Conspiracy Theories and Security Threats: A Case study of Pakistani perceptions about the United States of America

7/24/2019 Conspiracy Theories and Security Threats: A Case study of Pakistani perceptions about the United States of America

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Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds cma _dourkty Qnrdcts

C Ocsd stuay bj Wchkstcmk pdrodptkbms cebut tnd Tmktda _tctds

bj Cldrkoc

Prkttdm ey6 Fcwca Cik Hncm

_updrvksda ey6 Lkss _cakc Qcsiddl

Sucka-k-Czcl Tmkvdrskty, Ksiclceca, Wchkstcm

573?


2/91

kk

_b Wchkstcm ks c obumtry tnct Kl vdry jbma bj cma ncvd spdmt c ibt bj tkld, eut kt ks c

obumtry wndrd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds ncvd c ikjd bj tndkr bwm.

Wdtdr I. Edr`d, c Erktksn-Cldrkocm fburmcikst


3/91

kkk

Cohmbwida`dldmts

K jkma ly tndsks truiy kmoblpidtd wktnbut cohmbwida`km` tnd suppbrt cma kadcs bj pdbpid

wnb ncvd ldcmt c ibt tb ly wbrh.

Tmabuetdaiy, tnd jkrst twb pdrsbms wnb adsdrvd tb ed ldmtkbmda lbst km tnks ikst crd ly

supdrvksbrs, Lkss _cakc Qcsiddl cma Lkss _cilc Lcikh, wnb wdrd lbrd tncm wkiikm` tb

dxtdma tndkr hkma ndip, `ukacmod cma suppbrt km tnd oblpidtkbm bj ly tndsks. Qb supdrvksd

c wbrh bj c idtncr`ko stuadmt ikhd ld ks K edikdvd tbb adlcmakm` cma c ndrouidcm tcsh,

wnkon ly supdrvksbrs aka wktn dxodiidmod.

Qnd sdobma pdrsbm wnb ks tb ed ordaktda ks Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn, jrbl tnd Tmkvdrskty bj

Cuohicma, Mdw Vdcicma, wnb lckmtckmda c obmstcmt obmtcot wktn ld tnrbu`n Jcodebbh

cma wnbsd WnA tndsks prbvda jbr ld tb ed c ecsks jbr idcrmkm` ly ecskos cebut

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma tndkr cssdssldmt. Qnkraiy, K wbuia ikhd tb ed tncmhjui tb ly

rbbllctds oul edst jrkdmas, _cfka Czkz cma Pcndda Kqeci, cma ly skstdr oul jrkdma

Ncfkrc Cscj Hncm, wnb nca jcktn km ly cekiktkds cma `cvd ld obmjkadmod cma ebbstda up

ly lbrcid wndmdvdr K jdit umceid tb umadrtchd tnks klldmsd tcsh km suon c snbrt tkld.

Dspdokciiy, Pcndda Kqeci ks sbldbmd wnb pburda km nks kadc tb tdst ly hmbwida`d ey

cshkm` ld tb sdtup c jchd obmspkrcoy tndbry jbr ly rdsdcron wbrh tnct wbuia prbvd vdry

ndipjui jbr ly cmciysks. Jburtniy, K wbuia ikhd tb dxtdma ly `rctktuad tb Cskj Ldnlbba,

tnd _dmkbr Wrdskadmt bj A__ _bokdty, Cclkr Hncm cma Ucsndda Hncm jbr ndipkm` ld km

ocrrykm` but survdy. Cma icstiy, K wbuia ikhd tb tncmh ly jrkdmas, cs wdii cs fumkbrs jbr

lbmktbrkm`, ly ackiy prb`rdss wnkon ciwcys pusnda ld cndca tb cooblpiksn ly tcsh.


4/91

kv

Ikst bj Qceids

Qceid 3 _urvdy Jkmakm`s .................................................................................................. :;

Qceid 5 Wdrodmtc`d Oblpbsktkbm bj Cmtk-T_ sdmtkldmt km dcon octd`bry ....................... 07

Qceid ? Wdrodmtc`d wktnkm dvdry octd`bry cebut Edikdj km T_ obvdrt bpdrctkbms ........... 07

Qceid 1 Wdrodmtc`d wktnkm dvdry octd`bry cebut edikdj km obmspkrcoy tndbrksts .............. 03

Qceid 4 Wdrodmtc`d km dvdry octd`bry wnb coousd T_ jbr pcst dvdmts, csscsskmctkbms cma

tdrrbrksl kmskad Wchkstcm ................................................................................................... 03

Qceid : Wdrodmtc`d km Ucmabl octd`bry cebut juturd rdictkbms wktn T_ ....................... 05

Qceid 0 Wdrodmtc`d km SCT _tuadmts cebut juturd rdictkbms wktn T_ ............................ 05

Qceid > Wdrodmtc`d km Lctrko Wcss cebut juturd rdictkbms wktn T_ ................................. 0?

Qceid ; Wdrodmtc`d km Tmadr lctrko pcss cebut juturd rdictkbms wktn T_ ...................... 0?

Qceid 37 Wdrodmtc`d km kiiktdrctd cebut juturd rdictkbms wktn T_ ...................................... 01


5/91


6/91

vk

o. 5maLcy BEI Bpdrctkbm6 ....................................................................................... 5;

ONCWQDU QPB6 OBM_WKUCO[ QNDBUKD_, QNDBUK_Q_ CMA OBM_WKUCQBU_6

KADMQKJ[KM@ QBBI_ JBU CMCI[_K_...................................................................... ?3

5.3. Obmspkrctbrs6 .......................................................................................................... ?3

5.5. Pny ab pdbpid edikdvd km obmspkrcoy tndbrkds2 ..................................................... ?5

c. Wrbjdssbr _tdpncm Idwcmabwshy6 ......................................................................... ?5

k. Wdbpid nctd rcmablmdss..........?5

kk. _tctd pbikokds......?5

kkk.Mcvd pdbpid.....??

kv. Wdrsbmcikty-ecsda edikdj....??

v. Wrbvdm obmspkrcokds...................??

5.? Obmspkrcoy tndbrksts6 ............................................................................................... ?1

c. Pnb crd tndy2 ........................................................................................................ ?1

e. Nbw ab tndy wbrh6 ................................................................................................ ?1

o. Nkstbrkcms cma obmspkrcoy tndbrksts6 ...................................................................... ?4

a. Sucikjkda cma mbm-qucikjkda obmspkrcoy tndbrksts...?4

5.?. Qbbis tb cmciyzd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds6 .................................................................... ?:

c. Qry tb jkma bjjkokci pius mbm-bjjkokci dxpicmctkbms6 ................................................ ?:

e. Sudstkbm tnd obmspkrcoy tndbry6 ............................................................................ ?:

o. Qbbis tb ed dlpibyda6............................................................................................ ?:

ONCWQDU QNUDD6 WCH-T_ UDICQKBM_ CLKA_Q OBM_WKUCO[ QNDBUKD_ .... 14

?.3. _bld pbpuicr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds.......................................................................... 14

c. Qnd Luradr bj Wrkld Lkmkstdr Ikcqct Cik Hncm6 ................................................... 14

e. Vuijkhcr Cik Enuttbgs csscssmctkbm6 ....................................................................... 1:

o. @dmdrci Vkc-Ti-Ncqs picmd6 ................................................................................ 1:a. Obmspkrcoy C`ckmst Muoidcr wdcpbms6 .................................................................. 1:

d. ;/33 cma Pcr bm Qdrrbr6 ........................................................................................ 10

j. Qnd 5774 Dcrtnquchd6 ............................................................................................ 10

`. Edmczkr Enuttbs csscsskmctkbm6............................................................................. 10

n. Ucylbma Acvks6 .................................................................................................... 1>


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vkk

k. Hdrry-Iu`cr ekii6 ................................................................................................... 1>

f. Ldlb`ctd6 .............................................................................................................. 1>

h. Lcicic[usbjzck6 .................................................................................................... 1;

i. Cldrkocms picykm` tnd rbids bj Qcikecm6 ................................................................ 1;

l. _ummk-_nkcs sdotcrkcm hkiikm`s6 ............................................................................. 1;

m. _cicic Ondoh pbst6 ................................................................................................. 1;

b. Bsclc Ekm Icadm Bpdrctkbm6 ................................................................................ 47

p. Ecibonkstcm Lkiktcmoy6 ........................................................................................... 47

q. T_ Arbmd strkhds6................................................................................................... 47

r. Wchkstcmk ldakc6 ..................................................................................................... 43

s. T_ cttcohkm` Wchkstcm6 ........................................................................................... 43

?.5. Cmciysks bj tnd _didotkvd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds6 ....................................................... 43

c. Wrkld Lkmkstdr Ikcqct Cik Hncms luradr6............................................................ 43

e. T_ cttcohkm` Wchkstcm6 ........................................................................................... :3

?.?. Obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma Wchkstcmk Wdrodptkbms bj tnd T_...................................... ::

c. _urvdy6 ................................................................................................................... ::

e. Cmciysks6 ................................................................................................................ 01

?.1. Cmtk-T_ sdmtkldmt cma obmspkrcoy tndbrkds ........................................................... 0>

c. Crd tndsd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds kmordcskm` cmtk-Cldrkocmksl2 ............................... 0>e. Pny ab Wchkstcmks nctd Cldrkoc cpcrt jrbl obmspkrcoy tndbrkds2 ....................... 0;

ONCWQDU JBTU6 _DIJ-WUBWB_DA OBM_WKUCO[ QNDBU[ ................................ >3

1.3. Obmspkrcoy tndbry km tnd lchkm`6 .......................................................................... >3

1.5. Wicm cma Klpidldmtctkbm6....................................................................................... >5

1.?. Wdbpids rdspbmsd6.................................................................................................. >5

1.1. Adauotkbms6............................................................................................................. >?

ONCWQDU JKZD6 OBMOIT_KBM................................................................................... >4

c. Qnd jkmakm`s crd6 .................................................................................................... >4

EKEIKB@UCWN[ ............................................................................................................. >>

CMD^QTUD-3...;5

CMMD^QTUD-5.. ..;>


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>

KMQUBATOQKBM

Wchkstcm ks obmskadrda cs c ncvdm jbr tdrrbrksts.3Qndrd ks pbiktkoci umrdst km tnd _butndrm

Wumfce aud tb tnd adlcma bj c sdpcrctd prbvkmod85tnd _kman prbvkmod wnkon rdprdsdmts c

tcttdrda pkoturd wktn adca ebakds iykm` km eibba pbbis cs strddt orklds cma tcr`dt snbbtkm`

crd bm tnd nkhd?8 Ecibonkstcm edkm` nkfcohda ey sdpcrctkst jbrods suon cs tnd Ecibonkstcm

ikedrctkbm Crly (EIC)148 Hnyedr Wchntbbm Hnwc wnkon ks cirdcay addlda cs c prbvkmod

bj icwidssmdss,:wktn Qcikecm picykm` nkad cma sddh jrbl akjjdrdmt oktkds cma tcr`dtkm`

Wchkstcmk crlda jbrods cs wdii cs `bvdrmldmt pdrsbmmdi8 icstiy, tndrd ks mb dxodptkbm jbr

tnd @ki`kt-Ecitkstcm prbvkmod wnkon ks cisb struoh ey tnd hkiikm` bj _nkktds ct tnd ncmas bj

sb-ociida _ummks jbrods0 cma vkod vdrsc. Cebvd cii, tnd obumtry ncs wktmdssda sukokad

eblekm`s tnct mdktndr spcrd onkiardm mbr rdik`kbus picods.>Qnd obumtry km `dmdrci ncs

dxpdrkdmoda c sbokci cma pbiktkoci aksbradr, dobmblko abwmjcii, rdik`kbus aksobra, dmdr`y

snbrtjcii cma arbmd cttcohs tnct ncvd sdvdrdiy cjjdotda tnd ikjd bj dvdry Wchkstcmk.

3Mctb onkdj prdssds Wchkstcm bm tdrrbrkst scjd ncvdms,Acwm, Botbedr ?7, 5733, coodssda bm _dptdledr51, 573?,nttp6//www.acwm.obl/mdws/::5>74/mctb-onkdj-prdssds-pchkstcm-bm-tdrrbrkst-scjd-ncvdms5_butndrm Wumfce6 Ecncwcipur pbiktkokcms lddt prdskadmt, Qnd Dxprdss Qrkeumd,Cu`ust 1 5735,coodssda bm _dptdledr 51, 573?,nttp6//trkeumd.obl.ph/stbry/130155/sbutndrm-pumfce-ecncwcipur-pbiktkokcms-lddt-prdskadmt/?Tmrdst km _kman, Qnd Mctkbm, _dptdledr 3;, 5735,coodssda bm _dptdledr 51, 573?,nttp6//www.mctkbm.obl.ph/idttdrs/3;-_dp-5735/umrdst-km-skman1EIC Pktn Jbrdk`m Ecohkm` Udspbmskeid Jbr Ecibonkstcm _ktuctkbm, Ecibonkstcm Qklds, Fcmucry 3,573?, coodssda bm _dptdledr 51, 573?,nttp6//ecibonkstcmtklds.wbraprdss.obl/.4Ecibonkstcm Cssdssldmt 573?, _butn Cskc Qdrrbrksl Wbrtci, 573?,coodssda bm _dptdledr 51, 573?,nttp6//www.sctp.br`/sctpbr`tp/obumtrkds/pchkstcm/Ecibonkstcm/kmadx.ntli.

* Qnd rdcsbm wny K scka sb-ociida _ummks ks edocusd wd crd mbt surd kj tndsd crd _ummks jbr rdci br sbldbmddisd picykm` `clds km tnd aks`uksd bj _ummks, fust tb spcrh tdmskbms edtwddm tnd twb lcfbr sdotcrkcm `rbupsbj Lusikls.:Icwidssmdss wbrsd km Hnyedr Wchntumhnwc tncm km Ecibonkstcm, scys Jczi,Acwm,Mbvdledr >, 5735,coodssda bm _dptdledr 51, 573?,nttp6//www.acwm.obl/mdws/0:54;1/icwidssmdss-wbrsd-km-hnyedr-pchntumhnwc-tncm-km-ecibonkstcm-scys-jczi.0Cttcoh bm Wcssdm`drs bj @ki`kt-Ecitkstcm, 54 Hkiida, Qnd Acrakstcm Qklds, coodssda bm _dptdledr 51,573?,nttp6//www.acrakstcmtklds.obl/54-Wdbpid-bj-@ki`kt-Ecitkstcm-Hkiida73:>Cescr, C Erkdj Cmciysks bj _ukokad Eblekm`s km Wchkstcm,Wchkstcm Kmskadr, Lcy 31, 5733, coodssda bm_dptdledr 51, 573?,nttp6//kmskadr.ph/mctkbmci/pbiktkos/cmciysks-bj-sukokad-eblekm`s-km-pchkstcm/.
http://www.dawn.com/news/662805/nato-chief-presses-pakistan-on-terrorist-safe-havenshttp://www.dawn.com/news/662805/nato-chief-presses-pakistan-on-terrorist-safe-havenshttp://www.dawn.com/news/662805/nato-chief-presses-pakistan-on-terrorist-safe-havenshttp://tribune.com.pk/story/417422/southern-punjab-bahawalpur-politicians-meet-president/http://tribune.com.pk/story/417422/southern-punjab-bahawalpur-politicians-meet-president/http://tribune.com.pk/story/417422/southern-punjab-bahawalpur-politicians-meet-president/http://tribune.com.pk/story/417422/southern-punjab-bahawalpur-politicians-meet-president/http://www.nation.com.pk/letters/19-Sep-2012/unrest-in-sindhhttp://www.nation.com.pk/letters/19-Sep-2012/unrest-in-sindhhttp://balochistantimes.wordpress.com/http://balochistantimes.wordpress.com/http://balochistantimes.wordpress.com/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/Balochistan/index.htmlhttp://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/Balochistan/index.htmlhttp://www.dawn.com/news/762594/lawlessness-worse-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-than-in-balochistan-says-fazlhttp://www.dawn.com/news/762594/lawlessness-worse-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-than-in-balochistan-says-fazlhttp://www.dawn.com/news/762594/lawlessness-worse-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-than-in-balochistan-says-fazlhttp://www.dawn.com/news/762594/lawlessness-worse-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-than-in-balochistan-says-fazlhttp://www.dardistantimes.com/25-People-of-Gilgit-Baltistan-Killed016http://www.dardistantimes.com/25-People-of-Gilgit-Baltistan-Killed016http://www.dardistantimes.com/25-People-of-Gilgit-Baltistan-Killed016http://insider.pk/national/politics/analysis-of-suicide-bombings-in-pakistan/http://insider.pk/national/politics/analysis-of-suicide-bombings-in-pakistan/http://insider.pk/national/politics/analysis-of-suicide-bombings-in-pakistan/http://insider.pk/national/politics/analysis-of-suicide-bombings-in-pakistan/http://www.dardistantimes.com/25-People-of-Gilgit-Baltistan-Killed016http://www.dawn.com/news/762594/lawlessness-worse-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-than-in-balochistan-says-fazlhttp://www.dawn.com/news/762594/lawlessness-worse-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-than-in-balochistan-says-fazlhttp://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/Balochistan/index.htmlhttp://balochistantimes.wordpress.com/http://www.nation.com.pk/letters/19-Sep-2012/unrest-in-sindhhttp://tribune.com.pk/story/417422/southern-punjab-bahawalpur-politicians-meet-president/http://tribune.com.pk/story/417422/southern-punjab-bahawalpur-politicians-meet-president/http://www.dawn.com/news/662805/nato-chief-presses-pakistan-on-terrorist-safe-havens


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Odrtckmiy tndsd prbeidls ocmmbt `b ummbtkoda8 nbwdvdr, akjjdrdmt pdbpid ibbh ct tndl

tnrbu`n akjjdrdmt idms. _bld sdd kt cs jcmctkos bm tnd ibbsd8 btndrs sdd kt cs tnd

kmvbivdldmt bj jbrdk`m c`dmokds tb prbvbhd ncvbo kmskad Wchkstcm wktn spdokci rdjdrdmod

tb tnd Tmktda _tctds cma Kmakc. _pdokjkociiy, tnd T_ ncs ciwcys eddm eiclda jbr stceekm`

Wchkstcm km tnd ecoh.

Cs c rdsuit obmspkrctbrkci tnkmh bjtdm jkiis km tnd vbka idjt jbr dxpickmkm` tnd ocusds bj tnd

cebvd ldmtkbmda dvdmts. Qndsd dxpicmctkbms qukohiy turm kmtb obmspkrcoy tndbrkds. Cma

wndm tndsd tndbrkds nkt tnd ldakc, tndy ordctd rkppids bj pcrcmbkc tnct cjjdot lbst bj tnd

pbpuictkbm. Qndrd crd sbld vdry pbpuicr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds kmskad Wchkstcm. Wdbpid ncvd

`dmdrctda tndkr bwm edikdjs wndrd tndy sdd tnd Tmktda _tctds cs cm dmdly km tnd `uksd bj c

jrkdma. Qnrbu`n tnks stuay, cm cttdlpt ks lcad tb kadmtkjy stuay cma prdsdmt sbld bj tnd

pbpuicr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds km Wchkstcm wktn rdjdrdmod tb tnd rbid bj tnd Tmktda _tctds km

suppbsdaiy ordctkm` pbiktkoci cma sdourkty onciidm`ds jbr Wchkstcm. Qnks stuay cisb

cttdlpts tb cmciyzd kj tndsd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds crd `dmdrctkm` pcrcmbkc kmskad Wchkstcm.

Qndsd tndbrkds cisb ncvd c rbid tb picy km tdrls bj ekictdrci rdictkbms edtwddm tnd Tmktda

_tctds cma Wchkstcm. Ud`craidss bj tnd ordakekikty bj cmy bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds tndsd ab

sncpd pbpuicr pdrodptkbms tb c icr`d dxtdmt ordctkm` cs c rdsuit c obmstktudmoy bj pdbpid

ncvkm` addp lkstrust cma bjtdm nctrda tbwcras tnd Tmktda _tctds. Qnks ordctds c sdrkbus

onciidm`d jbr tnd pbikoy lchdrs. C stctds pbikokds crd bjtdm ecsda bm obst cma `ckm

cmciysks. Pktn c obmtkmubus kmordcsd km suspkokbm clbm`st tnd lcssds cebut tnd kmtdrdsts

bj tnd Tmktda _tctds km tnd rd`kbm, kt wbuia edobld vdry akjjkouit jbr cmy juturd

`bvdrmldmt tb pursud ocrdjuiiy ociouictda pbikokds tbwcras tnd T_. Ct tnd scld tkld cmy

dxpikokt Wchkstcmk pbikoy c`ckmst tnd T_ wbuia put Wchkstcm umadr sdrkbus dobmblko cs


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wdii cs sdourkty onciidm`ds. Kt ks tndrdjbrd klpbrtcmt tb advdibp c ldoncmksl tnct obuia

ndip sdpcrctd jcots cma jkotkbm. Km btndr wbras, obmspkrcoy tndbrkds lcy mbt ed obmjusda

wktn rdcikty. Eut tnks obuia bmiy ed abmd wktn c oidcr umadrstcmakm` bj Obmspkrcoy

Qndbrkds mbt bmiy cs c obmodpt eut cisb cs c oruokci jcotbr km ekictdrci rdictkbms edtwddm

stctds.

Jbr tnks purpbsd tnks rdsdcron wbuia lchd cm cttdlpt tb caardss tnd jbiibwkm` qudstkbms8

wnct crd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma tndkr `dmdsks2 Pnct crd tnd pbpuicriy cssulda

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds km Wchkstcm cebut tnd Tmktda _tctds2 Abds Cldrkoc dxkst cs c rdci

tnrdct tb Wchkstcm2 Crd tndsd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds ocuskm` br ct idcst dxcodrectkm` Cmtk-

Cldrkocmksl cma c sdmsd bj pcrcmbkc vks--vks tnd Tmktda _tctds2

Qnks rdsdcron sddhs tb ckl ct kadmtkjykm` tnd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, cmciyzkm` tndl jbr tndkr

ordakekikty cma tndkr klpcot bm tnd Wchkstcmk oktkzdms. Edskads tnks kt lchds cm cttdlpt tb

jkma but wndtndr tnd Tmktda _tctds dxksts cs c rdci tnrdct tb Wchkstcm br ks kt icr`diy

lkspdrodkvda tb ed sb. Kj tnd icttdr ks tnd ocsd, crd tnbsd tndbrkds edkm` adikedrctdiy sprdca

br crd tndrd cmy trk``drkm` dvdmts tnct ncvd ida tb tndkr `dmdrctkbm2 Km caaktkbm, ab tndsd

tndbrkds sbidiy sdrvd tb sncpd tnd prdvcidmt pdrodptkbms bj Wchkstcmks rd`crakm` tnd Tmktda

_tctds2

Qnd stuay wkii ed ecsda bm ebtn quciktctkvd cma qucmtktctkvd rdsdcron, cma actc obiidotda

coobrakm`iy. Qnd ecsko sburod jbr tnks rdsdcron ks tnd wbrh bj Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn, cm

dxpdrt bm obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wktn nks WnA akssdrtctkbm tktida, Km adjdmod bj obmspkrcoy

tndbrkds.Ebbhs cma rdsdcron crtkoids ncvd eddm usda jbr advdibpkm` cm umadrstcmakm` bj

Obmspkrcoy Qndbry cs cm cocadlko obmodpt. Iktdrcturd ncs eddm tnbrbu`niy survdyda tb


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`dt c stboh bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds tnct crd prdvcidmt km Wchkstcm wktn rdjdrdmod tb tnd T_.

Km bradr tb `cu`d tnd rdodptkvkty bj tnbsd tndbrkds clbm`st tnd lcssds c survdy ncs cisb

eddm obmauotda. Cisb c sdij-dm`kmddrda obmspkrcoy tndbry wcs jibctda ct Sucka-k-Czcl

Tmkvdrsktys oclpus tb umadrstcma tnd aymclkos bj obmspkrctbrkci tnkmhkm` cma dvciuctd

pdbpids rdspbmsds tb tnct. Qnd rdsuits bj tndsd survdys cma dxpdrkldmt ncvd eddm

aksoussda km adtcki km Oncptdr tnrdd cma jbur. Qnks rdsdcron wbuia ed cm caaktkbm tb tnd

ourrdmt iktdrcturd bm Wchkstcm-T_ rdictkbms cma wkii cisb sdrvd cs c edcobm nbusd km

`ukakm` tnd ybum` cma pdrture sbuis tnrbu`n tnd acrhmdss cma admsd jb` ordctda ey tndsd

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds.

Nbwdvdr, kt mddas tb ed oidcriy stctda ndrd tnct tnks ks c vdry ecsko cma tndrdjbrd

ruakldmtcry rdsdcron. @kvdm tnd icoh bj iktdrcturd cma sdrkbus tkld obmstrckms tnks

rdsdcron obuia mbt adivd kmtb tnd adptns bj tnks suefdot. Nbwdvdr, kt ks c jkrst stdp, c

eukiakm` eiboh tnct obuia ed usda tb jiburksn rdsdcron km tnks pcrtkouicr jkdia.

C erkdj bvdrvkdw bj tnd tndsks ks cs jbiibws6

Oncptdr 3 obvdrs jkrst rdsdcron qudstkbm cs tb wnct ks c obmspkrcoy tndbry cma kts brk`km,

kts typds cibm` wktn sbld dxclpids.

Oncptdr 5 cttdlpts tb caardss tnd qudstkbm bj wny pdbpid edikdvd km obmspkrcoy tndbrkds

cma prdsdmts tbbis tnct obuia ed ndipjui jbr cmciyzkm` tnd ordakekikty bj c obmspkrcoy

tndbry.

Oncptdr ? obvdrs tnd sdobma, tnkra cma jburtn qudstkbms bj tnks rdsdcron. Kt tchds stboh bj

tnd lbst pbpuicr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds kmskad Wchkstcm cma cmciyzds tndl. Kt cisb prdsdmts

tnd stctkstkoci actc tnct ncs eddm `ctndrda ey obmauotkm` c survdy.


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Oncptdr 1 prdsdmts c sdij-obmstruotda dxpdrkldmt ey tnd cutnbr tb `cu`d pdbpids

rdspbmsds tb c obmspkrcoy tndbry.

Oncptdr 4 bjjdrs obmoiuskbm bj tnd stuay.


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ONCWQDU BMD6 PNCQ K_ C OBM_WKUCO[ QNDBU[2

Obmspkrcoy tndbrkds crd rclpcmt km Wchkstcm8 sb luon sb tndsd ncvd edobld pcrt bj ikjd,

sbldtklds booupykm` bur lkmas, dvdm sdmakm` onkiis abwm tnd spkmds cma usuciiy idcvd

cm umpidcscmt djjdot bm cii. _bbm wd jkma bursdivds snbohda cma arbwmkm` km tnd strdcl

bj edikdjs cibm`skad lcmy btndr pdbpid wnb cisb jcii prdy tb tnd vdry scld tndbry, wnkon

lbst bj tnd tklds ncvd mb `rbumas tb prbvd ktsdij eut ks c ldrd prbauotkbm bj pcrcmbkc br

c adikedrctd ikd. Kt odrtckmiy abds mbt ldcm tnct cii obmspkrcoy tndbrkds crd mbt trud8

sbldtklds tndy crd.

Qnks oncptdr ks `bkm` tb awdii bm tnd nkstbry, vcrkbus adjkmktkbms, typds cma sbld

dxclpids bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds.

3.3 Nkstbry6

Obmspkrcokds nca eddm tndrd skmod tnd tkld klldlbrkci. Kt ks ncra tb trcod tnd nkstbry bj

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wktn coourcoy. Ikhdwksd, lcy mbt ed pbsskeid tb stctd tnd vdry jkrst

kmstcmod wndm obmspkrcoy tndbrksts wdrd sddm km cotkbm edocusd tnct pcrt lk`nt ncvd

mdvdr eddm hmbwm br abouldmtda ey tnd nkstbrkcms. Nbwdvdr, rdsdcron bm obmspkrcoy

tndbrkds, ikhd cii btndr kssuds mdda tb ed rbbtda km dlpkrkoci dvkadmod. Qndrdjbrd, rdobrada

dvkadmod cs prbauoda km tnd iktdrcturd sncii ed prdsdmtda edibw tb advdibp cm

umadrstcmakm` bj tnd dvbiutkbm bj obmspkrcoy tndbry cs cm cocadlko obmodpt.

Qndrd crd vcrkbus oickls tb tnd jkrst dvdr usd bj obmspkrcoy tndbry, cma tndy cii jibct km tnd

bodcm bj tkld jrbl mkmdtddmtn tb twdmtkdtn odmtury. Qnd Bxjbra Dm`iksn Akotkbmcry

ldmtkbms tnd jkrst dvdr usd bj tnd pnrcsd obmspkrcoy tndbry tb nca eddm km 3;7;, km cm


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crtkoid pueiksnda km Qnd Cldrkocm Nkstbrkoci Udvkdw.;Ldrrkcl-Pdestdr Akotkbmcry,

rd`crada cs tnd Cldrkocgs idcakm` cma lbst trustda prbvkadr bj kmjbrlctkbm bm icm`uc`d,

cisb obmjkrls tnd jkrst usc`d bj obmspkrcoy tndbry tb 3;7; eut abds mbt ldmtkbms tnd

abouldmt br cmytnkm` disd, wndrd kt wcs usda.37

Ar. @ncyur Cyue, wnb wrktds ct tnd Bpkmkbm Lchdr- c vkrtuci Qnkmh Qcmh, wrbtd cm

crtkoid bm Fuiy 0, 5735 km Wch-T_ rdictkbms, tktida Onrbmbib`koci dvdmts cma CCV.

Coobrakm` tb tnct, tnd jkrst usd bj obmspkrcoy tndbry wcs km 3>03 km cm crtkoid tnct wcs

pueiksnda km Fburmci bj Ldmtci _okdmod.33Coobrakm` tb tnd ebbh, Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds &

_dordt _bokdtkds Jbr Aullkds, ey Onrkstbpndr Nbacpp cma Cikod Zbmm Hcmmbm, tnd jkrst

ebbh dvdr wrkttdm bm obmspkrcokds wcs km 30;3 Qnd Zdki Pktnarcwm ey c Jrdmon prkdst

mclda IdJrcmo, km wnkon nd eiclda tnd Jrddlcsbms jbr edkm` ednkma tnd eibbay Jrdmon

Udvbiutkbm.35

3.5. Adjkmktkbms6

Nbw ab wd adjkmd c obmspkrcoy tndbry2 Pnct dxcotiy ks c obmspkrcoy tndbry2

Coobrakm` tb Lcttndw Admtktn, wd ocm erbcaiy akvkad tnd adectd bj adjkmktkbms bj

obmspkrcoy tndbry kmtb twb `rbups, pnkibsbpnkoci cma mbm-pnkibsbpnkoci.

;Bda.obl,s.v.obmspkrcoy tndbry, coodssda _dptdledr 54, 573?,nttp6//www.bda.obl/vkdw/Dmtry/?;0::37Ldrrkcl-Pdestdr.obl, s.v.obmspkrcoy tndbry, coodssda _dptdledr 54, 573?.nttp6//www.ldrrkcl-wdestdr.obl/akotkbmcry/obmspkrcoy%57tndbry33Ar. @ncyur Cyue, Onrbmbib`koci dvdmts cma CCV,Bpkmkbm Lchdr,Fuiy 0, 5735,coodssda bm_dptdledr 54, 573?,nttp6//www.bpkmkbm-lchdr.br`/5735/70/onrbmbib`koci-dvdmts-cma-ccz/.35Onrkstbpndr Nbacpp, Cikod Zbmm Hcmmbm, ,Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds & _dordt _bokdtkds JbrAullkds(Kmakcmc, Pkidy Wueiksnkm`,kmo,577>),p.5>.
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/39766http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/39766http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conspiracy%20theoryhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conspiracy%20theoryhttp://www.opinion-maker.org/2012/07/chronological-events-and-aaz/http://www.opinion-maker.org/2012/07/chronological-events-and-aaz/http://www.opinion-maker.org/2012/07/chronological-events-and-aaz/http://www.opinion-maker.org/2012/07/chronological-events-and-aaz/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conspiracy%20theoryhttp://www.oed.com/view/Entry/39766


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c. Wnkibsbpnkoci adjkmktkbms6

Wnkibsbpnkoci wbrh bm obmspkrcoy tndbrkds nca edùm km tnd jkrst ncij bj tnd Qwdmtkdtn

odmtury, wktn tnd jkrst pueikoctkbm bj Hcri Wbppdrs QndBpdm _bokdty cma Kts Dmdlkds,

wnkon ks wkadiy obmskadrda vdry kmjiudmtkci ebtn kmskad cma butskad tnd ablckm bj

Wnkibsbpny.

Coobrakm` tb Hcri Wbppdr, kt ks, tnd vkdw tnct cm dxpicmctkbm bj c sbokci pndmbldmbm

obmsksts km tnd aksobvdry bj tnd ldm br `rbups wnb crd kmtdrdstda km tnd boourrdmod bj tnks

pndmbldmbm (sbldtklds kt ks c nkaadm kmtdrdst wnkon ncs jkrst tb ed rdvdcida), cma wnb

ncvd picmmda cma obmspkrda tb erkm` kt cebut.3?Jbr Wbppdr, obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, cs

putctkvd dxpicmctkbms, crd prbeidlctko, edocusd tndy rdjdr tb tnd nkaadm br sdordtkvd

lbtkvds bj obmspkrctbrs.

_kxty ydcrs ictdr, cjtdr tnd wbrh bj Hcri Wbppdr, Oncrids Wkàdm umadrtbbh tnd stuay bj

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wktn nks wbrh WbppdrUdvksktda, br Pnct Ks Prbm` Pktn Obmspkrcoy

Qndbrkds231 Ibbhkm` ct suon c ibm` pdrkba bj skxty ydcrs jrbl 3;?7s tb 3;;7s abds

spdch tnct pnkibsbpndrs wdrd mbt luon kmtb obmspkrcoy tndbrkds umtki 3;;7s, dxodpt Hcri

Wbppdr wnb wcs cm dxodptkbmci mbtkbm.

Oncrids Wkàdm ks tnd pnkibsbpndr wnb c`ckm spcrhda c Wnkibsbpnkoci qudst bj obmspkrcoy

tndbrkds wndm mb btndr pnkibsbpndr wcs wbrhkm` bm kt. Wkàdm adjkmds obmspkrcoy tndbry

km nks ictdst 5770 pcpdr, Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds cma tnd Obmvdmtkbmci Pksabl, cs, XC\

3?Hcri U. Wbppdr, Qnd Bpdm _bokdty cma Kts DmdlkdsZbi.5 (Ibmabm, @dbr`d Ubutida`d Cma _bms Iklktda,3;:;).31 Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, Km adjdmod bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, (Tmkvdrskty bj Cuohicma, 5735),coodssda bm _dptdledr 31,573?.nttps6//rdsdcronspcod.cuohicma.co.mz/ektstrdcl/ncmaid/55;5/30370/wnbid.paj2sdqudmod


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obmspkrcoy tndbry ks sklpiy c tndbry tnct pbskts c obmspkrcoy- c sdordt picm bm tnd pcrt bj

sbld `rbup tb kmjiudmod dvdmts ey pcrtiy sdordt ldcms X,\34cma ydt wrbtd km nks dcrikdr

pcpdr bj 577:, Oblpibts bj Lksonkdj, dktndr tnd picm br tnd cotkbm lusted lbrciiy

suspdot, ct idcst tb sbld pdbpid.3:Kt ks tb ed mbtda tnct Wk`adm sncrds tnd scld vkdws cs

Hcri Wbppdr cma addls obmspkrcoy tndbry tb ed cm dxpicmctkbm tnct sbld orklkmcis crd up

tb c orkld, eut umikhd Wbppdr, Wk`adm abds mbt tnkmh obmspkrcoy tndbrkds crd kmndrdmtiy

prbeidlctko. Uctndr, sbld ocm ed `bba dxpicmctkbms wnkon pbkmt tbwcras rdci

obmspkrctbrkci cotkvkty.

Erkcm I. Hddidyc, prbjdssbr bj Wnkibsbpny, wrbtd c pcpdr km 3;;; tktida Bj Obmspkrcoy

Qndbrkds, km wnkon nd adjkmda obmspkrcoy tndbry cs,XC\ prbpbsda dxpicmctkbm bj sbld

nkstbrkoci dvdmt( br dvdmts) km tdrls bj tnd sk`mkjkocmt ocusci c`dmoy bj c rdictkvdiy slcii

`rbup bj pdrsbms- tnd obmspkrctbrs- cotkm` km sdordt.30

Qnks adjkmktkbm su``dsts obmspkrcoy tndbry obuia ed ibbhda ct cs cm kadc br c abuet tnct

kmakoctds tnd dvkis adsk`ms bj orbbhs. Km btndr wbras kt obuia ed cm ciid`ctkbm. Ndmod, tnks

rdsdcron wbuia ibbh ct obmspkrcoy tndbrkds km tdrls bj ciid`ctkbms.

Idd Ecsncl ks cmbtndr prbjdssbr bj Wnkibsbpny, wrbtd c pcpdr km 577?, tktid, Lcidvbidmt

@ibeci Obmspkrcoy,km wnkon nd adjkmda c obmspkrcoy tndbry cs6

XC\m dxpicmctkbm bj klpbrtcmt dvdmts tnct cppdcis tb tnd kmtdmtkbmci adodptkbms cmalcmkpuictkbms bj tnbsd kmvbivda km, cjjdotda ey, br wktmdsskm` tndsd dvdmts. Qndsdadodptkbms/lcmkpuictkbms kmvbivd luitkpid, obbpdrctkm` picydrs. Pnkid tndrd ks mbobmtrcakotkbm km tnd pnrcsd obmspkrcokds bj `bbamdss, tnd adodptkbms cma lcmkpuictkbmsklpikda ey tnd tdrl obmspkrcoy tndbry crd usuciiy tnbu`nt tb dxprdss mdjcrkbus , dvdmkmscmdiy dvki, purpbsds.3>

34Keka., p. 503:Keka.30Erkcm. I. Hddidy, Bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, Qnd Fburmci bj Wnkibsbpny, (3;;;) ;:(?)6p. 37;35:.3>Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, bp. okt., p.5;.


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Ecsncls adjkmktkbm rdjdrs tb cm dvdmt tnct ks kmtdmtkbmciiy lcmkpuictda, br ks km btndr

wbras prdpicmmda. Nd cisb tdiis tnct tnd tdrl obmspkrcoy tndbry ks usda tb snbw picms tnct

crd typkociiy, eut mbt ciwcys dvki. Jurtndrlbrd, Acvka Obcay, tnd daktbr bj c ebbh,

Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds6 Qnd Wnkibsbpnkoci Adectd, adjkmds c obmspkrcoy tndbry cs6

C prbpbsda dxpicmctkbm bj cm nkstbrkoci dvdmt, km wnkon obmspkrcoy (k.d. c`dmts cotkm`sdordtiy km obmodrt) ncs c sk`mkjkocmt ocusci rbid. Jurtndrlbrd, tnd obmspkrcoy pbstuictdaey tnd prbpbsda dxpicmctkbm lust ed c obmspkrcoy tb erkm` cebut tnd nkstbrkoci dvdmtwnkon kt purpbrts tb dxpickm. Jkmciiy, tnd prbpbsda dxpicmctkbm lust obmjikot wktn cmbjjkokci dxpicmctkbm bj tnd scld nkstbrkoci dvdmt.3;

Obcaysadjkmktkbm ncs mbtnkm` mdw tb scy, wndm oblpcrda wktn tnd btndr pnkibsbpndrs

wnbsd adjkmktkbms ncvd cirdcay eddm ldmtkbmda edjbrd nkl. Nbwdvdr, bmd tnkm` tnct

crbusds kmtdrdst ks tnct tnd akstkmotkbm nd arcws edtwddm cm bjjkokci dxpicmctkbm bj cm

dvdmt cma tnct bj c obmspkrcoy tndbrkst8 nd scys tnct tnd edikdjs br kadcs bj obmspkrcoy

tndbrksts snbuia ed km obmtrcst tb wnct cm bjjkokci stctdldmt scys. Kt snbws `bvdrmldmts

ab picy c rbid km `kvkm` obvdr stbrkds tb dvdmts wndrd `bvdrmldmt ncs abmd sbldtnkm`

wrbm` tnct mddas spdouictkbm cma coobumtcekikty. Eut kt ks mbt mdodsscry tnct `bvdrmldmt

ks ciwcys akssdlkmctkm` akskmjbrlctkbm, sbldtklds kt obuia ed rdci.

Jurtndrlbrd, Mdki Idvy, cm Custrcikcm Udsdcron Obumoki Juturd Jdiibw, dxpickms

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds km nks 5770 crtkoid, Ucakociiy _bokcikzda Hmbwida`d cma Obmspkrcoy

Qndbrkds, cs, XC\m dxpicmctkbm bj cm dvdmt km tdrls bj tnd picms cma ob-brakmctda

cotkbms bj c sdordtkvd `rbup bj obmspkrctbrsX.\57Nd jurtndr cr`uds, C obmspkrcoy tndbry

tnct obmjikots wktn tnd bjjkokci stbry, wndrd tnd bjjkokci stbry ks tnd dxpicmctkbm bjjdrda ey

tnd (rdidvcmt) dpkstdlko cutnbrktkds, ks prklc jcokd umwcrrcmtda.53Nd cppdcrs tb ncvd

lbrd jcktn km bjjkokci stbrkds tnct obuia cisb ed dcskiy jcerkoctda cma crd usuciiy abmd sb

3;Acvka Obcay, Obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma bjffiokci stbrkds,Km Obcay, A., daktbr, Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds6 QndWnkibsbpnkoci Adectd(Nclp- snkrd6 Csn`ctd, 577:).57Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, bp. okt., p.?5.53Keka.


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ey tnd `bvdrmldmts. Qnks lchds nks adjkmktkbm adectceid. Bjjkokci stctdldmts km sbld

ocsds obuia ed c obvdr up tnct lcy mbt ed rdcakiy edikdvda.

Wdtd Lcmakh c prbjdssbr ct tnd Adpcrtldmt bj Wnkibsbpny, Pkiikcl Wctdrsbm Tmkvdrskty

prbpbsds jkvd obmaktkbms tnct crd mdodsscry jbr cm dxpicmctkbm tb ed qucikjkda cs c

obmspkrcoy tndbry, Obmspkrcoy tndbrkds pbstuictd, dxpicmctkbms bj nkstbrkoci dvdmts km

tdrls bj kmtdmtkbmci stctds bj luitkpid c`dmts (tnd obmspkrctbrs) wnb, clbm` btndr tnkm`s,

kmtdmada tnd nkstbrkoci dvdmts km qudstkbm tb boour cma hddp tndkr kmtdmtkbms cma cotkbms

sdordt.55Wdtd Lcmakh ks trykm` tb obmvdy tnd scld ldcmkm` cs btndr pnkibsbpndrs. Nd

`kvds cm coobumt bj wnct obumts cs c obmspkrcoy wnkon rdikds bm c ikst bj jkvd mdodsscry

cma sujjkokdmt obmaktkbms. Nbwdvdr, nd tnkmhs tnct kj c tndbry juijkiis cii tndsd jkvd

obmaktkbms tndm tnct tndbry ks krrctkbmci tb edikdvd cma ks tnus kmcadquctd oblpcrda tb

sbld btndr rkvci dxpicmctkbms. Nd ks cotuciiy trykm` tb tdii tnct ct tklds odrtckm dvdmts

cttrcot obmspkrcoy tndbrksts cma trk``dr tndkr kmtdiidot tb obld up wktn tndkr dxpicmctkbms.

Func Uckhhc, wrbtd c pcpdr km 577;, Bm Wbiktkoci Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds, wndrd nd ncs

suesorkeda tb Erkcm I. Hddidys vkdws cebut obmspkrcoy tndbrkds. Nd wrktds, Obmspkrcoy

tndbrkds tnct ckl tb dxpickm bmiy iklktda nkstbrkoci pndmbldmc crd bjtdm wcrrcmtda, k.d.

tndy prbvkad tnd (lbrd br idss) obrrdot dxpicmctkbms bj dvdmts.5?

Mb obmspkrcoy tndbrkst ocm oickl tb ed cii-hmbwkm`. Cma kj c obmspkrcoy tndbry ks nuleid

dmbu`n tb coodpt kts iklktctkbms, tndm tnct adjkmktdiy adsdrvds tb ed ondohda jbr wcrrcmty.

Nd jurtndr bjjdrs nks pdrspdotkvd bm bjjkokci stctdldmts. Cs bppbsd tb Idvy, nd cr`uds,

55Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, bp. okt., p.??.5?

Func Uckhhc, Bm pbiktkoci obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, Fburmci bj Wbiktkoci Wnkibsbpny, (577;), 30(5)63>4573.


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Bjjkokci dxpicmctkbms ocm ed tndbrkds cma tndy ocm rdjdr tb obmspkrcokds, eut tndy ocmmbt

ed obmspkrcoy tndbrkds (umidss tndy crd bjjkokci dxpicmctkbms bj wrbm` cutnbrktkds).51

Qnks wcs cm bvdrvkdw bj sbld tnd pnkibsbpnkoci adjkmktkbms8 nbwdvdr c oblprdndmskvd

adjkmktkbm bj Obmspkrcoy tndbry ocmmbt ed prbauoda wktnbut aksousskm` tnd mbm-

pnkibsbpnkoci dxpicmctkbm tbb.

e. Mbm-Wnkibsbpnkoci adjkmktkbms6

Coobrakm` tb tnd Bxjbra Dmìksn Akotkbmcry, obmspkrcoy tndbry ks adjkmda cs, . . . tnd

tndbry tnct cm dvdmt br pndmbldmbm boours cs c rdsuit bj c obmspkrcoy edtwddm kmtdrdstda

pcrtkds8 spdo. c edikdj tnct sbld obvdrt eut kmjiudmtkci c`dmoy (typkociiy pbiktkoci km

lbtkvctkbm cma bpprdsskvd km kmtdmt) ks rdspbmskeid jbr cm umdxpickmda dvdmtX.\54Qnks

adjkmktkbm oktds tnd prdsdmod bj cm kmjiudmtkci `rbup bj obmspkrctbrs ednkma cm dvdmt tnct ks

juii bj clekùkty wndrd kt lk`nt ed ncra tb hmbw wnb tnd obmspkrctbrs crd.

Lcttndw Admtktn ncs ldmtkbmda cma cmciyzda tnd wbrh bj twb Erktckm ecsda fburmciksts.

Jkrstiy, Ubekm Uclscy, wnb ks cm cutnbr, ob-jbumadr cma cisb tnd daktbr bj Ibestdr- c

lc`czkmd tnct wbrhs bm cmciyzkm` tnd kmjiudmod cma nbia bj kmtdiik`dmod c`dmokds cma

sdourkty sdrvkods bm stctd pbiktkos cma wbria trcad. Nks crdcs br jkdias bj kmtdrdst km

rdsdcron crd pbiktkos cma obmspkrcoy tndbrkds.5: Km nks ebbh Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds, nd

vkdws obmspkrcoy tndbrkds jrbl twb akjjdrdmt cmìds6

3. Jkrst, tnct kt ks c nypbtndsks cebut c obmspkrcoy wnkon ks rdspbmskeid jbr cm dvdmt. Cma

edikdj km suon obmspkrcokds su``dsts tnct tnd edikdvdr ks sujjdrkm` jrbl c pcrcmbkc,

51Keka.

54obmspkrcoy, m. (5733), BDA Bmikmd, nttp6//www.bda.obl/vkdwakotkbmcrydmtry/Dmtry/?;0::.5:Ibestdr Lc`czkmd, coodssda _dptdledr 5?, 573?,nttp6//www.ibestdr-lc`czkmd.ob.uh/.
http://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/http://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/http://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/http://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/


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wnkon ldcms suon obmspkrcoy tndbrkds crd krrctkbmci cma umwcrrcmtda edocusd tndy

crd tnd ldrd rdsuits bj pcrcmbkc.50

5. _dobmaiy, tndrd crd dxpicmctkbms tnct crd rctkbmci cma wcrrcmtda, wnkon crd mbt tnd

rdsuit br butobld bj pcrcmbkc.

Qnd sdobma Erktksn fburmcikst ldmtkbmda ey Lcttndw Admtktn ks Acvka Ccrbmvkton-cm

cutnbr, erbcaocstdr cma c fburmcikst, wnb cisb wrktds obiulms jbr Qnd Qklds. Km nks ebbh

Zbbabb Nkstbrkds6 Qnd Ubid bj tnd Obmspkrcoy Qndbry km _ncpkm` Lbadrm Nkstbry,

Ccrbmvkton adjkmds obmspkrcoy tndbry cs,

XQ\nd cttrkeutkbm bj adikedrctd c`dmoy tb sbldtnkm` tnct ks lbrd ikhdiy tb ed cookadmtci brumkmtdmada. Cma, cs c sbpnkstkoctkbm bj tnks adjkmktkbm, bmd lk`nt caa6 tnd cttrkeutkbm bjsdordt cotkbm tb bmd pcrty tnct lk`nt jcr lbrd rdcsbmceiy ed dxpickmda cs tnd idss obvdrtcma idss oblpikoctda cotkbm bj cmbtndr. _b c obmspkrcoy tndbry ks tnd ummdodsscrycssulptkbm bj obmspkrcoy wndm btndr dxpicmctkbms crd lbrd prbeceid.5>

Kt ocm ed scka tnct Ccrbmvkton sncrds tnd scld vkdws cs tnbsd bj Mdki Idvy cma Func

Uckhhc. Nd tnkmhs tnct edikdj km wnct obmspkrcoy tndbrksts ncvd tb scy ks krrctkbmci cma

umwcrrcmtda km tnd jcod bj btndr sburods tnct `kvd lbrd ordakeid stctdldmt br cm

dxpicmctkbm tb cm dvdmt.

@dbjjrdy Ouekt adjkmds obmspkrcoy tndbry km nks ebbh Qnd Fdsukt Lytn6 Obmspkrcoy

Qndbry cma Wbiktkos km Mkmdtddmtn Odmtury Jrcmod cs, Obmskadrdact tnd lbst sondlctko

idvdi, tndm,c obmspkrcoy tndbry abds tnrdd tnkm`s6 kt cttrkeutds tnd dvdmts bj nkstbry br

ourrdmt cjjckrs tb obmsokbus nulcm vbiktkbm8 kt sncrpiy akstkm`uksnds edtwddm tnd nulcm

jbrods bj `bba cma dvki8 kt klpikds c nkaadm rdcikty edmdctn cma ct baas wktn tnd

50Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, bp. okt., p.57.

5>Acvka Ccrbmvkton, Zbbabb Nkstbrkds6 Qnd Ubid bj tnd Obmspkrcoy Qndbry km _ncpkm` Lbadrm Nkstbry(Ibmabm6 Fbmctncm Ocpd, 577;).


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supdrjkokci cppdcrcmods bj tnd pbiktkoci cma sbokci wbria.5;Qnd cebvd adjkmktkbm dxpickms

tnct tndrd ks c wbria stc`d wndrd supdrjkokci cppdcrcmods bj pbiktkos cma sbokdty crd sddm,

eut ednkma tnct tndrd ks c nkaadm rdcikty wcktkm` tb ed aksobvdrda.

Pnkist Zkotbrkc Dllc Wc`cm, ibbhs ct obmspkrcoy tndbry km ndr ebbh Obmspkrcoy

Mcrrctkvds km Ublcm Nkstbry cs, oncrcotdrkzda ey cm dpkstdlbib`koci `cp ocusda ey

tnd sdordoy cma skidmod tnct snrbua tnd dvdmt.?7Wc`cm cppdcrs tb cr`ud tnct tndrd crd

sdordts tnct lckmtckms c nbiibwmdss cma hddps cm dvdmt nkaadm br obvdrda, wnkon lchds

up jbr c lystdry cma tnct km rdsuit djjdots tnd oblprdndmskbm bj tnd vdry dvdmt. Jbr ndr,

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds crd abuetjui mcrrctkvds tnct ndip km umadrstcmakm` cm dvdmt wnkon,

adspktd edkm` abuetjui dxpicmctkbms, prbvkad dcsy rctkbmcid.

Lcrh Jdmstdr wrktds km Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds6 _dordoy cma Wbwdr km Cldrkocm Ouiturd

tnct obmspkrcoy tndbrksts crd pdbpid umcwcrd bj tnd nkdrcrony bj pbwdr km sbokdty8 km jcot

tndkr tndbrkds snbw tnct tndy crd pcrcmbka.?3

Ukoncra Nbjstcadr, cm Cldrkocm nkstbrkcm?5wrbtd cm crtkoid km 3;:1, ey tnd mcld bj Qnd

Wcrcmbka _tyid km Cldrkocm Wbiktkos wnkon spcrhda c sbokbib`koci cma psyonbib`koci

adectd bm tnd tbpko bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds. Nd adjkmda obmspkrcoy tndbrksts cs pbiktkociiy

pcrcmbka kmakvkaucis wnb jdcrda obmspkrcoy c`ckmst tndlsdivds.??

[dt, Zdrbmkqud Oclpkbm-Zkmodmt wrktds km bmd bj ndr crtkoids Jrbl Dvki Btndrs tb Dvki

Diktds tnct obmspkrcoy tndbrkds snbw bur cacptcekikty tb dvdr oncm`km` okroulstcmods.

_nd cisb scys tnct kt ks tnrbu`n obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wd try tb umadrstcma eca kmtdmtkbms

5;Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, bp. okt., p.55.?7Zkotbrkc Dllc Wc`cm, Obmspkrcoy Mcrrctkvds km Ublcm Nkstbry (Custkm6 Tmkvdrskty bj Qdxcs Wrdss,5771).?3Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, bp. okt., p.5?-51.?5Ukoncra NbjstcatdrCm Kmtdiidotuci Ekb`rcpny,coodssda Botbedr 34, 573?,nttp6//prdss.uonkoc`b.dau/uop/ebbhs/ebbh/onkoc`b/U/eb?:>7?0:.ntli.??Ukoncra Nbjstcatdr, Qnd Wcrcmbka _tyid km Cldrkocm Wbiktkos cma Btndr Dsscys(Oclerka`d6 NcrvcraTmkvdrskty Wrdss, 3;;:).
http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo3680376.htmlhttp://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo3680376.htmlhttp://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo3680376.html


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cma cotkbms. Nbwdvdr, snd ks obmvkmoda tnct tndrd crd sbld btndr citdrmctkvd tndbrkds br

dxpicmctkbms tbb, tnct stcma ct c jcr edttdr pbsktkbm tb rdcikty.?1

Akdtdr @rbn wrktds km Qnd Qdlptctkbm bj Obmspkrcoy Qndbry, br6 Pny Eca Qnkm`s

Ncppdm tb @bba Wdbpid2tnct ct tklds pdbpid crd pdrpidxda wktn tnbu`nts cs tb wny eca

tnkm`s ncppdm tb tndl wndm tndy crd ciwcys abkm` tnd rk`nt tnkm`8 kt ks tndm wndm tndy

ordctd klc`kmcry dmdlkds wnb crd cotuciiy kmjikotkm` sujjdrkm`s bm tndl. Qndy edikdvd

tndrd crd obmspkrctbrs wnb ocrry but tndkr dvki picms km sdordt.?4

Km cmbtndr pkdod bj wrktkm` _pkmmkm` Wcrcmbkc, _hkp Pkiilcm dxpickms tnct obmspkrcoy

tndbrkds crd cm cttdlpt tb dxpickm dvdmts tnrbu`n tnd obmspkrcokds bj odrtckm pdbpid.

?:

Cma

tndrd ks Jrcm Lcsbm wnb wrktds km C Wbbr Wdrsbms Ob`mktkvd Lcppkm`, tnct obmspkrcoy

tndbrkds ncvd mb klpbrtcmod cma mb rctkbmcikty jbr mbm-obmspkrcoy tndbrkst-tndy tnkmh

tndsd crd drrbmdbus stctdldmts wnkon crd `bba bmiy tb tndkr bwm ordctbrs.?0

Cjtdr ncvkm` rdca ebtn tnd pnkibsbpnkoci cma mbm-pnkibsbpnkoci wbrhs cebut obmspkrcoy

tndbrkds, jbur jcotbrs crd obllbm tb dvdry Obmspkrcoy tndbry.

k.

Ciid`ctkbms6 Cii obmspkrcoy tndbrkds crd ciid`ctkbms umtki prbvdm btndrwksd.

kk. Obmspkrctbrs6 Qndrd crd obmspkrctbrs tnct lcy dxkst br lcy mbt dxkst- lk`nt ed

klc`kmcry.

kkk. _dordoy6 Dvdrytnkm` ks picmmda km sdordoy.

kv. Befdotkvd6 Qndrd ks cm uitklctd adskrda `bci.

?1Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 51.?4Akdtdr @rbn, Qnd Qdlptctkbm bj Obmspkrcoy Qndbry, br6 Pny Ab Eca Qnkm`s Ncppdm tb @bba Wdbpid2Wcrt KK6 Ocsd _tuakds, _prkm`dr Ikmh, coodssda bm Botbedr 57, 573?,nttp6//ikmh.sprkm`dr.obl/oncptdr/37.3770/;0>-3-1:35-1:3>-?R5?:Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, bp. okt., p.54.?0

Keka.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_2http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_2http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_2


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a. Advdibpkm` c wbrhkm` adjkmktkbm bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds6

Onrkstbpndr Nbacpp, cma Cikod Zbm Hcmmbm, km tndkr ebbh Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds &

_dordt _bokdtkds jbr Aullkds cr`ud6

C obmspkrcoy tndbry ks tnd kadc tnct sbldbmd, br c `rbup bj sbldbmds, cots sdordtiy, wktntnd `bci bj conkdvkm` pbwdr, wdcitn, kmjiudmod, br btndr edmdjkt. Kt ocm ed cs slcii cs twbpdtty tnu`s obmspkrkm` tb stkohup c ikqubr stbrd, br cs ek` cs c `rbup bj rdvbiutkbmcrkdsobmspkrkm` tb tchd bvdr tndkr obumtrygs `bvdrmldmt. Kmakvkaucis, obrpbrctkbms, onuronds,pbiktkokcms, lkiktcry idcadrs, cma dmtkrd `bvdrmldmts ocm cii ed obmspkrctbrs, km pibts csdvki cs sdordtiy advdibpkm` muoidcr wdcpbms, cs orddpy cs slu``ikm` stbidm nulcmtrcmspicmt br`cms, br cs cmmbykm` cs obrmdrkm` tnd lcrhdt bm mdk`nebrnbba $1-objjddfbkmts.?>

Pnkid, cii tnd cebvd-ldmtkbmda adjkmktkbms lchd sdmsd, bmd wcy bj adjkmkm` obmspkrcoy

tndbry obuia ed tb adobmstruot tnd tdrl ktsdij tb `dt tb kts ldcmkm`. Jbr kmstcmod, bmd lcy

ibbh ct Obmspkrcoy cma Qndbry sdpcrctdiy. Qnks lcy ndip ocpturd tnd sobpd bj tnd

tdrl obmspkrcoy tndbry juiiy.Coobrakm` tb Ldrrkcl Pdestdr Akotkbmcry obmspkrcoy

ldcms c sdordt picm ey c `rbup tb ocrry but cm cot tnct obuia ed ncrljui br kiid`ci8 cma

tndbry ldcms cm kadc tnct ks usda jbr tnd dxpicmctkbm bj dvdmts br jcots wnkon lcy ed

pbsskeiy trud eut ks mbt prbvdm tb ed sb. Ecsda bm tnks umadrstcmakm` tnks rdsdcron wbuia

ibbh ct tnd obmodpt bj obmspkrcoy tndbry lbrd jrbl tnd pdrspdotkvd bj Adjdmod cma

_trctd`ko _tuakds. Kt tndrdjbrd adjkmds obmspkrcoy tndbry cs cm ciid`ctkbm c`ckmst cm dmtkty,

tb ncvd sdordtiy strctd`kzda c lksskbm bvdr c erbca spdotrul bj `ckms c`ckmst cmbtndr

dmtkty, wnkon ks ydt tb ed prbvda cma ocm ed c lksociouictkbm, lkspdrodptkbm, adikedrctd

adjclctkbm br c rdcikty.

Obmspkrcoy tndbry obuia ed ibbhda ct cs c sdda bj abuet wnkon ks picmtda ey tnd cotkbms

br dvdmts, tnct sbldnbw lchd sdmsd wndm sddm br obmmdotda tb dcon btndr, cma coqukrds

?>Onrkstbpndr Nbacpp cma Cikod Zbm Hcmmbm, Obmspkrcoy Qndbrkds & _dordt _bokdtkds jbrAullkds,(Kmakcmc6 Pkidy Wueiksnkm`, Kmo., 577>),p.;.


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tnd stctus bj cm ciid`ctkbm wndm dxpikoktiy dxprdssda cma prbpbumada km pueiko, tnct mddas

tb ed prbvda tb stcma tnd shdptkoksl tnct kt wkii ed jcoda wktn.

kv. Orktkqud tb tnd prbpbsda adjkmktkbm6

Bjjdrkm` orktkqud bm tnd adjkmktkbm, Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn oblldmtda tnct Obmspkrcoy

tndbry ks lbrd `dmdrko, kt ks cm dxpicmctkbm bj cm dvdmt wnkon oktds c obmspkrcoy cs c

scikdmt ocusd.

Jbr dxclpid, tnd dxpicmctkbm ey tnd Adwdy Obllksskbm tnct tnd Lbsobw _nbw Qrkcis

wdrd tnd rdsuit bj _tcikm cma nks jrkdmas obmspkrkm` tb sdourd jcisd obmvkotkbms turmda but

tb ed tnd edst dxpicmctkbm bj tnd dvdmt, adspktd tnd jcot _tcikm cma nks jrkdmas scka

obmspkrcoy tndbry wcs c lksociouictkbm, lkspdrodptkbm, adikedrctd adjclctkbm br

rdcikty. Nd obmtkmuds, tnct kj wd adjkmd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds km tdrls bj tndl edkm` prklc

jcokd br typkociiy lkstchdm, wd dma up obmjuskm` tnd kssuds bj *sbld spdokjko* obmspkrcoy

tndbrkds jbr kssuds tb ab wktn tnd `dmdrci oicss bj tnkm`s ociida obmspkrcoy tndbrkds.

Akslksskm` tnd icst oicusd bj tnd prbpbsda adjkmktkbm, Admtktn dlpncskzda lbrd bm tnd

oickl, Obmspkrcoy tndbry ks c purpbrtda dxpicmctkbm cebut sbld sdt bj obmspkrctbrs wnb

ncvd sdordtiy strctd`kzda c lksskbm jbr c erbca spdotrul bj `ckms, wnkon ks ydt tb ed

prbvda. Cmciyzkm` tnd adjkmktkbm jurtndr, Admtktn jbuma tnd pbrtkbm, sdordtiy strctd`kzda

c lksskbm bvdr c erbca spdotrul bj `ckms c`ckmst c rkvci kmtdrdstkm`, eut tnd tdrl rkvci

obuia ed dxoiuada, cs tndrd obuia ed c obmspkrcoy km djjdot tb conkdvd sbld dma tnct ks mbt

akrdotda c`ckmst sbld rkvci. Nd `cvd cm dxclpid tnct nd cma nks jrkdmas crd obmspkrkm` tb

obmtrbi tnd suppiy bj onbobictd km tnd wbria eut tndy crd mbt rkvcis tb cmybmd km pcrtkouicr.


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Jurtndr nd tnbu`nt tnct erbca spdotrul bj `ckms ks kmtdrdstkm`, edocusd kt `dts tb tnd

kmtuktkbm tnct obmspkrcoy tndbrkds ocm ed vcùd oickls cebut wny, dxcotiy, tnd

obmspkrctbrs crd ct wbrh. Nbwdvdr, nd wbuia ed kmoikmda tb scy sbldtnkm` lbrd ikhd

tbwcras sbld dma, wnkon ciibws jbr scka vcùdmdss eut cisb abds mbt obllkt tb

rdqukrkm` tnct obmspkrctbrs ncvd `rcmakbsd `bcis. _bld obmspkrcokds lk`nt rdsuit km slcii

dmas6 c obmspkrcoy tb nkad wnb csscsskmctda c iboci pbiktkokcm lk`nt dma up edkm` slcii

jry oblpcrda tb c obmspkrcoy adsk`mda tb nkad tnd obmtkmukm` dxkstdmod, scy, bj c

wdcpbms prb`rclld.?;

Lcttndw Admtktn obmoiuads nks cmciysks bj tnd cutnbrs prbpbsda adjkmktkbm bvdr tnrdd

pbkmts6

Jkrst ks, nd tnkmhs obmspkrcokds crd mbt mdodsscrkiy c`ckmst cmybmd cs oicklda km tnd

adjkmktkbm. Ct tklds obmspkrctbrs lk`nt ed trykm` tb conkdvd cm dma wktnbut tnd tnbu`nt bj

trykm` tb kmjikot aclc`d bm sbldbmd, br tnd kmtdmt tb nurt br adjcld cmybmd. Nbwdvdr, cs

c obumtdr crùldmt, wndm c obmspkrctbr ks trykm` tb klpidldmt nks picm, nd abds mbt wbrh

km c vcouul. Kj obmspkrcokds wdrd mbt cjjdotkm` cmybmd akrdotiy br kmakrdotiy tndm tndrd

wbuia ncvd eddm mb djjbrt ey sbldbmd tb obld up wktn tndkr tndbry tb wc`d ciid`ctkbms

c`ckmst sbld obmspkrctbr. Km tnd jkrst picod, kj kt ks mbt rdictda tb sbldbmd tndm wny wbuia

kt ed ociida c "obmspkrcoy" tndbry2 Nks sdobma pbkmt bj shdptkoksl ks tnct tnd adjkmktkbm

cppdcrs tb ed lbrd spdokjko tncm `dmdrko. Qnd rdcsbm ks tnct cii obmspkrcoy tndbrkds jcii

kmtb dktndr bmd bj tnd jbur octd`brkds6 lksociouictkbm, lkspdrodptkbm, adikedrctd

adjclctkbm br c rdcikty. Cma nks tnkra pbkmt bj orktkqud ks tnd usd bj erbca spdotrul bj

`ckms8 coobrakm` tb nkl, obmspkrcokds ab mbt usuciiy kmvbivd erbca `bcis eut lcy

?;Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn, Jcodebbh ldssc`d tb cutnbr, Adodledr 4, 573?.


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obmtckm c sklpid slcii befdotkvd. Ndmod, km tnd ik`nt bj tnd cebvd orktkoksl c mdw

adjkmktkbm bj obmspkrcoy tndbry ks jbrluictda cs cm ciid`ctkbm c`ckmst cm dmtkty, tb ncvd

sdordtiy strctd`kzda c lksskbm tb conkdvd cm befdotkvd tnct lcy ed akrdotiy br kmakrdotiy

cjjdotkm` cmbtndr dmtkty. Kt ncs ydt tb ed prbvdm cma obuia ed ecsda bm c lksociouictkbm,

lkspdrodptkbm, adikedrctd adjclctkbm br c rdcikty.

3.? Qypds

Qndrd crd vcrkbus wrktdrs wnb ncvd `kvdm akjjdrdmt typds obmspkrcoy tndbrkds6

c. _nciibw Zs. Addp Obmspkrcoy Qndbry6

Coobrakm` tb Lurrcy Ubtnecracm Cldrkocm dobmblkst, nkstbrkcm cma c pbiktkoci

tndbrkst,17tndrd crd twb typds bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds613

k. _nciibw Obmspkrcoy Qndbry6 Km tnks obmspkrcoy tndbry, tnd tndbrkst ibbhs ct c

lystdry cma akrdotiy adauods c odrtckm pdrpdtrctbr br c `rbup bj pdrpdtrctbrs.15

kk. Addp Obmspkrcoy Qndbry6 Km tnks obmspkrcoy tndbry, tnd tndbrkst jkrstiy pbmadrs bvdr

c ncppdmkm`, adauods c pdrpdtrctbr br c `rbup bj pdrpdtrctbr wktn c obmspkrcoy eut

wnkid adauokm` odrtckm edmdjkokcrkds br dvki jbrods, tnd tndbrkst sddhs dvkadmod tb

suppbrt tndkr cssulptkbms.1?

e. Dmdly Pktnkm tb Edmdvbidmt tndbrkds6 Ebbh daktbr, wrktdr cma eib``dr,

Fdssd Pcihdr nca prdsdmtda jkvd typds bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds km nks ebbh11Qnd

17Lurrcy M. Ubtnecra, Lksds Ackiy,nttp6//lksds.br`/ackiy/cutnbr/5;;/Lurrcy-M-Ubtnecra.13Subtda ey E.H. Lcrous km Ucakb Jrdd Ubtnecra,Fburmci bj Ikedrtcrkcm _tuakds, Zbi. 57, Mb 5(_prkm`577:).15E.H Lcrous, Ucakb Jrdd Ubtnecra,Fburmci bj Ikedrtcrkcm _tuakds, Zbi.57, Mb. 5(_prkm` 577:).1?Keka.11Km Wrcksd bj Orcmhs6 Fdssd Pcihdrs "Qnd Tmktda _tctds bj Wcrcmbkc", rdvkdw bj Qnd Tmktda _tctds bjWcrcmbkc6 C Obmspkrcoy Qndbry ey Fdssd Pcihdr,nttp6//icrdvkdwbjebbhs.br`/rdvkdw/km-prcksd-bj-orcmhs-fdssd-wcihdrs-tnd-umktda-stctds-bj-pcrcmbkc.
http://mises.org/daily/author/299/Murray-N-Rothbardhttp://mises.org/daily/author/299/Murray-N-Rothbardhttp://mises.org/daily/author/299/Murray-N-Rothbardhttp://lareviewofbooks.org/review/in-praise-of-cranks-jesse-walkers-the-united-states-of-paranoiahttp://lareviewofbooks.org/review/in-praise-of-cranks-jesse-walkers-the-united-states-of-paranoiahttp://lareviewofbooks.org/review/in-praise-of-cranks-jesse-walkers-the-united-states-of-paranoiahttp://lareviewofbooks.org/review/in-praise-of-cranks-jesse-walkers-the-united-states-of-paranoiahttp://lareviewofbooks.org/review/in-praise-of-cranks-jesse-walkers-the-united-states-of-paranoiahttp://lareviewofbooks.org/review/in-praise-of-cranks-jesse-walkers-the-united-states-of-paranoiahttp://mises.org/daily/author/299/Murray-N-Rothbard


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Tmktda _tctds bj Wcrcmbkc6 C Obmspkrcoy Qndbry, wnkon wcs pueiksnda km

Cu`ust, 573?6

k. Dmdly Butskad6 Km tnks typd bj obmspkrcoy tndbry, tndrd crd dvki jbrods tnct crd

bpdrctkm` c`ckmst c obllumkty wnkid stcykm` butskad.

kk. Dmdly Pktnkm6 Qnks typd bj obmspkrcoy tndbry pbrtrcys cm umrdob`mkzceid dmdly

wnb ks bpdrctkm` c`ckmst c obllumkty wnkid stcykm` kmskad.

kkk. Dmdly Cebvd6 Qnks typd bj obmspkrcoy tndbry vkdws odrtckm pbwdrjui pdbpid wnb

ncvd nkfcohda tnd dmtkrd systdl tb tndkr cavcmtc`d.

kv.

Dmdly Edibw6 Qnks typd bj obmspkrcoy tndbry sdds ibwdr oicss pibttkm` c`ckmst tnd

systdl tb bvdrtchd kt.

v. Edmdvbidmt Obmspkrcokds6 Qnd tndbrkst km tnks typd bj obmspkrcoy tndbry sdds tnd

kmvbivdldmt bj akvkmd jbrods wnb crd dm`c`da jbr tnd edttdrldmt bj lcm.

o.

Idvdi bj Cmciysks Cpprbcon6

Lkoncdi Ecrhum ks prbjdssbr bj Wbiktkoci _okdmod ct tnd _yrcousd Tmkvdrskty. Nd

picods tndsd tndbrkds bm tnrdd `rcauctda idvdis, rcm`km` jrbl.

k. Dvdmt Obmspkrcoy Qndbry6 Qnks typd bj obmspkrcoy tndbry cssbokctds c obmspkrcoy

wktn c pcrtkouicr dvdmt br c onckm bj dvdmts. Jbr dxclpid, tnd ordctkbm bj CKA_ cma

tnd _dptdledr 33 cttcohs bm tnd Pbria Qrcad Odmtrd cma Wdmtc`bm.14

kk. _ystdlctko Obmspkrcoy Qndbry6 Km tnks typd bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, tndrd crd

obmspkrctbrs wnb crd edikdvda tb ncvd c icr`d mdtwbrh, `dcrda kts djjbrts tbwcras

conkdvkm` clektkbus `bcis. Jbr dxclpid, tnd ciid`ctkbms tnct Fdws crd obmtrbiikm` tnd

14Nbacpp cma Hcmmbm, bp. okt.


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dmtkrd ecmhs bj tnd wbria cma tnct tnd Lusikls wcmt Ksicl tb tchd bvdr cii btndr

rdik`kbms bj tnd wbria.1:

kkk. _updr Obmspkrcoy Qndbry6 Coobrakm` tb tnks obmspkrcoy tndbry, tndrd crd c sdrkds bj

obmspkrcokds wnkon crd cotuciiy suepcrts bj c ek``dr obmspkrcoy br picm, wnkon ks

picmmda ey cm dvki `dmkus br c lcstdrlkma. Jbr dxclpid, _ctcm, wnb oblpdis lcm tb

obllkt skm sb cs tb arcw nkl cwcy jrbl nks Ordctbr.10

3.1 Dxclpids6

Ndrd crd sbld dxclpids bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds6

c.

Lbbm Icmakm`6

Qnd Cpbiib Wrb`rcl wnkon ks cisb hmbwm cs Wrbfdot Cpbiib wcs c prb`rcl km 3;:; ey

tnd Mctkbmci Cdrbmcutkos cma _pcod Calkmkstrctkbm- tnd okvkikcm spcod c`dmoy bj tnd

Tmktda _tctds bj Cldrkoc. Qnd `bci wcs tb icma c lcm bm tnd surjcod bj tnd lbbm cma

adikvdr nkl ecoh scjdiy tb tnd dcrtn. Mdki Crlstrbm` cma Euzz Ciarkm wdrd tnd jkrst twb

cstrbmcuts dvdr tb ncvd icmada bm tnd surjcod bj tnd lbbm wnkon wcs adjkmktdiy c lbldmt

bj prkad jbr tnd Cldrkocm mctkbm.

Nbwdvdr, jdw ydcrs ictdr, c ebbh wcs wrkttdm ey Ekii Hcyskm`, Pd Mdvdr Pdmt tb tnd

Lbbm6 Cldrkoc's Qnkrty Ekiikbm Abiicr _wkmaid. Qnd Jict Dcrtn _bokdty cisb orktkokzda

MC_C tb ncvd jchda tnd icmakm`s km obiicebrctkbm wktn Nbiiywbba cma Pcit Aksmdy. Cma

tnd tnkra orktkoksl ocld jrbl Jbx tdidvkskbm mdtwbrh aurkm` 5773, wnb erbcaocstda c

1:Keka.10Keka., p. 54.


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abouldmtcry bm Obmspkrcoy Qndbry6 Aka Pd Icma bm tnd Lbbm2 Qndy coousda MC_C tb

ncvd jchda dvdrytnkm` fust tb wkm tnd _pcod Ucod.1>

e. ;/33 cttcohs6

Bm _dptdledr 33, 5773, tnd Wdmtc`bm cma Pbria Qrcad Odmtdr wdrd umadr cttcoh ey

tdrrbrksts wnb sicllda pcssdm`dr ckrikmdrs kmtb tnd eukiakm`s tb kmjikot aclc`d cma

lksdry upbm Cldrkoc. Cldrkoc eiclda Bsclc Ekm Icadm cma nks Ci-Scdac mdtwbrh jbr

tnd octcoiyslko adstruotkbm. Eut tndrd crd sbld pdbpid wnb aksc`rdd bvdr tnks bjjkokci

stctdldmt cma eicld tnd T_ calkmkstrctkbm tb ncvd brondstrctda dvdrytnkm` tb fustkjy tndkr

cttcohs bm Cj`ncmkstcm cma Krcq8 cma tnct tnd Pbria Qrcad Odmtrd pius tnd Qwkm Qbwdrs

wdrd adstrbyda tnrbu`n obmtrbiida adlbiktkbm wnkon ocusda tndl tb ed oblpidtdiy

adstrbyda. Qnd bjjkokcis rdspbmada wktn stctdldmts tnct tndrd wdrd struoturci jckiurds cma

jkrd cibm`skad tnd klpcot bj tnd ckrpicmds wnkon ocusda tnd eukiakm`s tb jcii tb `rbuma.

Cmbtndr obmspkrcoy tndbry wcs tnct tnd wcii km Wdmtc`bm wcs mbt struoh ey cm ckrpicmd

eut ey c lksskid tnct wcs adikedrctdiy icumonda jrbl wktnkm ey tnd T_ Mcvy. Qndrd crd

btndr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wnkon eicld tnd T_ calkmkstrctkbm tb ncvd hmbwm dvdrytnkm`

km cavcmod eut adikedrctdiy k`mbrda tnd cttcohs.1;

o. 5ma

Lcy BEI Bpdrctkbm6

Bm 5maLcy, 5733, T_ obmauotda cm bpdrctkbm tnrbu`n Mcvy _DCIs c`ckmst Bsclc Ekm

Icadm km Ceebttceca, Wchkstcm. Bsclc Ekm Icadm wcs suoodssjuiiy tchdm but cma tnd

tnrdct wcs mdutrcikzda. Nbwdvdr, wndm Cldrkocm calkmkstrctkbm jckida tb prbvkad cmy

1>Fcy Pdkamdr, Nbw _tcmidy Huerkoh Jchda tnd Cpbiib Lbbm Icmakm`s, Udcikty _cmawkon,nttp6//rdciktyscmawkon.obl/5?55:/huerkohRcpbiib/.1;Acvd Qnblcs, Qnd ;/33 Qrutn Lbvdldmt6 Qnd Qbp Obmspkrcoy Qndbry, c Adocad Ictdr, O_K,Fuiy/Cu`ust 5733,nttp6//www.oskobp.br`/sk/snbw/tndR;R33RtrutnRlbvdldmtRtndRtbpRobmspkrcoyRtndbryRcRadocadRictdr/.
http://realitysandwich.com/23226/kubrick_apollo/http://realitysandwich.com/23226/kubrick_apollo/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_9_11_truth_movement_the_top_conspiracy_theory_a_decade_later/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_9_11_truth_movement_the_top_conspiracy_theory_a_decade_later/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_9_11_truth_movement_the_top_conspiracy_theory_a_decade_later/http://realitysandwich.com/23226/kubrick_apollo/


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?7

pkoturds bj Ekm Icadm br nks AMC tdst rdsuits cma qukohiy aulpda nks obrpsd kmtb tnd sdc,

tndy `cvd c oncmod tb obmspkrcoy tndbrksts tb `dt tb wbrh wnkon erda sdvdrci tndbrkds.

_bld ociida kt c jchd bpdrctkbm ey Beclc tb strdm`tndm nks pbsktkbm km tnd upoblkm`

prdskadmtkci didotkbms wnkid btndrs scka kt wcs mbt Bsclc edocusd nd wcs hkiida ydcrs

edjbrd km Qbrc Ebrc, Cj`ncmkstcm, aurkm` ocrpdt eblekm`. Dvdm sbld scka, Cldrkoc

wcmtda tb nulkikctd Wchkstcm, umadrlkmd kts adjdmod jbrods cma admbumod Wchkstcm jbr

edkm` nbld tb tdrrbrksts.47

Qnks oncptdr aksoussda tnd vcrkbus adjkmktkbms bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, jrbl ebtn

pnkibsbpnkoci cma mbm-pnkibsbpnkoci pbkmt bj vkdw cma ct tnd dma tnd cutnbr `cvd cma

adjdmada nks bwm adjkmktkbm. Zcrkbus oickls rd`crakm` tnd nkstbry bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds

wdrd stuakda8 akjjdrdmt typds bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma sbld dxclpids wdrd cisb

aksoussda.

47BEI obllksskbm rdpbrt6 sbld qudstkbms,Acwm, Fuiy 50, 573?,nttp6//www.acwm.obl/mdws/37?5501/bei-obllksskbm-rdpbrt-sbld-qudstkbms.
http://www.dawn.com/news/1032274/obl-commission-report-some-questionshttp://www.dawn.com/news/1032274/obl-commission-report-some-questionshttp://www.dawn.com/news/1032274/obl-commission-report-some-questions


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?3

ONCWQDU QPB6 OBM_WKUCO[ QNDBUKD_, QNDBUK_Q_

CMA OBM_WKUCQBU_6 KADMQKJ[KM@ QBBI_ JBU

CMCI[_K_

Qnks oncptdr wkii ed tdiikm` cebut obmspkrctbrs, tndkr wbrh, wny ab pdbpid edikdvd km

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, wnb obmspkrcoy tndbrksts crd2 Cma jkmciiy tbbis tb cmciyzd

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds.

5.3. Obmspkrctbrs6

Obmspkrcokds wktnbut obmspkrctbrs wbuia mdvdr ed obmspkrcokds, rctndr, tndy wbuia ed

dktndr c rcmabl boourrdmod br sbldtnkm` wnkon ibbhs obmspkrctbrkci eut turms but mbt tb

ed. Obmspkrctbrs crd pdbpid wnb crd kmvbivda km pibttkm` c obmspkrcoy c`ckmst sbldbmd. Kj

wd ibbh ct tndl jrbl tnd idms bj `rcllcr, tndy picy tnd rbid bj suefdot km tnd sdmtdmod bj

obmspkrcoy. Pndtndr br mbt, obmspkrctbrs crd ciwcys suoodssjui km tndkr cttdlpt, Hcri

Wbppdr wrktds km nks ebbh Obmfdoturds cma Udjutctkbms, pueiksnda km 3;:? ey Ubutida`d,

. . . K cssdrt tnct obmspkrcokds crd vdry rcrdiy suoodssjui. Qnd rdsuits conkdvda akjjdr

wkadiy, cs c ruid, jrbl tnd rdsuits cklda ct. (Obmskadr tnd Mczk obmspkrcoy.) 43Hcri

Wbppdr oidcriy stctds tnct obmspkrctbrs crd mbt ciwcys suoodssjui km tndkr clektkbms, cma

`kvds dxclpid bj nbw Nktidr nca obmspkrda c Nbibocust c`ckmst Fdws, eut jckida tb rdcon

nks uitklctd befdotkvd wnkon wcs tb oblpidtdiy adstrby tnd Fdws.

Coobrakm` tb Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn, obmspkrctbrs lk`nt mbt ciwcys ed suoodssjui km tndkr

picms jbr tnd jbiibwkm` rdcsbms6

3. Qndkr obmspkrcoy `dts rdvdcida edjbrd tnd befdotkvd ks conkdvda.

43Subtda ey Lcttndw Admtktn, bp. okt., p.03.


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5. Qnd obmspkrcoy `dts ebtonda8

?. Br tnd obmspkrctbrs oncm`d tndkr befdotkvds. Br kt ocm turm but tnct tnd

obmspkrctbrs ab mbt sncrd bmd obllbm `bci, sb tndy cot tbwcras tndkr bwm

pdrsbmci `bcis, wnkon tndm obld kmtb obmjikot cma tnd obmspkrcoy jckis.

Lcttndw Admtktn jurtndr cr`uds, tnct wd snbuia ibbh ct tnd obiidotkvd pkoturd bj tnd `ckms

lcad km tnd prbodss bj obmspkrkm`, citnbu`n tnd obmspkrctbrs lk`nt mbt ed ceid tb conkdvd

tndkr lckm tcr`dt, cs wcs `dmbokad bj Fdws km tnd Nbibocust8 tnd sujjdrkm`s tnct wdrd

kmjikotda bm tnd Fdws cma tndkr lk`rctkbm, ocm ed dxpickmda ey tnd dxkstdmod bj c

obmspkrcoy cma ndmod wd ocmmbt tbtciiy admy tnct c obmspkrcoy wcs umsuoodssjui.

5.5. Pny ab pdbpid edikdvd km obmspkrcoy tndbrkds2

c.

Wrbjdssbr _tdpncm Idwcmabwshy6

Coobrakm` tb Wrbjdssbr _tdpncm Idwcmabwshy, tndrd crd c muledr bj rdcsbms lbtkvctkm`,

pdbpid tb edikdvd km obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, bj wnkon twb lckm rdcsbms obuia ed6

k.

Wdbpid nctd rcmablmdss6Coobrakm` tb nkl, pdbpid nctd rcmablmdss cma jdcr kt.

Eut obmspkrcoy tndbrkds prbvkad ib`ko kmstdca bj rcmablmdss, wnkon adordcsds tnd

jdcr bj edkm` rcmabl. Ndmod pdbpid suesorked tb cmytnkm` tnct dxpickms c

ncppdmkm`.45

kk. _tctd pbikokds6 Pndm c odrtckm jcotkbm bj c sbokdty ks lkstrdctda, tndy stcrt tb

edikdvd km obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wnkon lk`nt ed cmswdrkm` tndkr qudstkbm cs tb wny

crd tndy edkm` trdctda ikhd tnct2 Jbr dxclpid, tnd mbtkbm tnct CKA_ wcs sprdca ey

tnd Cldrkocm `bvdrmldmt ks ndia ey tnd Cjrkocm-Cldrkocms wnb `bt aks`rcodjui

45Cidx _dktz-Pcia, Pny pdbpid edikdvd km obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, _cibbm, Cprki 54, 573?, coodssda Botbedr

4, 573?,nttp6//www.scibm.obl/573?/71/51/wnyRpdbpidRedikdvdRkmRobmspkrcoyRtndbrkds/.
http://www.salon.com/2013/04/24/why_people_believe_in_conspiracy_theories/http://www.salon.com/2013/04/24/why_people_believe_in_conspiracy_theories/http://www.salon.com/2013/04/24/why_people_believe_in_conspiracy_theories/http://www.salon.com/2013/04/24/why_people_believe_in_conspiracy_theories/


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trdctldmt ct tnd ncmas bj Cldrkocm calkmkstrctkbm ecoh km 3;47s wndm tndy wdrd

jbrodjuiiy stdrkikzda. Ndmod, nkstbry bj stctd pbikokds sbldtklds fustkjkds tnd edikdj

km obmspkrcoy tndbrkds.4?

Qnks ks wndrd wd rdcikzd tnd klpbrtcmod bj tnd aksokpikmd bj psyonbib`y. Kt dxpickms bur

edncvkbr. Admtktn stctds tnct bmd bj tnd rdcsbms wny pdbpid lk`nt rdcakiy coodpt c

obmspkrcoy tndbry br edikdvd km kt ks edocusd tndrd ks sbldtnkm` cebut tnd obmspkrcoy

tndbry wnkon lk`nt ed oblpctkeid wktn tndkr prdvkbus edikdjs, suon tnct tnd prdvkbus

edikdjs rdmadr tnd obmspkrcoy tndbry cs picuskeid tb tnct pdrsbm.41

Jurtndrlbrd pdbpid rdcakiy edikdvd km tndsd mbtkbms, edocusd tndrd obuia ed6

kkk. Mcvd pdbpid6 Qndrd crd pdbpid wnb crd tbb mcvd tb edikdvd km cmytnkm` ybu tdii

tndl. Qndy wbuia mbt bmiy edikdvd km wnct ybu ncvd tb scy, rctndr wbuia prbvkad

suppbrtkm` cr`uldmts jrbl tndkr coqukrda hmbwida`d.

kv. Wdrsbmcikty ecsda edikdj6Qndrd crd sbld pdbpid km dvdry sbokdty wnb crd ibbhda

up tb cs diadriy, pbwdrjui, nbmdst oktkzdms br rdik`kbus pdrsbmciktkds. Qnct vdry

kadc bj tndkr pbsktkbm edoblds c pbkmt jbr tndl tnrbu`n wnkon tndy ocm sprdca cmy

wbra cma lchd pdbpid edikdvd kt wktnbut ndsktctkbm8 cma bj obursd pdbpid jbiibw

eikmaiy, cs ncppdmda km tnd cutnbrsdxpdrkldmt (aksoussda km tnd jburtn oncptdr).

v. Wrbvdm obmspkrcokds6Qndrd nca eddm obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wnkon ictdr prbvda tb

ed trud. Qnd prbvdm dxkstdmod bj prkbr obmspkrcokds lchds kt ct idcst picuskeid tnct

c obmspkrcoy lk`nt ed boourrkm` mbw, cma km sbld obumtrkds/pbiktkoci sktuctkbms kt

lk`nt kt vdry ikhdiy kmadda. _b pdbpid crd bpdm tb coobllbactkm` mdw tndbrkds.

4?Keka.41

Admtktn, bp. okt.


34/91

?1

Jbr dxclpid Wrbfdot LHTIQUC-Qnd OKCs Lkma Obmtrbi cma I_A

Dxpdrkldmts.44

5.? Obmspkrcoy tndbrksts6

Edjbrd wd ocm orktkokzd c obmspkrcoy tndbry jbr kts wcrrcmty, kt ks vdry klpbrtcmt tb jkrst

hmbw nbw kts ordctbr, c obmspkrcoy tndbrkst, wbrhs. Kt wkii dmceid us tb jrcld bur

fua`ldmt ocutkbusiy cma pruadmtiy.

c. Pnb crd tndy2

Obmspkrcoy tndbrksts crd pdbpid wnb `kvd us obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma dxpickm dvdmts ey

kmjdrrkm` tnd adskrds cma lbtkvds bj odrtckm obmspkrctbrs wnb crd ndia rdspbmskeid jbr

ocrrykm` but tnd vdry dvdmt wktn tnd befdotkvd tb ncvd sbld `ckms.

e.

Nbw ab tndy wbrh6

Coobrakm` tb Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn, tb `kvd c rctkbmci dxpicmctkbm bj nbw c obmspkrcoy

lk`nt ncvd tchdm picod8 tnd obmspkrcoy tndbrksts usd twb tdonmkquds tb rdcon cm

dxpicmctkbm6

k.

Qnd jkrst tdonmkqud ks, tndrd ks cm coodss tb odrtckm kmjbrlctkbm wnkon idts tndl

hmbw tnd adskrds br kmtdmtkbms bj obmspkrctbrs cma ndmod prbvds tnct tndy wdrd up

tb c obmspkrcoy.

kk. Qnd sdobma tdonmkqud ks, tnd obmspkrcoy tndbrkst cssulds br pbstuictds odrtckm

kmtdmtkbmci ldmtci stctds tnct dxpickms tnd lbtkvds bj tnd obmspkrctbrs.

Qnks ks tb scy tnct tnd cot bj obmspkrkm` snbuia ed umadrstbba cs c rctkbmci cot ey tnd

obmspkrctbrs. Ey tnks, kt ks ldcmt tnct, obmspkrctbrs obmspkrd tb conkdvd c `bci jbr wnct

44C obvdrt, kiid`ci OKC nulcm rdsdcron prb`rcl wcs obad mclda LHTIQUC.


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?4

tndy tnkmh crd rctkbmci rdcsbms. Km jcot, tnks ks nbw wd ocm sklpiy sikod tnd erdca bj

lystdry wktn tnd hmkjd bj rctkbmcikty. Kj tndrd ks mb rctkbmcikty cs tb wny obmspkrctbrs cotda

tnd wcy tndy aka, tndm tnd obmspkrcoy tndbry ocmmbt ed ordakeid.

o.

Nkstbrkcms cma obmspkrcoy tndbrksts6

Lcttndw Admtktn arcws cm cmcib`y edtwddm nkstbrkcms cma obmspkrcoy tndbrksts. Nd

wrktds, nkstbrkcms cisb tdii cebut tnd kmtdmtkbms bj obmspkrctbrs bj odrtckm drc, tb ncvd eddm

rdspbmskeid jbr cm dvdmt8 kt ks edocusd tndy crd trckmda km tnd crt bj dlpctnkzkm` wktn tnd

c`dmts wnb lk`nt ncvd obmspkrda. Pndm dlpctny ks dxtdmada tbwcras tndl, kt erkm`s tnd

adskrds, kmtdmtkbms cma tnbu`nts bj tnd obmspkrctbrs tb ik`nt. Kt ks mbt tnct wd dxtdma

dlpctny ikhd wd wbuia tb c onkia br cm cmklci (wnkon ks c jbrl bj hkmamdss)8 dlpctny

ndrd rdjdrs tb edkm` ceidtb tnkmh ikhd tndl. _klkicriy, kj obmspkrcoy tndbrksts crd trckmda

ikhd nkstbrkcms, tndy tbb ocm tdii cebut tnd kmtdmtkbms bj obmspkrctbrs.

a. Sucikjkda cma mbm-qucikjkda obmspkrcoy tndbrksts6

Lcttndw Admtktn jurtndr wrktds tnct lcmy nkstbrkcms crd obmspkrcoy tndbrksts, eut lcfbrkty

bj tnd obmspkrcoy tndbrksts crd mbt nkstbrkcms. Cma skmod nkstbrkcms crd `bba ct kmjdrrkm`

tnd arkvds bj obmspkrctbrs, tndy crd qucikjkda obmspkrcoy tndbrksts. Eut c`ckm, tndrd crd mb

ruids br odrtkjkoctds tb stctd sbldbmd cs c qucikjkda obmspkrcoy tndbrkst. Ndmod, kt ks mbt

oidcr wndtndr c mbm-qucikjkda obmspkrcoy tndbrkst ocm kmjdr tnd adskrds cma lbtkvds wktn

tnd scld djjkokdmoy cs tnct bj tnd nkstbrkcms. Nbwdvdr, wd snbuia ed ocrdjui wnkid

ondohkm` tnd wbrh bj c mbm-qucikjkda obmspkrcoy tndbrkst skmod nd ks cisb c icylcm ikhd us

cma ncs advdibpda jbih psyonbib`y, br obllbm sdmsd, jrbl acy tb acy kmtdrcotkbms wktn

pdbpid, wndrdcs c qucikjkda obmspkrcoy tndbrkst ks cm dxpdrt km c pcrtkouicr jkdia wnb ocm

cutnbrktctkvdiy tdii us cebut tnbu`nts.


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5.?. Qbbis tb cmciyzd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds6

Qb adtdrlkmd tnd ordakekikty bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds br tb pcss tndl tnrbu`n sorddmkm` cma

dxclkmctkbms km bradr tb crrkvd ct c obmoiuskbm sb tb dstceiksn tnd wcrrcmty bj obmspkrcoy

tndbry, kt ks fust ikhd kmvdstk`ctkm` c orkld abmd ey sbld orklkmci-tchkm` coobumts bj

pdbpid cma cmciyzkm` tndl tb rdcon c obmoiuskbm. Kmvdstk`ctkm` obmspkrcoy tndbrkds ks mbt

idss tncm c adtdotkvdgs wbrh.

c.

Qry tb jkma bjjkokci pius mbm-bjjkokci dxpicmctkbms6

Qndrd crd lcmy coobumts bj cm dvdmt8 nbwdvdr, kj wd crd tb octd`brkzd tndl erbcaiy,

tndrd crd twb typds bj dxpicmctkbms br coobumts6 bjjkokci cma mbm-bjjkokci. _tuay tndl.

e. Sudstkbm tnd obmspkrcoy tndbry6

Qb ed`km wktn cmciyzkm` obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, c sdt bj jumacldmtci qudstkbms mddas tb ed

jkrst cshda.

k. Pnb ks tnd obmspkrcoy tndbrkst2

kk. Ks tndrd cm dvkadmod tb suppbrt tnd dxpicmctkbm2

kkk. Pnb crd tnd dmabrsdrs2

o. Qbbis tb ed dlpibyda6

k. Drrcmt actc6

Drrcmt actc ks tnd vdry jkrst tbbi wnkon ks usda tb kmvdstk`ctd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds. Qndrd

crd twb typds bj drrcmt actc6


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3. Drrcmt-umcoobumtda-jbr actc6

Drrcmt-umcoobumtda-jbr actc ks c typd bj actc wnkon ks umcoobumtda jbr ey sbld btndr

dxpicmctkbm jbr tnd scld dvdmt.4:_b obmspkrcoy tndbrkds lk`nt oickl sbld actc ks drrcmt

tb cm bjjkokci tndbry, cma sbld bjjkokci tndbry lk`nt oickl kt rdikds bm actc drrcmt tb sbld

obmspkrcoy tndbry. Kt ks mbt c mdodsscry jdcturd bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds. Uctndr, kt fust

ncppdms tb ed tnd ocsd tnct obmspkrcoy tndbrkds bjtdm lchd rdjdrdmod tb drrcmt actc lbrd

sb tncm btndr tndbrkds. Jbr dxclpid, tndrd crd c muledr bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds rd`crakm`

tnd csscsskmctkbm bj Cldrkocm prdskadmt Fbnm J. Hdmmday. Qndy cii ldmtkbm tnd oickls bj

tnd dydwktmdssds bj tnd vdry acy, tb ncvd ndcra lbrd tncm tnrdd rbumas jkrda. Eut wndm

wd ibbh ct tnd bjjkokci kmqukry rdpbrt ey tnd Cldrkocm `bvdrmldmt, tndrd ks mb suon tcih

bj dydwktmdssds br tndkr oickls. Qnd dyd-wktmdss stctdldmts, tndm, crd actc drrcmt tb tnd

bjjkokci tndbry bj tnd csscsskmctkbm bj FJH cma tnd obmspkrcoy tndbry lchds usd bj tnks

drrcmt actc tb su``dst tnct tndrd ks c obvdr-up km bpdrctkbm.40

5. Drrcmt-obmtrcakotbry actc6

Drrcmt-obmtrcakotbry actc ks tnd sdobma typd bj actc usda wktn c obmtrcst wnkon `kvds ekrtn

tb vcrykm` muledr bj obmtrcstkm` tndbrkds.4>Jbr dxclpid, tnd T_ bjjkokci stctdldmt cebut

tnd ;/33 tdrrbrkst cttcohs ks tnct twb picmds tnct wdrd nkfcohda ey tdrrbrksts wdrd slcohda

kmtb tnd twkm tbwdrs bj Pbria Qrcad Odmtdr wnkon ocusda km kts adstruotkbm. Eut mbm-

bjjkokci obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wnkon suesorked tb tnd obmtrbiida adlbiktkbm tndsks, wnkon

ks cm drrcmt actc, oickls tnct tnd twb picmds aka jiy kmtb tnd eukiakm`s, nbwdvdr tnd

eukiakm`s aka mbt obiicpsd edocusd bj tndkr klpcot eut aud tb tnd obmtrbiida adlbiktkbm.4;

4:Admtktn, bp. okt., p.04.

40Keka.

4>Keka., p. 0:.

4;Keka.


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?. Qndkr Tsdjuimdss6

Idd Ecsncl wrktds km Ikvkm` wktn tnd obmspkrcoy. Qnd Wnkibsbpnkoci Jbrul, tnct kt ks

drrcmt actc wnkon `kvds cm da`d tb mbm-bjjkokci tndbrkds bvdr bjjkokci coobumts, wnkon ks

wny pdbpid crd ciwcys lbrd kmtdrdstda km `kvkm` lbrd ordakt tb tnd mbm-bjjkokci

obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cs oblpcrd tb tnd bjjkokci stctdldmts.:7

Km tnd ik`nt bj tnd cebvd, wd ocm scy wd snbuia obmskadr br prdjdr c obmspkrcoy tndbry,

wnkon obmtckms drrcmt actc, bvdr cmbtndr wnkon abds mbt oktd tnct actc, edocusd tnd jbrldr

tndbry `kvds c oidcr umadrstcmakm` kmstdca bj jdcturkm` lksskm` pctonds ikhd tnd ictdr. Eut

cs Ecsncl scys, drrcmt actc ks mbt dmbu`n edocusd tnct drrcmt actc lcy mbt ed klpbrtcmt

tb tnd coobumt.:3Ndmod, kj c obmspkrcoy tndbry oblds up cma `kvds krrdidvcmt drrcmt actc

cebut cm dvdmt, tndm wd snbuia mbt ncvd cm dyd bm tnd krrdidvcmt hmbwida`d fust edocusd

kt sbldnbw `kvds lbrd adtckis cs oblpcrda tb tnd btndr wnkon ks icohkm` tnct mbm-scikdmt

kmjbrlctkbm. Qndrdjbrd, drrcmt actc `kvds cm da`d tb btndr rkvci tndbrkds wnkon ks lbstiy

mbt jbuma km bjjkokci stctdldmts br lcmy rkvci obmspkrcoy tndbrkds. Mbmdtndidss, ocrd

snbuia ed tchdm wnkid `kvkm` idvdrc`d tb obmspkrcoy tndbrkds bm tnd ecsks bj drrcmt actc.

1. Wbkmt bj ocutkbm6

Qndrd wbuia ed actc adikedrctdiy jibctda ey tnd obmspkrctbrs km bradr tb lksidca, cma

akstrcot cttdmtkbm jrbl trcohkm` tndl abwm.:5Edskads tnd lkmklkzctkbm bj dvkadmod ey tnd

obmspkrctbrs, tnd obmspkrctbrs lk`nt cisb try tb prbauod jcerkoctda dvkadmod tb umadrlkmd

c obmspkrcoy tndbry, wnkon ocm ed akssdlkmctda scjdiy cma slcrtiy. Nbwdvdr, tnd

obmspkrcoy tndbrkst ocm oickl tnct pbsskeid prdakotceid obmtrcakotbry dvkadmod c`ckmst tnd

:7Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 00.

:3Keka.

:5Erkcm I. Hddidy, Bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, Qnd Fburmci bj Wnkibsbpny, Zbi.;:, Mb. ? (3;;;)6 37;-35:.


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?;

obmspkrcoy tndbry ks rdciiy akskmjbrlctkbm, wnkon km turm cutblctkociiy lchds tnct tndbry

um-jciskjkceid.:?Qnks ks c vdry rdcsbmceid lbvd ey tnd obmspkrcoy tndbrkst km c wcy tnct nd

ocmodis but tnd juturd tnrdcts tb nks tndbry cma ncmaids tndl pruadmtiy.

Cmbtndr pbkmt tb rdldledr ks, tndrd lk`nt ed akjjdrdmt drrcmt actc, wnkon wbuia ed

scikdmt, bm dcon skad bj tnd rkvci tndbrkds. Coobrakm` tb Lcttndw Admtktn, km tnct vdry

ocsd, wd snbuia ibbh ct tnd tndbry wnkon ncs luon edttdr cma oblpidtd dxpicmctkbm

suppbrtda ey dvkadmod, btndrwksd suspdma edikdj km tnct obmspkrcoy tndbry.

kk. Wrdjdr bjjkokci stctdldmts bvdr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds6

Lcttndw Admtktn wrktds km nks tndsks tnct obmspkrcoy tndbry shdptkos crd bj tnd vkdw tnct

wd snbuia prdjdr bjjkokci stctdldmts bvdr mbm-bjjkokci br rkvci obmspkrcoy tndbrkds edocusd

tnd bjjkokci stctdldmts crd `kvdm ey c rdidvcmt cutnbrkty, suppbrtda ey dvkadmod, cma cisb

dmabrsda ey cocadlko cma pbiktkoci sdotbrs, cs oblpcrda tb tnd mbm-bjjkokci

coobumts.:1Qnd vkrtud bj edkm` bjjkokci su``dst tnct tnd tndbrygs dxpicmctkbm ks wdii

suppbrtda ey dvkadmod. Nbwdvdr, kt ks km bmiy c vdry jdw ocsds tnct tnd bjjkokci stctus bj c

tndbry su``dst kt ks suppbrtda ey dvkadmod.

3. Caaktkbmci kmjbrlctkbm6

Coobrakm` tb Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn, tndrd crd twb typds bj suppbrt tb c tndbry br cm

dxpicmctkbm6

5. Dvkadmtkci suppbrt6

Dvkadmtkci suppbrt ks suppbrt ey dvkadmod. Pd ocmmbt scy jbr surd, wnct obmstktutds tb ed

tnd sctksjcotbry dvkadmod jbr cm dxpicmctkbm.:4

:?_tdvd Oicrhd, Obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma obmspkrcoy tndbrkzkm`,Wnkibsbpny bj tnd _bokci _okdmods, Zbi.?5, Mb. 5 (5775)6 3?3-347.:1

Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 3?5.:4

Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 373.


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?. Kmstktutkbmci suppbrt6

Kmstktutkbmci suppbrt ks suppbrt ey kmstktutkbms br bjjkokcis.::Kt ocm ed kmadpdmadmt bj tnd

dvkadmtkci actc br dvkadmtkci suppbrt cma ks c pbwdrjui suppbrt tb c tndbry8 kt ocm lchd c

tndbry cs dktndr wcrrcmtda br umwcrrcmtda, mb lcttdr nbw `bba cm dvkadmtkci suppbrt

dxksts jbr tnct vdry tndbry. Ndmod, wd ocm scy, kmstktutkbmci suppbrt ks c `cld oncm`dr.

C tndbry wktn `bba dvkadmod, wndm ks suppbrtda ey ebtn cocadlkc cma pbiktkoci sdotbrs,

edoblds c lbrd wcrrcmtda tndbry cs oblpcrda tb tnd rdst skmod kt coqukrds cm bjjkokci

stctus.

:0

Cma tnd stctus bj edkm` bjjkokci ks `kvdm tb kt ey cm kmstktutkbm wnkon dmabrsds kt.

Jbr dxclpid, tnd Ibmd @umlcm nypbtndsks cebut tnd smkpdr, kmvbivda km tnd

csscsskmctkbm bj Fbnm J. Hdmmday, cotda cibmd, ks addlda cs cm bjjkokci tndbry skmod kts

dxpicmctkbm ks wdii suppbrtda ey tnd dvkadmod cma ks cisb dmabrsda ey cocadlkc cma

pbiktkoci sdotbrs. Pndrdcs, tnd rdst bj tnd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds, wnb stctd tnd smkpdr tb mbt-

ncvd-eddm-cibmd, crd cii adoicrda cs umwcrrcmtda8 edocusd mdktndr cocadlkos mbr tnd

pbiktkoci sdotbr dmabrsds br c`rdds tb tndkr dxpicmctkbms wnkon crd icohkm` km dvkadmod tb

suppbrt tndkr oickls.

Ndmod, wd obmoiuad tnct dvkadmtkci suppbrt pius bjjkokci stctus akstkm`uksn wcrrcmtda jrbl

umwcrrcmtda obmspkrcoy tndbrkds.

::Keka.

:0Keka.


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1. Ocutkbm6

Lcttndw Admtktn ldmtkbms km nks tndsks, `bvdrmldmt lcy try tb usd kts kmjiudmod tb

prbvbhd cocadlkc cma pbiktkoci sdotbrs tb dmabrsd c odrtckm bjjkokci stctdldmt citnbu`n kt

lcy mbt ed wdii suppbrtda ey tnd dvkadmod.:>

Mdvdrtndidss, kj cm kmstktutkbm ikhd `bvdrmldmt, dmabrsds c tndbry, kt ks lbst ikhdiy

edocusd tnd `bvdrmldmt ncs ondohda cii tnd dvkadmod wktn rdspdot tb tnd dxpicmctkbm8 fust

km ocsd `bvdrmldmt dmabrsds cm umwcrrcmtda dxpicmctkbm, tnct ks bmd wnkon ks mbt

suppbrtda ey dvkadmod, tnd oncmods crd kt obuia ed ictdr aksobvdrda wnkon wkii umadrlkmd

tnd pbsktkbm cma fua`ldmt bj `bvdrmldmt. _b, `bvdrmldmt wkii mdvdr dmabrsd sbldtnkm`

tnct ncs mb dvkadmod tb stcma cm dxpicmctkbm.

4. Wbkmt tb rdldledr6

Lcttndw Admtktn wrktds km nks tndsks, kj wd ncvd mb coodss tb tnd dvkadmod jbr cm

dxpicmctkbm wd edttdr obmskadr tnd bjjkokci stctus cs c odrtkjkoctd bj wcrrcmty.

kkk. Wrdjdr cocadlko dmabrsdldmt bvdr pbiktkoci dmabrsdldmt6

Lcttndw Admtktn scys, kj cocadlkos dmabrsd sbld tndbry, kt ks tnrbu`n c wdii-dstceiksnda

rdsdcron ldtnbabib`y. Dvdm kj tnd cocadlkos obllkt jcuits km tndkr rdsdcron, tndy crd km

turm coobumtceid tb lbrd shdptkoci rdvkdw cma obmskstdmtiy dmabrskm` eca tndbrkds ocm

rdsuit km tndkr ocrddr edkm` tdrlkmctda. Nbwdvdr, pbiktkoci dmabrsdldmts ocmmbt

mdodsscrkiy ed trustda edocusd tndy ab mbt mdodsscrkiy dmabrsd cm dxpicmctkbm edocusd bj

rdsdcron8 tnd pbiktkokcms nbia tndkr bwm fua`ldmt, wnkon ks sbldtklds hmbwkm`iy

adodktjui cma kmskmodrd. Qndrdjbrd, cocadlko dmabrsdldmts crd tb ed prdjdrrda bvdr

pbiktkoci dmabrsdldmts.:;

:>Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 37?.

:;Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 3?3.


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kv. Akskmjbrlctkbm cma tnd sdidotkvd usd bj dvkadmod6

Lcttndw Admtktn ldmtkbms km nks tndsks cmbtndr cspdot bj obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma tnct ks

akskmjbrlctkbm cma tnd sdidotkvd usd bj dvkadmod.07

3. Akskmjbrlctkbm6

Coobrakm` tb nkl, akskmjbrlctkbm ks tdiikm` ikds tb pdbpid.03

5. _didotkvd usd bj dvkadmod6

_didotkbm km dvkadmod ks sdidotkm` c pcrt bj dvkadmod jrbl tnd cvckiceid kmjbrlctkbm, br

jcots tb suppbrt tnd ikd wnkon ks icedida cs akskmjbrlctkbm.05Citnbu`n tnd dvkadmod ks ncij

prdsdmtda br c vdry ldc`dr pcrt bj kt ks prdsdmtda, tnd purpbsd ednkma ocrrykm` but suon

cotkvktkds ikds km tnd dmtkrdty bj suppbrtkm` tnd jchd dxpicmctkbm tb obmvkmod pdbpid cma

lcrh tnd dxpicmctkbm cs wcrrcmtda, wndm kt ks mbt km rdcikty cma ks cm dxclpid bj ondctkm`.

Lcttndw Admtktn `kvds cm dxclpid bj wnct tnd Idjtksts cma Uk`ntksts tnkmh cebut nbw tnd

Tmktda _tctds bj Cldrkoc nca usda jcerkoctda dvkadmod tb obmvkmod ndr oktkzdms cma tnd

pdbpid bj ndr ciikds tb dxtdma tndkr suppbrt km tnd kmvcskbm bj Krcq, skmod _caacl Nussckm

wcs ciid`daiy lchkm` wdcpbms bj lcss adstruotkbm.0?Qnks ks nbw Cldrkoc trkda tb fustkjy

ndr c``rdsskbm tnrbu`n tnd jcerkoctkbm bj dvkadmod wnkon wdrd umwcrrcmtda sokdmtkjko

rdpbrts. Km tnd vkdw bj suon dxclpid, Lcttndw Admtktn scys, usuciiy icr`d br pbwdrjui

kmstktutkbms crd dm`c`da km tnd prbodss bj akskmjbrlctkbm.01

07Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 3?4.

03Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 3?0.

05Keka.

0?Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 3?>.

01Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 3?;.


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?. Wbkmt tb rdldledr6

Lcttndw Admtktn su``dsts, kj wd ncvd coodss tb tnd dvkadmod, wd edttdr ondoh kt bursdivds

kmstdca bj adpdmakm` bm c pdrsbm wnb ocm lkskmjbrl us br ed sdidotkvd km nks br ndr

rdtrkdvci bj tnd dvkadmod.04 Cma kj tndrd ks mb coodss, wd edttdr rdiy bm cocadlko

kmstktutkbms wnb lk`nt ed dmabrskm` tnct dxpicmctkbm cma km tnct ocsd ncvd jcktn km tnct

dxpicmctkbm kj kt ks wcrrcmtda ey cocadlkos skmod kt `bds tnrbu`n c rk`brbus prbodss bj

rdsdcron ldtnbabib`y wndrd dvdry ekt bj kmjbrlctkbm ocm ed onciidm`da umidss sbld

rdikceid sburod ks ldmtkbmda br umidss tnct tndbry ks prbvda.0:

1.

Caaktkbmci kmjbrlctkbm6

Qnd rdikcekikty bj cm kmjbrlcmt cisb `dts obumtda km dxpicmctkbms8 nbwdvdr, wd snbuia mbt

juiiy rdiy bm nkl, cma ondoh jbr bursdivds.

v. Uulbrkm`6

Uulbrkm` ks cmbtndr djjdotkvd tbbi km cmciyzkm` obmspkrcoy tndbrkds.

3. Nbw kt wbrhs6

Coobrakm` tb Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn, rulbrkm` ks c typd bj jcot jkmakm`8 jkrstiy c rulbrdr

cshs kj ybu ncvd ndcra sbldtnkm` rd`crakm` sbldbmd br sbldtnkm` cma tndm dxprdssds tnd

kadc wnkon nd br snd ncs kmndrktda jrbl sbldbmd disd. Ey abkm` sb, tndy crd cotuciiy hkma

bj tdstkm` kj tnd oickl ks trud, fust km ocsd sbldbmd hmbws cmytnkm` cebut kt.00

04Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 344.

0:Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 345-34?.

00Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 3:7.


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5. Wbkmt tb rdldledr6

Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn scys rulbrkm` ks mbt rulbr-sprdcakm`, edocusd tndrd crd ondohs cma

ecicmods km tnd sbokdty wnkon cmciyzd dvdrytnkm` cma tndm pcssds bm tnd kmjbrlctkbm,

btndrwksd kt ks admkda tndm cma tndrd cma stbppda km kts trcmslksskbm.0>

Cmciyzkm` tnd cebvd adectd, c lcfbr pcrt bj dvdry sbokdty ks dktndr vdry mcvd br dvki tb

csh jbr prbbjs br tb tnkmh cebut cmciyzkm` c rulbr8 rctndr tndy wkii pcss kt bm cs qukohiy

cs pbsskeid. Cma tndrd ks mb admykm` tb tnd jcot tnct sbld pdbpid tchd pidcsurd km edkm`

ordctkvd cma lchd tndkr bwm caaktkbms tb suon rulbrs wnkon tbtciiy rdsuits km tnd

jcerkoctkbm bj tnd kmndrktda kmjbrlctkbm. Uulbrkm` lcy mbt ed cm djjdotkvd tdonmkqud br

tbbi tb cmciyzd obmspkrcoy tndbrkds umidss cma umtki wd ikvd km c sbokdty juii bj trustwbrtny

pdbpid, cs Ar. Lcttndw Admtktn wrktds km nks tndsks, wnb wbuia mdvdr lchd caaktkbms br

lbia kmjbrlctkbm tb lcik`m sbldbmd br umadrlkmd tnd pbsktkbm bj sbldtnkm`.

Ct tnd dma bj tnks oncptdr, bmd eukias c oidcr umadrstcmakm` bj tnd akjjdrdmod edtwddm

obmspkrctbrs cma obmspkrcoy tndbrksts, pdbpidgs edikdj km obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma tbbis tb

cmciyzd tnbsd tndbrkds jbr tndkr ordakekikty.

0>Admtktn, bp. okt., p. 3:0.


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ONCWQDU QNUDD6 WCH-T_ UDICQKBM_ CLKA_Q

OBM_WKUCO[ QNDBUKD_

Cs cirdcay stctda ct tnd stcrt, tndrd crd odrtckm obmspkrcoy tndbrkds okrouictkm` km Wchkstcm

wndrd tnd Tmktda _tctds bj Cldrkoc ks eiclda cs tnd dvki jbrod obmspkrkm` c`ckmst tnd

stctd bj Wchkstcm8 nbwdvdr, tnrbu`n tnks tndsks jdw lcfbr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wbuia ed

dxclkmda, wnkon crd bj pcrtkouicr kmtdrdst.

Km tnks oncptdr, Wch-T_ rdictkbms km tnd lkast bj c muledr bj pbpuicr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds

sncii ed dxclkmda cma kadmtkjkda, cma tnbsd tndbrkds, wkii ed jurtndr cmciyzda uskm` tnd

tbbis ldmtkbmda km oncptdr bmd, km cm cttdlpt tb jkma but kj Cldrkoc ncs obmspkrda br ks

stkii obmspkrkm` c`ckmst Wchkstcm. Qnd survdy obmauotda ey tnd cutnbr tb jkma but tnd

dxtdmt tb wnkon Wchkstcmks crd kmtrk`uda ey obmspkrcoy tndbrkds wkii cisb ed aksoussda cma

icstiy tnd obmmdotkbm edtwddm obmspkrcoy tndbrkds cma T_ sdmtkldmts wkii ed cmciyzda.

?.3. _bld pbpuicr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds

Qnd jbiibwkm` crd sbld bj tnd lbst pbpuicr obmspkrcoy tndbrkds okrouictkm` km Wchkstcm6

c. Qnd Luradr bj Wrkld Lkmkstdr Ikcqct Cik Hncm6

Mcwcezcac Ikcqct Cik Hncm wcs tnd jkrst Wrkld Lkmkstdr bj Wchkstcm wnb `bt

csscsskmctda km Ikcqct Ec`n, Ucwcipkmak. Cldrkoc ks edikdvda tb ncvd pibttda nks luradr

edocusd nd wcs mbt sdrvkm` tndkr kmtdrdsts km tnd rd`kbm, rctndr wcs c nuraid wnkon mddada

tb ed diklkmctda, cma sb tndy picmmda c

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