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CLASS XI POLITICAL SCIENCE
BOOK – Indian Constitution at Work
CHAPTER 1- CONSTITUTION WHY AND HOW
Q1. State any two functions of the constitution.
Q2. Briefly describe how a constitution forms political and moral identity of an individual.
Q3. Why Indian Constitution was never subjected to a referendum?
Q4. ‘An intelligent system of checks and balances has facilitated the success of the Indian Constitution’. Justify the statement.
Q5. Mention any two provisions borrowed from the British constitution.
Q6. The members of the constituent assembly were not elected by universal suffrage; but there was a serious attempt to make the Assembly a representative body. Justify with two suitable arguments.
Q7. Briefly describe the criticism that Indian Constitution got while evolving the most balanced governmental arrangements.
CHAPTER 2 – RIGHTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Q1. From whom does a constitution protect the rights of the individual?
Q2. How are fundamental rights different from ordinary legal rights?
Q3. Discuss the right to life and personal liberty.
Q4. What is preventive detention and how long can it be extended?
Q5. Mention the rights of the accused provided by the Constitution to ensure a fair trial in courts.
Q6. ‘The limitations on the right to freedom of religion always produce tensions between followers of various religions and the government.’ Justify.
Q7. How are cultural and educational rights protecting the minorities of India?
Q8. Which right is known as heart and soul of the constitution and why?
Q9. Write the functions of National Human Rights Commission.
Q10. Describe the relationship between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights.
Q11. Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights were in conflict over right to property. Briefly explain the conflict.
CHAPTER 3 - ELECTIONS & REPRESENTATION
Q1. Why do elections take place in non- democratic countries?
Q2 Define direct democracy? Give an example of direct democracy?
Q3. Define indirect democracy? Give an example of indirect democracy?
Q4. State what is plurality system?
Q5. Does this system has any shortcomings?
Q6. List the problems in PR system?
Q7. How FPTP is different from PR system?
Q8. Does India have a PR system?
Q9. Give reasons why FPTP was introduced in India?
Q10. Why were reservations introduced?
Q11. What is a delimitation commission? Who appoints delimitation commission?
Q12. How is the chief election commissioner removed?
Q13. Explain: special majority
Q14. Specify the function of election commission?
Q15. Describe the remarkable work has been done by Election Commission?
Q16. State the success of election commission of India?
Q17. Suggest some electoral reforms to make our election system perfect?
Q18. What does article 324 (1) stand for?
Q19. Define universal adult franchise? On what principles universal adult franchise stand?
Q20. Define:
By-election
Constituency
CHAPTER – 4: Executive
Q1. Define the term executive?
Q2. How is the political executive different from permanent executive? Compare any two points.
Q3. Describe the various types of executive?
Q4. List the two features of a presidential system?
Q5. Give two features of semi presidential system of executive?
Q6. State the features of a Parliamentary executive?
Q7. The President is Head of the State, not the Government.” Explain.
Q8. How is the President of India impeached?
Q9. Mention two executive powers of the President.
Q10. Mention two legislative powers of the Indian President.
Q11. Write the emergency powers of the President?
Q12. Why India did not adopt presidential system of executive?
Q13. What is 91 st amendment ?
Q14. Specify any two functions of executive?
Q15. Match the following:
a. Indian Foreign Service (i)function in the state in which
recruited
b. State Civil Service (ii) function in central government offices located either in national capital or somewhere else in the country.
c. All India Service (iii) function in the state where delegated and sometimes even sent to the Centre on delegation.
d. Central Services (iv) works in foreign countries for India.
Q16. Write any two functions of Vice-President of India?
Q17. Distinguish between nominal and real executive. Any two points.
Q18. Analyze the relation between Prime Minister and the President.
Q19.Why did India adopt parliamentary system of executive?
Q20. Define bureaucracy? Who controls bureaucracy?
Q21. What changes have come in the office of PM with coming of coalition politics?
Q22. What does bureaucracy consists of?
Q23. Give the classification of bureaucracy?
Q24. What are the functions of bureaucracy in India?
Q25. Why should bureaucrats be neutral?
Q26. Mention the criticism offered to bureaucracy?
Q27. Under which circumstances, the President may declare emergency?
Q28. Describe any one discretionary power of the President.
Q29. How does president withhold the assent of the bill?
Q30. What are the functions of PM?
CHAPTER – 5 : Legislature
Q1. State the two reasons why do we need parliament?
Q2. Argue why is the importance of Parliament declining? (Eva).
Q3. State the advantages of having bicameral legislature?
Q4. Give reason why Rajya Sabha is called permanent house of parliament?
Q5. Mention any two functions of Parliament ?
Q6. Differentiate between powers of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Q7. Specify the special power of Rajya Sabha?
Q8. Write the special power of Lok Sabha?
Q9. Briefly explain what is a joint session?
Q10. Categorize the types of bills introduce in Parliament?
Q11. What are parliamentary privileges?
Q12. How does approval and ratification of laws helps in control of parliament over executive?
Q13. How is the parliament able to exercise control by controlling the purse strings of executive?
Q14. What is the role of committees?
Q15. List the types of committees?
Q16 Explain 52nd amendment?
Q17 How can parliament be called democratic?
Q18 Describe the two types of representation in Rajya Sabha?
Q19 How many states in India have bicameral legislature. Name them? Q20 Which representation does Rajya Sabha follows?
CHAPTER- 6 JUDICIARY
Q1. Why do we need judiciary? (Analysis)
Q2. How does PIL help the poor people?
Q3. Define rule of law?
Q4. Give two reasons for the need of an independent judiciary
Q5. Mention any two provisions by which independence of judiciary is ensured in India.
Q6. How are the judges of the Supreme Court appointed?
Q7. Specify any two qualifications for becoming a Supreme Court judge.
Q8. From where the salaries and allowances of a Supreme Courtjudge depends?
Q9. What is the original jurisdiction of supreme court?
Q10. What is Appellate jurisdiction?
Q11. Describe the advisory jurisdiction by the Supreme Court.
Q12. Why MH Beg and AN Ray was able to break the convention in 1970s to become CJI?
Q13. Judicial Activism has democratized the judicial system? How?
Q14. Give two instance related to promotion of judicial activism.
Q15. How does judiciary protect rights?
Q16. Compare any two features of judicial review and judicial activism.
Q17. What is writ jurisdiction?
Q18. Give few examples where judiciary has become active in political cases?
Q19. On what grounds judicial activism is being criticized?
Q20. How has judiciary served as the interpreter of the Indian Constitution?
CHAPTER 7 --FEDERALISM
Q1. Why do we consider India as a Federation?Give reasons.
Q2. “An Independent judiciary is a must for a Federation“ Explain.
Q3. Who makes laws on subjects mentioned in the concurrent list? What happens in case there is a clash between the law made by the center and the state ?
Q4. “the concern for unity and development prompted the makers of the constitution to create a strong central government “ Give reasons to support the statement .
Q5. “The emergency provisions turn our federal polity into a highly centralized system “ Elaborate.
Q6. Why do states want financial autonomy in a federation?
Q7. Give reasons for the appointment of the Sarkaria Commission? What were its recommendations?
Q8. Outline the two prominent areas of Interstate disputes in India.
Q9. In which state were certain special provisions made under article 371? Why were these provisions made?
Q10. Would the following be considered as a functioning of federalism? Give reason .
“Government for action plan for rain hit states: center has asked the rain ravaged states to submit detailed plans for reconstruction to enable it to respond to their demands for extra relief immediately.”
Q11. Give two unitary features of the Indian Constitution .
Q12. Under what circumstances can the union government legislate on subject of state list in the Indian federal system ?
Q13. Do you think federalism works more smoothly if the same political party is ruling at the center and state? Explain giving an example.
CHAPTER 8 - LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Q.1 What is the rationale behind the idea of local government?
Q.2 Why is local government needed for country like India?
Q.3 “Local government leads to strengthening of the Democratic process “. Explain
Q.4 The subject of local government was not given importance in the IndianConstitution? Give reason.
Q.5 When was the community development program launched?why was it not successful?
Q.6 What was the main aim of the 73rd and 74th constitution amendment bill?
Q.7 Define a Gram Sabha. What is it’s main function?
Q.8 What was the Panchayati Raj system as introduced by the 73rd amendment?
Q.9 How were the Adivasi communities protected under the 73rd amendment ?
Q.10 Outline the role of the State Finance Commission in providing autonomy to the local government.
Q.11 “Reservation of seats in local bodies for women have transformed their condition “Explain.
Q.12 “Reservation of seats for the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe has significantly altered the social profile of local bodies.“ Explain.
Q.13 What according to you has been the biggest reason for the local government not being effective even after the 73rd and 74th amendment ?
CHAPTER- 9 & 10 CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT and PHILOSOPHY OF THE CONSTITUTION
Q1. How come Indian constitution, unlike some constitutions of other countries, continued to serve the nation since 1950?
Q2. State two methods of amending the constitution under article 368.
Q3. Mention any two subjects that can be amended by simple law procedure of the parliament.
Q4. Mention the subjects that can be amended by special majority of both the houses.
Q5. Mention the subjects that can be amended by ratification by half of the state legislatures.
Q6. Why was 42nd amendment considered to be a controversial amendment?
Q7. In what ways the Keshavnanda Bharti case ruling has contributed to the evolution of the basic structure of Indian Constitution?
Q8. How is western secularism different from Indian secularism?
Q9. What is the connection between laws and moral values?
Q10. Why do we need political philosophy approach to the constitution?
Q11. How does Indian Constitution’s sense of liberalism differ from classical western liberalism?
ANSWER KEY/ MARKING SCHEME
CHAPTER 2 – RIGHTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Ans1. The rights of a person may be threatened by another person or private organisation.
The organs of the government (the legislature, executive, bureaucracy or even the judiciary), in the course of their functioning, may violate the rights of the person.
Ans2.
While ordinary legal rights are protected and enforced by ordinary law, Fundamental Rights are protected and guaranteed by the constitution of the country.
Ordinary rights may be changed by the legislature by ordinary process of law making, but a fundamental right may only be changed by amending the Constitution itself.
Ans3.
No citizen can be denied his or her life except by procedure as laid down under the law. Similarly no one can be denied his/her personal liberty. That means no one can be arrested without being told the grounds for such an arrest. If arrested, the person has the right to defend himself by a lawyer of his choice. Also, it is mandatory for the police to take that person to the nearest magistrate within 24 hours.
Supreme court has expanded this right by stating that this right also includes right to live
with human dignity, free from exploitation. The court has held that right to shelter and livelihood is also included in the right to life because no person can live without the means of living.
Ans4. Sometimes a person can be arrested simply out of an apprehension that he or she is likely to engage in unlawful activity and imprisoned for some time without following the above mentioned procedure. This is known as preventive detention.
This preventive detention can be extended only for three months.
Ans5. To ensure a fair trial in courts, the Constitution has provided these rights:
no person would be punished for the same offence more than once,
no law shall declare any action as illegal from a backdate, and
no person shall be asked to give evidence against himself or herself. (any2)
Ans6.
When the government seeks to restrict some activities of any religious group, people of that religion feel that this is interference in their religion. Ex- ban on triple talaq
The Constitution has guaranteed the right to propagate one’s religion. This includes persuading people to convert from one religion to another. However, some people resent conversions on the ground that these are based on intimidation or inducement. The Constitution does not allow forcible conversions.
Ans7.
Our Constitution believes that diversity is our strength. Therefore, one of the fundamental rights is the right of the minorities to maintain their culture. This minority status is not dependent only upon religion. Linguistic and cultural minorities are also included in this provision.
All minorities, religious or linguistic, can set up their own educational institutions. By doing so, they can preserve and develop their own culture. The government will not,
while granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the basis that it is under the management of minority community.
Ans8. Dr. Ambedkar considered the right to constitutional remedies as ‘heart and soul of the constitution’. It is so because this right gives a citizen the right to approach a High Court or the Supreme Court to get any of the fundamental rights restored in case of their violation. The Supreme Court and the High Courts can issue orders and give directives to the government for the enforcement of rights.
Ans9. The commission’s functions include:
inquiry at its own initiative or on a petition presented to it by a victim into complaint of violation of human rights; visit to jails to study the condition of the inmates
undertaking and promoting research in the field of human rights.
The commission does not have the power of prosecution. It can merely make recommendations to the government or recommend to the courts to initiate proceedings based on the inquiry that it conducts.
Ans10. Both Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are complementary to each other. Fundamental Rights restrain the government from doing certain things while Directive Principles exhort the government to do certain things.
Fundamental Rights mainly protect the rights of individuals while directive principles ensure the well-being of the entire society.
Ans11. When government intends to implement Directive Principles of State Policy, it can come in conflict with the Fundamental Rights of the citizen. This problem arose when the government sought to pass laws to abolish zamindari system, these laws violated right to property.
Keeping in mind the societal needs, the government claimed that rights can be abridged for giving effect to Directive Principles. This argument assumed that rights were a hindrance to welfare of the people. On the other hand, the judiciary held the view that Fundamental Rights were so important and sacred that they cannot be limited even for purposes of implementing Directive Principles. This led to a long legal battle.
CHAPTER 3 - ELECTIONS & REPRESENTATION
Ans1.
Elections take place in non democratic countries so, as to win the confidence and faith of public in the political system.
Otherwise, public can protest if representatives are elected according to the whims and fancies of authorities or dictators.
Ans2
Direct democracy is a process where people do not elect representatives and directly participate in decision making.
Ancient city states of Greece. Ans3.
Indirect Democracy is where people elect their own representatives and these representatives then take decisions. ---Like India, USA
Ans4.
Plurality system is also called FPTP. It means an election system where a candidate wins more votes than all other candidates and is declared elected.
Ans5. Yes, FPTP system has problems in its system.
In this system even if the candidate has not won majority of votes, he will win. This means even if 50% of people do not like that he/she should be our representative then also that candidate will win.
The reason is that the other votes get divided among oppositional parties. So this system does not represent the views of all.
Ans6.
In PR system, a party is chosen and the representative is elected on the basis of party's lists. Because seats are distributed according to the shares of votes gained, so more than one representative come to power.
Since, no one candidate is held responsible or accountable, therefore PR system poses problem to the public.
Ans7.
The difference between FPTP and proportional system are:
FPTP
Country is divided into small units called constituencies
Every constituency elects one representative
Voter votes for candidate
Proportional representation
The country may not be divided into small constituencies. The country may be treated as one large constituency.
More than one representative may be elected for one constituency
Voter votes for party
ANS8.
Yes, India has a PR system in the form of single transferrable vote. It is used in the election of president, vice president and election of Rajya Sabha and Vidhan Parishads.
ANS9.
FPTP was introduced in India because:
FPTP is a simple election system to be understood by common voters. unlike Proportional representation system which is a complicated one. And as India gained independence many were illiterates and it would have been difficult to understand the PR election system.
FPTP gives clear choice to the voters to either vote for a candidate or a party. But in PR system, the voter has to vote for the party and then candidate is elected according to the party lists.
Ans10
Reservations were introduced because the oppressed and weaker community was under-represented in the political system. So, to have their proper representation and to make their voice and needs heard, constituencies were reserved for them.
Ans11.
It is a body which draws the boundaries of constituencies all over the country. President
Ans12.
CEC can be removed before the term by the president if both houses of parliament recommends with a special majority. And election commissioners can be removed by president of India.
Ans13.
Special majority should fulfil two criterion:
Two thirds majority of those present and voting Simple majority of total membership of the house
Ans14.
Functions of Election Commission
Updates the voter's list. Adults who have attained the age of 18 are included Ensures that voter's list is free of errors like non existence of names of registered voter
or existence of non eligible voters
Ans15.
Election commission acts in an unbiased and fair manner. It has held 14 Lok Sabha elections, and many State and Bye elections. It held elections in militancy affected areas like Assam, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir. It postponed elections mid way when Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated.
Ans16.
The success of election commission in India is due to:
It allows voters not only to freely choose representatives but also allows to peacefully change governments both at state and national level.
Voters and parties have taken keen interest in political system. There has been rise in the voters and parties in India.
Our election system has proved to be inclusive and accommodating. The social composition is changing. Now our representatives come from different social sections.
Ans17.
To make election system perfect, some suggestions have been given:
Election system should be changed from FPTP to PR. Because PR system allows better representation of communities given the diversity of the country.
Special provision that at least 1/3rd of women are elected to parliament and assemblies.
Ans18.
Article 324 provides for an independent election commission. Election commission provides for 'superintendence (supervision), direction and control of electoral roll and conduct of elections' in India.
Ans19.
Universal adult franchise means that adults above the age of 18 have the right to vote in elections.
Universal adult franchise stands on the principles of equality and non discrimination.
Ans20.
By-election - A special election, held between regular elections, when an area votes. A election can be 'called' if an existing M.P. dies or retires.
Constituency
- Each of the electoral areas or divisions in the UK which elect one or more members to parliament.
CHAPTER – 4: Executive
Ans1. The organ of government that looks after the implementation and administration of government.
Ans2.
(Any 2 points for each)
Political ExecutivePermanent Executive
1. Executives who are elected by the people for a specific period are called the political executives.
1. The permanent executives are salaried civil servants who are appointed on a long-term basis.
2. Example-Political leaders like the Prime Minister, Council of Ministers and so on.
2. Persons working in civil services. For example - IAS, IFS, IPS etc.
3. They remain in office only so long as they command the confidence of the majority members of Parliament.
3. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes.Their tenure of office is fixed.
4. They are answerable to people for all the consequences of their decisions.
4. They are not answerable to the people.
5. They are more powerful. They take all the final decisions.
5. They are less powerful. They do not take decisions. Instead they assist political executives in carrying out day-to-day administration.
Ans3.
There are two types of executive:a. permanent executive : civil servants who are responsible for day to day administrationb. political executive: presidents, prime ministers and ministers who are responsible with framing of policy.
Ans4. President is the head of government and head of country. his office is powerful in theory
as well as in practice because he takes major decisions, unlike our Indian president who simply signs on the decisions taken by the ministers.
He is directly elected by the people. and is not accountable to legislature. it is the system which is based on individual leadership.
Ans5.
Features of semi presidential system of executive are:a. president is the head of state and prime minister is the head of government.b. PM and council of ministers are responsible to legislature.
Ans6.
Prime minister is the head of government, there is a president or a monarch who is the head of State.
Here, the role of President is ceremonialand Prime minister alongwith cabinet wields power. Prime minister is accountable to the legislature.example: India.
Ans7. The President is the head of state, who is an elected body.The “government” in countries such as the U.K, is not the overall state but rather the party that is currently has a majority and therefore determines policy,thus, “head of government.”
Ans8. The President may also be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment for violating the Constitution of India by the Parliament of India. A resolution to impeach the President has to be passed by a two-thirds majority of the total number of members of the house.
Ans9.
The Constitution explicitly assigns the president the power to sign or veto legislation, command the armed forces, ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet,
He may convene or adjourn the government, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive ambassadors.
Ans10.
The President summons both the houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) of the parliament and prorogues them.
He can dissolve the Lok Sabha. The President inaugurates parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year per Article 87(1).
Ans11. The President can exercise his emergency powers in three types of emergencies: national emergency, state emergency, and financial emergency, on request by the Prime Minister’s cabinet of ministers.
Ans12. In presidential system, the president would be head of State and head of government. this would have allowed president to become the sole authority. it would have led to personality cult. moreover president is not accountable to legislature. so that’s why parliamentary system of executive was adopted at both national and at state levels.
Ans13. 91st amendment put a limit on the size of council of ministers. This amendment gave that the council of ministers will not exceed 15percent of total number of members of house of people(or assembly in case of states).
Ans14. The functions of executive are:a. responsible for implementation of laws and policies adopted by legislature.b. political executive is involved in framing the policy?
Ans15.
a) ii)b) iv)c) iii)d) i)
Ans16.
The Vice President acts as ex officio chairman of Rajya Sabha and takes over as president when there is a vacancy by reasons of death, resignation , removal by impeachment or otherwise.
The Vice President acts as the president only until a new president is elected. BD Jatti acted as President on the death of FakruddinAli Ahmed until a new President was elected.
Ans17.
Ans18.
There is a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President in exercise of his functions. 74(1).
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, who also appoints other ministers on the advice of Prime Minister. The Council is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
Ans19. The reason was that in parliamentary system, executives are controlled by the representatives of people. The constitution makers wanted the system which would be sensitive to the needs of public and would be accountable and responsible to them.
Ans20.
Bureaucracy is a service which has trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of government and are assigned the task of assisting ministers in formulating policies and implementing them.
Bureaucracy is controlled by legislature, elected representatives and ministers.
Ans21
It resulted in increasing discretionary role of president in selection of prime minister Led to more consultation between political parties, leading to erosion of prime
ministerial authority
Ans22. Bureaucracy consists of all India services, state services, employees of the local governments, and technical and managerial staff running public sector undertakings.
Ans23. They are classified as:
All India services -which includes Indian administrative services and Indian police servicesCentral services: -which includes Indian foreign service and Indian revenue serviceState services: -which includes sales tax officers
Ans24.
It is the responsibility of the bureaucracy to carry out and implement the policies of the government.
The Bureaucracy plays an active role in this exercise. Civil Servants formulate several alternative policies and describe the merits and demerits of each.
Ans25.
Civil servants should be neutral as they would not impede their performance of official duties in a fair and professional manner.
They shall not allow their own personal political affiliation or beliefs to determine or influence the discharge of their official duties and responsibilities
Ans26. People are afraid of approaching bureaucracy.
There is too much of political interference in bureaucracy.
Ans27. The President may declare a state of emergency only when "the life of the nation is threatened by war, invasion, general insurrection, disorder, natural disaster or other public emergency" and if the ordinary laws and government powers are not sufficient to restore peace and order.
Ans28. President has veto power by which he can refuse or withhold the assent of the bill passed by the parliament. but if the parliament passes the same bill again and sends it to president, then the president has to give assent to that bill. but the power with president here is that he/she can keep the bill pending with him for unlimited time. this called"pocket veto".
Ans29. President with hold the assent of the bill by refusing to sign on it and keep the bill with himself for unlimited period of time.
Ans30. He decides who will be ministers in council of minister
Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet
minister of state or deputy minister Council of ministers come into existence when PM is appointed
CHAPTER – 5 : Legislature
Ans1. We need parliament :1. it is a forum where ministers get together, debate, discuss and question the work done by them.2. parliament is required for law making.3. it is the basis of representative democracy as it represents ministers from all the constituencies.
Ans2. Parliament is losing its importance because:1. there has been frequent walkouts, dharna, protests, and no parliamentary work is done on time.2. in India, cabinet initiates policies, sets the agenda for governance and carries them through.
Ans3. Advantages of having a bicameral legislature is that1. countries with large size and diversity gives representation to all sections of society and all geographical regions.2. every decision taken by one house is reconsidered by second house. it means every policy and bill is discussed twice, so, there is a double check. through.
Ans4. All members of Rajya Sabha do not retire at same time. After every two years, one third of members retire and elections are held for that one third. Therefore, R.S. is never fully dissolved. That is why, It is called permanent house of parliament
Ans5. Legislative function: The drafting of legislation is done by bureaucracy. But approval and enactment is done by parliament.
Control of executive and accountability: all the ministers are accountable and answerable in parliament. It cannot ignore the questions asked in parliament and have to reply. Financial functions: government spends money and raises money through taxes. Legislature approves spending of resources and raising of money through taxes. Without their approval, it Is not possible to spend or impose new taxes.
Ans6. (any two)
Introduce and enact money bills RS cannot introduce or enact money bills.
Approves proposals for taxation, budgets and annual financial statements.
They can only give suggestions for any amendments on money bills.
Ans7. If union parliament wants to remove any matter from state list in the interest of nation and want to add in union or concurrent list, then it has to take approval of Rajya Sabha.
Ans8. Money bills can be initiated, amended or rejected only by Lok sabha. Because lokSabha is directly elected by people. And people have the final authority in removing government and controlling finances.
Ans9. When there is a disagreement between two houses of parliament over a bill, then a joint session is called to resolve the deadlock. mostly, decision goes in favor of loksabha because they are more in number than Rajya Sabha.
Ans10. There are many types of bills:
On the basis of who introduces it:Private member's bill : when a non minister proposes, Government bill : when a minister proposes.On the basis of finances -Money bill and Non money billOn the nature of bill- Ordinary bill and Constitution amendment bill
Ans11. It is a legal immunity enjoyed by members of parliament when they are functioning as representatives of people in parliament and discharging their parliamentary responsibilities.
Ans12. legislature keeps a control over executive by granting approval or refusal to the bills. The government needs to convince the majority in support of the bill so that it can be passed. Passing of the bill requires great discussion and debate. It equally needs the majority of Rajya Sabha to pass the bill
Ans13. Budget is prepared for asking grant of resources for its demand and for raising money for the government. Budget cannot be passed unless it is approved by majority in parliament. This constitutional obligation allows the legislature to exercise control over purse strings of government.
Ans 14 The committees play a vital role in providing in depth information about the provisions of the bill. it require expertise and great research to draft the provisions of the bill. Since, the houses do not have much time to deliberate on every provision of the bill, s committees discuss bill in great length. Also it reduces the burden of parliament. It helps in the day to day business of the house.
Ans15. There are two types of committees:
Standing committees who supervises the work of various departments , their budget, their expenditure,andbills that come up in the house. They are permanent in nature.Joint committees: they are appointed for a specific purpose of discussing a particular bill or for investigating financial irregularities. They are temporary in nature. They are appointed for specific purpose only.
Ans16 This is anti defection amendment. Here the members are restricted from defecting. It means that if a member remains absent in the house when asked by the party leadership, or votes against the instructions of the party or voluntarily leaves the membership of party, he is said to have been defected.
Ans17. Members who occupy high positions speak different languages.they come from various castes, religions and sects. Therefore, Parliament represents the wishes of people from diverse backgrounds.
Ans18. Asymmetrical representation: here the members are elected on the basis population and size of state. For eg: India.
symmetrical representation: here equal number of members are elected whether they belong to big or small states.Eg: USA
Ans19. There are 5 states that have bicameral legislatures.a. j& kb. Biharc. Karnatakad. Madhya Pradeshe. Uttar Pradesh
Ans20. Our Rajya Sabha has asymmetrical representation. It means the members of states in Rajya Sabha are elected on the basis of population in the states.
CHAPTER- 6 JUDICIARY
Ans1. judiciary is required:a. to settle disputes according to the rule of law.b. to protect rule of lawc. safeguards rights of individuals
Ans2. PIL has made our political system much more democratic. Now even poor and needy can get justice now.
It has made our executive system more accountable. It has also made attempts to make elections much more free and fair.
Also , it has expanded the concept of rights by including clean air, unpolluted water, and decent living as rights of entire society.
Ans3. Rule of law means that all individuals whether rich or poor, men or women, forward or backward castes , they all are subjected to the same law.
Ans4. Independence of judiciary is required:
o to settle disputes according to the rule of law.o to protect rule of lawo ensure supremacy of lawo safeguards rights of individuals
Ans5.
a. legislature is not involved in the process of appointment of judges : so political party will not be able to appoint judges. they need to have experience of law
b. judges have a fixed tenure. they hold office till the age of retirement. this security ensures that they are able to function without fear of losing their jobs.
c. removal of judges is very difficult. since their removal from jobs is difficult they have a security of tenure and can thus function fearlessly.
Ans6. To appoint a judge, principle of collegiality is adopted. Names of judges are suggested by CJI in consultation with four senior most judges. And the president appoints them .
Ans7.
He/She is a citizen of India and has been for at least five years a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts
in succession; or
has been for at least ten years an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession; or
is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist
Ans8. Judiciary is not dependent on executive and legislature for their salaries. legislature does not discuss on the salaries of judges. The salaries and allowances CJI and Supreme Court judges are charged from Consolidated Fund of India.
Ans9. Original jurisdiction: it means cases that can be directly considered by supreme court without going to lower courts before that. And those are federal cases. Disputes arising between union and states, and amongst states themselves directly go to supreme court. The supreme court has the sole power to resolve such cases. Neither high court nor lower court can deal with such cases.
Ans10. It means that the supreme court will reconsider the case and legal issues involved in it. A person can appeal to supreme court against the decisions of the High Court. But high court has to certify that the case is fit for appeal.
Ans11. Supreme court possesses advisory functions. The president can ask supreme court for advice on any matter that is of public importance or that which involves interpretation of the constitution. But supreme court is not bound to give advice and president is not bound to accept such advice.
Ans12.Indira Gandhi wanted committed bureaucracy and committed judiciary to sustain her rule. Moreover in 1975 she imposed emergency. So she needed committed system who will adhere to her demands.
Ans13.
PIL has made our political system much more democratic. Now even poor and needy can get justice now. It has made our executive system more accountable. It has also made attempts to make elections much more free and fair.
The court have asked candidates contesting elections to file affidavits indicating their assets and income alongwith educational qualifications so that people could elect their representatives based on accurate knowledge. Also , it has expanded the concept of rights by including clean air, unpolluted water, and decent living as rights of entire society.
Ans14. Blinding of inmates in Bihar jail (to know more about this watch gangajal movie of ajay devgan
Sexual exploitation of children
Inhuman working in stone quarries
In 1979, a newspaper published a report on Bihar prisoners about under trials. They reported that they have been spending more years in jail as a punishment than it would have required.
2. In 1980, a prison inmate of tihar jail managed to send a scribbled piece of paper to justice Krishna Iyer narrating physical torture of prisoners. The judge got it converted into a petition. It came to be known as sunil batra v/s delhi administration.
Ans15. Any individual whose fundamental rights has been violated he/she can directly approach supreme court. The supreme court and high courts can order Writs. It is on the individual, whether he wants to approach high court or supreme court. Through such writs, court can order executive whether to act or not to act.
Ans16.
JUDICIAL REVIEW means the judiciary determining the constitutional validity of the legislative enactments or executive order issued by the
Whereas, Judicial ACTIVISM means judiciary taking pro-active approach to solve or to improve the situation in general that will benefit the public at
parliament or government. large. . for example :- If Government issues
a law which is not in consistent with the Fundamental law (Constitution) of the country then the Judiciary can strike down such law since it has got “JUDICIAL REVIEW” power.
instance:- If Government or Parliament of any country fails to take the action on any emerging issue (Air Pollution, Protection of Wild animals etc.) of the country then Judiciary gets active to protect the interest of PUBLIC and Other living creatures
Ans17. It means that any individual whose fundamental rights has been violated he/she can directly approach supreme court. Through such writs, court can order executive whether to act or not to act. This is called writ jurisdiction.
Ans18. Judiciary has given directions to CBI to initiate investigations against politicians and bureaucrats in the hawala case, Narasimha Rao case, illegal allotment of petrol pumps case
Ans19.
• PIL has overburdened courts.
• It has also blurred the distinction between executive and legislature on one hand and judiciary on the other.
Ans20. It interprets the provisions of constitution and protects the rights of citizens. And give decisions on the basis of such interpretations.
CHAPTER 7 --FEDERALISM
Ans.1 India is a Federation because: It has two set of polities- one for the regional another for the national level there is a written constitution which is the source of power for both sets of
government to prevent conflict between the center and state there is an independent judiciary
Any two points 1+1
Ans.2 An independent judiciary has the power to resolve disputes between the central government and the state on legal matters about the division of power .
Ans.3 Central government in case of a clash between the center and state, the central law prevails .
Ans.4 It was necessary for the center to be strong because India at the time of independence, India was not only divided into provinces created by the British,but there were more than 500 princely states which had to be integrated into the existing union .The makers of the constitution also believed that the social economic problems of the country needed to be handled by a strong central government in cooperation with the states . (1+1)
Ans.5 During an emergency our polity turns into a highly centralized system parliament assumes the power to make laws on subjects within the jurisdiction of the state .open movie
Ans.6 States want an independent source of revenue and reader control over the resources to ensure that they are able to take up projects independently without the interference of the central government .
Ans.7 To examine the issues relating to center state relations It recommended that appointment of governor should be strictly nonpartisan . (1+1)
Ans.8 border disputes with state have certain claims over territories belonging to neighboring states.Dispute over the sharing of River waters . (1+1)
Ans.9 North-eastern states including Assam,Nagaland,Mizoram etc.It was doneas the states had a sizable indigenous tribal population with a distinct history and culture which they wish to retain . (1+1)
Ans.10 Yes, It can be identified as federalism the cause it shows sensitivity of the center which wants to provide financial help to the state.
Ans.11 India has only single citizenship and not dual citizenship as federations generally have.The constitution does not mention the word Federation, instead it he calls it a‘union of states’
(1+1)
Ans.12 If the move is ratified by the Rajya Sabha .
Ans.13 Yes. When Delhi and Haryana had the same political party ruling over it there was never any problem regarding the sharing of River waters .any other example
CHAPTER 8 - LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Ans.1 Local people best know their problems .Together they can find a solution .(1+1)
Ans.2 It involves the day-to-day problems of ordinary citizens .It is necessary for efficient and people friendly administration .(1+1)
Ans.3 Local people are more familiar with the local government than the government at the state or national level .people are more concerned with what the local government does or has failed to do .(1+1)
Ans.4 It was felt that extreme localism would be a threat to unity and integrity of the nation in view of the partition which had just taken place .
the faction and caste ridden nature of rural society would defeat the purpose of local government .(1+1)
any other relevant point
Ans.5 1952. In many states local bodies did not have enough powers
They were dependent on state for funds.
Elections were not held regularly for local bodies.(1+1)
Any other relevant point
Ans.6 The amendments aimed at strengthening local government .
Ensuring an element of uniformity in the structure and functioning of local government across the country . (1+1)
Ans.7 The Gram Sabha includes all the adult members registered as voters in the panchayats area. To elect members to the Gram Panchayat.(1+1)
Ans.8 Under the Panchayati raj system there was the Gram Panchayat which covers a village, then at the intermediary level is the Mandal or the Block, at the apex is the zilaParishad covering the entire rural area of the district. (2)
Ans.9 The provisions of the 73rd amendment were not made applicable to the areas inhabited by the adivaasi population in many states of India.
A new act was passed extending the provisions of the Panchayat system to these areas.(1+1)
Ans.10 The Commission examines the financial position of the local government in the state.
It reviews the distribution of revenue between the state and local government.
This ensures that allocation of funds to the rural local government will not be a political matter. (1+1)
Ans.11 Preservation for women has ensured the presence of a significant number of women in local bodies .Women have gained more power and confidence by asserting control over resources .
their presence in these institutions has given women a greater understanding of the word king of politics .
the women have brought a new perspective and greater sensitivity to discussions at local bodies
any other relevant point (1+1)
Ans.12 As the Indian population has 16.2% schedule caste and 8. 2% scheduled tribes,about 6.6 lakh elected members in the urban and local bodies are from these communities ,making these bodies more representative of the social reality of the country .(2)
Ans.13 Dependency upon the center or state for financial support. many states have not transferred most of the subjects to local bodies .(1+1)
CHAPTER- 9 & 10 CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT and PHILOSOPHY OF THE CONSTITUTION
Ans1.
Our Constitution accepts the necessity of modifications according to changing needs of the society.
In the actual working of the Constitution, there has been enough flexibility of interpretations. Both political practice and judicial rulings have shown maturity and flexibility in implementing the Constitution.
Ans2.
Special majority in both the houses of parliament separately
Special majority + ratification by half of the state legislatures
Ans3.
Creation of a new state
Changes in state boundaries or names of existing states
Citizenship – acquisition and termination
Fifth Schedule – administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes
Sixth Schedule – administration of tribal areas. (any 2)
Ans4. Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are the two most important provisions that can be amended by the special majority.
Ans5. the election of President; Supreme Court and High Courts
representation of states in Parliament
distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the states
the extent of executive power of the Union and the states
Ans6. The 42nd amendment was particularly seen as a wide ranging amendment affecting
large parts of the Constitution. It was also an attempt to override the ruling of the Supreme Court given in the Keshavnanda case.
Even the duration of the Lok Sabha was extended from five to six years. The 42nd amendment also put restrictions on the review powers of the Judiciary.
Ans7. This ruling has contributed to the evolution of the Constitution in the following ways:
It has set specific limits to the Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. It says that no amendment can violate the basic structure of the Constitution
It allows the Parliament to amend any and all parts of the Constitution (within this limitation); and
It places the Judiciary as the final authority in deciding if an amendment violates basic structure and what constitutes the basic structure
Ans8.
The Indian Constitution grants rights to all religious communities such as the right to establish and maintain their educational institutions. Freedom of religion in India means the freedom of religion of both individuals and communities.
Separation in India could not mean mutual exclusion. The state may help or hinder religious communities depending on which mode of action promotes values such as freedom and equality. In India separation between religion and state did not mean their mutual exclusion but rather principled distance.
Ans9. Some people believe that a constitution merely consists of laws and that laws are one thing, values and morality, quite another. Therefore, we can have only a legalistic, not a political philosophy approach to the Constitution. It is true that all laws do not have a moral content, but many laws are closely connected to our deeply held values.
For example, a law might prohibit discrimination of persons on grounds of language or religion. Such a law is connected to the idea of equality. Such a law exists because we value equality. Therefore, there is a connection between laws and moral values.
Ans10.
to find out the moral content expressed in it and to evaluate its claims
to use it to arbitrate between varying interpretations of the many core values in our polity
Ans11. Classical liberalism always privileges rights of the individuals over demands of social justice and community values.
The liberalism of the Indian Constitution differs from this version in two ways. It was always linked to social justice. The best example of this is the provision for reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Constitution.
Special constitutional measures were required to advance their interests. Therefore the constitution makers provided a number of special measures to protect the interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes such as the reservation of seats in legislatures. The Constitution also made it possible for the government to reserve public sector jobs for these groups.
