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CONSIDERATIONS ON METHOD RICCARDO GIACCONI 2012. LEARN:. OBSERV. E, READ, REACH STATE OF THE ART. Ø. THINK:. CRI. TICALLY EXAMINE MATERIAL ABOVE. Ø. IS. THE FIELD WORTH PURSUING?. WHAT CAN YOU BRING TO THE FIELD?. PLAN:. AS FAR AHEAD AS YOU CAN SEE,. AT LEAST >5 YEARS ?. Ø. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CONSIDERATIONS ON METHOD
RICCARDO GIACCONI2012
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TABLE I METHOD
SCIENCE SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Ø LEARN: OBSERV E, READ, REACH STATE OF THE ART Ø THINK: CRITICALLY EXAMINE MATERIAL ABOVE
IS THE FIELD WORTH PURSUING? WHAT CAN YOU BRING TO THE FIELD?
Ø PLAN: AS FAR AHEAD AS YOU CAN SEE, AT LEAST >5 YEARS ? Ø DO: DESIGN, OBTAIN SUPPORT, EXECUTE, USE DATA (END TO
END DATA SYSTEMS)
DECIDE
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GIACCONI, CLARK, ROSSI (1960) SOURCE MAXIMUM MECHANISM ESTIMATED FLUX WAVELENGTH FOR EMISSION SUN < 20 Å CORONAL EMISSION ~ 106 CM-2 S-1 SUN AT 8 LIGHT YEARS < 20 Å CORONAL EMISSION 2.5 X 10-4 CM-2 S-1 SIRIUS IF LX ~ LOPT < 20 Å ? 0.25 CM-2 S-1
NO CONVECTIVE ZONE FLARE STARS < 20 Å SUNLIKE FLARE? ? PECULIAR A STARS < 20 Å B ~ 104 GAUSS
LARGE B ? PARTICLE ACCELERATION
CRAB NEBULA < 25 Å SYNCHROTRON
EE$1013 eV IN B = 10-4 GAUSS ? LIFETIMES?
MOON < 23 Å FLUORESCENCE 0.4 CM-2 S-1 MOON ~ 20 Å IMPACT FROM SOLAR WIND
ELECTRONS 0-1.6 X 103 CM-2 S-1 Φε = 0-1013 CM-2 S-1
SCO X-1 2-8 Å ? 28 ± 1.2 CM-2 S-1
TABLE II THE LEARNING PHASE
SUGGESTION BY B.B.ROSSI 1959
COMPTON & ALLISON 1935; FLUGGE 1956; “RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF SATELLITES” 1958; SUMMARY OF H. FRIEDMAN SOLAR X-RAY WORK 1948-1958; UPPER LIMIT ON EXTRASOLAR SOURCES
12/1959”A TELESCOPE FOR SOFT X-RAY ASTRONOMY” R.GIACCONI & B.ROSSI
1/15/1960 “A BRIEF REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL
PROGRESS IN X-RAY ASTRONOMY” AS&E TN 49 R. GIACCONI, G.W. CLARK AND B.B. ROSSI
5/20/1960 SAO “CONFERENCE ON X-RAY ASTRONOMY. “X-RAY
ASTRONOMY IS OF BROADER INTEREST … WE WOULD EXPECT TO SEE DIFFERENT OBJECTS IN MANY CASES THAN THOSE IDENTIFIED ONLY BY THEIR VISIBLE LIGHT” R. GIACCONI
TABLE IIICHANGES IN INSTRUMENTATION (1960)
START DEVELOPMENT OF X-RAY GRAZING INCIDENCE TELESCOPE ( NASA-1960) FIRST SOLAR X-RAY FLIGHT 1963
START SURVEYS WITH IMPROVED DETECTORS (1960) AND MORE SOPHISTICATED
INSTRUMENT DESIGN, (AFCRL 1960)
DEVELOP DETECTORS WITH LARGER AREAS (>10 SQUARE CENTIMETERS 1961)
INCREASE S/N RATIO (~ 10) BY REJECTION OF COSMIC RAY BACKGROUND WITH ANTICOINCIDENCE
USE WIDE FIELDS FOR EXPLORATION (60 DEGREES FWHM) INSTEAD OF 1-10 DEGREES FWHM. GREATER PROBABILITY OF DETECTION. (NRL PREVIOUS UPPER LIMIT ?). OBTAIN BETTER STATISTICS
ROCKET FLIGHTS (1960 AND 1961). FIRST SUCCESFUL FLIGHT 1962, DISCOVERY OF SCO X-1
• 20x LARGER AREA
• 10x IMPROVEMENT ON S/N DUE TO ANTI-COINCIDENCE
• 60° TO IMPROVE CHANCE OF DETECTION
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Nobel Fig. 19
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TABLE IVCONCLUSIONS
• GIVEN THAT THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF 97% OF MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE IS UNKNOWN, IT SEEMS PREMATURE TO THINK THAT THE DISCOVERY ERA IS OVER . I THINK THAT 2012 IS MORE LIKE 1609, WHEN ASTRONOMY LED PHYSICS.
• HIGH ENERGY PHENOMENA ARE KEY TO STRUCTURE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION. THEY ARE THE NORM, NOT THE EXCEPTION.
• X-RAY OBSERVATIONS HAVE SHOWN TO BE ESSENTIAL TO THEIR UNDERSTANDING AND PROVIDE A POWERFUL AND UNIQUE TOOL FOR THEIR STUDY
• WE HAVE THE KNOW-HOW AND THE METHODS TO DEVELOP NEW TECHNOLOGY AND BUILD MORE POWERFUL OBSERVATORIES. IN THE LAST 50 YEARS WE HAVE MADE PROGRESS OF TEN BILLIONS.
• I AM THEREFORE QUITE CERTAIN THAT IN THE NEXT 50 YEARS X-RAY ASTRONOMY WILL REACH NEW HEIGHTS. WE MUST HOWEVER ENSURE THAT THE NEW GENERATION OF ASTRONOMERS WILL HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN – THINK – PLAN AND DO.