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Considerations in Working with Considerations in Working with DiversityDiversity
Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned:
Issues and Considerations in Issues and Considerations in Responding to domestic Responding to domestic violence amongviolence among men of color men of color
Presented By
Dr. Oliver J. Williams
For Respect’s
RoundtableJune 23, 2008
London, England
Status of Diversity related to Status of Diversity related to Intimate Partner ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence
Developmental stages of the field of Developmental stages of the field of Intimate partner violenceIntimate partner violence
Grass Roots Movement All in the same boat Grass Roots Movement All in the same boat Pre 1974 womenPre 1974 women 1974 to present-battered 1974 to present-battered 1994 VAWA 1994 VAWA
helping women (safe houses) Women’s Shelterhelping women (safe houses) Women’s Shelter Expanding the Expanding the ways ways we do our workwe do our work
In the mid 80’s questions about inclusiveness,
diversity and disparities begin to surface
More Scholarship and organizationsBegan around diversity issues, Disparities in IPV became more visible
Today the extent that we understand, trust, articulate and integrate this knowledge into the field is variable
BIP’s 1977-78
Status of Diversity related to Status of Diversity related to Intimate Partner ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence
Developmental stages of the field of Developmental stages of the field of Intimate partner violenceIntimate partner violence
Expanding the ways we do our workExpanding the ways we do our work
Today the extent that we understand, trust, articulate and integrate this knowledge into the
field is variable, although more scholarship is availableon diversity issues.
There is a difference between consciousness raising and acceptance or believing and doing. The field must be more action oriented.
Work with diversity must be more effectivelyand consistently communicated with in the field of IPV
Among traditional theories Among traditional theories about working with men who about working with men who
batterbatter*Social Learning theory
*Feminist Theory—which offers a critique of male disenfranchisement, subordination and other behavior toward women including violence (Sexism)
*Social Exchange/ Resource depletion
*Chronic stress reaction
*Power and control
Among traditional theories about Among traditional theories about working with men who batterworking with men who batter
•Male socialization
• Low frustration tolerance
• Poor conflict resolution skills
•Legal Sanctions, police and court intervention are imperative to end male violence to women, get him into treatment and hold him accountable for his actions
What other issues might we What other issues might we include?include?
What is the brand of Sexism used—the manifestation of What is the brand of Sexism used—the manifestation of subordination of women and the rationales that support subordination of women and the rationales that support it from culture to cultureit from culture to culture
Cultural rules and roles from non-Western perspectives?Cultural rules and roles from non-Western perspectives? The utilization and interpretations of faith perspective The utilization and interpretations of faith perspective
that justifies control and abuse of womenthat justifies control and abuse of women Definition of manhood and relationships between men Definition of manhood and relationships between men
and women and women Immigration and changing roles and rulesImmigration and changing roles and rules Displaced Anger?Displaced Anger? Other issue? Other issue?
Theories which explain violenceTheories which explain violence among some African American among some African American
malesmales Structural Theory :Structural Theory : Social and racial oppression which Social and racial oppression which
result in high risk social context. result in high risk social context. The violence that results is The violence that results is predictablepredictable
But producesBut produces Interactional theory:Interactional theory: Environmental imperatives and Environmental imperatives and
codes of conduct which shape codes of conduct which shape behavior, attitudes and behavior, attitudes and interactions among men and other interactions among men and other interpersonal relationshipsinterpersonal relationships
Hi Ed.&
SES
Mid Ed.&
SES
Low Ed. &
SES
Stressful social context
&environmental codes
of conduct
Maladaptive Responses
Traditional explanations
about why men batter
Intimate Relationships
Self Community
Elder abuse, Partner abuse, child abuse,Acquaintance violence, homicide,internalized racism
Suicide, Drug abuse, Mental Illnessinternalized racism
Community violence, gangs ,crime, victimization of others, internalized racism
Williams & Griffin, 1990
Stressful social context
&environmental codes
of conduct
Maladaptive Responses
Traditional explanations
about why men batter
Intimate Relationships
Self Community
Elder abuse, Partner abuse, child abuse,Acquaintance violence, homicide,internalized racism
Suicide, Drug abuse, Mental Illnessinternalized racism
Community violence, gangs ,crime, victimization of others, internalized racism
Williams & Griffin, 1990
and substance use
Unless you addressthe content/issuesthey will trade onenegative behavior for another
Blended perspectives combine theBlended perspectives combine the conventional conventional perspectives of DV with the cultural perspectives of DV with the cultural
perspectives of the client population.perspectives of the client population.
Causes for abuse: sexismmale socialization, power,control, etc.
Interventions: court sanction, individual or group counseling focused on batterer responsibility;
a pro-feminist perspective, etc.
Causes for abuse: violent community living environment, displaced anger, societal context; oppression; cultural values confusion,poor problem solving skills
Intervention:Familiarity with client population’sworldview, understanding client social context,understanding when to confront and when to acknowledge, healing, personal responsibility, building capacity/skills, non-violent conflict resolution skills and the ability to accurately self-assess
Williams, 1998
Confront attitudes & behavior, teach alternatives to Confront attitudes & behavior, teach alternatives to violence. Increase capacity to negotiate social contextviolence. Increase capacity to negotiate social context
Social context Interactional context
To alter behavior toward partner: Sanctions and
Healing
Negotiate social context
Make the link between experiences and behavior
I.D. Strengths, confront negatives,
Court-mandates community sanctions and supports
Provide info. on resources
Williams, 1999
In considering methods to engage men and address their In considering methods to engage men and address their reality, it is important that practitioners and group members reality, it is important that practitioners and group members
not collude! Practitioner must always question but also not collude! Practitioner must always question but also acknowledge and/or confront the mans reality.acknowledge and/or confront the mans reality.
Balance
Acknowledge
+Confront
Collude
_
_
Williams, 1999
Levels of focus on diversity by BIPLevels of focus on diversity by BIP
Colorblind
Healthy Heterogeneous
Culturally specific Milieu
Culturally focused
Culturally Centered
Differences don’t make a difference
Inclusiveness of diversity is imperative:Programming efforts
Critical mass from one cultural group with no plan to address diversity. But, diversity is implicit in themes of the groups
Examine historical and contemporary realityalong with definitions of cultural identity, social
realities, responses and behavior choices
Culture and values are at the center of treatment. Attention given to ritual
(most BIP’s(most BIP’sWilliams and Williams and Becker, 95)Becker, 95)
Williams,1999
What types of organizations that have the most success with diverse populations?
Cultural programs efforts are those activities that not only demonstrate organizational preparedness to work with culturally different clients but also demonstrate a willingness to work with them. Cultural program efforts can be used to delineate generic one size fits all programs from culturally competent agencies. Culturally competent organizations are involved in a set of service activities that are responsive to the needs of the client pool. Some examples include outreach activities which 1) shape a communities perception of such a helping system, 2) demonstrating an investment in the community, 3) encouraging the community to seek help through programs; and 4) offering interventions and approaches that are culturally congruent with the needs and realities of the diverse population(s) they serve.
Developing an expanded Developing an expanded strategy to address domestic strategy to address domestic violence among men of colorviolence among men of color
Internal desire and capacity to do this Internal desire and capacity to do this workwork
Treatment approaches that are Treatment approaches that are congruent with the population you work congruent with the population you work
Both a treatment model, public Both a treatment model, public education approach and community education approach and community collaboration approach—between collaboration approach—between mainstream programs, culturally mainstream programs, culturally specific programs and diverse specific programs and diverse communitiescommunities
Primary Prevention:All African American men
Secondary Prevention:Those African American men At high risk of becoming abusive
Tertiary Prevention:Those African American menthat with a history of abusivebehavior
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Preventions
Primary Prevention:All African American men
Secondary Prevention:Those African American men At high risk of becoming abusive
Tertiary Prevention:Those African American menwith a history of abusivebehavior
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Preventions
Additional themes to addressIn each category of meninclude:1. Definitions of respect2. Identity of self3. Acknowledging & addressing their brand of sexism, beliefs about the purpose of women & behaviors& attitudes toward women4. Fatherhood & DV5. Street codes about
resolving conflict6. Co-parenting & DV7. Alternatives to violence--given social context & situation--man to man, family, community8. Problem solving skills9. Connections with parts of the community that supports Non-violence and adaptive behaviors
Reconcile culturally diverse Reconcile culturally diverse community issues and community issues and
perceptionsperceptions Is law enforcement, domestic violence service programs and Is law enforcement, domestic violence service programs and
interventions seen as a resource or intrusion by the diverse interventions seen as a resource or intrusion by the diverse communities?communities?
Are you effective in engaging diverse communities and/or men Are you effective in engaging diverse communities and/or men in the Batterer Intervention Programs?in the Batterer Intervention Programs?
If not why not?If not why not? What do battered women understand about what you are What do battered women understand about what you are
doing and why you are doing it—do they trust you?doing and why you are doing it—do they trust you? What do diverse communities understand about DV and their What do diverse communities understand about DV and their
relationship to it?relationship to it? Are they apart of the message? Are they apart of the message? Are they the messenger too?Are they the messenger too? Are diverse communities included as part of the solution? Are diverse communities included as part of the solution?
Barriers and Challenges in Barriers and Challenges in addressing diversity in BIP addressing diversity in BIP
programsprograms Limited endorsement in the fieldLimited endorsement in the field Pre-disposition to a one-size fits all model and to Pre-disposition to a one-size fits all model and to
deny differencesdeny differences Lack of understanding about what it means to be Lack of understanding about what it means to be
culturally competent culturally competent Lack of supportive practitioners environments Lack of supportive practitioners environments
and communityand community Lack of supportive organizational environmentsLack of supportive organizational environments Lack of knowledgeable & supportive researcher Lack of knowledgeable & supportive researcher
environments & communitiesenvironments & communities Tendency for research to be a snap shot rather Tendency for research to be a snap shot rather
than investing in approaches and exploration of than investing in approaches and exploration of what works for communities of colorwhat works for communities of color
Barriers and Challenges in Barriers and Challenges in addressing diversity in BIP addressing diversity in BIP
programsprograms Need to evaluate study design, models and Need to evaluate study design, models and
research team/partnerships related to diversity—research team/partnerships related to diversity—what makes good partnerships and researchwhat makes good partnerships and research
Tendency to study program failure rather than Tendency to study program failure rather than program successprogram success
Tendency to study clients failure rather than Tendency to study clients failure rather than client successclient success
Lack of community investment or collaboration Lack of community investment or collaboration Lack of community partnershipsLack of community partnerships Concepts of accountability and restoration are in Concepts of accountability and restoration are in
conflictconflict
Studies of BIP and Diversity Studies of BIP and Diversity
Williams, 1994Williams, 1994 Williams, 1995Williams, 1995 Sharma, 1999Sharma, 1999 Gondolf, 2006Gondolf, 2006 Lyon, 2006Lyon, 2006