris Park and East Coast Park. They will bring home fondmemories of Singapore’s biodiversity, and gain an understandingas to how they, themselves, are a critical link in the web of life.

Wild Singapore Online!

was created by Ria Tan, a nature enthusiast, to provide a one-stop resource portal for Singaporeans who want to learn moreabout our nature areas and do more for them. The websitefeatures news on biodiversity and environmental issues, andprovides a listing of nature-related events in Singapore. Factsheets for visitors on Singapore’s nature areas are available,along with a listing of volunteer opportunities and other waysto make a difference for nature in Singapore. Nearly 7,000photos of Singapore’s wildlife are also available for freedownload. Singapore’s marine biodiversity and related-issues form the focus of the affiliated “Wild Shores of Singapore”

in 2007, the “Wild Singapore” website has attracted nearly800,000 visitors, with 2,000 to 15,000 unique visitorseach month.

In recent years, more Singaporeans are blogging about natureand environmental issues, a sign of growing awareness ofnature conservation. This trend not only allows ordinarySingaporeans to take a deeper interest in our natural heritage,but also builds a community of people who care about andact on these issues.

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Volunteer guides helpspread the word onnature conservation

Leshon Lee startedvolunteering at theNature Reserves whenhe was 10 years old.

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Dr Aaron Bernstein, co-authorof “Sustaining Life”, was thekeynote speaker at theASEAN Conference onBiodiversity 2009.

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The most effective mode of operation for biodiversity conservationis to engage all stakeholders, including private, public and peoplesectors (government agencies, academia, schools, conservationgroups, amateur naturalists and private corporations), in acomprehensive partnership.

Such partnerships should be pursued domestically and internationallyas biodiversity issues cut across sectors and transcend national boundaries.

Actions:5.1. Encourage active participation in the stewardship of the

environment for all sectors

5.2. Promote partnerships with regional and international organisations,in particular the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity and the Secretariatof the Convention on Biological Diversity, as an indication of ourcommitment to biodiversity conservation at the global level

Strategy 5: Strengthen Partnerships withAll Stakeholders and Promote InternationalCollaboration

Singapore’s SuccessZhang De Primary School:

Sandy Toh, Patricia Lim,Chee Jia Yi, Teo Jing Yi

Singapore has developed froma fishing village to a country

sprouting with high-risebuildings. Nevertheless we

have not forgotten nature andare known as a green city,

setting a good example to therest of the world.

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TeamSeagrassSeagrasses are flowering plants that live underwater and theyplay an essential role in the marine environment, being a nursery,food source and habitat to a variety of marine animals.Seagrasses also act as sentinels of coastal change and withregular monitoring, can provide early warnings on changes inthe coastal environment.

Len McKenzie and Rudi Yoshida from Seagrass-Watch HQ(Seagrass-Watch is the largest scientific, non-destructive,seagrass assessment and monitoring programme in the world)witnessed for themselves a delectable spread of seagrassspecies when they visited Chek Jawa on Pulau Ubin withnature enthusiasts, Ria Tan and Siti Maryam Yaakub, on8 October 2006. Their visit started the ball rolling forSeagrass-Watch here in Singapore and sparked off a strongpartnership between Ria, Siti and NParks as well as the catchyname “TeamSeagrass”.

Since its genesis in November 2006, TeamSeagrass, a volunteer-based seagrass monitoring programme, grew from strengthto strength, both in volunteer numbers as well as the relationshipsfostered between various groups of people working towardsa common vision and aspiration for the natural environment.NParks plays a vital role in this 3P (People-Public-Privatesectors) project by working closely with the people, schoolstudents and private organisations, creating a synergisticcollaboration for nature conservation.

An enthusiastic team of volunteers monitors the seagrassmeadows at Chek Jawa, Pulau Semakau, Cyrene Reef andTanjong Rimau on Sentosa once every three months. Schering-Plough, a pharmaceutical company based at Tuas runs themonitoring programme at the site adjacent to its premises aspart of its Corporate Responsibility and Environmental

Stewardship. TeamSeagrass and NParks have also developeda partnership with Raffles Girls School to monitor the seagrasssite at Labrador Nature Reserve and carry out scientific studieson seagrass as part of the school’s science research programme.

These volunteers come from all walks of life with the commongoal of caring for Singapore’s intertidal habitats. The popularityand success of the Seagrass-Watch programme in Singaporehighlights the importance of natural environments in an urbansociety where people are not directly dependent on naturalresources for their livelihoods. It also underscores the increasingtrend of public awareness and the community’s desire to playan active role in the protection of their natural heritage.

ASEAN Centre For BiodiversityThe ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) is an inter-governmental regional centre of excellence, which facilitatescooperation among members of the Association of SoutheastAsian Nations (ASEAN) and its partners for the conservationand sustainable use of biological diversity and fair sharing ofbenefits arising from such use.

Singapore, a member of the Governing Board of the Centre,contributes to the Centre in terms of co-organising and hostingactivities with the ACB, for example, the ASEAN UrbanBiodiversity Workshop in April 2008 and the inaugural ASEANConference on Biodiversity 2009. Singapore benefits from thesharing of information, experiences and best practices amongits members and in particular capacity building activities. Theseprogrammes include the development of biodiversity indicatorsconducted by the ACB with the support of regional andinternational partners such as the Secretariat of the Conventionon Biological Diversity and World Conservation MonitoringCentre. For more information, visit www.aseanbiodiversity.org

Singapore has 50% ofseagrass species foundin the Indo-Pacific region.

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Monitoring& Evaluation

Singapore Index On Cities’ BiodiversityIn 2008, more than half of the world’s population lived in cities.Global demographic trends indicate that there will be more citiesemerging and the number of megacities will increase. However,biodiversity, which is important for sustaining human health, isdisappearing at an unprecedented rate. The key to the successof biodiversity conservation, hence, lies in the hands of citydwellers. However, we cannot act appropriately unless we knowwhere we stand in terms of our biodiversity conservation status.

As a city-state, Singapore, with a rich legacy of biodiversity,is in an advantageous position to develop an innovative wayto address this global issue. In May 2008, Singapore proposedthe establishment of an index to measure biodiversity in citiesat the 9th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to theConvention on Biological Diversity.

Seventeen technical experts, comprising representatives fromthe Global Partnership on Cities and Biodiversity, convened ata workshop in Singapore in February 2009, to design theSingapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity. The Singapore Indexcomprises three components; a) Biodiversity in the City,b) Ecosystem Services provided by the Native Biodiversity inthe City, and c) Governance and Management of Biodiversityin the City. In this form, it would function as a monitoring tool.

The global responses from city officials, scientists, conservationmanagers, academics, etc. have been positive, and variouscities are now testing out the draft index to validate its usefulness.The Users’ Manual for the Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversityis posted on the website of the Convention on BiologicalDiversity, (http://www.cbd.int/doc/groups/cities/cities-draft-user-manual-singapore-index-2009-07-01-en.pdf).

Singapore is well-placed toshowcase the richness ofthe region’s biodiversity inan accessible urban setting

Regular monitoring and evaluation of the implementation ofthe NBSAP is essential. This ensures that our national objectivesand international obligations are met. Singapore’s overallconservation agenda will be reviewed every 5 years, in tandemwith the Master Planning process. We shall track theachievements of specific actions and projects, as well as assessthe progress of the implementation of the initiatives of“Conserving Our Biodiversity”.

Acknowledgements:NParks would like to thank the agencies and nature groupsfor their support and constructive comments during thedevelopment of this document.

Picture CreditCover: Lee Meng HaiPg 2 : Centre for Remote Imaging,

Sensing and ProcessingPg 4 : Mendis TanPg 7 : Lin YangchenPg 9 : Ria TanPg 13: Wong Tuan WahPg 14: Tan Choon LaiPg 20: TeamSeagrass

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© Karenne Tun

The burrowing giant clam (Tridacna crocea), native to

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Singapore’s marine areas.

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3 Aichi Biodiversity Targets 3, 6, 13, 14, 18 and 20 are not applicable to Singapore due to our unique circumstances.

populated countries in the world.

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By 2020, there will be a 30% increase in the number public and private organisations that participate in biodiversityconservation activities.

By 2020, Singapore will achieve a 5% increase in the total number of citizen scientists.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 1Awareness increased

Apply science and ecological principles into land use planning.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 2Biodiversity values integrated

Aichi Biodiversity Target 4Sustainable consumption and production

Achieve overall national recycling rate of 65% in 2020.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 5Habitat loss halved or reduced

By 2020, 7.5% of Singapore will remain as natural areas.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 3Incentives reformed

No target will be tracked as this target is aimed at larger countries with substantive natural resources and have extractive industries or large scale agriculture.

No target will be tracked as fisheries is not significant in Singapore’s context. Singapore shares its currentpractices for fisheries in Box A.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 6Sustainable management of marine living resources

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Aichi Biodiversity Target 8Pollution reduced

By 2020, annual mean of PM2.5 to reduce to 12µg/m .

By 2020, set ambient SO levels at annual mean of 15µg/m .

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Aichi Biodiversity Target 9Invasive alien species prevented and controlled

By 2020, a potentially invasive alien species list for Singapore will be compiled.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 10Pressures on vulnerable ecosystems reduced

Singapore will assess and enhance Singapore’s resilience to climate change through the development of climatechange adaptation strategies across multiple government agencies.

No target will be tracked as these sectors are not significant in Singapore. Singapore shares its current practicesfor agriculture and aquaculture in Box B. There is no forestry sector in Singapore.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 7Sustainable agriculture, aquaculture and forestry

encroach into nature reserves, minimising the impact on

suitability of aquaculture in southern waters. These studiescompleted. SFA will also be initiating studies to assess theSingapore’s aquaculture sites in the Straits of Johor has beenFor aquaculture, a study to determine the carrying capacity of Current practices for aquaculture

impact assessment may be required or effected.natural ecosystems). Where deemed necessary, an environmental

in negative externalities and are sustainable (i.e. do not

would assist SFA to develop policy measures to optimise andmanage the aquaculture industry in a more sustainable manner.

practices help to ensure that the farmland is put to proper use.

aquaculture sectorBox B: Current practices in Singapore’s agriculture/

ensures that farmers comply to our licensing conditions through

sustainably. For agriculture land, the allowable farmingLand is a scarce resource in Singapore and has to be

activities are tagged to licences and licensing conditions. SFA

a routine surveillance programme. These policies and

During the planning phase, SFA consults agencies such asNParks to ensure that the farming activities do not result

Current practices for agriculture

On implementing the Convention on International Trade in

in relation to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUUF)

Box A: Current practices in Singapore’s fisheriesproducts in the seas managed by RFMOs, are monitored by

Singapore is cooperating with, so as to ensure that no

fish carrier transhipment reports on transhipment of fish

Management Organisations (RFMOs) and all Singapore-flaggedof fish products in the seas managed by Regional FisheriesSingapore has only one fish carrier that carries out transhipment

CITES shipment traded (including transit) through Singapore.empowered to take enforcement action against any illegalof CITES permits and certificates. Under the ESA NParks is

regulates trade in all CITES species, including any CITES-

Species (Import and Export) Act (ESA), which is the national

authority responsible for the implementation and enforcement

listed marine fish and invertebrates, through issuance

data is collated.catch by the commercial fishing vessels is reported andconduct fishing activities within territorial waters only. AllCommercial fishing vessels licensed by SFA are allowed to

The National Parks Board (NParks) is the national CITES

On prevention of import and transhipment of illegal fish products

On monitoring of local fisheries

of CITES in Singapore. NParks administers the Endangered

legislation to give effect to CITES in Singapore. NParks

works with seafood traders to comply with RFMOs thatfish products in relation to IUUF are transhipped. SFA alsothe Singapore Food Agency (SFA) to ensure that no illegal

illegal fish products in relation to IUUF are imported.

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

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By 2020, Singapore will establish populations of 11 locally endangered species in a number of new habitats, as shownin the table below:

Aichi Biodiversity Target 12Extinction prevented

Target Species

Tetrastigma rafflesiae (Climber)

Targeted sites for reintroduction (by 2020)

Johora singaporensis(Singapore freshwater crab)

Nyctixalus pictus(Cinnamon bush frog)Cliona patera(Neptune’s cup sponge)

Gardineroseris planulata (Honeycomb coral)Madracis kirbyi (Hard coral)Fagraea splendens(Epiphyte)Ficus stricta(Strangling Fig)Margaritaria indica(Tree)Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Tree)Scolopia macrophylla (Tree)

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Aichi Biodiversity Target 13Genetic diversity maintained

Target is more relevant to Parties with significant agricultural sector.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 14Ecosystems and essential services safeguarded

More relevant to Parties where women, indigenous and local communities and the poor and vulnerable rely on ecosystemservices for their daily needs.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 11Protected areas increased and improved

By 2020, 7% of terrestrial and inland water, and 0.5% of coastal and marine areas will remain as natural areas.

By 2020, Singapore will develop a total of 360km of park connectors and 100km of Nature Ways to enhanceecological connectivity.

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Aichi Biodiversity Target 15Ecosystems restored and resilience enhanced

Singapore will report on the accounting of carbon stock and carbon flux in vegetation and land use every 2 years.

By 2020, natural ecosystems will be enhanced or restored within 3 selected parks.

By 2020, the habitats of 3 coastal areas would be restored and enhanced, by incorporating design elements that are suitablefor coastal substrates.

By 2020, 25,000 trees and shrubs will be planted across the nature parks and nature reserves as part of the Forest RestorationAction Plan 2019-2029.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 16Nagoya Protocol in force and operational

By 2020, preliminary policy and guideline on Access and Benefit Sharing.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 17NBSAPs adopted as policy instruments

By 2019, Singapore has updated the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP, 2009) to include national targetsto guide its efforts in biodiversity conservation in the country.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 18Traditional knowledge respected

Singapore does not have indigenous and local communities.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 19Knowledge improved, shared and applied

By 2020, Singapore will put in place an updated national database system with biodiversity related information to be used to aiddecision making within government and sharing of biodiversity information with the public.

Aichi Biodiversity Target 20Financial resources from all sources increased

No target will be tracked as generally Singapore is able to source its funding internally for biodiversity related projects.

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Singapore’s NationalBiodiversity Strategy and

Action Plan

CONSERVINGOUR BIODIVERSITY

National Parks BoardSingapore Botanic Gardens

1 Cluny RoadSingapore 259569

Tel: (65) 6471 7808Telefax: (65) 6472 3033

Website: http://www.nparks.gov.sgEmail: nparks_mailbox@nparks.gov.sg