CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND - student …student-weekly.com/pdf/200415-constitution-en.pdf©2015 Pakorn Nilprapunt, Chintapun Dungsubutra, Vareerat Ratanaviboonsom and

N.B.AsofApril17,2015.©2015PakornNilprapunt,ChintapunDungsubutra,VareeratRatanaviboonsomandNatthanichaAneksomboonphol,OfficeoftheCouncilofStateofThailand<personalcopyright>Remark: This translation has been made within timely limit so as to portray the draft Constitution to foreigners. AnyreferenceshallbemadetoThaiversion.

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CONSTITUTIONOFTHEKINGDOMOFTHAILAND ……………………………<Preamble>……………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………..……………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

GENERALPROVISIONS

Section1. ThailandisoneandindivisibleKingdom. Section2. ThailandadoptsademocraticregimeofgovernmentwiththeKingasHeadofState. Section3. The sovereign power belongs to the Thai people. TheKingasHeadofStateshallexercisesuchpowerthroughtheNationalAssembly,theCouncil of Ministers and the Courts in accordance with the provisions of thisConstitution. The performance of duties of theNational Assembly, the Council ofMinisters, the Courts, Constitutional organisations and State agencies shall be inaccordancewiththeruleoflaw. Section4. The human dignity, right, liberty and equality of thepeopleshallbeprotected.

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Section5. TheThaipeople, irrespectiveof their origins, sexes orreligions,shallenjoyequalprotectionunderthisConstitution. Section6. The Constitution is the supreme law of State. Theprovisionsofanylaw,ruleorregulationwhicharecontrarytoorinconsistentwiththisConstitutionshallbeunenforceable. Section7. Whenever no provision under this Constitution isapplicable to any case, it shall be decided in accordance with the constitutionalconventioninthedemocraticregimeofgovernmentwiththeKingasHeadofState. InthecasewherethequestionconcerninganyactordecisionunderparagraphonearisesintheaffairsoftheHouseofRepresentatives,theSenate,theNational Assembly, the Council of Ministers, the Supreme Court, the SupremeAdministrative Court or any Constitutional organization, it may request theConstitutionalCourttomakedecisionthereon,buttherequestoftheSupremeCourtandtheSupremeAdministrativeCourtshallbeapprovedbytheplenarysessionoftheSupremeCourtortheSupremeAdministrativeCourtandonthematterrelatedtothetrialandadjudicationofthecase.

BOOKI

THEKINGANDTHEPEOPLE

CHAPTER1

TheKing

Section8. The King shall be enthroned in a position of reveredworshipandshallnotbeviolated. NopersonshallexposetheKingtoanysortofaccusationoraction. Section9. TheKingisaBuddhistandUpholderofreligions. Section10. TheKingholdsthepositionofHeadoftheThaiArmedForces. Section11. TheKinghastheprerogativetocreatetitlesandconferdecorations.

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Section12. The King selects and appoints qualified persons to bethePresidentof thePrivyCouncilandnotmorethaneighteenPrivyCouncilorstoconstitutethePrivyCouncil. The Privy Council has the duty to render advice to the King on allmatters pertaining to His functions as He may consult and has other duties asprescribedbythisConstitution. Section13. The selection, appointment or removal of a PrivyCouncilorshallbeattheKing'spleasure. The President of theNational Assembly shall countersign the RoyalCommandappointingorremovingthePresidentofthePrivyCouncil. The President of the Privy Council shall countersign the RoyalCommandappointingorremovingotherPrivyCouncilors. Section14. APrivyCouncilorshallnotbeamemberoftheHouseofRepresentatives, a senator, a Constitutional Court judge, an Administrative Courtjudge, an Election Commissioner, a member of the State Audit Commission, amemberoftheNationalCounterCorruptionCommission,amemberoftheHumanRightsOmbudsmen,agovernmentofficialholdingpermanentpositionorreceivingasalary, an official of State enterprise, a State official or a member or official ofpoliticalparty,andmustnotmanifestloyaltytoanypoliticalparty. Section15. Before taking office, a Privy Councilor shall make asolemndeclarationbeforetheKinginthefollowingwords: “I,(nameofthedeclarer),dosolemnlydeclarethatIshallbeloyaltoHisMajesty theKingandshall faithfullyperformmyduties in the interestsof theState and the people. I shall also uphold and observe the Constitution of theKingdomofThailandineveryrespect.” Section16. APrivyCouncilorvacatesofficeupondeath,resignationorremovalbyRoyalCommand. Section17. The appointment and removal of officials of theRoyalHouseholdandoftheRoyalChiefAide‐de‐CampshallbeattheKing’spleasure. Section18. Whenever the King is absent from the Kingdom orunabletoperformHisfunctionsforanyreasonwhatsoever,theKingmayappointapersonastheRegent. Inthisregard, thePresidentof theNationalAssemblyshallcountersigntheRoyalCommandtherefor.

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Section19. InthecasewheretheKingdoesnotappointtheRegentunder section18, or theKing is unable to appoint theRegent owing toHe is notbeingsui jurisoranyother reasonwhatsoever, thePrivyCouncil shall submit thenameofapersonsuitabletoholdtheofficeoftheRegenttotheNationalAssemblyforapproval.UponapprovaloftheNationalAssembly,thePresidentoftheNationalAssembly shallmake an announcement, in the name of theKing, to appoint suchpersonastheRegent. DuringtheexpirationofthetermoftheHouseofRepresentativesorthedissolution thereof, theSenateshall act as theNationalAssembly ingivinganapprovalunderparagraphone. Section20. WhilethereisnotheRegentundersection18orsection19,thePresidentofthePrivyCouncilshallactastheRegentprotempore. In thecasewhere theRegentappointedundersection18orsection19isunabletoperformhisduties,thePresidentofthePrivyCouncilshallactastheRegentprotempore. WhilebeingtheRegentunderparagraphoneoractingastheRegentunderparagraphtwo,thePresidentofthePrivyCouncilshallnotperformhisdutiesasPresidentofthePrivyCouncil.Insuchcase,thePrivyCouncilorsshallelectoneamongthemselvestobeactingPresidentofthePrivyCouncilprotempore. Section21. Beforetakingoffice,theRegentappointedundersection18orsection19shallmakeasolemndeclarationbeforetheNationalAssembly inthefollowingwords: “I,(nameofthedeclarer),dosolemnlydeclarethatIshallbeloyaltoHisMajestytheKing(nameoftheKing)andshallfaithfullyperformmydutiesintheinterests of the State and the people. I shall also uphold and observe theConstitutionoftheKingdomofThailandineveryrespect.” DuringtheexpirationofthetermoftheHouseofRepresentativesorthe dissolution thereof, the Senate shall act as the National Assembly under thissection. Section22. Subjecttosection23,thesuccessiontotheThroneshallbeinaccordancewiththePalaceLawonSuccession,B.E.2467. TheAmendmentofthePalaceLawonSuccession,B.E.2467shallbetheprerogativeoftheKing.AttheinitiativeoftheKing,thePrivyCouncilshalldraftthePalaceLawAmendmentandshallpresent it to theKing forHisconsideration.When the King has already approved the draft Palace Law amendment and signthereon,thePresidentofthePrivyCouncilshallnotifythePresidentoftheNationalAssembly for informing the National Assembly. The President of the NationalAssemblyshallcountersigntheRoyalCommand.ThePalaceLawAmendmentshallcomeintoforceuponitspublicationintheGovernmentGazette.

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DuringtheexpirationofthetermoftheHouseofRepresentativesorthe dissolution thereof, the Senate shall act as the National Assembly inacknowledgingthematterunderparagraphtwo. Section23. In the casewhere theThronebecomesvacantand theKing has already appointed His Heir to the Throne under the Palace Law onSuccession, B.E. 2467, the Council of Ministers shall notify the President of theNationalAssembly.ThePresidentoftheNationalAssemblyshallthenconvoketheNationalAssembly for acknowledgement and shall invite suchHeir to ascend theThroneandproclaimsuchHeirtheKing. In the casewhere theThronebecomesvacant and theKinghas notappointedHisHeirunderparagraphone,thePrivyCouncilshallsubmitthenameoftheSuccessortotheThroneundersection22totheCouncilofMinistersforfurthersubmission to theNationalAssembly forapproval. In this regards, thenameof aPrincess may be submitted. Upon the approval of the National Assembly, thePresidentoftheNationalAssemblyshallinvitesuchSuccessortoascendtheThroneandproclaimsuchSuccessortheKing. DuringtheexpirationofthetermoftheHouseofRepresentativesorthe dissolution thereof, the Senate shall act as the National Assembly inacknowledging the matter under paragraph one or in giving an approval underparagraphtwo. Section24. PendingtheproclamationofthenameoftheHeirortheSuccessortotheThroneundersection23, thePresidentof thePrivyCouncilshallactastheRegentprotempore.InthecasewheretheThronebecomesvacantwhilethe Regent has been appointed under section 18 or section 19 or while thePresidentof thePrivyCouncil isactingas theRegentundersection20paragraphone, such Regent, as the case may be, shall continue to be the Regent until theproclamationofthenameoftheHeirortheSuccessortoascendtheThroneastheKing. InthecasewheretheRegentwhohasbeenappointedandcontinuestobetheRegentunderparagraphoneisunabletoperformhisduties,thePresidentofthePrivyCouncilshallactastheRegentprotempore. In the case where the President of the Privy Council is the Regentunderparagraphoneoractsas theRegentpro temporeunderparagraphtwo, theprovisionsofsection20paragraphthreeshallapply. Section25. In the casewhere thePrivyCouncilhas toperform itsdutiesundersection19orsection23paragraphtwo,orthePresidentofthePrivyCouncilhastoperformhisdutiesundersection20paragraphoneorparagraphtwoorsection24paragraph two, and there is,during thatperiod,noPresidentof the

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PrivyCouncilorthePresidentofthePrivyCouncilisunabletoperformhisduties,the remaining Privy Councilors shall elect one among themselves to act as thePresidentofthePrivyCouncilortoperformthedutiesundersection20paragraphoneorparagraphtwoorsection24paragraphthree,asthecasemaybe.

CHAPTER2

ThePeople

Part1

CitizenshipandCitizens’Duties

Section26. TheThaipeopleshallbecitizen. A citizen shall pay respect to and act in compliance with theConstitutionandthelaws,preserverightsandlibertiesofothersandtheprincipleofequality,upholdrighteousnessaswellasgoodvalueanddiscipline,beresponsiblefor citizen’s duties, be accountable to social and the public, and be in harmony,pertinacityandself‐reliance. No citizen shall act in advocacy of national or religious hatred orconstituteanyincitementtodiscrimination,hostilityorviolence. TheStateshallimplantcitizentoupholdaregimeofgovernmentwiththeKingasHeadofStateanddemocraticvalueandshallprepareanyeducationandtraining to citizen at all levels, groups and ages so as to institute the citizenshipunderthissection. Section27. Acitizenshallhavethefollowingduties: (1) to uphold the nation, religions, the King and the democraticregimeofgovernmentwiththeKingasHeadofStateunderthisConstitution; (2)todefendthecountry,serveinarmedforcesandprotectnationalbenefitsandtoactincompliancewithlaw; (3)topaytaxingoodfaith; (4) toexercisepolitical right ingood faithand for thebenefitof thepublic;

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(5) to render assistance to official service, to render assistance inpreventionandrehabilitationofpubliccalamityandinpreventionandsuppressionof corruption, to receive education and training, to carry out occupation orprofessioningoodfaith,toprotect,preserve,conserveandretainnationalandlocalconvention and tradition, wisdom, art and culture and to preserve and conservenaturalresourcesandenvironment. Section28. A citizen who serves service in the National MoralAssembly,CitizenAssembly,PublicScrutinyOrganization,andotherorganizationsestablished by this Constitution shall perform his honor duties vigorously in animpartialandsacrificialmanner.Inthisregards,suchcitizenisentitledtonecessaryexpenseforthebenefitoftheperformanceofhisdutiesasprovidedbylaw.

Part2

RightsandLibertiesofthePeople

Section1

GeneralProvisions

Section29. Human dignity, rights and liberties recognised by thisConstitution explicitly, by implication or by decisions of the Constitutional Courtshall be protected and directly binding on the National Assembly, the Council ofMinisters,theCourts,ConstitutionalorganisationsandallStateorgansinenacting,applyingandinterpretinglaws. InexercisingpowersofallStateauthorities,humandignity,rightsandlibertiesinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConstitutionshallberespected. Section30. The rights of person recognized by this ConstitutionimplycorrespondingdutiesrestingontheStateandallStateagenciestoensuretheeffectivenessoftheexerciseofsuchrights.Tofulfillsuchduties,regardshallalsobehadtofinancialcapacityoftheState. Section31. NopersonshallexerciserightsorlibertiesinamannerwhichmayoverthrowthedemocraticregimeofgovernmentwiththeKingasHeadofStateunderthisConstitutionortoacquirethepowertorulethecountrybyanymeanswhichisnotinaccordancewiththeprovisionsprovidedbythisConstitution.

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Inthecasewhereapersonorgroupofpersonhascommittedtheactunderparagraphone,thepersondetectingsuchactshallhavetherighttorequesttheConstitutionalCourtfororderingcessationofsuchactoranyotherappropriateorderwithoutprejudicetotheinstitutionofacriminalactionagainstwhomdoingsuchact. Section32. Apersoncaninvokehumandignity,exercisehisrighttofreedomandexercisehisrightsandlibertiesinsofarasitisnotviolationofrightsand liberties of other persons or contrary to this Constitution or public order orgoodmorals. ApersonwhoserightsorlibertiesrecognisedbythisConstitutionareviolatedcan invoke theprovisionsof thisConstitution tobringa lawsuit to,or todefendhimselfin,theCourts. ApersonmaybringalawsuitagainsttheStatedirectlysoastoactincompliance with the provisions of this Chapter. If there is a law enforcing theexerciseofanyrightorlibertyasrecognisedbythisConstitution,theexercisingofthat right or liberty shall be in accordance with such law. If the Constitutionprovidesthattheexerciseofanyrecognizedrightorlibertyshallbemadebyvirtueof lawandthat lawhasnotbeenenactedyet,apersonshallbeentitledtobringalawsuitagainsttheStatedirectly. Thelawtobeenactedunderparagraphthreeshall,upontheprincipleof proportion, not oppose to the scope of, or cause impediment to, rights andlibertiesandtheexercisethereof. TheStateshallprovideprotection,enhancementandassistancetothepeoplefortheexerciseofrightsandlibertiesappropriately. Section33. TherestrictionofrightsandlibertiesrecognisedbythisConstitutionshallnotbe imposedonapersonexceptbyvirtueof lawspecificallyenacted for the purpose prescribed herein and only to the extent of necessity;providedthat,itshallnotaffecttheessentialsubstancesofsuchrightsandliberties. Thelawunderparagraphoneshallbeofgeneralapplicationandshallnot be intended to apply to any particular case or person; provided that, theprovisions of the Constitution authorising its enactment shall also bementionedtherein. The provisions of paragraph one and paragraph two shall applymutatismutandistorulesorregulationsissuedbyvirtueoflaw.

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Section2

HumanRights

Section34. All persons are equal before the law and shall enjoyequalprotectionunderthelaw. Menandwomenshallenjoyequalrightsandliberties. Unjust discrimination against a person on the grounds of thedifference in origin, race, language, sex, gender, age, disability, physical or healthcondition,personalstatus,economicorsocialstanding,religiousbelief,educationortraining,orconstitutionallypoliticalviewshallnotbemade. MeasuresdeterminedbytheStateinordertoeliminateobstacletoorto promotepersons’ ability to exercise their rights and liberties as other personsshallnotbedeemedasunjustdiscriminationunderparagraphthree. Section35. Members of the armed forces, police force andgovernment officials holding permanent position or receiving a salary and otherofficialsoftheStateshallenjoythesamerightsandlibertiesundertheConstitutionas those enjoyedby other persons, unless such enjoyment is restrictedby laworrule specifically enacted or issued in regard to politics, efficiency, disciplines orethics. Section36 Apersonshallenjoytherightandlibertyinhislifeandperson. A torture, brutal act or punishment by a cruel or inhumanemeansshallnotbemade;provided thatpunishmentunderjudgmentsoftheCourtsorbyvirtueoflawshallnotbedeemedthepunishmentbyacruelorinhumanemeans. ArrestanddetentionofpersonshallnotbemadeexceptbyorderorwarrantissuedbytheCourtsorthereisagroundasprovidedbylaw. Searchofpersonoractaffectingtherightandlibertyunderparagraphoneshallnotbemadeexceptbyvirtueoflaw. Section37. Nopersonshallbeinflictedwithacriminalpunishmentunlesshehascommittedanactwhich the law in forceat the timeof commissionprovidestobeanoffenceandimposesapunishmenttherefor,andthepunishmenttobeinflictedonsuchpersonshallnotbeheavierthanthatprovidedbylawinforceatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffence. The suspect or the accused in a criminal case shall be presumedinnocent. Before the passing of a final judgement convicting a person of havingcommittedanoffence,suchpersonshallnotbetreatedasaconvict. Nooneshall,incriminalcase,becompelledtotestifyagainsthimselfortoconfessguilt.

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Section38. The right of a person tomarry and in family shall beprotected. Therightofapersonindignity,reputation,personalinformationandprivacyshallbeprotected.Therestrictionofsuchrightshallnotbeimposedexceptbyvirtueofthespecificallyenactedforpublicbenefitorpublicfigure. Personalinformationofapersonshallbeprotectedfromtheseekingofunlawfulbenefitasprovidedbylaw.Theseekingofbenefitthroughanymeansofpersonalinformationconnectivityshallbeprovidedbyvirtueoflaw. Section39. A person shall enjoy the liberty of dwelling, and thepeacefulhabitationinandthepossessionofdwellingshallbeprotected. Theentryintoadwellingwithoutconsentofthepossessorthereoforthe search of a dwelling or private place shall not be made except by order orwarrantissuedbytheCourtsorthereisagroundasprovidedbyvirtueoflaw. Section40. Aperson shall enjoy the liberty of communicationbylawfulmeans. Thecensorship,withholdingordisclosureofcommunicationbetweenpersons including any other act of disclosing a statement in the communicationbetweenpersonsshallnotbemadeexceptbyvirtueoflawspecificallyenactedforsecurityoftheStateormaintainingpublicorderorgoodmorals. Section41. Apersonshallenjoyfulllibertytoprofessareligion,areligiousdenominationorcreed,andobservereligiouspreceptsorcommandmentsorexerciseaformofworship inaccordancewithhisbelief;providedthatit isnotcontrarytohiscitizens’duties,publicorderorgoodmorals. Inexercisingthe libertyreferredto inparagraphone,apersonshallbe protected from any act of the State which is derogatory to his rights ordetrimentaltohisduebenefitsonthegroundsofprofessingareligion,areligiousdenomination or creed or observing religious precepts or commandments orexercising a form of worship in accordancewith his different belief from that ofothers. Section42. A person shall enjoy the liberty to express opinion,makespeech,write,print,publicise,andmakeexpressionbyanyothermeans. Therestrictiononlibertyunderparagraphoneshallnotbeimposedexcept by virtue of law specifically enacted for the purpose of maintaining thesecurity of State, protecting the rights, liberties, dignity, reputation, family orprivacy rights of other persons, maintaining public order or good morals orpreventingorhaltingthedeteriorationofthemindorhealthofthepublic.

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Section43. Theproperty right of a person shall beprotected. Inusing of any property, public benefit shall also be taken into consideration. Theextentandtherestrictionofsuchrightshallbeimposedbyvirtueoflaw. Thesuccessionshallbeprotected.Therightofsuccessionofapersonshallbeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw. Anexpropriationofimmovablepropertyshallnotbemadeexceptbyvirtueof law specifically enacted forusing in State affair and for theprovisionofpublicserviceorotherpublicbenefits.Inthisregards,thepurposeofexpropriationandperiodoftimeforuseofimmovablepropertyshallbespecifiedinanimmovablepropertyexpropriationlaw,andfaircompensationshallbepaidinduecoursetotheownerthereofaswellastoallpersonshavingtherightsthereto,whosufferlossbysuchexpropriation.Theamountofcompensationshallbefairlyassessedwithdueregard to thenormalmarketprice,modeof acquisition, conditionand locationofthe immovable property, loss of the person whose property or right thereto isexpropriated, andbenefits that the State and thepersonwhose property or righttheretoisexpropriatedmayreceivefromtheuseoftheexpropriatedpropertyandtheremnantfromexpropriation.Iftheimmovablepropertyisnotusedtofulfilsuchpurposewithinsuchperiodoftime,itshallbereturnedtotheoriginalownerorhisheirinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthelaw. Section44. A person shall have the rights in judicial process asfollows: (1) right of easy, convenient, expedient, comprehensive and equalaccesstojudicialprocesswithfaircost; (2) right to correct, prompt, fair and standard trial. Every child,youth, woman or aging or disabled person shall have the right to appropriateprotectioninjudicialprocess; (3)fundamentalrightsinjudicialprocesscomposingof,atleast,righttopublictrial,righttodefendthecase,righttoobjectthepartialjudges,righttobeconsidered by the full bench of judges and right to transcribe or copy decisivedecision,judgmentororder; (4) an injured person, alleged offender, plaintiff, defendant or theaccused, interested parties, interested person or witness to the case shall,irrespective of his race, sex, age, physical or health condition or status, have therighttoappropriatetreatment; (5) aninjuredperson,allegedoffender,theaccusedandwitnesstoacriminal case shall have the right to necessary and appropriate protection andassistancefromtheStateandshallbeinvestigatedcorrectly,expedientlyandfairlyuponapparentstandard.Theallegedoffenderandtheaccusedshallhavetherightto legal assistance from experienced legal practitioner, the right to temporarilyreleaseonbailexceptwhereotherwise imposedbyvirtueof law,andtheright toknowthejustificationofStateattorneyonprosecutionornon‐prosecutionorder; (6) right to obtain remedy for the violation of rights or libertiesrecognizedbytheConstitution.

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Section45. Any person other than a person of Thai nationalityresiding within the Kingdom shall enjoy economic, social and cultural rights asprovidedbyvirtueoflaworasrenderedbytheState.

Section3

CivilRights

Section46. The family shall have the right to protection andassistance by the State in order to live altogether solidly and comfortably withappropriate living conditions including food, cloth and habitation as provided byvirtueoflaw. Every mother shall enjoy special protection and welfare asappropriate from the State and employer during a reasonable period before andafterchildbirthasprovidedbyvirtueoflaw. Everychildandyouthshallenjoytheright tosurviveandtoreceivephysical,mentalandintellectualdevelopmentincompliancewiththeirpersonalitiesandinsuitablesurroundings,andshall,withregardtotheiractiveparticipation,beprotected from the seeking of any benefitwhichmay be risky to theirmental orhealthormayimpedetheirnaturaldevelopment. Everychild,youth,womanandmemberof family shallbeprotectedbytheStatefromviolenceandunfairtreatmentinallformsandshallhavetherighttorehabilitationuponanoccurrencethereof. Therestrictionofanyrightofchild,youthandmemberoffamilyshallnot be imposed except by virtue of law specifically enacted for preservation andmaintenance of condition or unity of family or for protection of child or youthwelfareorfortheirgreatestbenefit. Every child, youth, woman, person over sixty years of age withinsufficientincomeandthedisabledorhandicappedshallhavetherighttowelfare,publicfacilitiesandappropriateassistancefortheStateasprovidedbyvirtueoflaw. Section47. A citizen shall enjoy the liberty of travelling and thelibertyofmakingthechoiceofhisresidencewithintheKingdom. The restriction on such liberties under paragraph one shall not beimposedexceptbyvirtueoflawspecificallyenactedformaintainingthesecurityoftheState,publicorder,publicwelfare,townandcountryplanningorwelfareoftheyouth. Expatriation of Thai nationality by birth is prohibited. Citizenshipmaybeexpiredonlyasprovidedbyvirtueoflawandagainstthewilloftheaffectedcitizenonlyifhedoesnotbecomestatelessasaresult.

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No person of Thai nationality shall be deported or prohibited fromenteringtheKingdom. Section48. Libertyofmassmediatopracticeinaccordancewithprofessionalethics for thebenefitof thepublic inknowing informationandnewscorrectly,thoroughlyandholisticallyuponpublicaccountabilityshallbeprotected. Theclosureofmassmediabusinessindeprivationofthelibertyunderthissectionisprohibited. The prevention of mass media from printing news or expressingopinion,whollyorpartly,orinterferenceinanymannerwhatsoeverindeprivationof the liberty under this section, shall not be imposed except by virtue of lawspecificallyenactedforthepurposeofmaintainingthesecurityofState,protectingthe rights, liberties, dignity, reputation, private data, family or privacy rights ofotherpersons,maintainingpublicorderorgoodmoralsorpreventingorhaltingthedeteriorationofmentalorhealthofthepublic. Thecensorshipbyacompetentofficialofnewsorarticlesbeforetheirpublication in mass media shall not be made except during the time when thecountryisinastateofwar;providedthat,itmustbemadebyvirtueoflawenactedundertheprovisionsofparagraphthree. Theownerofmassmediabusiness shallbecitizen. Nocitizenshallownorholdsharesinmanymassmediabusiness,directlyorindirectly,inamannerthatmaycontrolormonopolizethepresentationofinformation,newsoropiniontothepublicorobstructanaccesstoinformationornewsofthepublicorhinderthepublic fromobtaining informationornews fromvarioussourcesasprescribedbylaw. Nopersonholdingpoliticalpositionshallbeownerorshareholderinmassmediabusinesswhetherinhisownnameorthroughhisnominee,andnosuchpersonshallactinanymannerwhatsoeversoastocontrolsuchbusinessasifheistheownerorshareholderthereof. No grant ofmoney, property or any other benefit shall bemade byStateas subsidies toprivatemassmedia. Theadvertisement in,orbuyingof anyother service from, private mass media by State shall be made by virtue of lawspecificallyenactedforthatpurpose. Section49. AnofficialoremployeeinaprivatesectorundertakingmassmediabusinessshallenjoylibertytopresentnewsandexpresstheiropinionsundertheconstitutionalrestrictionswithoutmandateofStateortheownerofsuchbusinesses;providedthat,itisnotcontrarytotheirprofessionalethics. A government official holding permanent position or receiving asalaryandotherofficialsoftheStatewhoperformsdutyasmassmediashallenjoythesamelibertiesasthoseenjoyedbytheofficialoremployeeunderparagraphone.

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Any act done by a person holdingpolitical position, State official ortheownerofbusinesswithaviewtoobstructorinterferethepresentationofnewsoranexpressionofopinionsinpublic issueofthepersonunderparagraphoneorparagraphtwo,irrespectiveofwhethersuchacthasbeendonedirectlyorindirectly,shallbedeemedaswilfullymisuseofpowerandtakenoeffectexceptwheresuchacthasbeendonethroughtheenforcementoflaworprofessionalethics. There shall be the law establishing mass media professionorganization so as to provide welfare for the persons under paragraph one andparagraphtwo,toprotectmassmedialibertyandindependenceundersection48,tostrengthen professional ethics and standard and to consider petition of whomaffectedfromtheenjoymentoflibertyundersection48. Section50. Transmission frequencies for radio or televisionbroadcasting and telecommunication are national communication resources forpublicinterest. There shall be an independent regulatory body having the duty toallocate the frequencies under paragraph one and supervise radio, television,telecommunicationandinformationtechnologybusinessesasprovidedbythelaw.Inthisregards, regardshallbehadtoStatesecurity, thegreatestpublicbenefitatnationalandlocallevelswithrespecttotheunderprivilegedintermsofeducation,cultureandotherpublicinterests,includingtheparticipationofprivatesectorandlocalcommunityinaccessingtoandprovidingofpublicmassmediaasdeterminedbynationalstrategicanddevelopmentplanandasprovidedbyvirtueoflaw. Inanexecutionunderparagraphtwo,regardsshallbehadtofreeandfaircompetition.Thecollectionofanyfeeorchargefordoingsuchbusinessesshallhaveregard to theextension, standard,qualityand transparencyof serviceat thepossiblelowestcostofthepublicratherthanincomeofStateorofthatorganization. Theownerofbusinessunderthissectionshallbecitizenandshallnotactinanymannerwhichmayproducetheoutcomeundersection48asimposedbyvirtueoflaw. Section51. Academicfreedomshallbeprotected. Education and training, learning and teaching, research anddisseminating of research according to academic principles shall be protected;providedthat,itisnotcontrarytohiscitizen’sdutiesorgoodmorals. Ananalysisandcriticizeof judgment,decisionororderof theCourtandpublication thereof in good faith and in accordancewith academic principlesshallbeprotected.

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Section52. Acitizenshallenjoyequalrighttoobtainqualityandvariety education comprehensively for self‐development in compliancewith localculture and his skill and proficiency from primary level through secondary level,bothgeneralandvocationaleducations,withoutpayasprovidedbyvirtueoflaw. Theindigent,disabledorhandicapped,ordestitutepersonshallenjoyanequalrightunderparagraphoneandshallbesupportedbyStatetoreceiveequaleducationwithothers. State shall provide and promote the provision of education andtrainingof professional or private organisation for, lifelong learning, self‐directedlearning,alternativeeducationandothervarietiesmeansofeducationof,thepeoplesoastopromotemorality,concentrationandwisdomofthepublic. Section53. Acitizenshallenjoythelibertytoassemblepeacefullyandwithoutarms. The restriction on such liberty under paragraph one shall not beimposed except by virtue of law specifically enacted for the purpose of publicassemblingandforsecuringStatesecurity,publicsafety,publicorderorgoodmoralof thepeople,protectionofpublichealthortheprotectionofrightsor libertiesofothers. Section54. Acitizenshallenjoy the liberty touniteand formanassociation,union,federation,aco‐operative,farmers’group,privateorganisation,anon‐governmentalorganisationoranyothergroup. A government official holding permanent position or receiving asalaryandotherofficialsoftheStateshallenjoythesamelibertytoassociationsolong as the efficiency of State administration and the continuation in providingpublicservicesarenotaffectedasprovidedbylaw. The restriction on such liberty under paragraphone and paragraphtwoshallnotbeimposedexceptbyvirtueoflawspecificallyenactedforpreventingcommon interests of the public, maintaining public order or good morals orpreventingeconomicmonopoly. Section55. A citizen shall have political right under thisConstitutionandshallenjoythelibertytouniteandformapoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupinordertomanifestpoliticalviewofpeopleandtocarryoutpoliticalactivityfor the fulfilmentof suchwill through thedemocratic regimeof governmentwiththeKingasHeadofStateasprovidedbythisConstitution. Section56. A citizen shall enjoy the liberty to engage in anenterpriseoranoccupationorprofession.

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The restriction on such liberties under paragraph one shall not beimposed except by virtue of law specifically enacted formaintaining the securityand safety of State or economy of the country, protecting the public in regard topublic utilities, maintaining public order and good morals, regulating theengagementinanoccupationorprofessionasnecessary,consumerprotection,townand country planning, preserving natural resources or the environment, publicwelfare,preventingmonopolyoreliminatingunfaircompetition. Forcedlabourshallnotbeimposedexceptbyvirtueoflawspecificallyenactedforthepurposeofavertingimminentpubliccalamityorbyvirtueofthelawwhichprovidesforitsimpositionduringthetimewhenthecountryisinastateofwarorarmedconflict,orwhenastateofemergencyormartiallawisdeclaredorbyvirtueof lawwhichprovides for theprobationof theoffender inaccordancewiththejudgmentororderoftheCourt. Section57. Acitizenshallhavetherighttofairwageandtherighttoappropriateandfairworksafety,occupationalhealth,securityandwelfareandtolivingsecurityirrespectiveofwhetherheisemployedorunemployedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw. Section58. A citizen shall have the right to public health asprovidedbyvirtueoflawasfollows: (1) to live in environment and surrounding which are suitable forhealthy; (2)toobtainappropriate,qualityandstandardhealthserviceaswellasotherbasicbenefitscomprehensively; (3)toobtaincorrectandup‐to‐datehealth‐relatedinformationfromtheState. Citizen whom injured from public health service and public healthservice providerwhomdamaged frompracticing in accordancewith professionalstandard and ethics shall be protected by the State appropriately as provided byvirtueoflaw. Section59. A citizen shall have the right to access and utilizepublicserviceprovidedbytheStatecontinually,comprehensivelyandequallyandStateshallregularlymodernizesuchpublicservice. Section60. Rightofconsumershallbeprotected. There shall be a consumer protection organisation which actsindependently and not being State agency consisting of representatives ofconsumers to perform the function of giving opinions to a State agency on theenactmentandapplicationoflaws,rulesandregulationsandonthedetermination

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of various measures for consumer protection, and for examining and making areportonanyactoromissionrelatedtoconsumerprotectionaswellasenhancingand promoting necessary consumer protection knowledge and skill to consumer.TheStateshallprovidefinancialsupportforanoperationofsuchorganisation. Section61. Acitizen shall have the right toobtain andaccess topublic information in possession of the State, unless the disclosure of suchinformationshallaffectthesecurityofState,publicsafety,interestsofotherpersonswhichshallbeprotected,orpersonal informationofotherpersonsasprovidedbylaw. Section62. A citizen shall have the right to petition and toparticipate in the decision‐making process of State official in the performance ofadministrativefunctionswhichaffectormayaffecthisrightsandlibertiesandshallhavetherighttobeinformedoftheresultthereofwithoutdelay. A citizenshallhave the right toobtain information,explanationandjustificationfromtheStatebeforegrantingofanysortofpermissionorundertakinganyprojectoractivitywhichmayaffectthequalityofenvironment,health,qualityoflifeoranyothersubstantialinterestinconcerningwithhimorhiscommunityandshall have the right to express his opinions on such matters to the concernedagenciesfortheirconsideration. The State shall arrange comprehensive public consultation prior tothe making of national strategy, economic and social development plan and anyother plan, the expropriation of immovable property, the making of town andcountryplanning, thedeterminationof landuse,and theenactmentof rulewhichmayaffectmaterialinterestofthepublic,andtheresultofpublicconsultationshallbe taken intoState’s consideration. In this regards, thehistoricandcultural sitesshallalsobetakenintoconsideration. Section63. A community shall have the right to protect,rehabilitate,conserve,retainanddevelopcommunity,localornationaltraditionandcustom,artandcultureandoldgoodwisdomandshallhavetherighttoparticipateinmanagement, maintenance and exploitation of natural resources, environmentandbiologicaldiversityinabalancedandsustainablemanner. CitizenshallhavetherighttoparticipatewithcommunityorStateinan implementation under paragraph one and in any othermatter whichmay bebeneficialtocommunity. Section64. Rights of citizen to participate with State andcommunityinanexploitationofnaturalresourcesandbiologicaldiversityfairlyandin conservation, promotion andmaintenance of quality of environment for usualand consistent survival in the environmentwhich is not hazardous to his health,welfareorqualityoflifeshallbeprotected.

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Any project or activity which may be seriously detrimental tocommunity in respect of environmental quality, natural resources and biologicaldiversityshallnotbeundertaken,unlessitsimpactsonqualityofenvironmentandhealthofthepeopleincommunityhavebeenstudiedandevaluatedbyanimpartialperson. In the casewhere strategic environment assessment is required, regardsshallalsobehadtothecompatibleoutputthereto. Additionally,consultationwiththe public and interested parties shall be organized prior to the commencementthereof,andopinionsofanindependentorganisation,consistingofrepresentativesfrom private environmental and health organisations and from higher educationinstitutions providing studies in the field of environment, natural resources orhealth,havebeenobtainedpriortotheundertakingofsuchprojectoractivity. TherightofcitizenandacommunitywhichmaybeaffectedfromtheundertakingunderthissectiontotakelegalactionagainstStateorStateagencytoenforcetheperformanceofdutiesunderthissectionshallbeprotected.

Part3

PoliticalParticipation

Section65. A citizen shall have the right to obtain informationrelatedto,andtoexpressopinionon,thedevelopingandthemakingofdecisiononpublic policy whether at national, regional or local level, including in theconsideration of bill or draft rule and any undertaking of the project or activitywhichmayaffecthiswayoflifeornormallivelihood,environmentalquality,naturalresourcesandhealthandothermatterasprovidedbyvirtueoflaw. State agencywhich is accountable for thedeveloping of eachpublicpolicy shall have the duty to enable citizen to enjoy the participation underparagraphone. The citizen participation procedure under this section shall beprovidedbylaw. Section66. Citizenshaving the right to voteof not less than tenthousandinnumbershallhavetherighttosubmitthebillunderBOOKI,Chapter2,Part2RightsandLibertiesofPeopleandBookII,Chapter2DirectivePrinciplesofFundamental State Policies under this Constitution to the National Assembly asprovidedbyvirtueoflaw. Stateorganizationhavingduties inpreparingandexaminingthebillshallhave theduties in supporting citizen inpreparingand submitting thebill asprovidedbyvirtueoflaw.

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In an examination of the bill under paragraph one, the House ofRepresentativesandtheSenateshallinvitetherepresentativesofthecitizenswhosubmitthebilltointroducethebillandatleastone‐thirdsofthetotalnumberofthemembersof theextraordinarycommitteetobeestablished fortheexaminationofsuchbillshallcomposeoftherepresentativesofthecitizenswhosubmitthatbill. Section67. Citizens having the right to vote shall cast votes inreferendumonanamendmentoftheConstitutionoronthematterwhichmayaffectnationalorpublic interestasnotifiedby theRoyalProclamationoron thematterprovidedby law. The referendumshall beheld in accordancewith the rules andprocedureasprovidedbytheOrganicLawonReferendum. Thereferendumunderparagraphonemaybeheldforthepurposeoffinding solutionby themajority votes of eligible voters in the referendumon theissuedposedbyreferendumorforthepurposeofadvisingtheCouncilofMinisters,unlessspecificallyprovidedbylaw. A vote in a referendum shall only be held in the subject matter ofreferendum.Areferendumshallnotbeheldonanissuespecificallyrelatingtoanyindividualorgroupofpersons,exceptasprescribedbythisConstitution. Section68. Acitizenshallhavetherighttopeacefullyresistanactcommittedfortheacquisitionof thepowertorulethecountrybymeanswhich isnotinaccordancewiththemodesprovidedbythisConstitution.

Part4

PublicExamination

Section69. State agency, private agency, non‐governmentalorganizationoranyotherorganizationwhichundertakeitsactivitybyStatefundsshallhavethedutytodiscloseinformationrelatingtosuchactivitytothepublicformonitoring and examination as imposed by law; provided that, such informationconcerningwithsecurityoftheStateorthedisclosurethereofisprohibitedbylaw. Section70. For the benefit of prevention and suppression ofcorruption, citizenshallhave the right to request informationon, and tomonitor,thefollowingsmattersasprovidedbylaw: (1)theundertakingortheperformanceofdutiesofapersonholdingpoliticalposition,StateagencyandStateofficial; (2)thespendingofStatefundsandprocurementofStateagency;

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(3) the acceptance of donation of, and the spending of money of,politicalpartyorpoliticalgroupandacandidateinanelectionatalllevels; (4) the spending ofmoney of any natural person or juristic personhavingtransactionwithStateagencyorStateofficialifthereisareasonablegroundtobelievethatsuchpersoninvolvingincorruptionbyrequestinganyorganizationrelating to examination of State affairs or State agency having duties to control,supervise or filing or registering such juristic person to conduct examination asprovidedbylaw. Thedisclosureofinformationunderparagraphoneisprohibitedifitmaydetrimentaltonationalsecurity,publicsafetyorrecognizedinterestsofothersasprovidedbylaw. Citizen and mass media providing, in good faith, information toorganization relating to examination of State affairs, State agency or the publicconcerningwith the performance of duties of a person holding political position,StateagencyandStateofficialshallbeprotected. Anypersonexercisingtherightunderparagraphonedishonestlyshallbeliabletoanoffenceasprovidedbylaw. Section71. To empower the people in each Changwat1 toparticipate directly in examination of the exercise of State power, there shallestablishthePublicScrutinyCouncilineachChangwatconsistingofnotmorethanfiftymemberswhodomicileinsuchChangwat.Inthisregards,notmorethanone‐fourth of the members shall be representatives of the Citizen Assembly and notmore thanone‐fourthof themembers shallbe representativesof the civil societyandtheremaindershallbeeligiblevoters. The qualifications, prohibitions, acquisition, background, behaviorandethicsexamination,termofofficeandvacationfromofficeofthemembers,ruleandprocedurefortheexerciseofpowersandduties,secretariatunitofthePublicScrutinyCouncilaswellasothernecessarymattersshallbeprovidedbylaw. The Public Scrutiny Council shall, within the precinct of eachChangwat,have thepowersandduties toexamineanyactof thecandidates inanelection, local administrators,membersof local assembly, Stateofficials andStateagenciesparticularlytothefollowingmatters: (1)thetrustworthinessandfairnessofanelectionofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,themembersoftheSenate,localadministratorsandmembersoflocalassembly; (2) legality of an act of local administrators, members of localassembly,StateofficialsandStateagenciesinthatChangwat; (3)corruptioninpublicprocurementandthespendingofStatefundsofStateagencies; (4)violationofrightsorlibertiesofthepeople; (5)conflictofinterestsandethicsviolation. 1ThaiforProvince

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Section72. Citizens having the right to vote of not less thantwentythousandinnumbershallhavetherighttolodgewiththePresidentoftheNationalAssemblyacomplaintinordertorequesttheNationalAssemblytopassaresolution removing a person holding political position or other positions fromoffice or deprive his right to hold any political position or other positions undersection253.Suchcomplaintshallclearlyexpressthecircumstancesinwhichsuchpersonallegedlycommittedthewrongfulact. Therules,procedureandconditionsforthelodgingofthecomplaintunderparagraphoneshallbeprovidedbylaw.

BOOKII

GOODLEADERSHIPSANDDESIRABLEPOLITICALSYSTEM

CHAPTER1

GoodLeadershipandDesirablePoliticalSystem

Section73. A political leader, both national and local levels, whodedicateshimselftoperformpublicdutiesshallbegoodcitizen,sacrificed,honest,accountable to the performance of duties, the Country and the people, being rolemodelofthepeople,adheringtoethicsandgovernance,pledginghisloyaltytothenation, religiousand theKing, and serving thepublic to theutmostdegree. Suchpoliticalleadersare,viz. (1)acandidateinanelectionatalllevels; (2)apersonholdinganypoliticalpositionbothinnationaland locallevels. Otherleadersinpublicsectorarerequiredtobehaveasifthepoliticalleaderunderparagraphoneasimposedbyvirtueoflaw. Section74. TheethicalstandardofpoliticalleaderandeachkindofStateofficialshallbeinaccordancewiththeCodeofEthicspreparedorapprovedbytheNationalMoralAssemblyandthereshallestablishtheefficientmechanismandsystemforenforcementoftheCodeofEthicsaswellasprocedureforpunishmentaccordingtogravityofviolation.

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Any act of a State official in contrary to, or violation of, the ethicalstandard under paragraph one is deemed to be a breach of discipline and hissuperior shall proceed with disciplinary procedure against him. If the personholdingpoliticalpositionviolatesor fails tocomply therewith, theNationalMoralAssembly or the entrusted person shall conduct an investigation on suchmatterwithoutdelayandtheNationalMoralAssemblyshallreporttheresultthereoftotheHouse of Representatives, the Senate, the Council of Ministers or related localassembly aswell as the CitizenAssembly for information. In the casewhere theNationalMoralAssembly isofopinion that thedisclosureof suchreport topublicmaypreventtheemergenceofsimilarviolation,suchreportmaybepublished. After receiving the report of the National Moral Assembly, theorganizationunderparagraphtwoshallproceed furtherwithprocedureunder itspowers and duties without re‐investigation and inform the result thereof to theNationalMoral Assemblywithin the period as determined by the NationalMoralAssembly.Inthiscase,theNationalMoralAssemblyshallmakesuchreportknowntopublic. Theseriousviolationof,orfailuretocomplywith,theethicalstandardofthePrimeMinister,Minister,memberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorsenatorshallbethegroundforremovalsuchpersonfromofficeordeprivationoftherightof such person to hold any political office under section 253. In this case, theNationalMoralAssemblyshallforwardsuchmattertotheElectionCommissionforfurtherproceedingwithoutdelay.Ifthepersonwhoviolatesorfailstocomplywiththeethicalstandardholdsanyotherpoliticalposition,theNationalMoralAssemblyshallforwardsuchmattertotheNationalAssemblyforremovalundersection253.The proceedings under this paragraph shall be in accordance with the law onNationalMoralAssembly. TheElection Commission shall organize the vote for thepurpose ofparagraph four in the next general election of the members of the House ofRepresentatives. In case of the person holding the position of PrimeMinister orMinister,thevoteshallbecastedinallconstituenciesthroughoutthecountry,butincaseofthepersonholdingthepositionofmemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorsenator,thevoteshallbecastedintheregionwheresuchpersonwaselectedorhavingdomicile,asthecasemaybe.Afterthevote: (1)Ifthemajorityofvotescastforremovalofanyperson,suchpersonshallberemovedfromofficeandtherightofsuchpersontoholdpoliticalpositionoranyotherpositionshallbedeprivedforfiveyearsasfromthevotingdate; (2)Inthecasewherethecastingofvoteshasdonewhensuchpersonvacatedoffice, if themajorityofvotescast for removalofanyperson, therightofsuchpersontoholdpoliticalpositionoranyotherpositionshallbedeprivedforfiveyearsasfromthevotingdate. Thecastingofvotesunderthissectionshallbefinal.Therequestforremovalofsuchpersonfromofficeordeprivationoftherightofsuchpersontoholdpoliticalpositionoranyotherpositionuponthesamegroundshallnotbemade,butthis isnotprejudice totheproceedingsof theSupremeCourtof Justice’sCriminalDivisionforPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositions.

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In an application for a candidate in an election and in an election,selectionornominationof, or considerationon,orappointmentof, anyperson toholdanypositionchargedwith thepower toexerciseStatepowersaswellas therotation, promotion, raising of salary or punishment of any person, the ethicalbehaviorofsuchpersonshallseriouslybetakenintodeliberation. The National Moral Assembly shall have the powers and duties inimplantingandenhancingethicsofthepeopleaswellasthepersonholdingpublicpositionandhavinganyotherpowerandduty. Composition, acquisition, powers and duties, inquisitional methodand proceedings of the National Moral Assembly as well as any other necessarymattershallbeinaccordancewiththelawonNationalMoralAssembly. Section75. Thepersonholdingpoliticalpositionandotherleadersinpublicsectorshallatleastbehaveasfollows: (1)leavinghispersonalinterestswhileexercisingpowersanddutiesandadheringtonationalandpublic interestwithoutregardtopersonalbenefitorinterestofhispoliticalpartyorgroup; (2)hearingpublicopinion,supportingpublicparticipationinpolitics,administration of State’s affairs and examination at all levels and taking publicconsultationresultintoconsideration; (3) giving sufficient, correct and undistorted opinion, statement orinformationtopublic; (4)showinguppoliticalaccountability ifheoranypersonunderhisresponsibility commits anywrongful act or causes any damage to the country orpublic; (5) opposing any act done in contrary to the Constitution, laws orCode of Ethics if such act is known to him and informing the ConstitutionalOrganizationswithduties to examine theexercise of Statepower for informationandexecutionundertheirpowersandduties. The person holding political position and other leaders in publicsectorshallnotatleastbehaveasfollows: (1)committingmalfeasance inoffice forpersonal interestor for theinterestofhispoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupordoinganyactofconflictofinterestirrespectiveofwhethersuchactisprohibitedbythisConstitutionoranyotherlaw; (2)violatingtheessentialelementofmoral,religionorcustom; (3)usingimpolitelanguageorcausingnationalorreligioushatred; (4)beingunderillegallydominantorcontrolpowerofanypersonorgroupofpersonsoracting inamanner thatcontrary to thecodeofethics for theperformanceofanydutyoractivity; (5) exercising of powers and duties to establish political popularitywhichmaydetrimentaltonationaleconomicorthepublicinthelongrun; (6)avoidingorguidinganypersontoavoidthecompliancewiththisConstitutionorlawsorexpressingsimilaropiniontopublic.

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Section76. The internalorganization,managementand regulationof a political party shall be consistent with the fundamental principles of thedemocratic regime of government with the King as Head of State and shall notcontrarytothestatusandtheperformanceofdutiesofthememberoftheHouseofRepresentativesasrepresentativeoftheThaipeopleandshallprotectnationalandpublicinterest. Theboardofdirectorsofapoliticalpartyshallcarryoutanybusinessof a political party in accordancewith theConstitution, laws and regulations of apoliticalpartydeliberately, carefullyand faithfully fornationalandpublic interestandshallenhancedemocraticvaluewithinpoliticalparty.Theprovisionsofsection75shallapplytobehaviorofamemberoftheboardofdirectorsofapoliticalpartymutatismutandis. In any nomination of candidate for an election of amember of theHouseofRepresentativesbothon constituency andparty list basis, pollingof thepeople or members of a political party in each constituency or region on thecandidatetobenominatedshallbetakenintoconsideration.Ifthelistofcandidatesofapoliticalpartyconsistingofcandidatesofonegendermorethananothergender,thedifferenceproportionofthegendersshallnotexceedone‐thirds.TherulesandprocedurerelatedtheaforesaidshallbeprescribedbytheOrganicLawonPoliticalParty. Receivingofdonationandspendingofmoneyforpoliticalactivityofapolitical party, a candidate in an election for a member of the House ofRepresentatives and a member of the House of Representatives whom beingmember of a political party shall be supervised and under responsibility of theboardofdirectorsofapoliticalpartyandshallbemadeinaccordancewiththelawsandupontransparencyandaccountabilitybasisasprescribedbytheOrganicLawon Political Party and the Organic Law on Election of Members of the House ofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators. Apolitical partymay request itsmemberswho aremembers of theHouse of Representatives to vote on anymatter in the House of Representativesonly by resolution of its members who are members of the House ofRepresentatives. IfmembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesofanypoliticalpartyinanamountofnot less thanone‐fourth, or anydirector of theboardofdirectorsof apolitical party, or not less than five thousand individuals are of opinion that aninternal organization,management, regulation or resolution of a political party isinconsistentwiththissection,suchpersonsshallhavetherighttorequesttheboardofdirectorsofapoliticalpartytocorrectthatinconsistencyforthecompliancewiththissection. If theboardofdirectorsofapoliticalparty fails tocomplywith thatrequestordoingothers,suchpersonsshallhavetheright tobringthecasetotheConstitutionalCourt.

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Inthecasewhereaninternalorganization,management,regulationorresolution of a political party is decided by the Constitutional Court that it isinconsistentwiththissection,itshallcometoanendandtheboardofdirectorsofapoliticalpartyshallactincompliancewiththedecisionoftheConstitutionalCourtassoonaspossible. The provisions of this section shall apply with a political groupestablishedbyagroupofpersonsassociatedaltogetherwithpoliticalpurposeandregistered with the Election Commission as appropriate. In this regards, theElection Commission shall establish the applicable rule by consulting with thepoliticalgroupsundertheOrganicLawonPoliticalParty. Section77. TheNationalMoralAssemblyshallevaluatebehaviorofpolitical leaderandpublicsector leaderand theNationalAssessmentCommissionshallevaluateanactofpoliticalpartyandpoliticalgroup.Anevaluationreportshallbe made known to such person, political party, political group and public asprescribedbylaw. Composition, acquisition and powers and duties of the NationalAssessmentCommissionshallbeprescribedbylaw.

CHAPTER2

DirectivePrinciplesofFundamentalStatePolicies

Section78. TheprovisionsinthisChapterareintendedtobeusedasdirectiveprinciplesoflegislationanddeterminationofpolicies. Section79. TheStateshallprotectandupholdtheMonarchy,Stateindependence,sovereigntyandintegrityofterritoryandjurisdiction,Statesecurity,democratic regime of government with the King as Head of State and nationalbenefits and shall arrange for themaintenance of necessary and adequate armedforcesandmodernmilitaryordnancesandtechnologyfortheaforesaidpurposeandfornationaldevelopment. Section80. The State shall patronize and protect Buddhism asreligionobservedbymostThais fora longperiodof timeandotherreligionsandshallpromotegoodunderstandingandharmonyamongthefollowersofallreligionsas well as encourage the application of religious principles to promote morality,concentrationandwisdomofthepublic.

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Section81. The State shall provide amicable relationship andcollaboration with other States and international organizations and actincompliancewithalladoptedinternationaltreatiesandobligationsforthebenefitsoftheStateandthepubliconthemattersofhumanrights,politics,nationalsecurity,economics and socials, natural resources, environment, culture and developmentupon thegroundof receptivenessof territorial integrity, equality,mutualbenefitsand international laws, and shall allocate appropriate resources for progressiveimplementationofalladoptedinternationalobligations. Section82. The State shall act in compliance with the directiveprinciples of fundamental State policies and shall organize working system ofofficialtasksandothertasksoftheStateasfollows: (1)toorganizeworkingsystemofofficialtasksandothertasksoftheStateinaccordancewiththeprincipleofgoodgovernance; (2)toprovideanydevelopandoccasiontoeradicateinequitablenessandestablishsustainablefairness; (3)tostrengthendecentralization,tomakeclearofmissions,powersanddutiesandaccountabilitiesamongcentral,provincialandlocaladministrations,andtodevelopanyavailableChangwattobealocalgovernmentorganizationwithdueregardtothecommonwillofthepeopleofthatChangwat; (4) to provide efficientmeasures for prevention and suppression ofcorruptioninbothpublicandprivatesectors; (5)toprovidemeasureforsupervisionandcontroloftheexerciseofStatepowersforthebenefitofthenationandthepublic; (6)toprovidelivesandpropertiessafetyprotectiontothepeopleandtorendercomprehensive,convenientandefficientservicestothepeople; (7)topromoteStateofficialstoperformtheirdutiesinethicalmannerandtoprovideprotectionthereto. Ifanylocalgovernmentorganization,communityorpersoniscapabletoprovideanypublicservicebetterthantheState,theStatemaycommitsuchlocalgovernment organization, community or person to do that mission underappropriatesupervisionoftheState. Section83. The State shall strengthen local community in thefollowingmatters: (1) participation with government agency and local governmentorganizationforthedevelopmentanddeterminationofanypolicy,planandbudgetrelatedtolocaldevelopment; (2)preservation,maintenanceandexploitationofnaturalresourcesinthecommunitysustainably; (3) protection and maintenance of environment and health andpromotionofbetterliving,botheconomicandsocialperspective,andharmonizationofpeopleinthecommunityandbetweencommunities;

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(4) promotion and conservation of traditional convention, arts andcultureandlocalandnationalwisdom; (5) protection of indigenous and ethnic groups to maintain theiridentitieswithdignity. TheState shallpromoteandsupport intensifiedpublicparticipationwiththeState,communityandlocalityfortheexecutionofthissection. Section84. TheStateshallprovide,fosterandsupporteducationatalllevelsandformsasfollows: (1) supporting the provision of learner‐centered education andtraining soas todevelopknowledge,moral,mentality, intellectual and life skill ofperson which is suitable for and compliant with national requirement and thechangingofnationalandglobaleconomicandsocialchanges; (2)preparingcontinualeducationpolicy; (3)providingsufficientbasicbudgetforeducation; (4)improvingeducationcurriculumatbothnationalandlocal levelsforthecompliancewithgeosocialandglobaldevelopment; (5) developing teacher, education personnel and local intellectualsandsystemizingpaymentandbenefitsofteachersandeducationpersonnelofStateandprivatepersonnelwithaviewtoeradicateinequality; (6)promotingand supportingeducation, researchanddevelopmentin science, technology and innovation and disseminating information thereof andprovidingprotectiontointellectualpropertyandanyotherrelatedbenefitincurredtherefrom. Section85. The State shall protect and develop physical, mental,intellectual,andmoralandethicsofchildandyouth,strengthenanddevelopunityof family institution, provide assistance and welfare to indigent, disabled orhandicapped and destitute person, develop income security and other welfaressystem for old aged persons for their better livings upon self‐reliance basis, andpromote and support participation of community, local government organizationandprivatesectorinsodoing. Section86. The State shall provide and promote the public toenjoy quality and standard public health service and fundamental and necessarybenefitscomprehensivelyandequally,promotetheuseoflocalandThaiwisdominthe provision of medical service, develop health and environment systememphasizing on health promotion towards sustainable health conditions of thepublic,andpromotecontributionofthecommunity,localgovernmentorganizationandprivateentityintheprovisionanddevelopmentofpublichealthsystem.

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Section87. The State shall conduct law development to be incompliance with the existing conditions and to eradicate economic and socialinequality and unfairness, to repeal or revise the provisions of the existinglegislationswhichcauseunnecessaryburdenorprocedure,toenableStateorgantoprovidepublicservicecomprehensively,equally,conveniently,efficientlyandfairly,andshallprovideimpactassessmentofallproposedbillsandshallconductpublicconsultationofthepeopleaffectedbytheenactmentoflawsandrules. The State shall supervise the application and enforcement of lawsaccurately,efficientlyandfairlyandshallprotectrightsandlibertiesofpeoplefromviolationbyStateofficialoranyotherperson. The State shall organize a working system for official tasks andjudicialprocess so as toprovide justice to thepublic efficiently, comprehensively,andequallyatlowcost,topreventtheseekingofillegalbenefitsfromthepublic,toenhance the provision of legal knowledge and legal assistance to the people, toprovide suchdispute settlementmechanismas community justice andalternativedispute resolutions, and to promote participation of the people and professionalorganizationsinjudicialprocessandintheprovisionoflegalassistance. Section88. TheStateshallpromoteandsupporttheapplicationofthe philosophy of sufficient economy for the balance, stable and sustainabledevelopmentatalllevels. The State shall encourage fair and free economic system, eradicateeconomicand social inequalityandunfairness, immerse sustainabledevelopment,promote the application of good governance in all business and promote andsupport private organization to participate in both national and local economicdevelopment inorder tostrengthennationaleconomy,andshallprotect,promoteand extend jobs’ opportunities of the people and shall prevent both direct andindirectmonopoly. The State shall refrain from any engagement in an enterprise incompetitionwiththeprivate;providedthat, it isnecessaryforthemaintenanceofStatesecurity,preservationofpublicbenefitorprovisionofpublicutilities. The State shall support the carrying out of small and mediumenterprise,communityenterpriseandsocialenterprise,promoteandsupportgoodsandservicesrelatedtolocalandThaiswisdom,promoteco‐operativessystem,anddevelopqualityandsustainablenationaltourism. Section89. The State shall, in relation to determining of publicmonetaryand fiscalpoliciesandspendingofState’sFund,uphold theprincipleoffiscal disciplinary and sustainability and worthiness spending of State’s Fund,providemonetaryandfiscalsystemforsociety,providefairandefficienttaxsystemfor thegreatestbenefitof thepublic inresponseof thechangingofeconomicandsocialconditions,allocatebudgetwithdueregardtotheequalityofsexandother

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aspects of equality, provide the mechanism to prevent populism in theadministrationofState’saffairwhichmaycausenationaland individualeconomicdamageinthelongrun,andshallprovideefficientmechanismforexaminationanddisclosureofState’sFund. Section90. TheStateshallpromotepeopleatworkingagetoworkand provide aging people to have appropriate work, provide protection to laborwho is a child,woman, thedisabledor thehandicapped, sick laborandanyotherlaborwithsimilarproblem,provide laborrelationandsocial securitysystem,andshall ensure worker to obtain fair wages, benefits and welfares uponindiscriminationbasis. Section91. The State shall ensure the people to have access topublicservicescomprehensivelyandequally. The State shall provide fundamental public utilities which arenecessary for livelihoodof thepeople and shall prevent suchpublicutilities frommonopolizationofprivatesectorwhichmaybeharmful totheStateormaycauseexcessive cost to thepeopleormayobstruct theopportunity of thepeople to getaccesstosuchpublicutilities. Section92. Natural resources are national resources for publicinterest. The State shallmanagenatural resources for the greatest benefit of theState,thepublicandcommunityatbothnationalandlocallevelsandshallconductenvironmental management in accordance with the principle of environmentalgovernance and sustainable development for the balancing of economic, social,environmentalandculturaldevelopment. TheStateshallpromote,maintainandprotectenvironmentalqualityandcontrolandremovalofpollutionthrougheffectivemeasure,andshallprovideequipmentandmechanism inorder to support,promoteandprotect the livingofpeople in soundandsafeenvironmentalconditionsand toprovideenvironmentaljustice. The State shall providemanagement plans forwater, forest,marineandbiologicaldiversity resources aswell asother resources and shall implementthoseplanssystematicallyandsustainablyforpublicbenefitinaccordancewiththeprinciples of fair access to natural resources, economic and social conditions,naturalenvironmentandwayoflifeoflocalcommunity. The State shall provide urban and rural planning and developmentintegrally, thenational landusesystemwithsustainablestandardof landuseandappropriateandfairdistributionoflandholdingsandlanduse. TheStateshallpromoteandsupportparticipationofthepeople,localcommunity and local government organization for an implementation of thissection.

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Section93. The State shall assure energy security, regulate thebusiness related to, and the consumption of, energy and alternative energystandardly,efficiently,fairlyandworthilywithregardtotheeffecttothehealthofthepeople,communityandenvironment,supporttheproductionandconsumptionofrenewableenergyatthegreatestcapacityandpromoteandsupportresearchanddevelopmentrelatedtoallsortsofenergycontinuallyandsystematically,andshallenhancethepeople,community, localgovernmentorganizationandprivatesectorto take part in energy conservation and production for self‐consumption and forsale. Section94. The State shall, with regard to participation of thepublic,communityandlocalgovernmentorganization,promoteartsandculturetobe the fundamental identity of the nation and community, conduct culturemanagement in order todevelop economic value‐added andprovidepublic spaceforartsandcultureactivities.Inthisregards,theStateshallpromoteandsupportpublic,communityandlocaladministrationparticipationinsodoing. Section95. The State shall promote sports’ development todevelophealthandqualityof livesof thepeopleandfortheexcellentatall levels,and shall provide systematic, modern and standard sports managementcomprehensivelyandfairly.

CHAPTER3

NationalAssembly

Part1

GeneralProvisions

Section96. The National Assembly consists of the House ofRepresentativesandtheSenate. Joint or separate sittings of the National Assembly shall be inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConstitution. NocitizenshallbeamemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesortheSenatesimultaneously.

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Section97. The President of the House of Representative isPresidentoftheNationalAssembly.ThePresidentoftheSenateisVice‐PresidentoftheNationalAssembly. IfthereisnoPresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesorheisabsentorunabletoperformhisduties,thePresidentoftheSenateshallactasPresidentoftheNationalAssembly.InthecasewherethereisnobothPresidentoftheHouseofRepresentatives and thePresidentof theSenateorneither of themareabsent orunabletoperformtheirduties,theVice‐PresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesortheVice‐PresidentoftheSenateshallactasPresidentoftheNationalAssemblyrespectively. The President of the National Assembly shall have the powers anddutiesasprescribedby thisConstitutionandshall conduct theproceedingsof theNationalAssemblyatthejointsittingsinaccordancewiththerulesofprocedure. The President of the National Assembly and the person acting asPresidentofthenationalAssemblyshallbeimpartialintheperformanceofduties. The Vice‐President of the National Assembly shall have the powersanddutiesasprescribedbythisConstitutionandasentrustedbythePresidentofthenationalAssembly. Section98. AnOrganicLawbill andabillmaybeenactedas lawonly by andwith the advice and consent of theNational Assembly andwhen theKing’s signature has been given or deemed to be given thereto under thisConstitution; it shall come into force upon its publication in the GovernmentGazette. Section99. Membersof theHouseofRepresentativesorsenatorsofnotlessthanone‐tenthofthetotalnumberoftheexistingnumberofeachHouseshall have the right to lodge with the President of the House of which they aremembersacomplaintassertingthatthemembershipofanymemberofsuchHousehasterminatedundersection116(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10),(11)or(12)orsection128(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8)or(9),asthecasemaybe,andthePresidentoftheHousewithwhomthecomplaintislodgedshallrefertotheConstitutionalCourtfordecisionastowhetherthemembershipofsuchpersonhasterminated. Whenthedecisionismade,theConstitutionalCourtshallnotifythatdecision to the President of theHouse ofwhich the complaintwas lodged underparagraphone. In the case where the Election Commission is of opinion thatmembership of anymember of the House of Representatives or any senator hasterminated under paragraph one, it shall refer thematter to the President of theHouseofwhichsuchpersonisamemberandthePresidentofthatHouseshallthenreferittotheConstitutionalCourtfordecisionunderparagraphoneandparagraphtwo.

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Section100. Membersof theHouseofRepresentativesorsenatorsofnotlessthanone‐fourthofthetotalnumberoftheexistingnumberofeachHouseshall,iftheyareofopinionthatanactorbehaviorofanymemberoftheHousetheyare members is detrimental to the dignity of the membership of the House ofRepresentativesorsenator,havetherighttolodgewiththePresidentoftheHouseofwhichtheyaremembersacomplaintrequestingtheHouseofRepresentativesortheSenatetopassaresolutionremovingsuchmemberfromoffice. The resolutionof theHouseofRepresentatives or the Senateunderparagraphoneshallbemadebythevotesofnotlessthanthree‐fourthsofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersofeachHouse. Section101. IfamemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorsenatorvacates office when his membership has terminated or after the date theConstitutionalCourthasdecidedthathismembershiphasterminated,suchvacationfrom office shall not prejudice to any act done by suchmemberwhile hewas inoffice, including the receiving of salary or other benefits he received prior to thevacationfromofficeorpriorto thedate thePresidentof theHousehe ismemberreceivingthedecisionoftheConstitutionalCourt,asthecasemaybe;providedthat,hevacatesofficeonthegroundthathewaselectionorselectedillegallyundertheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingof Senators. In this case, such person shall redeem all salaries and benefits hereceivedwhilebeinginofficetotheState. Section102. In the case where this Constitution requires anenactmentofanyOrganicLaw,ActorRuleoranimplementationofanyactforthecompliance with this Constitution, but the person having duty to propose orconsider such law or rule or to conduct such act fails to do sowithin the periodimposedby thisConstitutionorwithin a reasonableperiod if thatperiodhasnotbeen imposed by this Constitution and such failure causes the application of thisConstitutionineffectively,itshallbedeemedthattheCouncilofMinisters,theheadoftheresponsiblegovernmentagency,amemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorasenatorhavingdutytoproposeorconsidersuchlaworruleortoconductsuchactomitstheperformanceofhisduty.Ifsuchomissioncausesanydamage,theinjuredpersonshallhavetherighttobringthecaseagainsttheStateforcompensation.

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Part2

HouseofRepresentatives

Section103. TheHouseofRepresentativesconsistsofnotlessthanfour hundred and fifty members but not more than four hundred and seventymembers,comprisingtwohundredandfiftymembersfromelectiononconstituencybasis andnot less than twohundredbutnotmore than twohundredand twentymembersfromelectiononpartylistbasis. AnelectionofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbemade by direct suffrage and secret ballot via electronic or any othermeans, andvotingforthemembersoftheHouseoneachbasisshallbeseparated. TherulesandprocedureforanelectionofthemembersoftheHouseof Representatives in order to acquire the proportionalmixed‐members betweenthememberselectedonconstituencyandpartylistbasisshallbeinaccordancewiththe Organic Law on Election of Members of the House of Representatives andObtainingofSenators. In the case where there is, in a general election, any circumstanceresultingthenumberofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativeselectedinthatelectionbeing less thanfourhundredand fiftybutnot less thanninetypercentofthenumberoffourhundredandfifty,2thenumberofsuchmembersisdeemedtoconstitute the House of Representatives. In this case, the acquisition for theshortfall of the number of the members of the House of Representatives asprescribed by paragraph one shall be completed within one hundred and eightydaysas fromthedatesuchcircumstancehasoccurredand themembersacquiredunder this condition shall hold office for the remaining term of the House ofRepresentatives. In the case where the office of a member of the House ofRepresentatives becomes vacant for any reason resulting the number of themembersoftheHouseofRepresentativeselectedonconstituencybasisbeing lessthanthenumberasprescribedbyparagraphoneandanelectionofamemberoftheHouse of Representatives has not been held to fulfill the vacancy, the House ofRepresentativesshallconsistsoftheexistingnumbersofmembersoftheHouse. IfthenumberofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativeselectedonpartylistbasisislessthantwohundredinnumberduringthetermoftheHouseofRepresentativesbyanyreason,itshallbedeemedthatthemembersoftheHouseelectedonpartylistbasisconsistoftheexistingmembers. 2ornotlessthanfourhundredandfive(405)members–Translators.

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Section104. In an election of the members of the House ofRepresentativesonconstituencybasis,eacheligiblevoterineachconstituencyshallhavetherighttocastvotesforonecandidate. The number of inhabitants to one member of the House shall becalculated by averaging the number of inhabitants throughout the country asevidencedinacensusannouncedintheyearprecedingtheyearofelectionbythenumberoftwohundredandfiftymembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives. In determining the number of the members of the House ofRepresentativesofeachChangwat,theaveragenumbercalculatedunderparagraphtwoshallbebenchmark.AnyChangwatwithlowerinhabitantsthanthebenchmarkunderparagraphtwoshallhaveonememberoftheHouse;anyChangwatwithmoreinhabitantsthanthebenchmarkshallhaveanadditionalmemberoftheHouseforeverysuchnumberof inhabitantsattaining thebenchmarknumberof inhabitantspermember. IfthetotalnumberofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesofeachChangwatcalculatedunderparagraphthreeislessthantwohundredandfifty,a Changwat with the largest fraction remaining from the calculation underparagraphtwoshallhaveadditionalmemberoftheHouse,andtheadditionofthemembers of the House in accordance with such procedure shall apply to otherChangwat in descending order of fractions remaining from the calculation underparagraphthreeuntilthenumberoftwohundredandfiftyisfulfilled. In a Changwat with not more than one member of the House ofRepresentatives, the whole area of such Changwat shall be regarded as aconstituency. In a Changwat with more than one member of the House ofRepresentatives, the whole area of such Changwat shall be divided intoconstituencies and each constituency shall have one member of the House ofRepresentatives. In dividing constituencies in a Changwat with more than oneconstituency,eachconstituencyshallconsistofconnectedareasandthenumberofinhabitantsofeachconstituencyshallbeapproximated. Section105. In an election of the members of the House ofRepresentativesonpartylistbasis,aneligiblevotershallvoteforalistofcandidatesproposed by political parties or political groups and may spell out a candidatenamedinthelistwhomhewantstocasthisvoteforinparticular. If any list of candidates of any political party or political group isvoted over the benchmark for allocation of members of the House ofRepresentatives,suchpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupshallhavethenumberofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesasprescribedbythebenchmark.Inthiscase,thecandidateofeachlistwhomvotedbytheeligiblevotersinordershallbedeemed to be elected and theElection Commission shall publish thenameof theelected,inorder,ofsuchpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroup.

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Section106. For thepurposeof anelectiononparty list basis, thewholeareaofthecountryisdeemedtobesixregionsandeachregionisdeemedtobeaconstituency. EachregioncomposesofagroupofChangwatwithadjacentphysicalboundariesandthenumberofinhabitantsofeachregionasevidencedinacensusannouncedintheyearprecedingtheyearofelectionshallnotbeapproximatewithothers. Thepreparationof party list, thenumberof candidates to be in thelist,thesubmissionofpartylistandotherrelatedmattersshallbeprovidedbytheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators. Section107. ThecalculationforthenumberofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesinwhicheachpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupshallobtaininanelectionshallbeasfollows: (1) the total number of votes which all political parties or politicalgroupsobtainedfromallregionsinanelectiononpartylistbasisshallbecountedaltogetherforthecalculationoftheproportionofthenumberofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesinwhicheachpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupshallhaveatthenationallevel; (2)thenumberofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativeswhicheachpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupobtainedinanelectiononconstituencybasisshall be compared with the number of the total members of the House ofRepresentativesinwhicheachpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupshallhaveunder(1)soas tocalculate thenumberof themembersof theHouseofRepresentativesonpartylistbasisinwhicheachpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupshallhaveunder(3)or(4),asthecasemaybe; (3) if the number of themembers of the House of Representativeswhicheachpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupshallhaveunder(1) ismorethanthetotalnumberof themembersof theHouseofRepresentativeswhichthatpoliticalparty or political group obtained from an election on constituency basis from allconstituencies,thatpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupshallobtainadditionalnumberof the members of the House of Representatives to reach the number of themembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesascalculatedunder(1); (4) if the number of themembers of the House of Representativeswhicheachpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupshallhaveunder(1)isequaltoorlessthanthetotalnumberofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativeswhichthatpolitical party or political group obtained from an election on constituency basisfromallconstituencies,thatpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupshallhavethemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesonlywhomelectedonconstituencybasis;

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(5) if the totalmembers of theHouse of Representatives calculatedunder (3) is more than two hundred and twenty in number, the number of themembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesofeachpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgrouponparty listbasisshallbedeductedproportionally totwohundredandtwenty innumber. The calculation of the number of the members of the House ofRepresentativesunder(3)toapoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupineachregionshallbe made by averaging the proportion of votes in which that political party orpoliticalgroupobtainedinthatregionandthetotalnumberofvotesofthatpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupobtainedthroughoutthecountryunder(1). The rules and procedure for calculation under paragraph one andparagraphtwoandthecalculationbyothermeansinthecaseofre‐electionorothercasesshallbeprovidedbytheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators. Section108. A person having the following qualifications has therighttovoteatanelection: (1) being of Thai nationality; provided that a person acquiringThainationalitybynaturalizationmustholdThainationalityfornotlessthanfiveyears; (2)beingnot lessthaneighteenyearsofageonthe1stof Januaryoftheyearoftheelection;and (3) having his name registered in the house register in theconstituencyfornotlessthanninetydaysuptotheelectionday. Avoterresidingoutsidetheconstituencyinwhichheisregisteredinthehouseregisterorwhosenamehasbeenregisteredinthehouseregisterintheconstituency less than ninety days up to the election day or residing outside theKingdomand enrolling for vote shall have the right to cast vote in an election inaccordancewiththerules,procedureandconditionsprovidedbytheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators. Section109. A person under any of the following prohibitions ontheelectiondayisdisfranchised: (1)beingaBuddhistpriest,novice,monkorclergy; (2)beingundersuspensionoftherighttovotebyjudgment; (3)beingdetainedbyawarrantoftheCourtorbyalawfulorder; (4)beingofunsoundmindormentalinfirmity. Section110. A person having the following qualifications has therighttobeacandidateinanelectionofmembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives:

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(1)beingofThainationalitybybirth; (2)beingnotlessthantwenty‐fiveyearsofageontheelectionday; (3)havinganyofthefollowingqualificationsincaseofacandidateinanelectiononconstituencybasis; (a)havinghisnameregisteredinthehouseregisterinChangwatwhich isa constituency fornot less than five consecutiveyearsup to theelectionday; (b)havingaplaceofbirthinChangwatwhichisaconstituency; (c) having been studied in an education institution located inChangwatwhichisaconstituencyforatleastfourconsecutiveacademicyears; (d) having been served official service in, or having his nameregisteredinthehouseregisterin,Changwatwhichisaconstituencyforatleastfiveconsecutiveyears; (4)havinganyofthequalificationsunder(3)incaseofacandidateinan election on party list. In this case,Changwatmeans anyChangwatwithin thesameregion; (5)presentingcopiesoftaxfilingformsthreeyearsbackwardtotheElectionCommission;providedthatheisapersonwithnoincomeandexemptedtofiletaxundertheprovisionsoflaw; (6)otherqualificationsasprovidedbytheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators. Section111. Apersonunderanyofthefollowingprohibitionsshallhave no right to be a candidate in an election of members of the House ofRepresentatives: (1)beingaddictedtonarcotics: (2)beingbankruptorhavingbeendishonestlybankrupt; (3)beingdisfranchisedundersection109(1),(2)or(4); (4)havingbeensentencedbyajudgmenttoimprisonmentandbeingdetainedbyawarrantoftheCourt: (5)havingbeendischargedforaperiodoflessthanfiveyearsontheelection day after being sentenced by a judgment to imprisonment except for anoffencethroughnegligenceoraprettyoffence; (6) having been expelled, dismissed or removed from the officialservice, a State agency or a State enterprise on the grounds of dishonestperformance of duties or deemed as having committed dishonest acts andmalfeasanceinofficialservice; (7)havingbeenorderedbyajudgmentoranorderoftheCourtthathis assets shall vest in the State on the grounds of unusual wealth or unusualincreaseofassets; (8) having been ordered by a judgment or lawful order that hecommitted dishonest acts and malfeasance in official service or commit any actresultingincorruptibleorunfairelection;

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(9) being a government official holding permanent position orreceivingsalaryorapoliticalofficial; (10)beingamemberofalocalassemblyoralocaladministrator; (11)beingasenatororhavingbeensenatorwhovacatesofficeforaperiodoflessthantwoyears; (12) being an official or employee of a government agency, StateagencyorStateenterpriseoranyotherStateofficial; (13) being a judge, an Election Commissioner, a State AuditCommissioner, a National Counter Corruption Commissioner or a Human RightsOmbudsman; (14) being under the prohibition from holding a political positionundersection254; (15)havingbeenremovedfromofficeorhavingbeendeprivedoftherighttoholdpoliticalpositionoranyotherposition; (16) other prohibitions providedby theOrganic LawonElection ofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators. Section112. AcandidateinanelectionofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbeamemberofpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroup. ApoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupwhichnominatescandidatesinanelectionofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesonpartylistbasis inanyregionshallalsonominatescandidatesinanelectiononconstituencybasisinsuchregion and the number of these candidates shall not less than the number of thenominatedcandidatesinanelectiononpartylistbasis. At theexpirationof thenominationperiod,a candidatehimselforapolitical party or political groupwhich nominates a candidate shall not revoke anominationorchangethenominatedcandidates. Section113. AcandidateinanelectionofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativeson constituencybasis and the candidates list in anelectiononpartylistbasisshallbeelectedcandidateorlistifthenumberofthevotesforsuchcandidateorlistisnotlessthanthenumberoftheabstentionvoteofallcandidatesorlists. Section114. ThetermoftheHouseofRepresentativesisfouryearsasfromtheelectionday. During the term of the House of Representatives, no merger ofpolitical parties or political groups havingmembers asmembers of the House ofRepresentativesshallbemade. Section115. Membership of the House of Representativescommencesontheelectionday.

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Section116. Membership of the House of Representativesterminatesupon: (1)expirationoftermordissolutionoftheHouseofRepresentatives; (2)death; (3)resignation; (4)resolutionoftheHouseofRepresentativesundersection100; (5)beingdisqualifiedundersection110; (6)beingundertheprohibitionsundersection111; (7)actingincontraventionofsection252; (8)resignationfrommembershipofpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupofwhichheisamember; (9)lossofmembershipofpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupinthecasewherethepoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupofwhichheisamemberisdissolvedbyan order of the Constitutional Court and he is unable to become a member ofanotherpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupwithinsixtydaysasfromthedatetheorderoftheConstitutionalCourtisgiven.Inthiscase,hismembershipshallbedeemedtohaveterminatedas fromtheday followingthedateonwhichsuchperiodofsixtydayshaselapsed; (10) being under the judgment of the Constitutional Court undersection99orbeingremovedfromofficeundersection253ortheCourthasanordertore‐electionortodeprivehisvotingright. Inthiscase,hismembershipshallbedeemedtohaveterminatedasfromthedateheremovedorthedatetheCourthassuchjudgmentororder,asthecasemaybe; (11) having been absent from themeetingmore than one‐fourth ofthetotalnumberofdaysineachsessionwithoutpermissionofthePresidentoftheHouse of Representatives or failing to present himself for voting at the meetingmorethanthetimesasprovidedbytheruleofthemeeting; (12) being sentenced by a final judgment to imprisonmentnotwithstanding the suspension of sentence, except for an offence committedthroughnegligence,apettyoffenceoradefamationoffence. Section117. TheKingshall,upontheexpirationof the termof theHouseofRepresentativesortheHouseisdissolved,issueaRoyalDecreecallingforageneralelectionofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives.Inthisregards,theElectionCommissionshallfixtheelectiondaywithinforty‐fivedaysasfromtheexpirationdateofthetermoftheHouseandtheelectiondaymustbethesamedaythroughouttheKingdom. If an election at any polling station is unable to be made on theelectionday under paragraph one bywhatever reasons, the Election Commissionshallfixanewvotingdayforthatpollingstationoractinanymannerwhatsoeverinordertofinishanelectionofthatpollingstation.Inthiscase,theelectionresultofthe constituency where such polling station is located shall be disclosed whenvoting at all polling stations is finished under the Organic Law on Election ofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators.

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Section118. TheKinghastheprerogativetodissolvetheHouseofRepresentativesforanewelectionofmembersoftheHouse. The dissolution of theHouse of Representatives shall bemade by aRoyal Decree. In this regards, the Election Commission shall fix the election dayduring forty‐five to sixty days as from the day the House of Representatives hasbeendissolved.TheelectiondayshallbethesamedaythroughouttheKingdomandtheprovisionsofsection117paragraphtwoshallapplymutatismutandis. The dissolution of the House of Representativesmay bemade onlyonceunderthesamecircumstance. Section119. If amemberof theHouseofRepresentativesvacatesofficebyanyreasonotherthanvacationfromofficeattheexpirationofthetermofofficeortheHouseofRepresentativeisdissolved; (1) incaseofamemberelectedonconstituencybasis,anelectiontofulfil the vacancy shall be held within forty‐five days as from the vacancy date;providedthat,theremainingtermoftheHouseofRepresentativesislessthanonehundredandeightydays.Inthiscasetheprovisionsofsection107shallnotapply; (2)incaseofamemberelectedonpartylistbasis,thePresidentoftheHouse of Representatives shall, by publication in the Government Gazette withinsevendaysasfromthedateofthevacancy,nominatethecandidatewhomvotedbytheeligiblevotersinthenextorderaspublishedbytheElectionCommissionundersection 105 paragraph two to fulfil the vacancy. If no such candidate to benominated,theHouseofRepresentativesshallconsistoftheexistingmembers. MembershipofthememberoftheHouseofRepresentativesunder(1)shallcommenceasfromthedayonwhichtheelectiondayandmembershipofthemember under (2) shall commence as from the day following the date of thepublicationof thenameof thereplacingmember intheGovernmentGazette. Thereplacing member shall remain in office for the remaining term of the House ofRepresentatives. Section120. After the Council of Ministers has assumed theadministration of State affairs, the King may appoint a member of the House ofRepresentativeswhoistheleaderofthepoliticalpartyorpoliticalgrouphavingitsmembers holding no ministerial positions and having the largest number ofmembers among the political parties or political groups having their membersholdingnoministerialpositions,butofnotlessthanone‐fifthofthetotalnumberofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesatthetimeoftheappointment,tobetheLeaderoftheOppositionintheHouseofRepresentatives. If there isnosuchpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupunderparagraphone, the leader of the political party or political group having support from themembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesofthepoliticalpartiesorpoliticalgrouphaving theirmembers holding noministerial positions shall be the Leader of theOppositionintheHouseofRepresentatives. Incaseofanequalityofsupport,Thedecisionshallbemadebydrawinglots.

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ThePresidentof theHouseofRepresentatives shall countersign theRoyal Command appointing the Leader of the Opposition in the House ofRepresentatives. The Leader of the Opposition in theHouse of Representatives shallvacateofficeuponbeingdisqualifiedunderparagraphoneorparagraphtwo,asthecasemaybe,andsection133paragraph fourshall applymutatismutandis. In thiscase, the King may appoint the new Leader of the Opposition in the House ofRepresentativestofulfillthevacancy.

Part3

Senate

Section121. The Senate consists of not more than two hundredmembers in which each Changwat shall have one elected member while theremainingnumberofthemembersshallbeelectedbyrepresentativesandselectedundertheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenatorsasfollows: (1) members who having been civil services holding position ofPermanent Secretary or equivalent which is an administrative position, militaryofficials who having been Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defense,Commander in Chief or Commander of the Armies. Each peer shall elect tenrepresentativesamongthemselvestobemembers; (2)notmore than fifteenmemberswhomtherepresentativesof theprofessional council or organizations or professions established by law electedamongthemselves; (3) notmore than thirtymemberswhom the representatives of theagriculture, labor, academic, community and local organizations elected amongthemselves; (4) fifty‐eightmembers selected fromqualifiedpersonswithmoralsinthefieldsofpolitics,security,administrationofStateAffairs,lawandjustice,localadministration, education, economics, public health, environment, town planning,natural resources, energy, science and technology, social, ethnics, religions, art,culture, consumer protection, child and youths, women, person with disability,personwithdisadvantage,localintellectuals,self‐employedandothersfields; (5) members elected from each Changwat on the basis of oneChangwatperonemember. Inthiscase,eachChangwat shallhavenotmorethanten qualified and moral candidates to be elected. If the number of Changwatincreases,thenumberofthemembersunder(4)shallbedeductedandthatnumbershallbeaddedasthememberunder(5).

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There shall be the Selective Committee under (4) to find out thequalified persons to be nominated as senators in the number as prescribed byparagraph one. The qualified persons under (4) shall have the right to be acandidateinanelectionunder(5). There shall be the Candidates Screening Committee to find out andscreennotmorethantenqualifiedandmoralpersonsineachChangwatsoastobecandidatestobevotedbyeligiblevotersineachChangwatunder(5).Thiselectionshall be made by direct suffrage and secret ballot and the whole area of eachChangwatisdeemedtobeoneconstituency. Subjectedtosection141,ifthenumberofsenatorsislessthaneighty‐five percent of the total number of senators as notified by the notification onobtainingofsenatorsbywhateverreasons,nomeetingofthesenatorsshallbeheld.Inthisregards,theprocedureunderparagraphoneshallcompletesoastofulfilltheshortfall senators within ninety days as from the occurrence day of suchcircumstance. Thenewcomer senator shall be inoffice for the remaining termofofficeofthesenatorhereplaces. The number of the qualified persons and representatives aswell astherules,procedureandconditionsfortheelectionunder(1),(2)and(3)includingthe selection under (4) and the find out and screening and campaigning ofcandidates and the election under (5) shall be provided by the Organic Law onElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators. Section122. Upon the vacancy of a senator by whatever reasonsandtheelectionorselectionforthefulfilmentofthevacancyhasnotyetcompleted,theSenateshallconsistoftheremainingsenators. Section123. Acandidateornomineetobeasenatorshallhavethefollowingqualifications: (1)beingofThainationalitybybirth; (2)beingofnotlessthanfortyyearsofageonthedatethenotificationforobtainingofsenatorsispublished; (3)havingqualificationsundersection121; (4)havinggraduatedwithnot lower thanaBachelor’sdegree or itsequivalentfortheSenatorsundersection121(1),(2),(4)and(5); (5)otherqualificationsasprovidedbytheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators. Section124. Acandidateornomineetobeasenatorshallnothaveanyofthefollowingprohibitions: (1)beinganascendant,aspouseorachildofamemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorapersonholdingpoliticalposition;

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(2)holdingorhavingheldanypositioninapoliticalpartorpoliticalgrouporpositionofmemberoftheHouseofRepresentativeswithintheperiodoffiveyearsbeforetakingoffice; (3)holdingorhavingheldpositioninanyConstitutionalOrganizationhavingdutytoexaminetheexerciseofStatepowerwithintheperiodoftwoyearsbeforetakingoffice; (4) being prohibited to be a candidate in an election under section111(1),(2),(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10),(12),(13),(14),(15)or(16); (5)beingaMinisterorapersonholdinganypoliticalpositionotherthan a member of a local assembly or local administrator or having held thatpositionbutvacatesofficefornotmorethanfiveyears. Section125. A senator shall not be a Minister or holding anypoliticalpositionorholdingpositioninanyConstitutionalOrganizationhavingdutytoexaminetheexerciseofStatepower. A senatorwhom his senatorship terminated for notmore than twoyearsshallnotbeaMinisterorholdinganypoliticalpositionorholdingpositioninanyConstitutionalOrganizationhavingdutytoexaminetheexerciseofStatepower. Section126. Membership of a senator elected from Changwatelectionbasis commences on the election day andmembership of a senator fromelection of representatives and selection basis commences on the day thenotificationonobtainingofsenatorsispublished. Membershipofasenator issixyearsas fromtheelectionyayorthedaythenotificationonobtainingofsenatorsispublishedunderparagraphone,andnooneshallbeasenatorfortwoconsecutiveterms. At the expiration of the term of office, the senators vacating officeshall remain in office to continue their duties until the acquisition of the newsenators. In this case, the President or Vice‐President of the Senatewho vacatesoffice upon the expiration of the term continues to perform the duties as thePresidentorVice‐PresidentoftheSenateuntilthedaythenotificationonobtainingof senators is published by the Election Commission. In this regards, the eldestsenators in order shall be acting President and Vice‐President of the SenaterespectivelyuntilanelectionofthePresidentorVice‐PresidentoftheSenate. Section127. TheKingshall,upontheexpirationofthetermofofficeof thesenatorselected fromChangwat electionbasis, issueaRoyalDecreecallingforageneralelectionofthemembersofthiskindofsenators. Inthisregards,theelectiondayshallbefixedwithinsixtydaysasfromtheexpirationdateofthetermof office of the senators of that kind and the election daymust be the same daythroughouttheKingdom.

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Upontheexpirationofthetermofofficeofthesenatorsfromelectionofrepresentativesandselectionbasis,theacquisitionforthesenatorsofthosekindsshallbefinishedwithinninetydaysasfromtheexpirationdateofthetermofofficeofthesenatorsofthosekinds.Inthisregards,theacquisitionofeachkindofsenatorundersection121shallbeginonthesameday. Section128. Senatorshipterminatesupon: (1)expirationofthetermofoffice; (2)death; (3)resignation; (4)beingdismissedbytheresolutionoftheSenateundersection100; (5)beingdisqualifiedundersection123; (6)beingundertheprohibitionsundersection124; (7)actingincontraventionofsection125orsection252; (8) being removed from office by the decision of the ConstitutionalCourt to terminate his senatorship under section 99, being removed from officeundersection254ortheCourthasanordertoreorganizetheacquisitionprocedurefor obtaining of senators or to revoke the election. In such cases, senatorship isdeemed tobe terminated as from thedate of removalor thedate thedecisionororderoftheCourt,asthecasemaybe,hasbeenmade; (9)havingbeenabsentfromthemeetingmorethanone‐fourthofthetotal number of days in each session without permission of the President of theSenateorfailingtopresenthimselfforvotingatthemeetingmorethanthetimesasprovidedbytheruleofthemeeting; (10) being sentenced by a final judgment to imprisonmentnotwithstanding the suspension of sentence, except for an offence committedthroughnegligence,apettyoffenceoradefamationoffence. Section129. When the office of a senator becomes vacant undersection 128, the acquisition for the new senator to fulfill the vacancy shall finishwithinninetydaysas fromthedaytheofficebecomesvacant. Inthisregards, thenewsenatorshallremaininofficefortheremainingtermofofficeofthesenatorhereplaces.Inthecasewherethetermofofficeofasenatorwhovacatesofficeislessthan one hundred and eighty days, the acquisition for the new senator may beomitted. Section130. In the casewhere theprovisionsof thisConstitutionrequire the Senate to consider any person to hold any position, the Senate shallappoint a committee having the duty to probe background, general behavior andethicalbehaviorofthenomineeandtogathernecessaryfactandevidencessoastoreport to the Senate for further consideration in accordancewith the rules of themeetingoftheSenate.

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InthecasewheretheSenatehastoproviderecommendationontheperson whom nominated by the Prime Minister to constitute the Council ofMinistersortobeaMinister,itshallproceedwiththeprocedureunderparagraphone, but no resolution on approval or disapproval shall be made. TherecommendationshallbeinformedtothePrimeMinisterandshallbepublishedforpublicacknowledgement.ThisprocedureshallfinishwithinfifteendaysasfromthedatetheSenatereceivingthenameofsuchpersonfromthePrimeMinister.

Part4

ProvisionsApplicabletoBothHouses

Section131. Members of the House of Representatives andsenators are representatives of the Thai people and free from any mandate,commitment or control and shall honestly perform their duties for the commoninterestsoftheThaipeoplewithoutconflictofinterest. Section132. Before taking office, a member of the House ofRepresentatives and a senator shallmake a solemn declaration at a sitting of theHouseofwhichheisamemberinthefollowingwords: “I,(nameofthedeclarer),dosolemnlydeclarethatIshallperformmyduties in accordance with the honest dictates of my conscience for the commoninterestsoftheThaipeople.IshallalsoupholdandobservetheConstitutionoftheKingdomofThailandineveryrespect.” Section133. The House of Representatives and the Senate shalleachhaveonePresidentandtwoVice‐PresidentsasappointedbytheKingfromthemembersofsuchHouseinaccordancewithitsresolution. At the first instance, the President of the House of Representativesshallbeelectedtochairthemeeting.ThememberoftheHouseofRepresentativeswhom elected by the majority of votes shall be President of the House ofRepresentatives. After the appointment of the Council of Ministers, two Vice‐PresidentsoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbeelectedwherebythefirstVice‐PresidentshallbethememberofthepoliticalpartyorapoliticalgrouphavingseatintheHouseofRepresentativesundersection120. The President and Vice‐Presidents of the House of RepresentativesholdofficesuntiltheexpirationofthetermorthedissolutionoftheHouse.

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ThePresidentandVice‐PresidentsoftheSenateholdofficesuntilthedaybeforetheelectiondayforthenewPresidentandVice‐PresidentsoftheSenatewhichshallbecarriedouteverythreeyears. The President and Vice‐Presidents of the House of Representativesand the Senate vacate office before the expiration of the term of office underparagraphthreeupon: (1)terminationofmembershipoftheHouseofwhichheisamember; (2)resignation; (3)beingthePrimeMinister,Ministerorholdinganypoliticalofficialposition; (4)beingsentencedbyajudgmenttoimprisonmentnotwithstandingthecaseisnotcometoanendorthesuspensionoftheexecutionofimprisonmenthas been granted, except for an offence committed through negligence, a pettyoffenceoradefamationoffense. While being in the office, the President and Vice‐Presidents of theHouse of Representatives shall not be members of the Executive Committee orholdinganypositioninapoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupsimultaneously,andshallnotattendthemeetingofapoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroup. Section134. ThePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesandthePresidentoftheSenateshallhavethepowersanddutiestocarryoutthebusinessofeach House in accordance with its rules of procedure. The Vice‐presidents shallhavethepowersanddutiesasentrustedbythePresidentandshallactonbehalfofthePresidentwhenthePresidentisabsentorunabletoperformhisduties. The President of theHouse of Representatives, the President of theSenateandthepersonswhoactontheirbehalfshallbeimpartialintheperformanceofduties. In thecasewhere thePresidentandVice‐Presidentsof theHouseofRepresentativesorthePresidentandVice‐PresidentsoftheSenateareabsent,themembers of each House shall elect one among themselves to preside over thatsitting. Section135. At a sitting of the House of Representatives or theSenate, the presence of not less than one‐half of the total number of the existingmembers of each House is required to constitute a quorum; provided that, theconsiderationofinterpellationundersection165,theHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenatemayotherwiseprescribeaquorumintherulesofprocedure. Aresolutiononanyissueshallbemadebyamajorityofvotes,unlessitisotherwiseprovidedinthisConstitution. In casting vote, each member shall have one vote. In case of anequalityofvotes, thepresidingmember shall haveanadditionalvoteasa castingvote.

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ThePresidentoftheNationalAssembly,thePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentatives and the President of the Senate shall cause the voting of eachmember to be recorded and shall disclose such record at the placewhere publicentryforinspectionisallowed,exceptforvotingbysecretballot. Thecastingofvotestoelectorgiveapprovaltoapersonforholdingoffice shall be in camera, unless otherwise provided in this Constitution. Eachmemberisindependentandshallnotbeboundbytheresolutionofpoliticalparties,politicalgroup,personoranyothermandate. Section136. Subject to section 103 paragraph four, the NationalAssemblyshall,withinthirtydaysasfromthedateoftheelectionofthemembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,besummonedforthefirstsitting. Eachyear, thereshallbeageneralordinarysessionanda legislativeordinarysession. Thedayonwhichthefirstsittingunderparagraphoneisheldshallbeconsideredasthefirstdayofthegeneralordinarysession,andthefirstdayofthelegislativeordinarysessionshallbe fixedby theHouseofRepresentatives. In thecasewherethefirstsittingunderinparagraphonehaslessthanonehundredandfiftydaysupto theendofacalendaryear, the legislativeordinarysessionmaybeomittedinthatyear. Subjecttosection181andsection182,duringthelegislativeordinarysession,theNationalAssemblyshallholdasittingonlyinsuchcasesasprescribedinBookIChapter1TheKingorincasesoftheconsiderationofbillsororganiclawbills,theapprovalofanEmergencyDecree,theapprovalofthedeclarationofwar,thehearingandapprovalofatreaty,theelectionorapprovalofapersonforholdingoffice,theremovalofapersonfromoffice,theinterpellationandtheamendmentoftheConstitution, exceptwhere theNationalAssembly has passed a resolution, bythevotesofmorethanone‐halfofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersofbothHouses,toconsiderothermatters. AnordinarysessionoftheNationalAssemblyshall lastonehundredandtwentydaysbuttheKingmayprolongit. AnordinarysessionmaybeproroguedbeforetheendofonehundredandtwentydaysonlywiththeapprovaloftheNationalAssembly. Section137. TheKingconvokestheNationalAssembly,opensandproroguesitssession. TheKingmaybepresenttoperformtheopeningceremonyofthefirstgeneralordinarysessionormaycommandtheHeirtotheThronewhoissuijurisoranypersontoperformtheceremonyasHisRepresentative. WhenitisnecessaryfortheinterestsofState,theKingmayconvokeanextraordinarysessionoftheNationalAssembly. Subject to section 138, the convocation, the prolongation of sessionandtheprorogationoftheNationalAssemblyshallbemadebyaRoyalDecree.

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Section138. MembersofbothHousesormembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives of not less than one‐third of the total number of the existingmembersofbothHouseshavetherighttopresenttheirpetitiontotheKingfortheissuanceoftheRoyalCommandconvokinganextraordinarysessionoftheNationalAssembly. The petition referred to in paragraph one shall be lodged with thePresidentoftheNationalAssembly. ThePresidentof theNationalAssembly shallpresent thepetition totheKingandcountersigntheRoyalCommand. Section139. Subject to section 31 and section 299, wordsexpressed in giving statements of fact or opinions or in casting the vote by anymemberatasittingoftheHouseofRepresentativesortheSenateoratajointsittingof the National Assembly are absolutely privileged. No charge or action in anymannerwhatsoevershallbebroughtagainstsuchmember. Theprivilegeunderparagraphonedoesnotextendtoamemberwhoexpresseswordsatasittingwithoutpermissionofthememberpresidingthesittingorthememberpresidingthesittingorderssuchmembercease thatexpressionorthe words broadcasted through radio, television or any medium if such wordsappear out of the precinct of the National Assembly and the expression of suchwordsconstitutesacriminaloffenceorawrongfulactagainstanyotherpersonwhoisnotaMinisterormemberofthatHouse. Inthecaseofparagraphtwo, if thewordsexpressedbythemembercausedamagetootherpersonwhoisnotaMinisterormemberofthatHouse,thePresident of thatHouse shall cause explanations to be published as requested bythat person in accordance with procedure and within such period of time asprescribedintherulesofprocedureofthatHouse,withoutprejudicetotherightofsuchpersontobringthecasebeforetheCourt. The privilege provided in this section extends to printers andpublishersoftheminutesofsittingsinaccordancewiththerulesofprocedureoftheHouseofRepresentatives,theSenateortheNationalAssembly,asthecasemaybe,and to persons permitted by the presidingmember to give statements of fact oropinions at such sitting aswell as to personswho broadcasts the sitting throughradio,televisionoranymediumwiththepermissionofthePresidentofsuchHousemutatismutandis. Section140. No member of the House of Representatives orSenatorshall,duringasession,bearrested,detainedorsummonedbyawarrantforinquiryasthesuspectinacriminalcaseunlesspermissionoftheHouseofwhichheis amember is obtained or he is arrested in flagrante delicto or in an offence ofmalfeasantinoffice.

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In the case where a member of the House of Representatives or aSenatorhasbeenarrestedinflagrantedelicto, itshallbereportedforthwithtothePresidentoftheHouseofwhichheisamemberandsuchPresidentmayorderthereleaseofthepersonsoarrested. In the casewherea criminal charge isbroughtagainst amemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorasenator,whethertheHouse is insessionornot,theCourtshallnottrythecaseduringasession,unlesspermissionoftheHouseofwhichheisamemberisobtainedoritisacaseofmalfeasantinofficeoritisacaseconcerningtheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators,theOrganicLawonElectionCommissionortheOrganicLawonPoliticalPartyandPoliticalGroup;providedthatthetrialoftheCourtshallnothindersuchmemberfromattendingthesittingoftheHouse. ThetrialandadjudicationoftheCourtconductedbeforeitisinvokedthattheaccusedisamemberofeitherHousearevalid. IfamemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorasenatorisdetainedduring the inquiry or trial before the beginning of a session, when the sessionbegins,theinquiryofficialortheCourt,asthecasemaybe,mustorderhisreleaseassoonasthePresidentoftheHouseofwhichheisamemberhassorequested. Theorderof releaseunderparagraphone shall beeffective as fromthedateofsuchorderuntilthelastdayofthesession. Section141. Duringtheexpirationofthetermorthedissolutionofthe House of Representatives, the Senate shall not hold its sitting except in thefollowingcases: (1)asittingoftheSenateundersection7paragraphtwoorasittingatwhich theSenate shall act as theNationalAssemblyunder section19, section21,section22,section23andsection192; (2)asittingatwhichtheSenateshallconsiderofapersonforholdingofficeundertheprovisionsofthisConstitutionorexpressanopinionundersection130paragraphtwoorparagraphthree; (3)otherutmostnecessaryandimportantcasewhichisunavoidableto get the work of the Senate or legislation work going while the House ofRepresentativeisabsent. ThePresidentoftheSenateshallpresentthepetitiontotheKingfortheissuanceofaRoyalCommandconvokingasittingoftheSenateandcountersigntheRoyalCommand. Inthecaseunder(3),membersofnotlessthanone‐tenthofthetotalnumber of the existing senatorsmay request the Constitutional Court tomake adecisionthereon.

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Section142. A sitting of the House of Representatives and of theSenate and a joint sitting of the National Assembly shall be in public under theconditionsstipulated in therulesofprocedureofeachHouse. Asitting incamerashallbeheldattherequestoftheCouncilofMinistersormembersofnotlessthanone‐fourth of the total number of the existingmembers of eachHouse or of bothHouses,asthecasemaybe. Section143. TheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenatehavethepowertolaydowntherulesofproceduregoverningtheelectionandperformanceofdutiesofthePresident,Vice‐Presidents,mattersoractivitieswhicharewithinthepowers and duties of each standing committee, performance and quorum ofcommittees, sittings, submission and consideration of bills and organic law bills,submissionofmotions,consultation,debate,passingofaresolution,recordinganddisclosureofthepassingofaresolution,interpellation,generaldebate,observationoftherulesandordersandotherrelevantmattersandthepowertomakethecodesofethicsof membersandcommitteemembersandothermattersfortheexecutionunderthisConstitution. The rules of procedure of the House of Representatives underparagraphoneshall,atleast,havetheprovisionsrequiringamemberoftheHouseofRepresentativeswhoisnotamemberofapoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupwhichits member holds the position of Minister to be the chairperson of the standingcommitteehavingthedutyrelatingtoanti‐corruptionorregulatingandmonitoringofStateexpenditure. TherulesofprocedureasapprovedbytheHouseofRepresentativesortheSenateshall,priortoitsapplication,besubmittedtotheConstitutionalCourtforconsiderationofitsconstitutionality.InthiscasetheConstitutionalCourtshallfinishitsconsiderationwithinthirtydaysfromthedateofreceivingofsuchmatter. If theConstitutionalCourtdecides thatanyprovisionof the rulesofprocedure is unconstitutional, such provision shall lapse. In the case whereConstitutionalCourtdecidesthatsuchprovisionisanessentialmatterortherulesof procedure as a whole is made in contravention of the provisions of thisConstitution,suchrulesofprocedureshalllapse. Section144. The House of Representatives, the Senate and theNational Assembly shall have the power to select and appoint its members toconstitute a standing committee and thepower to select and appoint anyperson,whetherhe is amemberof theHouse, to constituteadhoc committee inorder toperformanyact,consideror investigationorstudyanymatterwithinthescopeofpowers and duties of the House and to report the findings to the House. Theresolutionappointingadhoccommitteeshallidentifyscopeofworksclearlyandthescopeofworkofeachadhoccommitteeshallnotberedundant. The privilege provided by section 139 shall extend to the personperformingdutiesunderthissection.

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Themembers of a standing committee shall be in conformwith orapproximatetotheratioofthenumberofmembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesofeachpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgrouphavingseatintheHouseofRepresentatives. While there is no such rules of procedure of the House ofRepresentativesunder section145, thePresidentof theHouseofRepresentativesshalldeterminetheratiounderparagraphthree. Thecommitteeunderparagraphoneshallhavethepowertomakeanorder calling for document from any person or summon any person to givestatementoffactoropiniononthematterunderinvestigationorstudy.Suchordershallbeapplicablelegallyasprovidedbylaw,butitshallnotbeapplicabletoajudgeperforming his powers and duties in trial of the case or to the personnelmanagement of each Court and to members of the Constitutional OrganizationhavingdirectdutytoexaminetheexerciseofStatepowerunderthisConstitutionorlaw. In the casewhere thepersonunderparagraph five is a governmentofficial,official oremployeeofStateagency,theChairpersonofthecommitteeshallinformtheMinister whosupervisesandcontrolstheagencytowhichsuchpersonisattached for informationand toordersuchperson toproceedwith theprovisionsunder paragraph five, but in the case of national security or for the importantbenefit of the State, such person shall have the right to refuse the giving of suchstatementoropinion.

Part5

JointSittings

Section145. TheNationalAssemblyshallholdajointsittinginthefollowingcases: (1)theapprovaloftheappointmentoftheRegentundersection19; (2) the making of a solemn declaration by the Regent before theNationalAssemblyundersection21; (3) the acknowledgment of an amendment of the Palace Law onSuccession,B.E.2467(1924)undersection22; (4)theacknowledgmentorapprovalofthesuccessiontotheThroneundersection23; (5) thepassingof a resolution for the considerationby theNationalAssemblyofothermattersduringa legislativeordinarysessionundersection136paragraphfour; (6)theapprovaloftheprorogationofasessionundersection136; (7)theopeningofthesessionoftheNationalAssemblyundersection137;

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(8)thelayingdownoftherulesofprocedureoftheNationalAssemblyundersection146; (9)theapprovalofthefurtherconsiderationofanorganiclawbillorabillundersection151andsection161paragraphtwo; (10)thereconsiderationofanorganiclawbillorabillundersection157; (11) the give approval to draft ConstitutionAmendment, anorganiclawbillorabillundersection162paragraphtwo; (12)theannouncementofpolicyundersection177paragraphone; (13)theholdingofageneraldebateundersection180; (14)theapprovalofnationalstrategyornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentplanundersection179; (15)theapprovalofthedeclarationofwarundersection192; (16)thehearingandapprovalofatreatyundersection193; (17) the amendment of the Constitution under section 301 andsection302. Section146. AtajointsittingoftheNationalAssembly,therulesofprocedureoftheNationalAssemblyshallapply.WhiletherulesofprocedureoftheNationalAssemblyhavenotyetbeenlaiddown,therulesofprocedureoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallapplymutatismutandis. The provisions of section 143 paragraph three and paragraph fourshall applymutatismutandis to the laying down of the rules of procedure of theNationalAssembly. TheprovisionsapplicabletobothHousesshallapplymutatismutandisto the joint sitting of the National Assembly, except for the appointment of acommittee.ThemembersofastandingcommitteeappointedfromeachHouseshallbeinconformwithorapproximatetotheratioofthenumberofmembersofeachHouse.

Part6

EnactmentofanActandanOrganicAct

Section147. Abillmaybeintroducedonlybythefollowings: (1)theCouncilofMinisters; (2)membersoftheHouseofRepresentativesofnotlessthantwentyinnumber;

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(3)senatorsofnotlessthanfortyinnumber; (4) the Court or the Constitutional Organization having duty toexaminetheexerciseofStatepower,particularlytothebillrelatingtoorganizationadministration and the bill in which the President of such Court or organizationhavingchargeandcontroloftheexecutionofsuchbill;or (5) citizen who are eligible voters of not less than ten thousand innumberwhomjointlyintroduceabillundersection66paragraphone. If the bill under (2), (3), (4), or (5) is a money bill, it shall beintroducedwiththeendorsementofthePrimeMinister. Incaseofthebillintroducedbycitizenunder(5),theHousetowhichsuch bill is introduced shall begin consideration thereonwithin one hundred andeighty days as from the date of receiving of such bill or the date of receiving theendorsementofthePrimeMinister.Inthecasewherethepersonunder(1),(2)or(3)introducesthebillhavingthesameprincipletherewith,theprovisionsofsection66paragraphthreeshallapplytotheconsiderationofsuchbill. For the purpose of the compliance with the provisions of Book IVReformandReconciliation,theNationalReformAssemblyandtheNationalReformStrategy Committee under section 279 shall have the power to introduce a billunder Book IV, but the consideration thereof shall be in accordancewith section280. Section148. A bill shall be submitted either to the House ofRepresentativesortheSenate,asthecasemaybe.Abillundersection147(1),(2),(4) and (5) shall be submitted to the House of Representatives, but a bill undersection147(3)shallbesubmittedtotheSenate. The bill under paragraph one shall be submitted altogetherwith itsexplanatorymemorandum. ThebillsubmittedtotheHouseofRepresentativesortheSenateshallbedisclosedtopublicandpublicaccesstheretoshallbeconvenient. Section149. Amoneybillmeansabillwithprovisionsdealingwithanyofthefollowingmatters: (1) the imposition, repeal, reduction, alteration, modification,remissionorregulationoftaxesorduties; (2)theallocation,receipt,custody,paymentoftheStatefundsorthetransferofexpenditureestimatesoftheState; (3)theraisingof,orguaranteeorredemptionof,loansoranybindingofState’sproperties; (4)currency.

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IncaseofdoubtastowhetherabillisamoneybillwhichrequirestheendorsementofthePrimeMinisterornot,itshallbethepowerofthejointsittingofthePresidentof theHouseofRepresentatives, theVice‐Presidentsof theHouseofRepresentatives and the chairpersons of all standing committees of the House ofRepresentativestomakeadecisionthereon. The President of the House of Representatives shall hold the jointunderparagraphtwowithinfifteendaysasfromthedatesuchcaseoccurs. The resolution of the joint sitting under paragraph two shall bedecidedbyamajorityofvotes. Incaseofanequalityofvotes,thePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallhaveanadditionalvoteasacastingvote. Section150. A bill which, at the first reading for adoption of itsprinciplewasnotamoneybill,hadbeenamendedbytheHouseofRepresentativesortheSenateandthePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativeorthePresidentoftheSenateisofopinionthatsuchamendmentcausingsuchbill tobeamoneybill,the President of theHouse of Representative or the President of the Senate shallsuspendfurtherconsiderationofsuchbillandshall,withinfifteendaysasfromtheday onwhich such case occurs, refer it to the joint sitting of thePresident of theHouseofRepresentatives,theVice‐PresidentsoftheHouseofRepresentativesandthechairpersonsofallstandingcommitteesoftheHouseofRepresentativestomakeadecisionthereon. Ifthejointsittingunderparagraphonedecidesthatsuchamendmentcausingsuchbilltobeamoneybill,thePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativeorthePresidentoftheSenateshallreferittothePrimeMinisterforendorsement. Ifthe endorsement is not given, the House of Representatives or the Senate shallamenditfrombeingamoneybill. Section151. Incaseofabill identifiedby theCouncilofMinistersinitspolicystatementpresentedtotheNationalAssemblyundersection177thatitisnecessaryfortheadministrationofStateaffairs,ifthatbillisnotapprovedbytheHouseofRepresentativesbutthevotesfordisapprovalarelessthanone‐halfofthetotal number of the existingmembers of theHouse, the Council ofMinistersmayrequest the National Assembly to hold a joint sitting for consideration. If theNational Assembly approves that bill, each House shall then jointly appoint thecommittee of the National Assembly consisting of the persons, irrespective ofwhether they are members of the House, nominated by each House in an equalnumberasproposedbytheCouncilofMinisterstoconsidersuchbillandsubmittheconsideredbilltotheNationalAssemblyforconsideration.IftheNationalAssemblyapproves that bill, it shall be proceed with section 156. In the case where theNationalAssemblydisapprovesthatbill,itshalllapse.

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Section152. Subjecttosection202,iftheHouseofRepresentativesor the Senate approves the bill submitted under section 148, that bill shall besubmittedtoanotherHouseforfurtherconsideration.Inthiscase,thelatterHouseshallfinishitsconsiderationonsuchbillwithinsixtydays,orthirtydaysincaseofamoneybill;unlessthatHousehasaresolutiontoextendtheconsiderationperiodofthatbillwhichshallnotexceedingthirtydays.Theperiodforconsiderationinthiscasemeans the period during a session and shall be counted as from the day onwhichthatHousereceivessuchbill. TheperiodunderparagraphoneshallnotincludetheperiodinwhichthebillisundertheconsiderationoftheConstitutionalCourtundersection155. IfthelatterHouseisunabletofinishitsconsiderationofthereceivingbillwithintheperiodunderparagraphone,itshallbedeemedthatthelatterHouseapprovesthatbill. InthecasewheretheHouseofRepresentativessubmitsamoneybillto the Senate, the President of the House of Representatives shall also notify theSenatethatthebillsosubmittedisamoneybill.ThenotificationofthePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesisdeemedfinal. IfthenotificationofthePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesonamoneybillisnotmade,suchbillshallnotbedeemedtobeamoneybill. Section153. Subject to section 202, if the House receiving a billfromanotherHousefinishesitsconsideration: (1) if it totally agrees with sending House, it shall proceed withsection156; (2) if itdisagreeswith thesendingHouse, itshall returnsuchbill tothesendingHouse; (3)ifitmakeamendmenttoabill, itshallreturntheamendedbilltothe sendingHouse. If the sendingHouse totally agreeswith such amendment, itshall proceed with section 156. In other cases, the joint committee of the bothHousesconsistingofthepersons,irrespectiveofwhethertheyaremembersoftheHouses,nominatedbyeachHouseinanequalnumberasproposedbytheHouseofRepresentativestoconsidersuchbillandsubmittheconsideredbilltoeachHouse.IfthebothHousesapprovethatbill,itshallbeproceedwithsection156.InthecasewhereeitherHousedisapprovesthatbill,thatbillshallbesuspended. The joint committee may demand documents from any person orsummonanyperson togive statementsof factoropinion for considerationof thebill and the privileges provided by section 130 shall be extended to the personperforminghisdutiesunderthissection. Atameetingofthe jointcommittee, thepresenceof themembersofthejointcommitteeappointedbybothHousesofnotlessthanone‐halfofthetotalnumber of itsmembers is required to constitute a quorum and the provisions ofsection146shallapplymutatismutandis.

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If theHousereceivingabill fromanotherHousedoesnotreturnthebill to the sendingHousewithin theperiodunder section152, it shall bedeemedthattheHousereceivingabillfromanotherapprovessuchbillanditshallproceedwithsection156. Section154. Incaseofthebillsuspendedundersection153: (1)iftheHouseofRepresentativessuspendsthebillsubmittedbytheSenate under section 153 (2), the Senate may reconsider that bill after theexpirationofonehundredandeightydaysasfromthedatethatbillwassuspendedbytheHouseofRepresentatives.IftheSenatereaffirmstheoriginalbillbythevotesof more than one‐half of its existing members, it shall proceed with section 153paragraphone(3),paragraphtwo,paragraphthreeandparagraphfour.InthecasewhereeitherHousedisagreeswiththebillapprovedbythejointlycommittee,suchbill shall lapse. If theSenate fails toreaffirmtheoriginalbillwithin theaforesaidperiod or reaffirms the original bill with not exceeding one‐half of its existingmembers,thatbillisdeemedtobelapsed; (2) if the Senate suspends the bill submitted by the House ofRepresentatives under section 153 (2), the House of Representatives mayreconsiderthatbillaftertheexpirationofonehundredandeightydaysasfromthedate that bill was suspended by the Senate. If the House of Representativesreaffirmstheoriginalbillbythevotesofmorethanone‐halfofitsexistingmembers,itshallbedeemedthatsuchbillhasbeenapprovedbytheNationalAssemblyanditshall proceed with section 156. If the House of Representatives reaffirms theoriginalbillwithnotexceedingone‐halfofitsexistingmembers,thatbillisdeemedtobelapsed; (3) if the bill is suspended under section 153 (3), the House ofRepresentativesmay reconsider that bill after the expiration of one hundred andeightydaysasfromthedateeitherHousedisagreedtherewith. Inthecasewherethe House of Representatives reaffirms the original bill of the House ofRepresentativesoroftheSenateorthebillagreesuponbythejointcommitteebythevotesofmorethanone‐halfofitsexistingmembers,itshallbedeemedthatsuchbillhasbeenapprovedbytheNationalAssemblyanditshallproceedwithsection156; (4)ifthesuspendedbillisamoneybill,theHouseofRepresentativesmayreconsiderthatbillforthwithirrespectiveofwhethertheSenatereaffirmsthatbillornot.Insuchcase,iftheHouseofRepresentativesreaffirmstheoriginalbillorthebillagreesuponbythejointcommitteebythevotesofmorethanone‐halfofitsexisting members, it shall be deemed that such bill has been approved by theNationalAssemblyanditshallproceedwithsection156; (5)incaseofabillintroducedbythecitizenundersection147(5),ifthatbillislapse,membersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,senatorsormembersofthebothHousesinanamountofnotlessthanone‐tenthoftheexistingnumberofthebothHousesmayrequestforreferendumundertheOrganicLawonReferendumforfindingsolution.

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Section155. During suspensionof anybill under section153, theCouncilofMinisters,membersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,senators,theCourtsorConstitutionalOrganizationhavingdutytoexaminetheexerciseofStatepower,theNationalReformAssemblyandtheNationalReformStrategyCommitteeaswellascitizenwhoareeligiblevotersshallnotintroduceabillwiththesameorsimilarprincipleasthebillsosuspended. In the case where the House of Representatives or the Senate is ofopinion that the bill introduced or submitted thereto having the same or similarprincipleasthesuspendedbill,thePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesorthePresidentoftheSenateshallreferthatbilltotheConstitutionalCourtfordecision.IftheConstitutionalCourtdecidesthatsuchbillhavingthesameorsimilarprincipleasthesuspendedbill,suchbillshalllapse. Section156. ThePrimeMinistershallpresentthebillapprovedbytheNationalAssemblytotheKingforHissignaturewithintwentydaysasfromthedateofreceivingsuchbillfromtheNationalAssembly,andthebillshallcomeintoforceasanActuponitspublicationintheGovernmentGazette. Section157. If the King refuses His assent to a bill and eitherreturns it to the National Assembly or does not return it within ninety days, theNationalAssemblyshall reconsidersuchbill. If theNationalAssemblyresolves toreaffirmthebillwiththevotesofnotlessthantwo‐thirdsofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersofthebothHouses, thePrimeMinistershallpresentsuchbill totheKingforsignatureonceagain.IftheKingdoesnotsignorreturnthebillwithinthirtydays,thePrimeMinistershallcausethebilltobepromulgatedasanActintheGovernmentGazetteasiftheKinghadsignedit. Section158. InconsideringofabilldecidedbythePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesorthePresidentoftheSenatethattheessentialmatterofthatbillrelatingtochildren,youth,women,elderly,disabledorhandicapped,iftheHouse of Representatives or the Senate does not consider it by committee of thewhole, the House of Representatives or the Senate shall appoint an ad hoccommittee which consists of members who are representatives of privateorganizationsworkinginrelationtosuchpersonsinanamountofnotlessthanone‐thirdofthetotalnumberofmembersofthecommitteeandthetotalmembersofthecommitteeshallcomposeofwomenandmeninapproximatenumber. Section159. ThereshallbethefollowingOrganicLaws: (1) Organic Law on Election of Members of the House ofRepresentativesandObtainingofSenators; (2)OrganicLawonCouncilofMinisters

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(3)OrganicLawonElectionCommission; (4)OrganicLawonPoliticalPartyandPoliticalGroup; (5)OrganicLawonReferendum; (6)OrganicLawonConstitutionalCourtandRulesandProcedureoftheConstitutionalCourt; (7) Organic Law on Criminal Proceedings Against Persons HoldingPoliticalPositions; (8)OrganicLawonStateAudit; (9)OrganicLawonCounterCorruption; (10)OrganicLawonHumanRightsOmbudsmen; (11)OrganicLawonPublicFinanceandStateBudgeting; (12)OrganicLawonNationalReform. Section160. An organic law bill may be introduced by thefollowing: (1)theCouncilofMinisters; (2)members of the House of Representatives of not less than one‐tenthofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesormembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandsenatorsofnotlessthanone‐tenthofmembersofthebothHouses; (3)senatorsofnotlessthanone‐fourthoftheexistingmembersoftheSenate;or, (4)theConstitutionalCourt,theSupremeCourtortheConstitutionalOrganization having duty to examine the exercise of State power whereby thePresident of such Court or of such organization having charge and control of theexecutionofsuchbill. Section161. Theconsiderationofanorganic lawbill intheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenateshallbemadeinthreereadingsasfollows: (1)votingforadoptionoftheprincipleofthebill inthefirstreadingandconsideringsectionbysectionofabillinthesecondreading.ThedecisionshallbemadebythemajorityofvotesofeachHouse; (2)votingforapprovalinthethirdreadingshallbemadebythevotesofmorethanone‐halftheexistingmembersineachHouse. The provisions in relation to the enactment of an act shall applymutatismutandistotheenactmentofanorganiclawbill. Section162. IfthetermoftheHouseofRepresentativesexpiresortheHouseofRepresentativesisdissolved,thedraftConstitutionAmendmentortheorganiclawbillandthebilltowhichtheKinghasrefusedHisassentorwhichhavenotbeenreturnedbytheKingwithinninetydaysshalllapse.

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InthecasewherethetermoftheHouseofRepresentativesexpiresorthe House of Representatives is dissolved, the National Assembly, the House ofRepresentativesor theSenate,as thecasemaybe,may,afterageneralelectionofmembers of the House of Representatives, continue consideration of the draftConstitutionAmendmentortheorganiclawbillandthebillwhichhasnotyetbeenapproved by the National Assembly if the Council of Ministers which is newlyappointedafterthegeneralelectionsorequestswithinsixtydaysasfromthefirstsitting day of the National Assembly after the general election and the NationalAssemblyapprovesit. IftheCouncilofMinistersfailstomakethatrequestwithintheaforesaidperiod,suchdraftConstitutionAmendmentortheorganiclawbillandthe bill shall lapse. In case of a bill introduced by citizenwho are eligible votersunder section 147 (5) which the National Assembly has not yet approved, thenewly‐elected National Assembly shall continue the consideration of such billregardlessoftheresolutionunderthissection.

Part7

ConstitutionalityofLaws

Section163. UpontheNationalAssembly’sapprovalofanorganiclaw bill, the organic law bill shall be, before presentation to the King for RoyalSignature, referred to the Constitutional Court for a determination ofconstitutionalitywhich shall be completedwithin thirty days as from the receiptdateofthematter. If theConstitutionalCourt decides that theprovisionsof an organiclawbillarecontrarytoorinconsistentwiththeConstitution,suchprovisionsshalllapseandiftheConstitutionalCourtdecidesthatsuchprovisionsaretheessentialelement thereof or the organic law bill has not been duly enacted under theprovisionsoftheConstitution,suchorganiclawbillshalllapse. InthecasewhereadecisionoftheConstitutionalCourtresultsinthelapse of a provision contrary to or inconsistent with the Constitution underparagraph two, such organic law bill shall be returned to the House ofRepresentativesandtheSenaterespectivelyfortheirreconsideration.Insuchcase,the House of Representatives or the Senate shall amend the organic law bill toremove the inconsistency or contrariness with the Constitution whereby aresolutionontheamendmentshallbeadoptedaccordingtothevotesofmorethanone‐halfofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersofeachHouseandthePrimeMinistershallthenproceedfurtherundersection98andsection156orsection157,asthecasemaybe.

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Section164. After any bill has been approved by the NationalAssemblyundersection156orhasbeenreaffirmedbytheNationalAssemblyundersection157,beforethePrimeMinisterpresentsittotheKingforsignature: (1)ifmembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,senatorsormembersof the bothHouses of not less than one‐tenth of the total number of the existingmembersof thebothHousesareof theopinion thatprovisionsof thesaidbillarecontrarytoorinconsistentwiththisConstitutionorsuchbillisenactedcontrarytotheprovisionsofthisConstitution,theyshallsubmittheiropiniontothePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentatives,thePresidentoftheSenateorthePresidentoftheNational Assembly, as the casemay be, and the President of the House receivingsuchopinionshall thenreferittotheConstitutionalCourtfordecisionandinformthePrimeMinisterwithoutdelay; (2) if thePrimeMinister is of theopinion that theprovisionsof thesaid bill are contrary to or inconsistent with this Constitution or it is enactedcontrary to theprovisionsof thisConstitution, thePrimeMinistershall refersuchopinion to the Constitutional Court for decision and inform the President of theHouseofRepresentativesandthePresidentoftheSenatewithoutdelay. During the consideration of the Constitutional Court, the PrimeMinister shall suspend the proceedings in respect of the promulgation of the billuntiltheConstitutionalCourtgivesadecisionthereon. IftheConstitutionalCourtdecidesthattheprovisionsofsuchbillarecontrarytoorinconsistentwiththisConstitutionoritisenactedincontrarytotheprovisionsofthisConstitutionandthatsuchprovisionsofthebillaretheessentialelementthereof,suchbillshalllapse. IftheConstitutionalCourtdecidesthattheprovisionsofsuchbillarecontrary to or inconsistent with this Constitution on any ground other than theground under paragraph three, such conflicting or inconsistent provisions shalllapse and thePrimeMinister shall proceed further in accordancewith section98andsection156orsection157,asthecasemaybe.

Part8

ControloftheAdministrationofStateAffairs

Section165. Every member of the House of Representatives orsenatorhastherighttointerpellateaMinisteronanymatterwithinthescopeofhisauthority,but thePrimeMinisterorMinisterhas the right to refusea reply if theCouncilofMinistersisoftheopinionthatthemattershouldnotyetbedisclosedonthegroundofsafetyorvitalinterestoftheState.

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AmemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesmayinterpellatethePrimeMinister or a Minister as prescribed in the rules of procedure of the House ofRepresentatives. The Prime Minister and the Minister shall answer suchinterpellation in person except where there is an unavoidably necessarycircumstance. Section166. Membersof theHouseofRepresentativesofnot lessthanone‐fifthof the total numberof the existingmembersof theHousehave therighttosubmitamotionforageneraldebateforthepurposeofpassingavoteofno‐confidenceinthePrimeMinister. Suchmotionshallalsoincludeanameofpersonwho is suitable to be appointed as Prime Minister. When the motion has beensubmitted, thedissolutionof theHouseofRepresentatives shallnotbepermitted,exceptthatthemotioniswithdrawnortheresolutionisnotsupportedbythevotesinaccordancewithparagraphthree. In the submission of a motion for general debate under paragraphone, if it is concernedwith the behaviour of the PrimeMinister that he becomesunusualwealth,exhibitsasignofmalfeasanceinofficeorintentionallyviolatestheprovisionsoftheConstitutionorlaw,itshallnotbesubmittedwithoutalodgingofthepetitionundersection254,orifitisconcernedwiththeAdministrationofStateAffairswhichisforeseeablethatitmaycausedamagetoStatefunds,itshallnotbesubmittedwithout a legal actionunder section244. Upon the lodgingof petitionundersection254orthebringingoflegalactionundersection244,asthecasemaybe,thisproceedingshallbecontinued. If thegeneraldebate isconcludedwitharesolutionnottopassovertheagendaofthegeneraldebate,theHouseofRepresentativesshallcastthevoteofconfidence.Votinginsuchcaseshallnottakeplaceonthedateoftheconclusionofthedebate. Incountingofvotes,onlyvotesofno‐confidentshallbecounted. Thevoteofno‐confidenceshallbemadebymore thanone‐halfof the totalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives;providedthat,theCouncilofMinistersterminatesenmassepriortothecastingofsuchvote. Inthecasewherethevoteofno‐confidenceisnotmorethanone‐halfof the total number of the existingmembers of theHouse ofRepresentatives, themembersof theHouseofRepresentativeswhosubmit themotionfor thatgeneraldebate shall have no right to submit anothermotion for a general debate for thepurposeofpassingavoteofno‐confidenceinthePrimeMinistersthroughoutthatsession. Inthecasewherethevoteofno‐confidenceismorethanone‐halfofthe total number of the existing members of the House of Representatives, thePresident of the House of Representatives shall submit the name of the personnominatedunderparagraphonetotheKingforappointmentandsection172shallnotbeappliedinthiscase.

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Section167. Membersof theHouseofRepresentativesofnot lessthan one‐sixth of the total number of the existing members of the House ofRepresentativesshallhavetherighttosubmitamotionforageneraldebateforthepurpose of passing a vote of no‐confidence in an individual Minister, and theprovisionsofsection166paragraphtwo,paragraphthreeandparagraphfourshallapplymutatismutandis. In the case where a Minister vacates his portfolio but remains asMinisterinanotherportfolioafterthesubmissionofamotionunderparagraphone,suchMinistershallcontinuetobesubjecttothegeneraldebateforthepurposeofpassingavoteofno‐confidenceunderparagraphone. Theprovisionsofparagraphtwoshallapplymutatismutandis to theMinisterwhovacateshisportfolioforaperiodnotexceedingninetydaysbeforethesubmission of a motion under paragraph one but remains a Minister in anotherportfolio. Section168. In the case where the number of members of theHouseofRepresentativeswhoarenotmembersofpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgrouphavingmembersholdingministerialpositionsis lessthanthenumberofmembersoftheHouserequiredforthemakingofsubmissionofamotionforageneraldebateundersection166orsection167,morethanone‐halfoftheexistingnumberofsuchmembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallhavetherighttosubmitamotionfora general debate for the purpose of passing a vote of no‐confidence in the PrimeMinisterorinanindividualMinisterundersection166orsection167iftheCouncilofMinisters has carried out the administration of State affairs formore than twoyears. Section169. Senatorsofnotlessthanone‐thirdofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheSenateshallhavetherighttosubmitamotionforageneraldebateintheSenateforthepurposeofrequestingtheCouncilofMinistersto give statements of fact or explain important problems in connection with theadministrationofStateaffairswithoutpassingaresolution. Amotionforthegeneraldebateunderthissectionmaybesubmittedonlyonceineachsession. Section170. A member of the House of Representatives is notbound by the resolution of his political party or political group in submitting aninterpellation,debatingandcastingofvoteinno‐confidencedebate.

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CHAPTER4

CouncilofMinisters

Section171. The King appoints the PrimeMinister and notmorethan thirty‐five other Ministers to constitute the Council of Ministers having thedutytocarryouttheadministrationofStateaffairswithcollectiveaccountability. ThePresidentof theHouseofRepresentatives shall countersign theRoyalCommandappointingthePrimeMinister. The Prime Minister shall not hold office for more than twoconsecutiveterms. Section172. The House of Representatives shall complete itsconsiderationandapprovalofthepersonsuitabletobeappointedasPrimeMinisterwithin thirtydaysas fromthedaytheNationalAssembly isconvoked forthe firstsittingundersection136. ThenominationofapersonwhoissuitabletobeappointedasPrimeMinister under paragraph one shall be endorsed by members of the House ofRepresentatives of not less than one‐fifth of the total number of the existingmembersoftheHouse. The resolution of the House of Representatives approving theappointmentofapersonasPrimeMinistershallbemadebythevotesofmorethanone‐half of the total number of the existing members of the House ofRepresentatives, but if such person is not a member of the House ofRepresentatives,suchresolutionshallbemadebythevotesofmorethantwo‐thirdsofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives.Votingforthispurposeshallbemadeopenly. Section173. AftertheexpirationofthirtydaysasfromthedatetheNational Assembly is convoked for the first sitting of members of the House ofRepresentatives,ifitappearsthatnoonehasbeenapprovedforappointmentasthePrimeMinister under section 172 paragraph three, the President of theHouse ofRepresentativesshall,withinfifteendaysasfromthelapseofsuchperiod,presentto the King for the issuance of a Royal Command appointing the person whoreceivesthehighestvotesasthePrimeMinister. Section174. ThePrimeMinstershall,beforesubmissionthenamesof thenominees tobeappointedasMinisters to theKing forappointment, submitthe names of the nominees to the President of the Senate. The President of theSenate shall then convoke a meeting of the Senate to proceed with section 130paragraphtwo.

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Section175. A Minister shall possess the qualifications and shallnotbeunderanyoftheprohibitionsasfollows: (1)beingofThainationalitybybirth; (2)beingnotlessthanthirtyfiveyearsofage; (3)havinggraduatedwithnot lower thanaBachelor’sdegree or itsequivalent; (4)notbeingunderanyoftheprohibitionsundersection111(1),(2),(3),(4),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10),(12),(13),(14),(15)or(16); (5)havingbeendischargedforaperiodoflessthanfiveyearsbeforetheappointmentafterbeingsentencedbya judgment to imprisonment,except foranoffencecommittedthroughnegligence,apettyoffenceordefamation; (6)failingtosubmitcopiesoftaxfilingrecordsofthepastthreeyearsto the President of the Senate or concealing such evidence or submitting falseevidence thereof; provided that, he is a person who is exempted from tax filingunderthelaw; (7)notbeingamemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorasenatororhavingbeenasenatorbuthissenatorshipasterminatedfornotmorethantwoyearsuptothedateoftheappointmentasMinister. ThePrimeMinisterandaMinistershallnotbeamemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesorsenatorsimultaneously. A member of the House of Representatives who appointed as thePrimeMinisteroraMinistervacatesofficeonthedatetheRoyalProclamationhasbeenissued. Section176. Before taking office, a Minister shall make a solemndeclarationbeforetheKinginthefollowingwords: “I,(nameofthedeclarer),dosolemnlydeclarethatIshallbeloyaltotheKingandshallfaithfullyandethicallyperformmydutiesintheinterestsofthecountryandof thepeople. IshallalsoupholdandobservetheConstitutionoftheKingdomofThailandineveryrespect.” The Kingmay command theMinisters tomake a declaration underparagraphonebeforetheHeirtotheThroneorHisRepresentative. Section177. The Council of Ministers which will assume theadministrationofStateaffairsshall,withinfifteendaysasfromthedateitassumesthe duties, manifestly state its policies and explanation of the matter to beundertaken and the duration of such undertaking in order to conduct theadministrationofStateaffairsaccordingtothedirectiveprinciplesof fundamentalStatepolicies.Inthiscase,novoteofconfidenceshallbemade. BeforestatingpoliciestotheNationalAssemblyunderparagraphone,ifthereisanimportance,necessaryandurgencycircumstancetodosomethinganddelaying in so doing may affect material benefits of the State, the Council ofMinisterswhichwillassumethedutymaydoingsomethingasnecessary.

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Section178. ThePrimeMinisterandMinisters shallpayattentionto and attending the sitting of the House of Representatives, the Senate and theNationalAssembly,andshallhavetherighttogivetheirstatementoropinionatasittingoftheHouses.Inthisregards,theprivilegesundersection141shallapplytothePrimeMinisterandMinistersmutatismutandis. Section179. AMinistershall,intheadministrationofStateaffairs,comply with the provisions of the Constitution, laws and the policies as stated,including national strategy which covers the national security policy and thenational economic and social development plan as approved by the NationalAssembly.AdditionallyaMinistershallbeaccountableindividuallytotheHouseofRepresentatives for the performance of his duties and shall also be accountablecollectively to the National Assembly for the general policies of the Council ofMinisters. Section180. InthecasewherethereisanimportantproblemintheadministrationofStateaffairsinregardtowhichtheCouncilofMinistersdeemsitadvisable to take opinions from members of the House of Representatives andsenators, the Prime Minister may give a notice to the President of the NationalAssemblyrequestingthatageneraldebatebeheldatajointsittingoftheNationalAssembly. In suchcase,noresolutionshallbemadeby theNationalAssemblyontheissueputinthedebate. Section181. ThePrimeMinistermaypropose to submitavoteofconfidenceforthepurposeoftheadministrationofStateaffairsfromtheHouseofRepresentatives.ThePresidentofHouseofRepresentativesshall,uponreceivingofsuchmatter,convokeameetingfortheHouseofRepresentativesforconsiderationand passing a resolution thereon within seven days as from the date the PrimeMinisterhassubmittedsuchmatter.ThePrimeMinistershallnotproposetosubmita vote of confidence under this section aftermotion for a general debate for thepurposeofpassingavoteofno‐confidenceundersection166issubmitted. If thePrimeMinisterproposes tosubmitavoteofconfidenceunderthissection,membersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallnotsubmitamotionforageneraldebate for thepurposeofpassingavoteofno‐confidenceundersection166inthesametime. In the casewhere thevoteof confidence is less thanone‐halfof theexisting number of the members of the House of Representatives, the PrimeMinister may inform the King and request for dissolution of the House ofRepresentativesundersection118. If the vote of confidence is equal to or more than one‐half of theexistingnumberof themembersof theHouseofRepresentatives,membersof theHouse of Representatives shall not submit a motion for a general debate for thepassingavoteofno‐confidenceundersection166inthatsession.

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Section182. In the case where the Prime Minister states to theHouse of Representatives that the submission of any bill or any part of any billshowingofconfidenceintheadministrationofStateaffairsofthePrimeMinister,ifmembers of the House of Representatives fail to submit a motion for a generaldebate for thepassinga voteofno‐confidenceof thePrimeMinisterwithin forty‐eighthoursasfromthedatethestatementofthePrimeMinisterisgiventosupporttheintroductionofsuchbilltotheHouseofRepresentatives,itshallbedeemedthatsuchbilloranypartofsuchbillhasbeenapprovedbytheHouseofRepresentatives. InthecasewheremembersoftheHouseofRepresentativessubmitamotion for a general debate for the passing a vote of no‐confidence of the PrimeMinister within forty‐eight hours as from the date the statement of the PrimeMinister is given to support the introduction of such bill to the House ofRepresentativesunderparagraphone,suchbillshallbesuspended.Inthisregards,thePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallconvokeameetingforamotionof general debate in order to pass a resolution of no‐confidence of the PrimeMinisterandsection166shallapplymutatismutandis.Ifthevoteofno‐confidenceis not exceeds one‐half of the existing number of members of the House ofRepresentatives, itshallbedeemedthatsuchbilloranypartofsuchbillhasbeenapprovedbytheHouseofRepresentatives. Theexecutionunderthissectionshallbemadeonceinonesession. Section183. TheCouncilofMinistersvacatesofficeenmasseupon: (1) the termination of ministership of the Prime Minister undersection185; (2) the expirationof the termof, or thedissolutionof, theHouseofRepresentatives; (3)theresignationoftheCouncilofMinisters. In thecasewhere theministershipof thePrimeMinister terminatesundersection185(1),(2),(3),(4),(5),(7)or(8),theprovisionsofsection172andsection173shallapplymutatismutandis. Section184. TheCouncilofMinistersvacatingofficesshallremaininofficestocontinuetheirdutiesuntilthenewCouncilofMinistersassumesduties.If the Council of Ministers vacating offices enmasse under section 183 (2), thePermanent Secretary of each Ministry shall be Acting Minister, and all ActingMinistersshall collectivelyperformthedutiesof theCouncilofMinistersuntil thenewCouncil ofMinisters assumeduties; provided that, they are able to carryoutonlynecessarydutiesunderthefollowingconditions: (1) providing cooperation to and complyingwith the request of theElection Commission so as to arrange an election to be in order, honest and justmanner;

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(2) refraining from exercising the power to appoint or transfer anygovernmentofficialholdingpermanentpositionorsalaryorofficialofStateagency,Stateenterpriseoranyenterprise inwhichtheState isamajorshareholder,or todischargesuchpersonfromtheperformanceoftheirdutiesorremovalfromoffice,ortoappointotherstoperformduties in lieuofsuchpersonswithoutapprovaloftheElectionCommission; (3) refraining fromdoinganyact resulting in givingapproval to thespending of budget reserved for emergency or necessity circumstance withoutapprovaloftheElectionCommission; (4) refraining from doing any act resulting in giving approval toactivityorprojectorbindingthenewCouncilofMinisters; (5)refrainingfromusingorallowingtouseresourcesorpersonnelofState which may affect the result of a general election, and refraining from theviolation of any prohibitions under the rules determined by the ElectionCommission. The Permanent Secretaries acting as the Ministers shall elect oneamong themselves to be acting PrimeMinister and two among themselves to beActingDeputiesPrimeMinister. Theperformanceof duties of allActingMinisters under this sectionshallbeexpiredwhentheKingappointsthenewCouncilofMinisters. Section185. TheministershipofanindividualMinisterterminatesupon: (1)death; (2)resignation; (3)beingsentencedbyajudgmenttoimprisonmentnotwithstandingthe suspension of the execution of imprisonment has been granted, except for anoffencecommittedthroughnegligence,apettyoffenceordefamation; (4) the passing of the vote of no‐confidence by the House ofRepresentativesundersection166orsection167; (5) being disqualified or being under any of the prohibitions undersection175; (6) the issuance of the Royal Command removing a Minister fromofficeundersection186; (7) having done an act prohibited by section 249, section 250 orsection251; (8)beingremovedfromofficeundersection253. The provisions of section 99 and section 101 shall apply to theterminationofministershipunder(2),(3),(5)or(7)orparagraphtwoandinsuchcasetheElectionCommissionmayalsoreferthematterthereoftotheConstitutionalCourtfordecision.

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Section186. The King has the prerogative to remove a MinisterfromhisofficeupontheadviceofthePrimeMinister. Section187. For the purpose of maintaining national security,publicsafety,nationaleconomicsecurityoravertingpubliccalamity, theKingmayissueanEmergencyDecreewhichshallhavetheforceasanAct. The issuanceofanEmergencyDecreeunderparagraphone shall bemade only when the Council of Ministers is of the opinion that it is the case ofemergencyandnecessaryurgencywhichisunavoidable. In the subsequent sitting of the National Assembly, the Council ofMinisters shall submit the Emergency Decree to the National Assembly for itsconsiderationwithoutdelay.Ifitisoutofsessionanditwouldbeadelayifwaitingfor the opening of an ordinary session, the Council ofMinistersmust proceed toconvoke an extraordinary session of the National Assembly in order to considerwhether to approve or disapprove the Emergency Decree without delay. If theHouseofRepresentativesdisapprovesit,ortheSenatedisapprovesitbuttheHouseofRepresentativesreaffirmsitsapprovalbythevotesofnotmorethanone‐halfofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheHouse,theEmergencyDecreeshalllapse;providedthat,itshallnotaffectanyactdoneduringtheenforcementofsuchEmergencyDecree. If the Emergency Decree under paragraph one has the effect ofamendingor repealinganyprovisionsof anyActandsuchEmergencyDecreehaslapsedinaccordancewithparagraphthree,theprovisionsoftheActinforcebeforethe amendment or repeal shall continue to be in force as from the day thedisapprovalofsuchEmergencyDecreeiseffective. If the House of Representatives and the Senate approve theEmergencyDecree,oriftheSenatedisapprovesitbuttheHouseofRepresentativesreaffirmsitsapprovalbythevotesofmorethanone‐halfofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheHouse,suchEmergencyDecreeshallcontinuetohavetheforceasanAct. The Prime Minister shall cause the approval or disapproval of theEmergency Decree to be published in the Government Gazette. In case ofdisapproval,itshallbeeffectiveasfromthedayfollowingthedateofthepublicationofdisapprovalintheGovernmentGazette. The consideration of an Emergency Decree by the House ofRepresentatives and the Senate in case of reaffirmation of an Emergency DecreemusttakeplaceatthefirstopportunitywhensuchHousesholdtheirsittings. Section188. Before the House of Representatives or the SenateapprovesanEmergencyDecreeundersection187paragraphthree,membersoftheHouseofRepresentativesorsenatorsofnotlessthanone‐fifthofthetotalnumberof theexistingmembersofeachHousehave the right to submitanopinion to the

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PresidentoftheHouseofwhichtheyaremembersthattheEmergencyDecreeisnotin accordance with section 187 paragraph one, and the President of such Houseshall,within threedaysas fromthedateof receiptof suchopinion, refer it to theConstitutionalCourtfordecision.AftertheConstitutionalCourthasgivenadecisionthereon, it shall notify suchdecision to thePresident of theHouse referring suchopinion. WhenthePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentativesorthePresidentof the Senate has received the opinion from members of the House ofRepresentatives or senators under paragraph one, the consideration of such EmergencyDecree shall be deferreduntil the decisionof theConstitutionalCourtunderparagraphonehasbeennotified. InthecasewheretheConstitutionalCourtdecidesthatanEmergencyDecree is not in accordance with section 187 paragraph one, such EmergencyDecreeshallnothavetheforceoflawabinitio. ThedecisionoftheConstitutionalCourtthatanEmergencyDecreeisnotinaccordancewithsection187paragraphonemustbegivenbythevotesofnotlessthantwo‐thirdsofthetotalnumberofjudgesoftheConstitutionalCourt. Section189. If, during a session, it is necessary to have a law ontaxes, duties or currency,which, in the interests of State, requires an urgent andconfidential consideration, the King may issue an Emergency Decree which shallhavetheforceasanAct. The Emergency Decree issued under paragraph one must besubmitted to the House of Representatives within three days as from the dayfollowingthedateofitspublicationintheGovernmentGazette,andtheprovisionsofsection187shallapplymutatismutandis. Section190. TheKinghas theprerogativeto issueaRoyalDecreewhichisnotcontrarytothelaw. Section191. The King has the prerogative to declare and lift amartiallawinaccordancewiththeconditionsandprocedureundertheMartialLaw. In the casewhere it is necessary to declaremartial law in a certainlocalityasamatterofurgency,themilitaryauthoritymaydosoundertheMartialLaw. Section192. The King has the prerogative to declare war withapprovaloftheNationalAssembly. TheapprovalresolutionoftheNationalAssemblymustbepassedbythevotesofnotlessthantwo‐thirdsofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersofthebothHouses.

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During theexpirationof the termor thedissolutionof theHouseofRepresentatives,theSenateshallperformthefunctionoftheNationalAssemblyingivingtheapprovalunderparagraphone,andtheresolutionshallbepassedbythevotesofnotlessthantwo‐thirdsofthetotalnumberoftheexistingsenators. Section193. The King has the prerogative to conclude a peacetreaty, armistice and other treaties with other countries or internationalorganizations. AtreatywhichprovidesforachangeintheThaiterritoriesortheThaiexternal territories that Thailand has sovereign right or jurisdiction over suchterritoriesunderanytreatyoraninternationallaworrequirestheenactmentofanAct for its implementation or has wide scale effects on the economic or socialsecurityofthecountryorresultsinasignificantobligationontrade,investmentorbudgetofthecountryshallbeapprovedbytheNationalAssembly. Atreatyhavingwidescaleeffectsontheeconomicorsocialsecurityofthecountryorresults inasignificantobligationontrade, investmentorbudgetofthe countryunderparagraph twomeans a treaty relating to free trade area, jointcustomarea,protectionof intellectualpropertyorconcessionofnaturalresourcesorhavingeffectinlosingtherightinnaturalresourceseitherpartlyorwhollyoranyothermattersasprovidedbylaw. Beforetheconclusionofatreatywithothercountriesorinternationalorganizations under paragraph two, the Council of Ministers shall provideinformationthereontothepublic,conductpublicconsultationandclarifythedetailsof such treaty to theNational Assembly. In this regards, the Council ofMinistersshall submit a negotiation framework composing of the subject matters fornegotiationwhichmaybetheconclusionofthattreatytothestandingcommitteeonforeignaffairsoftheNationalAssemblyforapproval.SuchstandingcommitteeshallconsistofqualifiedmemberswhoarenotmembersoftheNationalAssembly,anditshallfinishdeliberationthereonwithinthirtydaysasfromthedateofreceivingofsuchmatter. Upongivingsignaturetothetreatyorpreparingtobeobligedbythetreaty under paragraph two, the Council of Ministers shall, prior to expressingconsent to be bound, grant public access to the details of such treaty and theapprovalof theNationalAssemblyonsuchmattershallbegiven. Inthiscase, theNationalAssemblyshallhaveresolutionthereonwithinsixtydaysasfromthedateof receivingof suchmatter. In the casewhere the implementationof such treatyproduces adverse effect to the public, the Council of Ministers shall make swift,appropriateandfairrevisionsorremediestothepersonaffectedthereby.

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There shall be a law on the making of treaty which providescategories of treaties, negotiation framework and stages and procedure for theconclusionofa treatyunderparagraph two, including therevisionorprovisionofremedy for effects of such treatywith due regard to the fairness as between thebeneficiaries and persons affected by the implementation of such treaty and thegeneralpublic. AmatterarisingfromtheprovisionsofparagraphtwofallswithinthejurisdictionoftheConstitutionalCourtandtheprovisionsofsection164shallapplymutatismutandistothereferringofthemattertotheConstitutionalCourt. Section194. TheKinghastheprerogativetograntapardon. Section195. The King has the prerogative to remove titles andrecalldecorations. Section196. TheKingappointsandremovesofficialinthemilitaryservice and civil servicewho hold the positions of Permanent Secretary of State,Director‐Generalandtheirequivalentsandtransfersfromonepositiontoanother,butifsuchofficialvacatesofficebytheprovisionsoflaworuponhisdeath,theKingshallbereportedforHisacknowledgement. Section197. Emolument and other remunerations of PrivyCouncillors, President and Vice‐Presidents of the House of Representatives,PresidentandVice‐PresidentsoftheSenate,LeaderoftheOppositionintheHouseofRepresentatives,membersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandsenatorsshallbeprescribed by the Royal Decree whereby the provisions thereof shall not allowpaymentpriortothedatesuchpersonstakingoffices. Gratuity, pension or other remunerations of Privy Councillors whovacatetheirofficeshallbeprescribedbytheRoyalDecree. Section198. All laws, Royal Rescripts and Royal Commandsrelating to State affairs must be countersigned by a Minister unless otherwiseprovided in this Constitution. The personwho countersigns the Royal Commandshallbeliable,legallyandpolitically,assuchcountersigner. All lawswhichhavebeen signedordeemed tohavebeen signedbytheKingshallforthwithbepublishedintheGovernmentGazette.

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CHAPTER5

PublicFinanceandBudgeting

Section199. Thedeterminationandapplicationoffiscalpolicyandbudget of State shall be in accordance with the principle of good governance,efficiencyandworthiness,fiscaldisciplineandfairdistribution. Section200. Statefundsinclude: (1)Staterevenue,loan,treasuryreservesandallincomesarisingfrompropertiesandotherbenefitsentitled toorpossessedby thegovernmentorStateorganizationsforthebenefitsoftheadministrationofStateaffairs; (2)all incomesarisingfromtheoperationof,orfrompropertiesandother benefits entitled to, possessed by or spent by, State agencies under theprovisions of law irrespective of whether it is required to be remitted as Staterevenue. The spending State funds under (1) by any means other than theenactmentoftheAnnualAppropriationsActortheSupplementaryAppropriationsActshallnotbemade. The imposition that any revenue shall not be remitted as Staterevenueshallbemadeonlybyvirtueoflaw,andthelawtoimposetheexemptionunder (2) shall clarify the scope and ceiling of such imposition as far as it is notaffectthefiscaldisciplineand,inthiscase,regardsshallbehadtotheefficiencyandworthinessofthespendingofStatefundsaswellasnecessityofStateagency. Section201. The expenditure estimates of State shall bemade intheformofanAct. IftheAnnualAppropriationActforthefollowingfiscalyear isnotenactedintime,thelawonannualappropriationsforthepreceedingfiscalyearshallapplyforthetimebeing. The annual appropriationsbill or the supplementary appropriationsbillshallcomposeofannualestimatedincomesandexpendituresandallocationofbudgetuponfunctionalandareabasisasprovidedbylaw. AllspendingandincurringofdebtsandfiscalburdenswhichobligesStatefundsundersection200(1)shallbemadeonlyiftheyareprescribedbytheAnnualAppropriationsAct,theSupplementaryAppropriationsAct, theTransferofAppropriations Act and the Organic Law on Public Finance and State Budgeting,exceptforthecaseundersection203. AllspendingandincurringofdebtsandfiscalburdenswhichobligesState funds under section 200 (2) are subjected to the principle of worthiness,transparency and fiscal discipline under this Chapter and in accordancewith theOrganicLawonPublicFinanceandStateBudgeting.

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Section202. The House of Representatives shall complete theconsideration of an annual appropriations bill, supplementary appropriations billand transfer of appropriations billwithin one hundred and five days as from thedatethebillreachestheHouseofRepresentatives. If the House of Representatives is unable to complete theconsideration of the billwithin the period referred to in paragraph one, such billshallbedeemedtohavebeenapprovedbytheHouseofRepresentativesandshallbesubmittedtotheSenate. The Senate shall approve or disapprove the bill without anyamendmentwithintwentydaysasfromthedatethebillreachestheSenate.Uponthelapseofsuchperiod,suchbillshallbedeemedtohavebeenapproved;insuchcase and in the case where the Senate approves it, further proceedings undersection 156 shall be taken. If the Senate disapproves the bill, the provisions ofsection154paragraphtwoshallapplymutatismutandis. In theconsiderationofanannualappropriationsbill, supplementaryappropriations bill and transfer of appropriations bill, amember of the House ofRepresentativesshallnotsubmitamotiontoaddanyitemoramounttothebill,butmay submit a motion to reduce or abridge the expenditures which are notexpendituresunderanyoneofthefollowingobligations: (1)moneyforpaymentoftheprincipalofaloan; (2)interestonaloan; (3)moneypayableinaccordancewiththelaw. If any itemor amount of the bill has been reducedor abridged, thereduced or abridged amount shall not be allocated to any existing or new item,activity,workplanorproject. The State shall allocate adequate budgets for the autonomousadministrationoftheNationalAssembly,theCourtsandConstitutionalOrganizationhavingdutytoexaminetheexerciseofStatepower. If the National Assembly, the Courts or Constitutional OrganizationhavingdutytoexaminetheexerciseofStatepowerisofopinionthattheallocatedbudgetmaybeinadequate,itshallsubmitamotiontothefiscalcommitteedirectlytogether with the status of the off‐budget and all other money thereof. Thecommitteeshallallowtheorganizationwhichsubmitsthemotiontogivestatementfor its consideration, and shall extend the amount of budget thereto as necessaryandappropriate. Section203. ThepaymentofStatefundsshallbemadeonlywhenithasbeenauthorisedbythelawonappropriations,thelawonbudgetaryprocedure,thelawontransferofappropriationsorthelawontreasurybalance,exceptthatitmay be prepaid in the case of urgent necessity under the rules and procedureprescribedintheOrganicLawonPublicFinanceandStateBudgeting.

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IncaseofpaymentofStatefundsinadvanceunderparagraphone,theexpenditure estimates for reimbursement shall be set aside in the Transfer ofAppropriation Act, the Supplementary Appropriations Act or the AnnualAppropriations Act for the following fiscal year, and the sources of incomes forreimbursementofexpenditurespaid‐upfromthetreasurybalanceshallbestated. During the time when the country is in a state of war or armedconflict, the Council of Ministers shall have the power to make an immediatetransferorshiftabudgetallocatedforanygovernmentagencyorStateenterprisetobeused forother itemsdifferent fromtheprovisionsof theAnnualAppropriationActandareportshallbemadetotheNationalAssemblywithoutdelay. Inthecaseofatransferorshiftofbudgetallocatedforanyitemtobeused forother itemsofanygovernmentagencyorStateenterprise, theCouncilofMinisters shall report the National Assembly for acknowledgement every sixmonths. Section204. AStateagencyhavingincomeswhicharenotrequiredto be remitted as State revenue, off‐budget and all other money shall report thereceipt and expenditure of suchmoney to the Council of Ministers at the end ofevery fiscal year and theCouncil ofMinisters shall report further to theHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate. Section205. In the case where there is a reasonable evidence tobeliefthatanypersonholdingpoliticalpositionorStateofficialcausesspendingofState funds in amanner thatbedetrimental to theState anda reasonablepersonshouldbelieveso,theAuditorGeneralwithapprovaloftheStateAuditCommissionor the Counter Corruption Commission may conduct investigation and bring thecase against such person to the Public Finance and Budgeting Division of theAdministrativeCourtwithoutdelayinaccordancewiththeOrganicLawthereon.

CHAPTER6

RelationshipamongGovernmentOfficial,PoliticiansandthePeople

Section206. A government official and official of a State agencyholdingapermanentpositionorreceivingsalaryandwhoisnotapoliticalofficialshallnotbeapoliticalofficialorapersonholdingapoliticalposition. Section207. An appointment of a government official shall be inaccordancewithmeritsystem.

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There shall be a Government Official Appointment CommitteeconsistingofsevenmemberswhomtheKing,withadviceoftheSenate,appointsbyselectingfrompersonshavingintegrityandpoliticalimpartiality,asfollows: (1) two qualified members of the Civil Service Commission whomelectedbytheCivilServiceCommission; (2) three members who are persons having held position ofPermanent Secretary of a Minister or head of a State agency equivalent toPermanentSecretaryofaMinister,andoutofofficialservicewhomelectedbythepersons holding position of Permanent Secretary or head of a State Agencyequivalent toPermanentSecretaryof aMinister inaccordancewith the rules andprocedureasprovidedbylaw; (3)twomemberswhomthechairpersonsofethicalcommitteeofallMinistrieselectedamongthemselvesinaccordancewiththerulesandprocedureasprovidedbylaw. TheSenateshallconsiderbackground,behaviorandethicalbehaviorofthepersonsunderparagraphtwo.InthecasewheretheSenateisofanopinionthatanypersonisnotdeserveforthepositionunderparagraphtwo,thePresidentoftheSenateshallreturnsuchnamelisttobere‐elected. The members under paragraph three shall elect one amongthemselvesastheChairperson,andshallthennotifythePresidentoftheSenate. The President of the Senate shall countersign the Royal Commandappointing the Chairperson and members under paragraph two and paragraphthree. TheChairpersonandmembersunderthissectionshallholdofficeforatermoftwoyearsasfromthedateoftheappointmentbytheKing,andshallholdofficeforonlyoneterm. The Committee under paragraph two shall have the powers andduties to consider the rotation, transferal or promotion of government official bynominatinganappropriatepersontothePrimeMinistertopresenttotheKingforappointment as Permanent Secretary of Ministry and head of State agencyequivalent to Permanent Secretary of Ministry, and shall have other powers anddutiesasprescribedbylaw. Section208. AgovernmentofficialandStateofficialshallhavethedutytoactinaccordancewiththeConstitution,lawandthepoliciestheCouncilofMinisterstatestotheNationalAssemblysoastoprotectpublicinterest,toperformthe duties in accordance with good public governance principle, to facilitate andprovideservicetopublicswiftlyandefficiently,aswellastobepoliticallyimpartialintheperformanceofdutiesandinanyotherrelevantmatter. Thereshallbeanassessmentofsatisfactionofpeopletotheprovisionof public service of State agencies, government officials and State officials asprovidedbylaw.

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Section209. Anyorder in the administrationof State affairs shallbemadeinwriting.Inthecaseofemergencyornecessaryurgency,suchordermaybemade inverbal,but thepersonundersuchordershallmake it inwritten formand submit then it to his superintendent for signature thereafter. A governmentofficial or State officialwho actswithout evidence of the aforesaid order shall beliablepersonallyasprovidedbylaw. AgovernmentofficialandStateofficialwhorefusetocomplywithanyunconstitutionalorunlawfulordershallbeprotectedasprovidedbylaw. Section210. A citizen shall participate in the administration ofStateaffairsasfollows: (1) providing information andopinion regarding the administrationofStateaffairstoapersonholdingpoliticalposition,governmentofficialandStateofficial; (2)participating in theadministrationof Stateaffair asprovidedbylaw; (3) monitoring and examining the performance of duties ofgovernmentofficialandStateofficialundersection208.Ifitappearsthatthereisanegligence or failure to complywith section 208, a citizen shall have the right torequestsuchgovernmentofficial,Stateofficialorhissuperintendenttoclarifyandexplain reason thereof and to request for the act to be carried out in accordancewith the Constitution and law, lodging a complaint or take a legal action, asprescribedbytheConstitutionandlaw.

CHAPTER7

DecentralizationandLocalAdministration

Section211. Subject to section 1, the State shall, under the localautonomy principle and the needs of local people, provide autonomy to localadministrativeorganizationandtheformoflocaladministrativeorganizationshallbevariesdependingon socio‐geographyof each locality. Thepowers, duties andaccountabilitiesshallbedecentralizedtolocaladministrativeorganization,andthelocal administrative organization shall be principal provider of public serviceswithin its area, andpublicparticipation shallbepromoted indecisionmaking forsolutionofproblemsthoroughlyandeffectivelyasprovidedbylaw.

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Ifanycommunityorperson iscapabletoprovideanypublicservicewith better standard, quality and efficiency than that provided by localadministrative organization, State or local administrative organization shall allowsuch community or person to provide that public service under appropriateregulationasprovidedbylaw. Section212. A local administrative organization composes of alocal administrative committee, local administrator or local assembly, and themembers thereof shall be elected; provided that, the member of special localadministrative organization shall be approved by the people by other means. Amember of local administrative committee, local administrator or local assemblyshalldoanyactwithoutconflictofinterestasprovidedbylaw. A local administrative organization which is principal provider ofpublic services and in strengthening of security, economic and social of the localpeopleshallhavesuchspecificpowersanddutiesas,atleast,thepowersanddutiesinrelationtothedevelopmentofqualityof lifeof localpeople,provisionofpublicutilities and public assistance, natural resources management, promotion andpreservation of environmental quality, development of fundamental economy,educationandtrainingandpromotionoflocalartandculture. The management of a local administrative organization shall be inaccordancewiththeprinciplesofgoodgovernance,andshallbeautonomousinthemaking of its policy, management, provision of public services, human resourcemanagementandfinance.Insodoing,regardsshallbehadtobalanceofautonomyand standard as well as the development of Changwat, region and country as awhole. Thesizeandcapacityof each localadministrativeorganizationshallbeappropriateinordertoprovideserviceswhicharerequiredbythelocalpeopleeffectivelyandtothegreatestextent,andshallprovidevarietiesofpublicservicesand shall, for the worthiness, benefit and thoroughness of services, work incollaborationwithpublicsector,privatesectorandprivateorganizationasprovidedbylaw. The State, regional administration and local administrativeorganizationshalldoworkinconcertmannerfortheefficientspendingofbudgetaseach has been allocated for the development of the same area and for theaccomplishment of any other entrusted mission for the greatest benefit of thepeopleasprovidedbylaw. Section213. ForthepurposeofthisChapter,thereshallbealocaladministrationlawandthatlawshallincreasedecentralizationofpowers,establishorganizationresponsibleparticularlytodecentralizationfortheaccomplishmentofdecentralization, allocate tax and revenue between State and local administrativeorganization depending on the powers and duties of each type of localadministrative organization and shall have the provisions related to audit andassessmentofdecentralization.

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Section214. The supervision of local administrative organizationshallbeconductedlegallyandnecessarily fortheprotectionofbenefitof the localpeople or the country as awhole, and it shall be security of the people from themisuseofpowersoflocaladministrativeorganization,suitableforeachformoflocaladministrative organization and inviolable of the local autonomy principle asprovidedbylaw. Toconductsupervisionunderparagraphone,theStatemay: (1) prescribe a common standard to be complied with by localadministrativeorganizationandmonitorthecompliancetherewith; (2) conclude contractual plan among the State, regionaladministration,andlocaladministrativeorganization; (3)referamattertotheAdministrativeCourttodecidewhetheranyrule, order, resolution or any other act of local administrator, local assembly ormemberoflocalassemblyisinconsistentwiththeConstitutionorlaw; (4)performanyotheractasprovidedbylaw. Section215. The people and community shall have the right toparticipatewith local administrative organization in determining the appropriateform of local administrative organization, changing area of local administration,administrating of locality, conducting referendum at local level, examining theadministration,removingoflocaladministrativecommittee,localadministratororamemberoflocalassembly,orintroducinglocalordinancesasprovidedbylaw. Local administrative organization shall have the duty to enhancepublic participation by, at least, disclosing information, operation and financialbudgetreportandlocalfiscalconditiontopublic;promotingtheCitizenAssembly,organizingpublicparticipationindecisionmakingonanyundertakingwhichaffectsthepeopleasprovidedbylaw. Forthebenefitofpublicparticipationunderthissection,citizenmayestablish a Citizen Assembly consisting of members with various backgroundswhichappropriatetothesocio‐geographyofeachareaandresidinginthatlocality,andtheCitizenAssemblyshallparticipatewithlocaladministrativeorganizationintheexecutionunderthissection. Composition,qualifications andprohibitions, sources, termof office,missionofCitizenAssemblyandothernecessarymattersshallbeprovidedbylaw. Section216. Personnel resources management of localadministrative organization shall be suitable and necessary for each type of localadministrativeorganization.Inthisregards,thefollowingshallbeproceeded: (1) the officer of local administrative organization shall be localgovernment official or local employee and shall be able to transfer or exchangebetweenvarioustypesoflocaladministrativeorganization;

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(2) thecentralorganization forpersonnel resourcesmanagementofvarious types of local administration organization shall be established at bothnationalandChangwatlevel,anditshallconsistoffourpartieswithequalnumber,viz. representatives of relevant agencies, representatives of local administrativeorganization,representativesof localgovernmentofficialandqualifiedpersonsasprovidedby law; provided that, the special local administrative organizationmayhaveitsowncentralpersonneladministrativeorganizationasprovidedbylaw; (3) there shallbea committee forappointmentof local governmentofficialsinaccordancewithmeritsystemineachChangwatasprovidedbylaw.

BOOKIII

RULEOFLAW,COURTSANDEXAMINATIONORGANIZATIONS

CHAPTER1

CourtsandJudicialProcess

Part1

GeneralProvisions

Section217. The rule of law which is the fundamental basis ofdemocraticConstitutionshallconsist,atleast,ofthefollowingsprinciples: (1) supremacy of Constitution and law over individualwill and theConstitutionandlawarereveredbytheStateandthepeople; (2)protectionofhumandignity,rights,libertiesandequality; (3)separationofpowers,examinationoftheexerciseofStatepowerandprotectionofconflictbetweenindividualinterestandpublicinterest;

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(4) judicialprocesswhichat leastrequiresthattheConstitutionandlawshallnotbeappliedtoconstitutecriminalpenaltiesonapersonretrospectively,a person shall have the right to protect himselfwhen his rights or liberties havebeenaffected,nopersonshallbeforcedtorenderstatementthatmayresultinhimbeingcriminallyprosecuted,nopersonshallbecriminallyprosecutedforthesameoffence more than one time, and a person is presumed innocent until receivingjudgmentofconviction; (5) independent of Courts and honesty and impartiality of judicialprocess. Section218. The judicial process shall be constitutionality andlegally, fair, standard, transparent and accountable, and the procedure shall beappropriatewitheach typeofcases,efficient,withoutdelayexcept forreasonablegroundandatminimalexpenses. ThetrialproceedingoftheCourtsshallbeatfixedperiodasasecurityoftrialandadjudicationofthecaseanditshallbedisclosedtopublic. Partiestocases,interestedpartiesandattorneysshallhavethedutytogettogetherwiththeCourtsoastopreventthetrialfromdelaywithoutreasonableground.Whoeverexerciseshisrightinbadfaithshallbepunishedasprovidedbylaw. Judgment,decisionandordershallcontaintherationalethereof,shallbereadinpublicandshallbeaccessedeasilybytheinterestedperson.Ifitrelatestopublicinterests,thegeneralpublicshallalsobeabletoaccesseasily. Section219. TheCourtsshallhavethepowertotrialacaseanditshall conduct the trial with due regard to justice under the rule of law, theConstitutionandlawandinthenameoftheKing. Judgeisindependentinatrialandheshalltrialwithoutbiasandshallhaveknowledge,expertiseandexperience thataresuitable for thecaseunderhistrial. Judgeshallnotbepoliticalofficialorholdpoliticalposition. Salary, emolument and other remunerations of judge shall beprovided by law, and the payroll system of civil service shall not be applied.Wheneversalaryoremolumentofcivilserviceincreases,salaryandemolumentofjudgeshallalsobeincreasedinproportion. Theappointment,transfer, increaseofsalaryandpromotionof judgeshallguaranteeanindependenceofjudgeasprovidedbylaw. Disciplinary and disciplinary punishment of judge by personneladministration organization of the Courts shall guarantee for direct appeal to thehighestCourtofwhichthejudgebelongstoasprovidedbylaw.

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Section220. The performance of duties of the State official injudicialprocessshallbeimpartialitywithoutbiasinaccordancewiththeruleoflaw,theConstitutionandlaw. If itappearstotheCourtsorStateagencyhavingdutytoenforcethelawthatanylaworruleproduceinjusticeeffecttothepublicorinconsistentwithsection87,suchCourtsorStateagencyshallreferrecommendationtotheCouncilofMinistersandthenationalAssemblyforamendment. Section221. All Courts may be established only by Acts. TheCourtsshallbeadequatelyestablishedso that thepublicshall easily, convenientlyandswiftlyaccesswithminimalincurringexpenses. The establishment of a new Court to trial and adjudication anyparticularcaseoracaseofanyparticularchargeinplaceoftheCourtexistingunderthelawandhavingjurisdictionoversuchcaseisprohibited. Alawhavinganeffectofamendingorrevisingthelawonorganizationof the Courts or on judicial procedure for the purpose of its application to aparticularcaseisprohibited. Section222. Inthecaseofadisputeonthecompetentjurisdictionsof the Court of Justice, the Administrative Court, the Military Court or any otherCourts,arulingshallbemadebythecommitteeconsistingofthePresidentsoftheCourts relating to the dispute and at least three but not exceeding five qualifiedpersons in the legal field as members and the administrative function of thecommitteeshallbeservedbytheadministrativeorganizationoftheCourtofJusticeandtheAdministrativeCourtforoneyeareachasprovidedbylaw. Thecommitteeunderparagraphoneshallselectthequalifiedpersonsunderparagraphonetoactaschairpersonineachdisputedcase. Therulesforthesubmissionofadisputeunderparagraphoneshallbeprovidedbylaw. Section223. The King appoints and removes judge and transfersfromonepositiontoanother,butifthejudgevacatesofficebytheprovisionsoflaworuponhisdeath,theKingshallbereportedforHisacknowledgement. Section224. Before taking office, a judge shall make a solemndeclarationbeforetheKinginthefollowingwords: “I, (nameof thedeclarer)dosolemnlydeclare that Ishallbe loyal toHisMajestytheKingandwill faithfullyperformmydutiesinthenameoftheKingwithoutanypartialityintheinterestofjustice,ofthepeopleandofthepublicorderof the Kingdom. I shall also uphold and observe the democratic regime ofgovernment with the King as Head of State, the Constitution of the Kingdom ofThailandandthelawineveryrespect.” The King may command the judge to make a declaration underparagraphonebeforetheHeirtotheThroneorHisRepresentative.

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Section225. The Committeewhich is the personal administrativebody of judge of any Court shall consist of the President of such Court as thechairperson, appropriate proportion of representativeswhohavebeen electedbyjudgesinsuchCourtandqualifiedpersonswhoarenotorhaveneverbeenajudgeorareholdingapoliticalpositioninthenumberthatisnotlessthanonethirdofthecommitteememberswhoarejudgesasprovidedbylaw. Memberswho are the elected representatives under paragraph oneandqualifiedpersonsmayholdthepositionforonlyoneterm,exceptinthecaseofthejudgeinsuchCourtthathaseverbeenelectedtoholdtheposition,suchpersonshallholdthepositionforanotherterm. Inthecasewheretherearenoqualifiedpersonunderparagraphoneornot fullyappointedand the committeemembers in thenumber that isnot lessthan six persons are of the opinion that a matter is urgent for approval, thecommitteemayconsidersuchmatter. The personwho is holding a position in a personnel administrationbodyofonecourtshallnotbeamemberofapersonneladministrationbodyoranadministrativememberofanyothercourtatthesametime. Section226. The President of the Supreme Court of Justice, thePresidentoftheSupremeAdministrativeCourtandPresidentofotherCourtsotherthantheConstitutionalCourtandtheMilitaryCourtshallholdthepositionforfouryearsasfromthedateoftheirappointmentbytheKingandshallholdtheofficeforonlyoneterm.Inthecasewherethepersonvacatesofficebyanygroundotherthanretirement, he shall be appointed to other position as prescribed by the personaladministrationbodyoftheCourt. Judge of the Court of Justice, the Administrative Court and otherCourtsexcepttheMilitaryCourtwhoreachessixtyfiveyearsofageshallberetiredattheendofthefiscalyearinwhichsuchpersonreachessixtyfiveyearsofage.Thejudgewhoisretiredontheaforesaidgroundmaycontinuetobeseniorjudgeuntilreachingtheseventyyearsofageasprovidedbylaw. Section227. The Constitutional Court, the Court of Justice, theAdministrativeCourtandtheotherCourtsotherthantheMilitaryCourtshallhaveindependentsecretariat,withtheSecretary‐GeneraloftheOfficeoftheCourtasthesuperiorofficialdirectlyresponsibletothePresidentofsuchCourt. The appointment, removal, efficiency evaluation and disciplinaryproceeding of the Secretary‐General shall be approved by the personneladministrativebodyofsuchCourtasprovidedbylaw. Office of the Court shall have independent in personneladministration,budgetingandothermattersasprovidedbylaw.

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Section228. State Attorney Organization shall be independent intheexecutionofitsdutiesforjusticeundertheruleoflaw,Constitutionandlaw. State attorney shall have the powers and duties as provided by thisConstitution, the lawonStateAttorneyOrganizationandStateAttorneyandotherlaws. State Attorney shall, in significant criminal case, have power toconductaninvestigatewithinvestigatingofficialasprovidedbylaw. The decisive order for prosecution, not to prosecute, revoking ofprosecution, appeal, not to appeal or revoking of appeal of the Attorney‐Generalunderthelawshallcontainrationaleforsuchorderandshallarrangeforinterestedparties to easily access except when it is a matter relating to public interests inwhichthegeneralpublicmayalsoaccessasprovidedbylaw. Appointment, transfer, promotion of salary and position anddisciplinaryofStateAttorneyshallhavesecurity for its independenceasprovidedbylaw,andtheprovisionsofsection219paragraphfourandsection226paragraphtwoshallapplytoStateAttorneymutatismutandis. The personnel administration body of State Attorney shall beindependentandconsistofthechairpersonwhoisaqualifiedpersonthatisnotandhasnotbeenaStateAttorneyorholdingapoliticalposition,theAttorney‐General,representativesofStateAttorneywhoareelectedbyeachlevelofStateAttorneyinappropriate number and qualified personswho are not or have not been a StateAttorneyorholdingapoliticalpositioninthenumberofnot lessthanonethirdofmemberswhoareStateAttorneysasprovidedbylaw. The members who have been elected and the members who arequalifiedpersonsunderparagraphsixshallholdofficeforonlyoneterm. StateAttorneyshallneitherholdanypositionorperformanydutyfora State enterprise or other enterprises of State having similar nature or in anypartnership or company and shall not be an advisor of a person holding politicalpositionorotherpositionshavingsimilarnature,norengageinanyoccupationorprofession that may affect the performance of his duties or may detriment thedignityofhisoffice. TheOfficeoftheAttorney‐Generalshallbeindependentinpersonneladministration,budgetingandothermattersasprovidedbylaw.

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Part2

ConstitutionalCourt

Section229. TheConstitutionalCourtconsistsofninejudgesoftheConstitutional Court appointed by the King upon advice of the Senate from thefollowingpersons: (1)twojudgesoftheSupremeCourtofJusticeholdingapositionnotlowerthanjudgeoftheSupremeCourtofJusticeandelectedataplenarymeetingoftheSupremeCourtofJustice; (2) two judges of the Supreme Administrative Court elected at aplenarymeetingoftheSupremeAdministrativeCourt; (3)threequalifiedpersons inlawandat leastonepersonshallhaveknowledgeandexpertiseinpubliclaw; (4) two qualified persons in political science or persons who haveexpertise in the field of public administration or expertise from an organisationwhichisnotthepublicorganisation. Rulesandprocedurefortheselectionofpersonsunderparagraphoneshall be in accordance with the Organic Law on the Constitutional Court andProcedureoftheConstitutionalCourt. Thepersonsselectedunderparagraphoneshallholdameetingandelect one among themselves to be the President of the Constitutional Court andnotifytheresulttothePresidentoftheSenateaccordingly. The President of the Senate shall countersign the Royal CommandappointingthePresidentandjudgesoftheConstitutionalCourt. Section230. ThereshallbeaSelectiveCommitteeforjudgesoftheConstitutionalCourtundersection229(3)and(4)consistingofdifferentkindsofmembersasfollows: (1) four qualified persons: two of which are elected at a plenarymeetingoftheSupremeCourtandtwoofwhichareelectedataplenarymeetingoftheSupremeAdministrativeCourt; (2)twoqualifiedpersons:oneofwhichiselectedbytheGovernmentpolitical parties and political groups and the other is elected from the oppositionpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalgroups; (3) twoqualifiedpersonselectedby theDeanof theFaculty ofLawfromthehighereducationinstitutions; (4) two qualified persons elected by the Dean of the Faculty ofPoliticalSciencefromthehighereducationinstitutions; (5)onequalifiedpersonelectedbytheNationalMoralAssembly.

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Rulesandprocedurefortheselectionofpersonsunderparagraphoneshall be in accordance with the Organic Law on the Constitutional Court andProcedure of the Constitutional Court but the qualified persons under paragraphoneshallnotbeajudgeorDean. MembersoftheSelectiveCommitteeunderparagraphoneshallnotbeintheselectionofjudgesoftheConstitutionalCourtandsuchSelectiveCommitteeshallholdameetingandelectoneamongthemselvestobetheChairpersonoftheCommittee. In the case where it is not possible to complete the selection ofmembers of the Selective Committee as provided in paragraph one for whateverreasonitis,iftheselectedmembersoftheSelectiveCommitteearenotlessthantwothirdofthetotalmembersoftheSelectiveCommitteeanditsmembersarefromnoless than four different types and the Selective Committee shall consist of theremainingmembers.However,iftheamountofmembersoftheSelectiveCommitteeislessthanwhatisprovided,aplenarysessionoftheSupremeCourtofJusticeshallelectthreequalifiedmembersandaplenarysessionoftheSupremeAdministrativeCourt shall elect three qualified members to be the Selective Committee. SuchSelectiveCommitteeshallelectonequalifiedmembertobetheChairpersonoftheSelectiveCommitteeandsuchpersonshallbeamemberoftheSelectiveCommittee. Section231. The Selective Committee for judges of theConstitutional Court must complete the selection of qualified persons to beappointedas the judgesof theConstitutionalCourtundersection229(3)and(4)within thirtydays as from thedateof occurrence of the grounds for election andthen nominates the selected persons,with their consents, to the President of theSenate.Suchselectionresolutionshallbebyopenvotesandpassedbythevotesofnotlessthantwo‐thirdsofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheSelectiveCommittee. In the casewhere themembers in office are unable to perform hisdutyandthenumberoftheremainingmembersisnotlessthanone‐halfthereof,theSelectiveCommitteeshallconsistoftheremainingmembers. ThePresidentof theSenateshall convokeasittingof theSenate forthepassingoftheapprovalresolutionoftheelectedpersonsunderparagraphonewithinthirtydaysasfromthedateofreceiptofthenomination.Aresolutionshallbemadeinsecretballot. IncasewheretheSenatepassesanapprovalresolution, thePresidentoftheSenateshalltenderthenamesofthenominatedpersonstotheKingforHis appointment. In the casewhere theSenatedisapproves anyperson in thenomination, such nomination shall be returned to the Selective Committee forjudges of the Constitutional Court for a new selection which shall be completewithinthirtydaysasfromthedateofoccurrenceofthegroundforsuchexecution.

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Section232. ThePresidentand judgesof theConstitutionalCourtshallholdofficefornineyearsasfromthedateoftheirappointmentbytheKingandshallholdofficeforonlyoneterm. ThePresidentof theConstitutionalCourtwhohasbeen inoffice forthree years shall vacate the office but shall remain a judge in the ConstitutionalCourt. The judges of the Constitutional Court shall select one judge of theConstitutionalCourt tobe thePresidentof theConstitutionalCourt to replace thepersonthereof. ThePresidentandjudgesoftheConstitutionalCourtwhovacateofficeattheendoftermshallperformhisdutyuntil thenewlyappointedPresidentandjudgesoftheConstitutionalCourttakeoffice. ThePresidentandjudgesoftheConstitutionalCourtshallbejudicialofficialsunderthelaw. Section233. Qualifications, prohibitions, vacating office prior totheendoftermandanyconductwhichareprohibitedduringthetermofofficeasthePresidentandjudgesoftheConstitutionalCourtshallbeinaccordancewiththeOrganicLawontheConstitutionalCourtandProcedureoftheConstitutionalCourt.SuchlawsshallatleastcontaintheprohibitionsstatingthatthepersonwhousedtoholdofficeinanagencyundertheConstitutionexaminingtheuseofpowersoftheStateshallnotbe in theselectionprocessand thevacatingofofficeshallbeuponbeingofseventyyearsofage. Section234. Intheapplicationoftheprovisionsofanylawtoanycase, if the Court by itself is of the opinion that, or a party to the case raises anobjectionwithreasonsthat,theprovisionsofsuchlawfallwithintheprovisionsofsection6andtherehasnotyetbeenadecisionoftheConstitutionalCourtonsuchprovisions,theCourtshallsubmit,inthecourseofofficialservice,itsopiniontotheConstitutionalCourt forconsiderationanddecision.Duringsuchperiod, theCourtmaycontinuethetrial,buttheadjudicationtothecaseshallbesuspendeduntiltheConstitutionalCourthasmadeitsdecision. In thecasewhere theConstitutionalCourt isof theopinionthat theobjection of a party under paragraph one is not essential for decision, theConstitutionalCourtmayrefusetoacceptthecaseforconsideration. Section235. ApersonwhoserightsandlibertiesrecognisedbythisConstitutionareviolated,hastherighttosubmitamotiontotheConstitutionCourtfor its decision as to whether the provisions of the law are contrary to orinconsistentwiththeConstitution. The exercise of rights under paragraph one must be a case of aninabilitytoexercisetherightbyothermeansasprovidedintheOrganicLawontheConstitutionalCourtandProcedureoftheConstitutionalCourt.

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Section236. Inthecasewhereadisputearisesastothepowerandduty among theHouseofRepresentatives, the Senate, theNationalAssembly, theCouncilofMinistersorConstitutionalOrganizationwhichhasthepowerstoinspecttheexerciseofStatepowersortheSelectiveCommitteesunderthisConstitution,thePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentatives,thePresidentoftheSenate,thePresidentoftheNationalAssembly,thePrimeMinister,theleaderoftheoppositionpartyintheHouseofRepresentativesorsuchorganizationshallsubmitthemattertogetherwithitsopiniontotheConstitutionalCourtforconsideration. Section237. Thequorumof judgesof theConstitutionalCourt forhearingandrenderingadecisionshallconsistofnotlessthanfivejudges. ThedecisionoftheConstitutionalCourtshallbemadebyamajorityofvotes unless otherwise provided in this Constitution. Every judge of theConstitutionalCourtwhoconstitutesaquorumshallgiveanopinionofhisownpartandmakeanoralstatementtothemeetingbeforepassingaresolution. TheprocedureoftheConstitutionalCourtshallbeinaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonProcedureoftheConstitutionalCourt. The decision of the Constitutional Court shall be final and bindingupontheNationalAssembly,CouncilofMinisters,CourtsandotherStateorgansandshallapplytoallcases,butitshallnotaffecttherulingsofcaseswhicharealreadyfinal. In this regard, the decision of the Constitutional Court and opinions on theconsideration of the case of every judges of the Constitutional Court shall bepublishedintheGovernmentGazette.

Part3

CourtsofJustice

Section238. The Courts of Justice have the powers to try andadjudicate all cases except those specified by this Constitution or the law to bewithinthejurisdictionofotherCourts. Section239. There shall be three levels of Courts of Justice, viz.,CourtsofFirstInstance,CourtsofAppealandtheSupremeCourtofJustice,exceptotherwiseprovidedbythisConstitutionorotherlaws.

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Section240. There shall be in the Supreme Court of Justice aCriminal Division for Persons Holding Political Positions, the quorum of whichconsistsofninejudgesoftheSupremeCourtofJusticeholdingapositionnotlowerthanjudgeoftheSupremeCourtofJusticeorseniorjudgeshavingheldapositionofnot lowerthanjudgeoftheSupremeCourtof JusticewhoareelectedataplenarymeetingoftheSupremeCourtofJusticebysecretballotonacase‐by‐casebasis. ThecompetenceoftheSupremeCourtofJusticesCriminalDivisionforPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositionsandtheappealtothejudgmentandtheCriminalProcedureforsuchpersonshallbeasprovidedbythisConstitutionandtheOrganicLawonCriminalProcedureforPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositions. Section241. Appeal Courts, Regional Appeal Courts andSpecializedCourtsshallhavethefollowingpowersandadjudicationofcases: (1)casesrelatingtoanelection,suspensionoftherighttovoteatanelectionformembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheobtainingofsenatorsshallbewithinthejurisdictionoftheAppealCourt.Casesrelatingtotheelectionandsuspensionoftherighttovoteatanelectionforlocaladministratorandelectionformembers of local assembly occurred within the jurisdiction of a court shall bewithinthejurisdictionoftheAppealCourtorregionalAppealCourtasthecasemaybe; (2) cases relating to an intentionnot to submit an account showingassets and liabilities and supporting documents or an intention to submit suchaccount with false statements or conceal facts which should be disclosed asprovidedbythisConstitutionshallfallwithinthejurisdictionoftheAppealCourtortheRegionalAppealCourtasprovidedbylaw; (3)specializedcasesshallbeappealedtotheSpecializedAppealCourtasprovidedbylaw. Theprocedureandtrialunder(1)and(2)shallbeinaccordancewiththe Rules prescribed at a plenary session of the Supreme Court. It shall use theinquisitionalprocedureandsuchprocedureshallbeexpedient.

Part4

AdministrativeCourts

Section242. Administrative Courts have the power to try andadjudicate administrative cases as a consequence of the exercise of anadministrativepowerasprovidedbylaworasaconsequenceofthecarryingoutofan administrative act including cases resulting from an administration andpersonneladministrationofaConstitutionalOrganwhichhaspowersanddutiestoinspect the exercise of State powers as provided by law, as well as to try andadjudicatemattersprescribedbytheConstitutionorlawtobeunderjurisdictionoftheAdministrativeCourt.

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The jurisdiction of the Administrative Courts under paragraph onedoesnotincludetheuseofpowersbyConstitutionalOrganspursuanttothedirectexerciseoftheirpowersundertheConstitution,wherebysuchConstitutionalOrgandutiestoinspecttheexerciseofStatepowers. ThereshallbetheSupremeAdministrativeCourtandAdministrativeCourtsofFirstInstance,andtheremayalsobetheAppellantAdministrativeCourts. Section243. Qualified persons in the field of law and theadministration of State affairs may be appointed as judges of the SupremeAdministrative Court. Such appointment shall bemade in the number of not lessthanone‐fourthofthetotalnumberofjudgesintheSupremeAdministrativeCourtand shall be approved by the Judicial Commission of theAdministrative Court asprovidedbylawandbytheSenatebeforeitistenderedtotheKing. TheselectionofjudgesinAdministrativeCourtsofFirstInstancetobejudges intheSupremeAdministrativeCourtshallbe inaccordancewiththeRulesand Procedure as provided by the law on Establishment of the AdministrativeCourtsandAdministrativeCourtProcedure.ThisshallbeapprovedbytheJudicialCommissionoftheAdministrativeCourtandtheSenatebeforeitistenderedtotheKing.Inthisregard,suchappointmentshallbemadeinthenumberofnotlessthanone‐fourthofthetotalnumberofjudgesintheSupremeAdministrativeCourt. Section244. Thereshallbeadivisiononpublicfinancedisciplinaryand budget within the Central Administrative Court and the SupremeAdministrativeCourt. Quorumof judges,powersandduties,prosecutionandprocedureoftheCourtDivisiononpublicfinancedisciplinaryandbudgetshallbeinaccordancewith the law on Establishment of the Administrative Courts and AdministrativeCourtProcedure.

Part5

MilitaryCourt

Section245. Military Court has the power to try and adjudicatecases involvingoffendersaresubject to the jurisdictionof theMilitaryCourtsandothercasesasprovidedbylaw. Theappointmentandremoval fromofficeofmilitaryjudgesshallbeasprovidedbylaw.

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CHAPTER2

ExaminationoftheExerciseofStatePowers

Part1

GeneralProvisions

Section246. TheexaminationoftheexerciseofStatepowersshallbe conducted in accordance with laws, with honesty and without conflict ofinterests. Such scrutiny shall be conducted in a transparent and accountableprocess. TheexaminationoftheexerciseofStatepowersunderparagraphoneshallbeprotected. Section247. Persons holding the following positions are underdutytosubmitanaccountshowingparticularsofassetsandliabilitiesandacopyofthe income tax form of themselves including other related documents to theNational Counter Corruption Commission or other organization having duty toexaminetheexerciseofStatepowerasprovidedbylaw: (1)PrimeMinister; (2)Ministers; (3) Members of the Committee in the Constitutional Organs whichhavedutiestoinspecttheexerciseofStatepowers; (4)MembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives; (5)MembersoftheSenate; (6) Other political officials and persons holding other politicalpositions; (7)Localadministratorsandmembersofalocalassemblyasprovidedbylaw; (8)Othergovernmentofficialsasprovidedbylaw. Thedocumentstobesubmittedunderparagraphoneshallconsistoftheaccountshowingparticularsofassetsandliabilitiesandacopyoftheincometaxformincludingrelateddocumentsofspousesandchildrenwhohavenotyetbecomesui juris of the persons under paragraph one including a person who has beenassignedby thepersonunderparagraphonetopossessor takecareof theassetswhetherdirectlyorindirectly,asprovidedbylaw.

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The account showing particulars of assets and liabilities andsupportingdocumentsof:thePrimeMinister;Ministers;MembersoftheCommitteein the Constitutional Organs which have duties to inspect the exercise of Statepowers; members of the House of Representatives; andmembers of the Senatesshallbedisclosedtothepublicwithoutdelaybutnotlaterthanthirtydaysasfromthedateofexpirationoftheperiodforthesubmissionofsuchaccount.Theaccountof persons holding other positions shall only be disclosed in the case where thedisclosurethereof isbeneficial tothe trialoradjudicationand isrequestedby theCourts,aninterestedpersonortheStateAuditCommissionorasprovidedbylaw.

Part2

ConflictofInterests

Section248. Persons holding political positions and governmentofficialsshallnotactwithconflictofpersonalandpublicinterestsandshallnot,atleast,performthefollowingacts:

(1) to submit a policy or law or rule which would benefits thebusiness,whichthey,theirspouses,childrenorparentshaveinterestin;

(2) to take personal relationship with other persons into accountwhenmakingdecisionintheperformanceofdutywhichwouldbenefitordamagesuchpersons;

(3) to spend official or organizational time, money, properties,personnel,services,facilitiesorinternaldatafortheirownbenefitorothersexceptwhereitislegitimatelypermittedbylaworrule;

(4) to act, to hold a position or to perform any act in personalcapacitywhichmaycausedoubtfulnesswhetheritwouldcontradictwiththepublicinterestwithintheresponsibilityofdutyorisdetrimentaltotheposition. Section249. ThePrimeMinisterandMinistersshall:

(1) notholdaposition inpartnership, companyoranorganizationwhichseeksprofitsorincometoshareorisanemployeeofanyperson;

(2) notholdapositionordutyinagovernmentagency,stateagencyor a state enterprise or hold a position of a member of a local assembly, localadministratororlocalgovernmentofficial;

(3) not receive or interfere or intervene in, whether directly orindirectly, any concession from the State, a government agency, State agency orState enterprise, or become a party to contract of the nature of an economicmonopolywiththeState,agovernmentagency,StateagencyorStateenterprise,orbecome a partner or shareholder in a partnership or company receiving suchconcessionorbecomingapartytoacontractofsuchnature;

(4) not receive any special money or benefit from a governmentagency, State agency or State enterprise apart from that given by a government

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agency, State agency or State enterprise to the persons in the ordinary course ofbusiness;

(5) not act in violation of the prohibitions under section 48paragraphseven. Theprovisions of this section shall not apply in the casewhere thePrime Minister or Ministers receives military pensions, gratuities, pensions,annuitiesforroyaltyoranyotherformofmoneyofthesamenature,andshallnotapplyinthecasewherethePrimeMinisterorMinistersacceptsorholdsapositionof committeememberof theNationalAssembly, theHouseofRepresentatives,ortheSenateorcommitteemembersappointedinthecourseoftheadministrationofStateaffairsorisinthepositionoractinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw. Theprovisionsin(3),(4)and(5)shallapplytospousesandchildrenofthePrimeMinisterorofMinistersandotherpersonswhoactsasagent,partnerof,orwhoareentrustedbythePrimeMinisterorMinisterstoactunderthissection. Section250. The Prime Minister and Ministers shall not be apartner or shareholder of a partnership or a company or not retain his being apartnerorshareholderofapartnershiporacompanyuptothelimitasprovidedbylaw. In the casewhere thePrimeMinister or anyMinister intends to continue toreceivebenefitsinsuchcases,thePrimeMinisterorsuchMinistershallinformthePresidentofNationalCounterCorruptionCommissionwithinthirtydaysasfromthedateofappointmentandshalltransferhissharesinthepartnershiporcompanytoajuristicpersonwhichmanagesassetsforthebenefitofotherpersonsasprovidedbylaw. ThePrimeMinisterandMinistersshallnotcarryoutanyactwhich,bynature,amounts to theadministrationormanagementofsharesoraffairsof suchpartnershiporcompanyasstatedinparagraphone. ThisprovisionshallapplytospousesandchildrenwhohavenotyetbecomesuijurisofthePrimeMinisterandMinistersincludingthepersonentrustedbythePrimeMinisterorMinisterstobeapartnershiportoholdsharesonbehalfofhim,whetherdirectlyorindirectly. Section251. ThePrimeMinisterandMinistersshallnot,throughapolitical status or position, interfere or intervene with the following matters,directlyorindirectly,forthebenefitofhisownorotherpersonsorofpoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroup:

(1) the performance of official duties or routine works of agovernmentofficialorofficialofaStateagency;

(2) therecruitment,appointment,reshuffle,transfer,promotionandelevationofthesalaryscaleofagovernmentofficialorofficialofaStateagency;

(3) the removal fromofficeof agovernmentofficialorofficialof astateagency;

(4) the appointment and removal of a committee in the stateenterpriseorpublicorganizationorotherstateagencies.

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Inthisregard,exceptifotherwiseistheactunderpowersanddutiesin the administration of state affairs, which is in accordance with the policiesannouncedtotheAssemblyorasprovidedbylawandshallpreventorsupervisehisspousesandchildren, includinganypersoninthepoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupheisaffiliatedwith,fromperformingsuchactsthereof. Section252. MembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesorasenatorshallnotperformtheactundersection249(3),(4)and(5)andsection251. The provision in this section shall not apply to the case where amemberofHouseofRepresentativesandasenatorisappointedtobeacommitteeof theNationalAssembly,HouseofRepresentatives,orSenateormembersof theCommitteeofficiallyappointedoftheLegislativebranch.

Part3

RemovalfromOfficesandDeprivationofPoliticalRightortheRighttoHoldanyPosition

Section253. Subject to section 74 paragraph four, paragraph fiveand paragraph six, any person who is holding a position of Prime Minister,Ministers, Members of the House of Representatives, senators, President of theSupreme Court, President of the Constitutional Court, President of the SupremeAdministrativeCourtorAttorney‐Generalandhasacircumstanceofunusualwealthor exhibits a sign of malfeasance in office, wrongful conduct in official duties,intentionallyviolatestheprovisionoftheConstitutionorlaw,orviolatesorgrosslyfails toperform in accordancemoral principles, theNationalAssembly shall havethepowertoremovesuchpersonfromoffice. The provision in paragraph one shall apply to persons holding thefollowingpositions:

(1) judges of the Constitutional Court, members of the ElectionCommission,OmbudsmanandHumanRightCommission,StateAuditCommissionerandChairpersonoftheStateAuditCommission;

(2) judges,Attorney‐Generalofficial, oranypersonholdingahighlevel position as provided by the Organic Law on Prevention and Suppression ofCorruption. Section254. Membersof theHouseofRepresentativesofnot lessthan one‐fourth of the total member of the existing members of the House ofRepresentatives have the right to lodge to President of the National Assembly acomplaintinordertorequesttheNationalAssemblytopassaresolutiontoremovethepersonundersection253 fromoffice.Thesaidcomplaintshallclearly itemizethecircumstancesinwhichsuchpersonshaveallegedlycommittedthatact.

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MembersoftheSenateofnotlessthanone‐fourthofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersof theSenateshallhavetheright tolodgetoPresidentofthe National Assembly a complaint in order to request the National Assembly topassaresolutiontoremoveamemberoftheSenatefromoffice. Citizenhavingtherighttovoteofnolessthantwenty‐thousandhavetherighttolodgeacomplaintinordertoremovepersonsundersection253fromofficeinaccordancewithsection72. Upon receiving the complaint under paragraph two or three,PresidentoftheNationalAssemblyshallsubmitthemattertotheNationalCounterCorruptionCommissiontoholdaninquiry. Once the inquiry is complete, the National Counter CorruptionCommissionshallsubmitareporttoPresidentoftheNationalAssemblyand,insuchreport,itshallstateclearlywhetherandtheextenttowhichtheallegationstatedinthe complaint contains aprima facie case and the extent towhich the convincingevidencescontain. If the National Counter Corruption Commission passes a resolutionwith the vote of no less than one half of the total existing members that theaccusationcontainsaprima facie case, it shallproceedunder theOrganicLawonPrevention and Suppression of Corruption. If the National Counter CorruptionCommission is of the opinion that the accusation has no prima facie case, suchaccusationshalllapse. Upon receiving the report under paragraph five, President of theNationalAssemblyshallconvokeforasittingoftheNationalAssemblytoconsidersuch matter. In the case where the National Counter Corruption Commissionsubmits the report outside the session, President of the National Assembly shallpresent the petition to the King to convoke the National Assembly to open anordinarysessionandcountersignstheRoyalCommand. Members of the National Assembly shall be independent n castingvotewithshallbedonewithsecretballot.Theresolutionremovinganypersonfromoffice shall be done with the vote of no less than three‐fifths of the remainingmemberoftheNationalAssembly.Theprovisionrelatingtocastingofvote,numberof votes and result of voting under section 74 paragraph five and six shall applymutatismutandis. Section255. The complaint, the consideration and inquiry of thecomplaint and decision of the National Counter Corruption Commission that thecomplaintisaprimafaciecaseincludingtheresultofthevotesandtheresolutionoftheNationalAssemblyshallbeinaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonPreventionandSuppressionofCorruption.Itshall,atleast,containthefollowings:

(1) the period of time which the National Counter CorruptionCommissionandtheNationalAssemblyrequirestoconsiderandpassaresolution;

(2) withholding the persons under section 253 from their dutiesduringthetimetheNationalCounterCorruptionCommissionpassestheresolutionstatingthatitisaprimefaciecaseuntilthetimetheNationalAssemblypassestheresolution;

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(3) theestablishmentof tripartite,which consistsofequalnumberof representatives from the National Counter Corruption Commission,representatives from the Attorney‐General and other qualified persons from thefield of law, in order to find a resolution concerning the legal proceeding to theSupremeCourtofJustice’sCriminalDivisionforPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositions. Themakingandthedeliveryofthelistofnametopersonshavingtherighttovoteundersection253andsection74paragraphfour,paragraphfiveandparagraphsix, rulesandprocedureon castingofvotes including the coordinationbetweentheNationalCounterCorruptionCommissionandagencieswhicharrangethe casting of votes shall be in accordancewith the Organic Law on the ElectionCommission.

Part4

CriminalProceedingsAgainstPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositions

Section256. In the casewhere thePrimeMinister, aMinister, amemberof theHouseofRepresentatives,memberof theSenate,orotherpoliticalofficialhasbeenaccusedofbecomingunusuallywealthy, orof the commissionofmalfeasance in office according to the Penal Code or a dishonest act in theperformanceofdutiesorcorruptionaccordingtootherlaws,theSupremeCourtofJustice’s Criminal Division for Persons Holding Political Positions shall have thecompetentjurisdictiontotryandadjudicatethecase. Theprovisionsofparagraphoneshallapplytothecasewherethesaidperson or other person who is a principal, instigator or a supporter including apersonwhogives,askstogiveorpromisestogivepropertyorotherbenefitstothepersonunderparagraphone. Section257. In the casewhere a personholding theposition ofPrimeMinister,Minister,PresidentoftheHouseofRepresentatives,orPresidentoftheSenatehasbeenaccusedofbecomingunusuallywealthyorofthecommissionofmalfeasance in office according to the Penal Code or a dishonest act in theperformance of duties or corruption according to other laws and the NationalCounterCorruptionCommissiondoesnotproceed the inquiry, suchproceeding istoo delayed or the inquiry proceeding results in no establishment of prima faciecase,membersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,membersoftheSenateormembersofthetwoHousesofnolessthanonetenthofthetotalexistingmembersofthetwoHousesorvictimsofsuchconductmaysubmitacomplainttothePresidentoftheSupreme Court of Justice to ask for a plenary meeting of the Supreme Court ofJusticetoconsiderappointinganindependentinquisitorfromapersonofapparentpoliticalimpartialandintegritytoundertaketheinquisitionproceduretofindfactsconcerningtheconductofsuchperson.

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Inthecasewheretheindependentinquisitorisoftheopinionthattheaccusationhasaprimafaciecase,theindependentinquisitorshallsubmitareportand existing documents including the opinion to the President of the Senate toproceedundersection253andshall initiatethe legalproceedings intheSupremeCourtofJustice’sCriminalDivisionforPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositions. Qualifications, prohibitions and appointment of the independentinquisitor including the submission of the compliant, inquisition procedure,initiationof the legalproceedingandotherrelatedprocessshallbe inaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonCriminalProcedureforPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositions. Section258. In a trial, the Supreme Court of Justice’s CriminalDivisionforPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositionsshallrelyonthefileoftheNationalCounterCorruptionCommissionorofthe independent inquisitor,asthecasemaybe, and may conduct further inquisition in order to obtain additional facts orevidenceasitseesfit.

Part5

ConstitutionalOrganizationtoExaminetheExerciseofStatePower

Section1

ElectionCommission

Section259. The Election Commission consisting of fiveCommissioners appointed by the King with the advice of the Senate from thepersonsofapparentpoliticalimpartialityandintegrity. The persons advised by the Senate under paragraph one shall electoneamongthemselvestobetheChairpersonoftheElectionCommissionandnotifythePresidentoftheSenate. The President of the Senate shall countersign the Royal Commandappointing the Chairperson of the Election Commission and other ElectionCommissionersunderparagraphoneandparagraphtwo. There shall be the Office of the Election Commission to be asecretariatunitoftheElectionCommission.Asprovidedbylaw,theOfficeshallbean agency having independence in personnel administration, budget and otheractivities,andtheSecretary‐GeneraloftheOfficeshallbethesuperintendentoftheOffice and shall be accountable directly to the Chairperson of the ElectionCommission.

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Section260. TheselectionoftheElectionCommissionersshallbeasfollows: (1) the Plenary session of the Supreme Court shall select andnominatetwoqualifiedpersons; (2)theSelectionCommitteeforElectionCommissionshallselectandnominatethreequalifiedpersons. RulesandprocedurefortheselectionoftheElectionCommissionersunder paragraph one shall be provided by the Organic Law on the ElectionCommission. TheResolutionunder(2)shallbevotedinpublicandshallpasswiththevotesofnolessthantwo‐thirdsoftheexistingmembers. Section261. The Selective Committee for the ElectionCommissionundersection260(2)shallconsistofthefollowingmembers:

(1) fourqualifiedpersons,twoofwhichareselectedbythePlenarymeeting of the Supreme Court of Justice and two of which are selected by thePlenarymeetingoftheSupremeAdministrativeCourt;

(2) three qualified persons, one of which is selected by politicalpartiesandpoliticalgroupsfromtheGovernment;

(3) onequalifiedpersonsselectedbytheCouncilofMinisters;(4) two qualified persons selected by the Deans of the higher

educationinstitutes;(5) twoqualifiedpersonsselectedbytheNationalMoralAssembly.

RulesandProcedure for selectionof theSelectionCommitteeunderparagraph one shall be in accordance with the Organic Law on the ElectionCommission. The Selective Committee under paragraph one shall not be in theselectionformembersoftheElectionCommission. In the case where selection under paragraph one cannot becompleted,forwhateverreason,iftheappointedmembersarenotlessthanonehalfofthetotalmembersoftheCommitteeandtheCommitteearefromnolessthanfourdifferenttypes,theSelectiveCommitteeshallconsistoftheremainingmembers.Inthe case where there is no member in any position or a member is unable toperform his duty and the number is not less than one half thereof, the SelectiveCommitteeshallconsistoftheremainingmembers. Section262. TheprocessofselectionpersonstobeappointedasmembersoftheElectionCommissionundersection260shallbecompletedwithinthirty days from the date when a ground for such selection occurs. The list ofcandidateswiththeapprovalofsuchpersonsshallbesubmittedtothePresidentoftheSenate.

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In the case where there is no member in any type of position ormembers areunable to performhisduties, if the remainingmembers areno lessthan one‐half thereof, the Selection Committee shall consist of the remainingmembers. Inthecasewheretheprocessofselectioncannotbecompletewithinthespecifiedperiod,ormemberscannotbecompletelyselectedwithinthespecifiedperiod, the plenary meeting of the Supreme Court of Justice shall continue tocompletetheselectionwithinfifteendaysasfromthedatethatthespecifiedperiodhaslapsed. ThePresidentof theSenateshall convokeasittingof theSenate forthepassingofanapprovalresolutionoftheselectedpersonsunder260anditshallbeconductedbysecretvoting. In the casewhere the Senate approves the nomination, the processunder section 259 paragraph two and paragraph three shall be conducted. If theSenatedoesnotapproveofanynameinthenomination,whetheritisthewholelistofnominationorpartofthelist,itshallbereturnedtotheSelectiveCommitteefortheElectionCommissionortheplenarymeetingoftheSupremeCourtofJustice,asthecasemaybe,inordertocarryoutanewselectionprocess. Section263. TheElectionCommissionshallholdofficeforatermofsixyearsasfromthedateoftheirappointmentbytheKingandserveforonlyoneterm. TheElectionCommissionerswhovacateofficeupontheexpirationofthetermshallremain inoffice tocontinuetoperformtheirdutiesuntil thenewlyappointedElectionCommissionerstakeoffice. Qualifications,prohibitions,vacatingofofficeprior to theexpirationof the term and other necessarymatters shall be in accordancewith theOrganicLaw on Election Commission which, at least, shall provide that the selection ofpersonswhoarenotjudgesandprohibitionsofpersonswhousedtobemembersofthecommitteesofotherorgansinspectingtheexerciseofStatePowers. Section264. MembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,membersoftheSenateormembersofthetwoHousestogetherfornolessthanone‐tenthofthe total existing members of the two Houses have the right to complain thePresidentoftheNationalAssemblyifanyElectionCommissionerlacksqualificationsorisunderanyprohibitionsorhasactedincontraventionofanyoftheprohibitionsundersection250andthePresidentshallreferthecomplainttotheConstitutionalCourtwithinthreedaysasfromthedateofreceiptofthecomplaintforadecision. When the Constitutional Court passes a decision, the Constitutionalshall notify the President of the National Assembly and the Chairperson of theElectionCommissionofsuchdecision.

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The provision of section 101 shall apply,mutatismutandis, to thevacatingofofficeoftheElectionCommissions. Section265. In the casewhere the Election Commission vacateofficeenmasses,itshallcarryouttheselectionprocedureundersection260withinninetydaysasfromthedateofvacatingtheoffice. In the casewhere Election Commissioner vacates office upon otherreasons inaddition to theendof term, theselectionprocedureundersection260shallbecompletedwithinsixtydaysfromthedatewhengroundsforsuchselectionoccurandtheapprovedpersonsshallbeinofficefortheremainingtimeperiodofthereplacedCommissioner. Section266. The Election Commission shall control elections ofthemembers of theHouse of Representatives, undertake the execution to obtainmembersoftheSenate,controlelectionsofthemembersofthe localcouncilsandlocaladministratorsandcontrolofthevotingoftheresolutiontobehonestandfair. The Chairperson of the Election Commission shall have charge andcontroloftheexecutionoftheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives andObtaining Senators, theOrganicsAct onPolitical Parties, theOrganicLawonElectionCommission,theOrganicsLawonReferendumandthelawonelectionofmembersoflocalassembliesorlocaladministratorsandshallbethepoliticalpartyregistrar. Section267. The Election Commission shall have the followingpowersandduties:

(1) to issue notifications or regulations determining all actsnecessaryfortheimplementationofthelawsreferredtoinsection266paragraphtwo includingregulations relating to the launchingof electioncampaignsandanyactofpoliticalparties,candidatesandpersonshavingtherighttovotetoproceedinanhonestandfairmanneranddeterminingrulestobecompliedbyStateingivingsupportoffairelectionandequalopportunityincampaigning;

(2) to lay down regulations determining prohibitions in theperformanceofdutiesoftheCouncilofMinistersandMinistersundersection184with due regard to themaintenance of interest of State and to honesty, fairness,equalityandequalopportunityinanelection;

(3) todeterminemeasuresandcontrolsonthedonationofmoneytopolitical parties, the provision of financial support by the State, expenditures ofpoliticalpartiesandelectioncandidates,publicauditsofaccountsofpoliticalpartiesandcontrolsondisbursementsandreceiptofmoneyforthebenefitofvotingatanelection;

(4) to give orders instructing government officials, officials of theStatetoperformallnecessaryactsunderthelawsfortheexecutionofpowersanddutiesoftheElectionCommission;

(5) to order the Commission to arrange elections, governmentofficialsandofficialsoftheStatewhohasthedutiestoarrangeelectiontoperform

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duties in accordancewith the law or related rules or suspend the duty includingreassigngovernmentofficialsorStateofficialstotemporarilyoutoftheareaforthehonestandfairelection;

(6) to conduct investigations and inquiries for finding facts andgivingdecisionsonproblemsordisputesarisingundersection266paragraphtwoorwhen there is a case of opposition or a reasonable ground to believe that theelectionortheprocesstoobtainmembersoftheSenateisincorrectorillegitimate;

(7) to order a new election at any polling station or every pollingstationororderforanewprocessinordertoobtainmembersoftheSenatewhenthere isareasonablegroundtobelieve that theelection insuchpollingstationortheprocesstoobtainwasnotinanhonestorfairmanner;

(8) toannouncetheresultofanelectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,membersofthelocalCouncilsandlocaladministratorandresultsofselectionofMembersoftheSenateandreferendum;

(9) to submit a request to the Appeal Court or Regional AppealCourt, as the case may be, for the order of suspension of the right to vote ofcandidatesforelectionswhoconducts,use,orsupportsothertoactincontraventionwiththeOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingSenatorsorotherlawswhichrenderstheelectiondishonestandunfair;

(10) to control the arrangement for referendum or to order a newarrangement for referendum at any polling station or every polling stationwhenthere is a reasonable ground to believe that casting in the referendum in suchpollingstationwasnotinanhonestorfairmanner;

(11) to promote and support or coordinate with State agency orsupportprivateorganizationinprovidingcivicstudyandeducationtothepublicinrelation to democratic regime of government with the King as Head of State topromotecitizenshipandpoliticalparticipationofthecitizen;

(12) toperformotheractsasprovidedbylaw. There shall be an annual assessment of the work of the ElectionCommissionbytheNationalImpactAssessmentCommitteeandtheresultshallbenotifiedtotheelectionCommissionandannouncedtothepublicasprovidedbylaw. Section268. The Committee to arrange elections shall beestablished and shall consist of: qualified persons appointed by the PermanentSecretary of the Ministry of Defense, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry ofAgriculture and Cooperatives, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry ofTransportations, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Interior, PermanentSecretary of the Ministry of Education, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry ofPublicHealthandCommissionerGeneraloftheRoyalThaiPolice,fromgovernmentofficialsofeachagencyandonefromeachagency.TheCommitteeshallundertakethearrangementforelectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,MembersoflocalCouncilsandlocaladministratorsincludingcarryingoutreferendums.

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Qualifications, prohibitions, appointment, vacating of office, powersanddutiesoftheCommissiontoarrangeelectionsandothernecessarymattersshallbe in accordance with the Organic Law on Election Commission. In respect ofpowersandduties,theyshall,atleast,includepowerstoappointCommitteeintheregionallevelwhichshallconsistofqualifiedpersonswhoarenotpersonneloftheState. Inthecasewheretheisareasonablegroundtobelievethatapersonunder paragraph one or any State official carry out an election or voting inreferenduminadishonestorunfairmanner,theElectionCommissionmayconductadisciplinaryinvestigationonsuchperson.Iftheresultoftheinvestigationappearsthatthereisaprimafaciecaseonthedisciplinaryinvestigation,theChairpersonoftheElectionCommissionshallsubmitareportandrelateddocumentsincludingtheopinion to the Commander of such person in order to consider the disciplinarypenalty in accordance with the offence in accordance with the resolution of theElectionCommission.Thereshallbenoappointmentofdisciplinarycommittee. Inconsidering thedisciplinarypenalty, it shallbedeemedthat the report,documentandopinion of the ElectionCommission is the disciplinary file of the disciplinaryCommittee in accordancewith the law, rule or regulation onmanagement of thepersonnelofanagencyororganisationwhichsuchpersonisunder,asthecasemaybe. In this regard, it shall not affect the criminal legal proceeding against suchperson. Section269. During the period where the Royal Decree onelectionofMembersof theHouseofRepresentatives,selectionofmembersof theSenate or casting of vote in referendums is enforced. No Election Commissionershallbearrested,detained,orsummonedbyawarrantforinquiryunlessotherwiseispermittedbytheElectionCommissionorheisarrestedinflagrantedelicto. InthecasewhereamemberoftheElectionCommissionisarrestedinflagrante delicto, arrested or detained of the Election Commissioner in othermatters, the report shall be submitted to the Chairperson of the ElectionCommission without delay and the Chairperson of the Election Commissionmayorder for a release of the arrested person. However, if the Chairperson of theElection Commission is arrested or detained, it shall be powers of the remainingElectionCommissionerstoexecute.

Part2

TheStateAuditCommissionandtheAuditor‐General

Section270. TheStateauditshallbecarriedoutbytheStateAuditCommissionandAuditor‐Generalthoseareindependentandimpartial.

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TheStateAuditCommissionconsistsoftheChairpersonandsixothermembers appointed by the King, upon the recommendation of the Senate, frompersonswithapparenthonest,expertiseandexperienceinstateaudit,accounting,internalaudit,financeorotherfields. TheKingshallappointtheAuditorGeneral,upontherecommendationoftheSenate,frompersonswithapparenthonest,expertiseandexperienceinstateaudit,accounting,internalaudit,financeorotherfields. The rules on appointment under section 259 paragraph two andparagraph three on the administration under section 259 paragraph four, theSelective Committee including means of selection under section 260 (2) andparagraph two, section 261 and section 262, term of office and performance ofdutiesundersection263paragraphoneandparagraphtwoandselectionofpersonstoreplacethepositionsundersection265shallapply,mutatismutandis,totheStateAuditCommission,AuditorGeneralandOfficeoftheAuditorGeneralasprovidedbytheOrganicLawonStateAudit. Qualifications, prohibitions and vacating of office of the State AuditCommissioners andAuditorGeneral including the powers andduties of the StateAudit Commission, Auditor General and Office of the Auditor General and othernecessarymattersshallbeinaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonStateAuditwhichshall at least contain prohibition of persons who used to be a member of theCommitteeinaConstitutionalorganthathasdutytoinspecttheexerciseofpoweroftheStatetobeintheselectionprocess. TheChairpersonoftheStateAuditshallhavechargeandcontrolovertheOrganicLawonStateAudit. There shall be an annual assessment of thework of the State AuditCommissionbytheNationalImpactAssessmentCommitteeandtheresultshallbenotifiedtotheStateAuditCommissionandannouncedtothepublicasprovidedbylaw.

Part3

NationalCounterCorruptionCommission

Section271. TheNationalCounterCorruptionCommission shallconsist of ninemembers appointedby theKingupon the recommendation of theSenatefrompersonswithapparenthonestywiththetermofofficeofnineyearsasfromthedateofbeingappointedbytheKingandshallonlybeinofficeforoneterm. The rules on appointment under section 259 paragraph two andparagraph three on the administration under section 259 paragraph four, theSelective Committee including means of selection under section 260 (2) and

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paragraph two, section 261 and section 262, term of office and performance ofdutiesundersection263paragraphoneandparagraphtwoandselectionofpersonsto replace the positions under section 265 shall apply,mutatismutandis, to theNational Counter Corruption Commission and Office of the National CounterCorruption Commission as provided by the Organic Law on Prevention andSuppressionofCorruption. Qualifications, prohibitions and vacating of office of the NationalCounterCorruptionCommissionersincludingthepowersanddutiesoftheNationalCounter Corruption Commission and Office of the National Counter CorruptionCommissionandothernecessarymatters shallbe inaccordancewith theOrganicLaw on Prevention and Suppression of Corruption which shall at least containprohibition of persons who used to be a member of the Committee in aConstitutionalorganthathasdutytoinspecttheexerciseofpoweroftheStatetobeintheselectionprocess. TheChairpersonoftheNationalCounterCorruptionCommissionshallhave charge and control over the Organic Law on prevention and suppression ofcorruption. There shall be an annual assessment of thework of the State AuditCommissionbytheNationalImpactAssessmentCommitteeandtheresultshallbenotified to the National Counter Corruption Commission and announced to thepublicasprovidedbylaw. Section272. MembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesofnolessthan one‐fourth of the total number of the existing members of the House ofRepresentativesorcitizenswiththerightstovoteofnolessthantwentythousandinnumbershallhavetheright to lodgetothePresidentoftheSenateacomplaintthat any National Counter Corruption Commissioner has acted unjustly,intentionally violated the Constitution or laws or there has been a circumstancewhich is seriously detrimental to the dignity of the holding of office, in order torequesttheSenatetopassaresolutionremovinghimfromoffice. TheresolutionoftheSenateremovingaNationalCounterCorruptionCommissionerfromofficeunderparagraphoneshallbepassedbythevotesofnotlessthanthree‐fourthofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheSenate. Section273. MembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,membersof the Senate or members of both Houses of not less than one‐fifth of the totalnumber of the existing members of both House have the right to lodge to theSupremeCourtofJustice’sCriminalDivisionforPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositionsan allegation that any National Counter Corruption Commissioner has becomeunusually wealthy or has committed an offence of corruption or malfeasance inoffice.

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The accused National Counter Corruption Commissioner shall notperformhisdutiesduringthetimetheSupremeCourtofJustice’sCriminalDivisionfor Persons Holding Political Positions has ordered for the consideration of suchallegationuntilanacquitteddecisionhasbeenreached. In the case where National Counter Corruption Commissioners areunable to perform their duties under paragraph two and the remainingCommissionersarelessthanone‐halfofalltheCommissioners,thePresidentoftheConstitutionalCourt,thePresidentoftheSupremeCourtofJustice,thePresidentofthe Supreme Administrative Court shall hold a meeting to consider appointingpersonshavingqualificationandnotbeunderanyoftheprohibitionsundersection271 to act pro tempore as National Counter Corruption Commissioners until thepersonwhohasbeenappointedisabletoperformhisdutyoruntiladecisionhasbeengrantedtheSupremeCourtofJustice’sCriminalDivisionforPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositions. Section274. TheNationalCounterCorruptionCommission shallhavethefollowingpowersandduties:

(1) toinquireintofacts,summarizethecaseandprepareopinionsinrelationtotheremovalfromofficetobesubmittedtotheSenateinaccordancewithsection254;

(2) to inquire into facts and to summarize the case including toprepareopinionsinrelationtothecriminalproceedingsofapersonholdingpoliticalpositions to be submitted to the Supreme Court of Justice’s Criminal Division forPersonsHoldingPoliticalPositionsinaccordancewithsection256;

(3) to inquire and decide whether a State official, members of thecommittees in the Constitutional Organ with powers and duties to inspect theexerciseofStatepowers,AuditorGeneral,judges,attorneygeneralofficials,officialohighadministrationlevelhasbecomeunusuallywealthy,hascommittedanoffenceofcorruptioninduties,malfeasanceinofficeormalfeasanceinjudicialoffice,andtoinquire and make a ruling to who the principal, instigator or supporter of thecommissionofsuchoffence.Inthisregard,itshallbeinaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonPreventionandSuppressionofCorruption;

(4) toinspecttheaccuracy,actualexistenceandchangeofassetsandliabilities of the persons holding positions as provided in the Organic Law onPreventionandSuppressionofCorruption;

(5) to initiate legal proceedings to the Administrative Court inaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonPreventionandSuppressionofCorruption;

(6) to report the result of the inspection and the performancetogether with the observations to the Council of Ministers, House ofRepresentativesandtheSenateandpublishsuchreporttothepublic;

(7) toperformotheractsasprovidedbylaw

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Section4

TheHumanRightsOmbudsmen

Section275. TheHumanRightsOmbudsmenconsistingofelevenmembers appointed by the King, upon the recommendation of the Senate, frompersonshavingapparentintegrityandknowledgeandexperienceintheprotectionofrightsandlibertiesofthepeople,theadministrationofState’saffairsoractivitiesof common interests of the public with due regard to the representation fromprivateorganizations. The rules on appointment under section 259 paragraph two andparagraphthree,ontheadministrationundersection259paragraphfour, termofofficeandperformanceofdutiesundersection263paragraphoneandparagraphtwo, and on selection of persons to replace the positions under section 265 shallapply,mutatismutandis,totheHumanRightsOmbudsmanandOfficeoftheHumanRightsOmbudsman.Theselectedpersonshallholdthetermofofficeundersection263paragraphoneasprovidedbytheOrganicLawonHumanRightsOmbudsman. Qualifications, prohibitions and vacating of office of the NationalCounterCorruptionCommissionersincludingthepowersanddutiesoftheHumanRights Ombudsman and other necessarymatters shall be in accordancewith theOrganicLawonHumanRightsOmbudsmenwhichshallatleastcontainprohibitionofpersonswhousedtobeamemberoftheCommitteeinaConstitutionalorganthathasdutytoinspecttheexerciseofpoweroftheStatetobeintheselectionprocess. TheChairpersonoftheHumanRightsOmbudsmenshallhavechargeandcontroloftheexecutionoftheOrganicLawonHumanRightsOmbudsmen. The performance audit of the Human Rights Ombudsmen shall bemadeannuallyby theNationalPerformanceAuditCommission. Theperformanceaudit report shall be sent to the Human Rights Ombudsmen for information andshallalsobemadeknowntopublicinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthelaw. Section276. TheHuman Rights Ombudsmen shall have generalpowers and duties in providing protection to human dignity, rights, liberties andequalityofthepeopleandshallhavespecificpowersanddutiesasfollows: (1)toexamineandreportthecommissionoromissionofactswhichviolate human rights obligations or which do not comply with human rightsobligationsunder international treaties towhichThailand isaparty,andproposeappropriate remedial measures to the person or agency committing or omittingsuchactsfortakingaction; (2)toconsiderandinquireintofactuponthereceiptofcomplaintsinthefollowingcases;

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(a) failure to act in compliance with the law or performancebeyondthepowersanddutiesasprovidedbylawofanyStateofficial; (b)performanceoforomissiontoperformofdutiesofanyStateofficialwhich unjustly causes damages to the complainant or the publicwhethersuchactislawfulornot; (c) investigate any omission to perform duties or unlawfulperformance of duties of the Constitutional organization or agencies in theadministrationofjustice,exceptforthetrialandadjudicationoftheCourts; (3)tosubmitcasestogetherwithopinionstotheConstitutionalCourtonthequestionoftheconstitutionalityoftheprovisionsofanylawasprescribedbythe Organic Law on the Constitutional Court and the Rules and Procedure of theConstitutionalCourt; (4)tosubmitcasestogetherwithopinionstotheAdministrativeCourtonthequestionthatanyrule,orderoractisdetrimentaltohumanrightsoronthequestionoftheconstitutionalityorlegalityoftheprovisionsofanyrule,orderoractmade or done by the person under (2) in accordance with the Act on theAdministrativeCourtandtheRulesandProcedureoftheAdministrativeCourt; (5)tobringthecasetotheCourtsofJusticeonbehalfoftheaggrievedupon his requests if it deems appropriate for the common resolution of humanrightsviolationproblemorforpublicbenefitinaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonHumanRightsOmbudsmen; (6)toproposepoliciesandrecommendationsfortherevisionofanylaworruletotheNationalAssemblyortheCouncilofMinistersforthepromotionandprotectionoftherightsandlibertiesofthepeople; (7) topromoteeducationandresearchon,and thedisseminationofknowledgeon,rightsandlibertiesofthepeople; (8)topromotecollaborationandcoordinationamongStateagencies,privateorganizationsandanyotherorganizationsrelatedtohumanrights; (9)toreporttotheNationalAssemblyifitappearsthataStateagencyorStateofficialfailstocomplywiththeproposaloftheHumanRightsOmbudsmenandtomakesuchreportknowntothepublic.Inthisregard,theNationalAssemblyshallconsiderthereportwithoutdelay; (10) to submit an annual report together with observations to theCouncil ofMinisters, theHouse of Representatives and the Senate and to publishsuchreporttothepublic; (11)otherpowersanddutiesasprescribedbylaw. The Human Rights Ombudsmen shall allocate the duties andresponsibilitiesunder thissectionamongst themselvesclearlyanddistinctly. ThematterthatrequiresthejointresolutionoftheHumanRightsOmbudsmenshallbeinaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonHumanRightsOmbudsmen.

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BOOKIV

REFORMANDRECONCILLIATION

CHAPTER1

GeneralProvisions

Section277. The provisions in this book create duties to theNational Assembly, Council of Ministers, Courts of Justice, every governmentorganizationand citizen to reformand reconcile in accordancewith theprincipleandtimeperiodasprovidedinthisConstitution. Section278. TheprovisionsinthisBookshallceasetobeinforceasfromthedatethatthisConstitutionhasbeeninforceforfiveexceptifthecitizenwith the rights to vote for no less than fifty thousand in number, the NationalAssembly, or the Council of Ministers arranges for referendum to have theprovisionsinthisBooktocontinuetobeinforce.However,itshallnotexceedfiveyears as from the date that the majority of the citizen with the rights to voteapprovesthereferendumasprovidedbytheOrganicLawonReferendum.

CHAPTER2

ReformtoReducetheDisparityandtoCreateFairness

Part1

NationalReformAssemblyandtheNationalReformStrategyCommittee

Section279. For the benefit of the continuous reform of thecountry, there shall be the National Reform Assembly and the National ReformStrategyCommitteewhichshallconsistofthefollowingpersonsandorigins:

(1) the National Reform Assembly shall consist of members notexceedingonehundredandtwentypersons,whomareappointedbytheKingfromthefollowingpersons;

(a) sixtymembersof theNationalReformAssemblyunder theConstitutionoftheKingdomofThailand(Interim)B.E.2557;

(b) thirtymembersof theNationalLegislativeAssemblyundertheConstitutionoftheKingdomofThailand(Interim)B.E.2557;

(c) expertisewhohaveskillsindifferentkindsofreforms;

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(2) theNationalReformStrategyCommitteeshallconsistoffulltimemembersof the committees and come fromqualifiedpersonswho are experts indifferenttypesofreformsfornotexceedingfifteenpersonsappointedbytheKing,upontheresolutionoftheNationalReformAssembly. The Prime Minister shall countersign the appointment of themembers of the National Reform Assembly and the National Reform StrategyCommittee. Qualifications, prohibitions, rules and obtaining of members underparagraph(1)andcommitteeunder(2),otherpowersandduties,executionofworkincludingothernecessarymattersshallbe inaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonNationalReform. The National Reform Assembly and the National Reform StrategyCommitteeshallhavethefollowingpowersandduties:

(1) topropelthereformbyproposingpoliciesandrecommendationfor reform to theNational Assembly, Council ofMinisters or relevant agencies inorder to reduce the disparity and create fairness as provided in this Chapter. InrespectofotherreformswhicharenotprovidedinthisChaptershallbeexecutedinaccordancewithrecommendationsoftheNationalReformStrategyCommittee,withtheapprovaloftheNationalReformAssemblyofavoteofnolessthanthree‐fourthofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheCouncil;

(2) topresentplansandprocedureintheenactmentoflawsandtheperformance in order to create the reform of theNational ReformAssembly andplans and strategic reformof everypart to integrate to actually and continuouslyreducethedisparityandcreatefairness;

(3) to promote education, research, and publication of knowledgeconcerningreform;

(4) tocreateanddeveloppotentialsofthepublictobegoodcitizensincludingtopromotethesocialmovementwiththereformassemblyprocedure;

(5) tofollowupandevaluatetheworkofrelatedagenciesinordertocreateharmonisedreforminaccordancewiththeprovisionsinthisConstitution;

(6) toperformotheractsasprovidedbytheConstitutionorlaws. WhentheCouncilofMinistersreceivestheproposalunder(1),itshallconsider carryingout suchproposal and supportingwith sufficient budget. In thecase where the Council of Ministers is unable to carry out the proposal, it shallinformitsreasonstotheNationalAssemblyandtheNationalReformAssemblyforacknowledgement.InthecasewherethebetheNationalReformAssemblypassesaresolutionwith thevotes ofno less than three‐fourthsof the total numberof theexisting members of the National Reform Assembly that the reform, which theCouncilofMinistersdoesnotcarryout,ishighlyimportantandthatthereferendum,onwhetherornotsuchexecutionshallbecarriedout,shallbeheld.Theresultofsuchreferendumshallhave thebindingeffectontheCouncilofMinistersand theNationalReformAssembly.

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There shall be a secretariat office of the National ReformAssemblywhichshallbeindependentinmanagementofpersonnel,budget,andothermattersasprovidedbytheOrganicLawonNationalReform. There shall be an annual assessmentof theperformanceofworkoftheNationalReformAssemblyandtheNationalReformStrategyCommitteebytheNationalAssessmentCommittee.ItshallinformtheNationalReformAssemblyandtheNationalReformStrategyCommitteeandpublishtheresultofassessmenttothepublicasprovidedbytheOrganicLawonNationalReform. Section280. Incarryingoutsection279paragraphfour(1), if itsees that it is necessary to enact an Act, the National Reform Assembly and theNational Reform Strategy Committee shall draft a bill concerning such case andsubmitittotheNationalAssembly.SuchdraftshallbesubmittedtotheSenatefirst.If the Senate considers the proposed draft bill and passes the resolution ofdisapproval, such draft bill shall lapse. If the Senate considers the draft bill andpassesaresolutionofapproval,theSenateshallsubmitsuchdraftbilltotheHouseofParliament.Theprovisionsinpart6ontheenactmentofanActandOrganicLawand Part 7 on the control of enactment of an Act which is contradictory orinconsistent to theConstitution shall applymutatismutandis.ASenate committeeconsideringsuchdraftbillshallconsist,atleast,one‐halfofthemembersofNationalReformAssemblyandtheNationalReformStrategyCommittee. The Senate and the House of Representative shall appoint a non‐standingcommittee toconsidersuchbillandsuchcommitteeshallconsistno lessthan half of its member of the member of National Reform Assembly and theNationalReformStrategyCommittee WhentheHouseofRepresentativeshavecompleteditsconsiderationofthedraftbillinparagraphone:

(1) if it agreeswith the Senate, it shall continue to carry out undersection156;

(2) ifitdisagreeswiththeSenate,suchdraftbillshallbereturnedtotheSenate.IftheSenatepassesaresolutiontoreaffirmtheoriginalbillbythevotesofmorethantwo‐thirdsofthetotalnumberoftheexistingmembersoftheSenate,such bill shall be deemed to be approved by the National Assembly and shall becarriedoutundersection156. In the casewhere the proposed draft bill under paragraph one is amoney bill it can only be submitted to the Senate upon the endorsement of thePrimeMinister. In thisregard, thePrimeMinistershallconsider forendorsementwithinthirtydaysasfromthedateofreceivingthebill.InthecasewherethePrimeMinister fails tonotify the result of considerationwithin the specifiedperiod, thePrimeMinistershallbedeemedtoendorsesuchbill.

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Part2

VariousFieldsofReforms

Section281. Theplansandprocedureinthereforms,enactmentofactsandcarryingouttoresultindifferentfieldsapprovedbytheNationalReformAssemblyespeciallythecarryingoutofdifferentfieldsofreformsasprovidedinthispart. Section282. Thereshallbe legal reformsand judicialprocedureasfollows:

(1) toallowthepublic toeasilyaccess the lawsandrules, anActonthelegalCodetogatherandamendthelawsandrulesondifferentmattersshallbeenactedinacompleteandmodernmannertopublicizetothepublic;

(2) to allow the citizen with low income to receive legal and caseassistance,anActonlegalandcasesassistanceshallbeenacted.Thereshallbeanagencytowidelyprovidenecessarylegalrecommendationstothepublic,toprovidelawyers with actual capacities on cases to precede penal, criminal andadministrative cases to citizenwith low income.A fundproviding legal and casesassistanceshallbeestablishedforsuchmatterbywhichthepublicandprofessionalorganizationsshalljointlycarryoutsuchperformance;

(3) the Law Reform Commission shall have duties and powers tosubmittotheNationalReformAssemblytoconsiderarepealoramendmentoflawsorrules,asthecasemaybe,whichunnecessaryrestrictsfreedomofthecitizenorcreatesunnecessaryburdenorprocedure;

(4) to amend the laws on the license issuance in the monopolymanner, concession, or providing rights to carry out an operation, by publiclytenderingastheprinciple,exceptotherwise isnecessary.TheCouncilofMinistersmaypassaresolutiontocarryoutbyanyothermeansbutitshallbenotifiedtothepublic.Anylicensewhichisnotprecededaspermittedwithoutareasonableground,suchlicenseshallbedeemedtocease.Thegovernmentagencywiththeauthoritytoissue the license shall prove the necessity of having such license to the NationalAssemblyeveryfiveyear;

(5) to reform the law on alternative judicial procedure, judicialprocedurefortheharmonyincludingdisputesettlementbetweenthecitizensbythecommunityjudicialprocedureorcommunitydisputeconciliationfortheintegrationonmechanismandprocedureinsuchmatters;

(6) there shall be a mechanism for enforcement of civil cases andadministrative cases under the Courts of Justice to enforce the Court rulings andordersoftheCourtsofJusticeandAdministrativeCourtasprovidedbylaw;

(7) to arrange the study and training to cultivate the public to obeythelaws,honorthepersonswhostrictlyandhonestlyobeythelawsandtopunishstateofficialswhofailtoeffectivelyenforcethelaws;

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(8) toreformstructureandpowersanddutiesofOfficeof theRoyalThaiPoliceby transferring thenon‐coremissionof theRoyalThaiPolice tootherrelatingagencies,prescribemeasurestopreventinferencewithjuridicalprocessbypoliticalgroup,prescribestandardcriteriaforappointmentortransferofpolicestobe in accordancewith themoral standard, decentralized administrative power ofpolices to Changwat level, establish public participation process in policebusinesses,improveinvestigativeworksinordertobeindependentfromtheOfficeof the Royal Thai Police, allow attorney‐general official, Governors, Chief DistrictOfficer to have power to join investigation with investigative agency whererequested by the public, improve forensic works in the Office of the Royal ThaiPolice tobe independent andefficientandhavingpersonal administrative systemthatadheretotheprincipleofspecializedknowledge,andadequatelyallocateanddecentralizethepowertomanagebudgettoareaarealunitsforefficientexecution. Section283. There shall be reforms on finance, public financeandtaxesunderthefollowingmeans:

(1) toarrangefortwolevelsoftaxeswhicharethenationallevelandthe local level and to allow local administrative organizations to have income asnecessaryforthelocalexpenses.Thereshallalsobetheeffectivesystemtoinspecttheuseofpublicbudget.Inthisregard,itshallbeasprovidedbylaw;

(2) toestablishthelawprovidingthepersonneltotheirorganizationtotherelatedgovernmentagencysothateverycitizenwithincomeisinthesystemcompletely. This is to receive the datawhich the state can use for considerationwhenprovidingassistancetopersonswithinsufficientincomeandforthepersonswhopaytaxestoreceivethebenefitsasprovidedbylaw;

(3) toadjustthetaxsystemtobeefficient, impartial, fairandreducetheeconomicdisparitybyconsideringanabolishmentoftaxreductionorexemptiontotheleastpossibleways;

(4) to arrange the national pension system in order to cover thecitizenswhicharenot in thepensionsystemso that theycan livesufficientlyandsustainably. ThereshallbetheCommitteeonReformoffinanceandtaxeswhichisindependentwithintheperiodofoneyearasfromthedatethatthisConstitutionispromulgated. It shall consist of representatives frompublic sector, private sectorandacademicsectorinappropriateproportionandshallhavedutiesandpowerstostudy,analyzeandrecommendamendmentsonlawsonfinanceandtaxestocreateefficiency, impartiality, fairness and economic and social disparity appropriately.This is also to increase the basis of tax in different fields and other powers anddutiesasprovidedbylaw. Section284. There shall be a reform in administration of stateaffairsasfollows:

(1) theadministrationofstateaffairsandallocationofbudgetshallbe in accordance with long term national strategies and national economic andsocialdevelopmentplans;

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(2) to clearly specify the scope of the duties and powers of stateagencies in administration of state affairs in the manner of task force, regionalpublicadministration andotherareasandcoordinatewithintegrationbyholdingtheprincipleofparticipationandhappinessofthepublic;

(3) to create the system and mechanism in the administration ofstateaffairsbyhighlightingtheprovidingofservicesviainformationtechnology;

(4) torevise theworkandservices to thepublicprovidedbystateagencies in order to reduce and abolish an overlappingwork. Any public servicewhichmaybeprovidedby theprivate sector, civil society or local administrativeorganizationswithquality and standardof no less than the level providedby thegovernmentagency.Moreover, theprice isnot toohigh.Governmentagencyshallterminate its performance and transfer such duties and services to the privatesector,civilsocietyorlocaladministrativeorganizationstocarryoutsuchtasks;

(5) to establish regional administration and development agencywhich supports development of provinces located in the region and supervisegovernmentagenciesinthearea.Suchagencyistomakeplansandadministerthearea budget in order to develop the regions in accordance with the countrydevelopmentplananditsworkshallnotoverlapwiththeworkoftheprovinceandlocal administrative organizations. It shall coordinate the developmentadministration between the central administration, regional administration andlocal administration. This is to ensure the integration and sustainability of thedevelopinprovincialareasasprovidedbylaw;

(6) theindependentCommitteeonremunerationofstatepersonnelshall be established to study, analyze, compare remuneration including salary,welfare and other benefits of the state official in every type and level andremunerationintheprivatesector.ThisshallbenotifiedtotheNationalAssemblyandtheCouncilofMinistersandpublishedtothepubliceveryperiodasprovidedbylaw. Section285. There shall be reforms in local administration asfollows:

(1) to enact legislation and establish a mechanism which isnecessary for the establishment of local administrative organization fully in theprovincial areas and shall complete it within one year as from the date that thisConstitution is promulgated. The establishment of local administrativeorganizationsshallbepromptlycarriedoutintheareaswheretheyarereadyandappropriate;

(2) toestablish thenationaldecentralizationofpowersCommitteewhich shall consist of representatives from the public sector, local administrator,localofficialsandqualifiedpersonsandonehalfofthemembersofthecommitteeshall,at least,consistofthequalifiedpersonsandrepresentativesfromthecitizenassembly. The committee shall specify policies, central standard and propel thedecentralization of powers with unity and successfully decentralize the powers.There shall be Office of the National Decentralization of Powers Committee

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responsible as the secretariat and is responsible for secretariat work and otherdutiesasnecessaryasprovidedbylaw. Section286. Thereshallbeeducational reform fordevelopmentof persons to be good citizens with knowledge and potentials by holding thefollowingprinciples:

(1) to decentralize the powers in educational management byreducingtherolesoftheSatefromtheeducationprovidertoproviderofeducation,promotion, supportandsupervisingpolicies,plans,standardand followingup theassessmentofprovidingof serviceandpromoting theeducational institutes tobeabletoadministereducationindependently,efficientlyandresponsiblytotheresultoftheeducationalmanagement.Inthisregard,theprivatesector,communitiesandlocal administrative organizations shall jointly participate in such matter in anappropriatemanner;

(2) to directly allocate expenses per head to every studentsufficiently inaccordancewithnecessityandappropriateness for theeducation inprimarylevelthroughthesecondarylevelinbothgeneralandvocationaleducation;

(3) to improve the systemofdevelopment children in theprimaryyearsfromthemomentachildenvatresamere.Thisshallbedonebyimprovingtheknowledgetotheonewhotakescareofsuchchildtoensureappropriatecapabilityandrelationshipinlookingaftersmallchildinthepre‐schoolagetohavecompletedevelopment and readiness to learn in every aspect including the physical,psychological,intelligence,moodandsociety;

(4) to improve the vocational education to the production systemanddevelopmentofpersonnel in theproduction line tobeskillfulandcapacity inprofessionalperformanceinaccordancewithneedsandfieldsinwhichexpertiseisinshortsupply;

(5) to improve the higher educational system to be underknowledgemanagementandbuildingofknowledgeinaneffectivemannerandtobeable to competewith foreigncountriesandpromoteacademicpotentials to servethesociety;

(6) to develop the knowledge management by highlighting thethinkingprocess,useofreasonsandlearningbydoing.Thisshallincludepromotingof knowledge environment and public advertisement in education, promotion ofeducation in science and technology togetherwith education in the fields of arts,culture, language, and religion and population study. This is in order to instillconscious of good citizenshipwithmorality, ethics, and good governance of Thaipeopleineverylevelandthisincludesknowledgewhichispenetrativetochangesoftheworldsocietyandabletocreatethesocietyofintellectual;

(7) toimprovetheproductionsystem,developmentandassessmentof teachers and educational personnel by using the educational achievement ofstudents. Inthisregard,theproductionshallemphasizeonthecharacteristicsandcapacitiesasappropriatetodifferentlevelofeducation;

(8) to develop the system of good governance in the educationalcircle inorder tosolvecorruptionandmalfeasanceandtoestablish thesystemof

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transparency inspection of the administration and educational management ofeverylevel;

(9) to adjust the systems of test and evaluation of the educationalresulttobethetestforlearning,skillsandthequalificationsoflearnerstospreadinevery aspect in order to develop such learners. In respect of the evaluation ofeducational institutes, it shall be the evaluation for development and qualitycertification;

(10) to improve the structure of national, regional and localeducationaladministrationinordertoenhancethelevelofqualityandefficiencyofeducation and human development and to facilitate the educational reform anddevelophumantoreachsuccessfulness.

(11) to improvetheprofessionalcouncilstohavespecificpowers tocertify the curriculum under their responsibilities without affecting academicfreedomofhighereducationalinstitutes;

(12) to establish the educational law code and this shall be byamending the lawonnational education, the lawonofficial administrationof theMinistryofEducation,thelawonteachersandeducationalpersonnelandthelawonTeachers’ Council including the law on standard and educational qualitycertification,allocationofeducational resourcesandonactualparticipationof thepublic, communities, private sector and civil society in the educationaladministration.Inthisregard,itshallbeasprovidedintheprovisioninthispart. In order to execute the educational reform under this sectionpromptly and continuously, the Committee on national educational policies andhuman development shall be established under the supervision of the PrimeMinisterwithinoneyearasfromthedatethatthisConstitutionispromulgated. Itshallhave theduties toreformtheeducationanddevelophuman inallaspectsoflife, toprescribepolicies, strategicplans, to scrutinize theallocationofbudget oneducation and human development including conducting and improving all lawsnecessary to resolve any obstacles to educational reform of every agency whichadministerseducation. Composition, sources, powers and duties and operation of theCommittee on national educational policies and human development shall be asprovidedbylaw. Section287. There shall be reforms in management andadministration of national resources, environment and urban planning. Suchreforms shall consider thephilosophy of sufficient economy, good governance onenvironment, fair and sustainable access to natural resources and sustainabledevelopmentasfollows:

(1) reforms in the systemand structure, organization and lawsonmanagementandadministrationofnatural resourcesandenvironment.This shallbe by conducting environmental law Code, natural resources law Code, anenactmentof lawrelating towatermanagement,protectedseaareamanagement,hazardous waste and sewage management and law on community right anddecentralization. This shall include amendment of laws on promotion and

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conservation of environmental quality, the law on urban planning and urbandevelopmentandotherrelatedlaws;

(2) toimprovethemechanismformanagementandadministrationofnaturalresourcesandenvironmentbydevelopingthesystemandstructureoftheEnvironmental Impact Assessment Report, Impact Assessment on health,EnvironmentFund,urbanplanning,useoflandmanagement,thesystemoftheuseof sea area management. The environment assessment shall be included in thestrategy when specifying policies, plans and area development, establishment ofnationalincomeaccountwhichincludethecalculationofcostonnaturalresourcesandenvironment,thesystemofenvironmentaltax,expansionofresponsibilitiesofproducersinrelationtoimpactsfromproductsandtheuseofothereconomictoolsinenvironmentasnecessary;

(3) to develop the judicial procedure on environment, to improvethe system of calculation of environmental damage cost, to amend the law onproceeding and rehabilitation of damage, organization and institutes concerningenvironmentalfairnessandenforcementofenvironmentalcases;

(4) to improve themechanism and procedure inmanagement andadministration of natural resources and environment to allow the public andcommunitiestotrulyparticipate. Section288. Thereshallbeanenergyreformasfollows:

(1) tomanageandadministertheenergywithgoodgovernanceandsustainability.Petrolandothernaturalfuelwhicharethenationalresourcesandarefor the maximum benefit of the country and the public truly. There shall be anenactment or amendment of the law on petroleum and other relevant laws onpetroleuminaccordancewiththeearlierprinciple;

(2) toimprovetheexploration,productionandtheuseofpetroleumorotherenergies.Itshallconsidertheimpactonnaturalresources,environmentalqualityincludingthewayoflivesandhealthofthepublicandcommunities;

(3) to undertake to ensure that the public acknowledges, accessesandunderstandsthedataonenergyandparticipate intheprescriptionofpoliciesandplansonenergyinbothnationalandlocallevels.Thisshallincludethefollow‐upandinspectionofthecarryingoutofpoliciesandplans. Section289. Thereshallbe the laborreform inaccordancewiththefollowingmeans:

(1) toenactalawandtospecifythemechanismforthefreedomoflabor in association, unification and negotiation in accordance with theinternationalstandard;

(2) to support the establishment of LaborBank tobe the financialfundforlaborertopromotesavingandself‐developmentwhichwouldleadtobetterqualityoflife.

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Section290. There shall be a reform in culture under theprinciple of participation inplanning andmanagement and administrationby thepublicandtheprincipleofbalancesbetweenthegovernmentsector,privatesectorandthepublicinaccordancewiththefollowingmeans:

(1) topromotetheestablishmentofartsandcultureassemblyinthelocalandnational levelswhichshallconsistof thecivilsociety inaccordancewiththe readiness in each area. This is to protect, rehabilitate, inherit, promote anddevelop the arts and culturework in accordancewith the diversity in each area.Such assembly shall be independent and coordinate with the National ReformAssemblyandtheNationalReformStrategyCommittee;

(2) to establish the fund on national culture as the fund for civilsocietytocreateartsandculture;

(3) localadministrativeorganizationsshallsupportthebudgetandundertakewhateverisnecessaryforthepromotionofartsandculture. Section291. Thereshallbeareformonscienceandtechnologyinaccordancewiththefollowingmeans:

(1) there shall be a measure in promotion and development ofknowledge on basic science, improvement of teaching and learning of science sothatthelearnershavereasonsandareabletothinkscientifically.Thisshallincludepersonnel development on science and technology to obtain knowledge andexpertise.Thereshallbeattractivemeasure forThai scientistswhoresides in thecountryand in foreigncountries touse theirknowledgeandexpertise todevelopscienceandtechnologyofthecountry;

(2) to sufficiently invest in education, research, innovation, andinfrastructure in science and technology of the country and there shall be taxincentivesandothermeans toattract theprivatesectortoundertakesuchactsorjointhepublicsector.Thisshall includeassistancemeasureintechnologytransferand to allow such transfer to truly occur in order to use it as themechanism inpropellingthecountrytosustainabledevelopmentandresponsivetoglobalization;

(3) toestablishthedataoninventioninscienceandtechnologyandshallwidelypublicizesuchdataincludingtopromotetheuseoftheresearchresultandinventionintheproductionprocessandservices;

(4) to establish and develop themechanism in protecting, sharingand using of the invention, thinking, and creativity in science and technologyefficiently;

(5) to support or invest in local administrative organizations,communities and small entrepreneurs in the sectors of agriculture, productionprocessandservicestousethetechnologyandinnovationtoincreasethevalueofproducts and services. Local administrativeorganizations, communities and smallentrepreneursshallparticipateappropriatelytobuildlocalandcommunitycapacitytobeabletostandbythemselves

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Inordertoexecutethereformonscienceandtechnologyunderthissection promptly and continuously, the Committee on national reform of scienceand technology shall be established within one year as from the date that thisConstitution is promulgated. It shall have duties to reform the education anddevelop human in all aspects of life, to prescribe policies, strategic plans, toscrutinizetheallocationofbudgetoneducationandhumandevelopmentincludingconducting and improving all laws necessary to resolve any obstacles to thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyofthecountry. Composition, sources, powers and duties and operation of theCommittee on national educational policies and human development shall be asprovidedbylaw. Section292. There shall be the reform on macro economy inaccordancewiththefollowingmeans:

(1) to amend the law in order to systematically and effectivelyprevent, reduce, restrict or destroymonopoly and restriction to competition. Thelaw shall promote free and fair competition between businesses, amongst theprivate sector, and between the state enterprises and private sector. This shallincludeapreventionoflargebusinessoperatorstoabusetheirdominantpowers.Inthe casewhere it is necessary for the state tomonopolize in a businesswhich isbeneficialtothemajorityofthepublic,thestateshallsuperviseinordertoensurefairnesstotheconsumers;

(2) tomanage and administer the state enterprises systematically,effectively and transparently. This shall include a revise of necessity in maintaineachstateenterpriseandtheirefficiency.Operationalgoalsofeachstateenterpriseshall be established clearly and good governance of state enterprise shall beimprovedtotheinternationallevel. Roles andduties of the governmental organizations relating tostateenterpriseshallbeprescribedclearlybydividingthedifferencebetweentheagencieswhichsupervisethebusinesses insectorialeconomyandagencieswhichare theownerof thestateenterpriseonbehalfof thestate.Theprincipleofgoodgovernanceandpreventionofpolitical interferenceshallbeused.Thereshallbeareformofstateenterprisewhicharemakingalossorinefficientbyestablishinganindependentorganizationtotakeresponsibilityinrestoringsuchstateenterprises;

(3) to undertake acts which allow the public and communityorganizationtobeequalinopportunity,tohavebasicknowledgeonfinance,andtoaccessbasic financial services in the formsofcommunitysaving fund, communitycooperatives, banking system, capital market or other forms including access toimportantpublicutility;

(4) to continuously allocate additional budgets for extradevelopment in accordancewith appropriateness in order to develop poor areasandgroupsoflowincometoallowcommunitytobestrongandtoreduceeconomicdisparity;

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(5) to support the private sector and the public to participate inresolving theproblemsof economic and social disparityby using appropriate taxlegalmeasure;

(6) to adjust the structure of supervision and promotion of thecooperativesby improving the standardofperformanceof the cooperatives tobeforsavingandtobeasecuredfinancialinstitutewithgoodgovernance.Thisisalsoto improve of other cooperatives in order to promote unification and strength ofmembersunderthephilosophyofsufficiencyeconomy. For the benefits in resolving the issue of poverty and disparity ofincomeandsocialopportunity, acentralorganizationshallbeestablished tohavepowers and duties in prescribing strategies, scope of policy, goal in povertyelimination, and reduction in clear disparity amongst the public. It shall also beresponsible for coordination and evaluation of performance of work and otherdutiesandpowersasprovidedbylaw. Section293. TheStateshallreformmicro‐economyinaccordancewiththefollowingmeans:

(1) thereshallbeastrategyplanandexecutionplanondevelopmentof the agricultural sector and agriculturalists, defining the agricultural areaincludingdevelopmentofstandardofagriculturalproducts, thesystemofproductprocess and agricultural innovation by integrating local knowledge and researchstudyanddevelopment.This istoensurethattheagriculturalistshaveknowledgeand income security and to establish Thailand as the base for food security andcentralfutureagriculturalproductsandfoodtradinginAsia;

(2) todissipate thepossessionof land fairly, toprovide, to reformandtomanagetheStateandprivatelandswhicharenoteconomicallyusedsothatsuch lands can facilitate the agriculturists and communities to gain access to thelandformakingaliving.Thisshallincludepreservingthelandundertheconditionsasprovidedbylaw.Themeasureusedshallbe:theestablishmentoftheLandBank,granting theprivilege to thecommunities tomanage the landandresources, landand building tax collection or other appropriate measures. This shall besystematicallycoordinatedandshallleadtothemaximumbenefituseofland;

(3) to protect the agriculturalists to receive fairness fromagriculturalmonopoly,contractfarmingandunfaircontractbyamendingthelawonunfair contract terms and enact a law in order to organize contract farming torenderitfairforagriculturalists;

(4) to promote the risk security system for agriculturalists in thecasewheretheriskofproductionormarketingoccurs;

(5) to promote the development and expansion of area forsustainable agriculture to ensure that it covers, at least, one fourth of theagricultural area. This is to create safety and food security and to increasecompetitiveness in Thai agricultural sector. There shall also be the law ondevelopment and promotion of sustainable agriculture and the agriculturalistorganizations and communities shall play an important role in promoting thesystemofsustainableagriculture togetherwith thepublicsector.Thereshallbea

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control on advertisement on agricultural chemical and promoting its appropriateuseinaccordancewiththeacademicprinciple.Thisistoreduceunnecessaryuseofagricultural chemicals, to reduce impacts on environment, health of theagriculturalistsandconsumers;

(6) topromotetourismsectortobequalitytouristplaces.Theyshallnotbehazardous to theenvironmentandare inaccordancewith the identityandcultureinordertoincreaseincometothecountryandtodistributesuchincometothe public widely. Participation of such acts shall come from the public sector,private sector and communities and harmonize the work including plans andbudgets;

(7) toreforminordertoimprovetheinfrastructureandlogistics,toreformthetransportationsystemandtoconnecteverykindoftransportationinthedomestic and international levels. This is to promote themanagement of supplychain,toincreasethecompetitivenessandtoincreasethequalityoflifeincludingtobuildamechanismincooperationbetweenthepublicsectorandtheprivatesectorinsuchreform;

(8) tobuildanddevelopasocietyofentrepreneursbysupportingansystematic establishment of small and medium enterprise, supporting theinvestment, creating the capability to access capital, using innovation to producecommercialproductsincludingpromotingthecreativeeconomy;

(9) to systematically promote and support investment of Thaiprivatesectorinforeigncountriesincreatingopportunities,providinginformation,establishingthetaxmeasureandotherprotectionmeasures,investmentbanksandotherrelatedmatters. Section294. There shall be a reform on public health inaccordancewiththefollowingmeans:

(1) to speed up the development of public health system whichhighlighttheserviceprovidingofprimaryhealthemphasizingtheareaasbaseandthe public as the center. This shall include health promotion and protection ofthreatening diseases and dangers. All these are to result in the communities andlocaladministrativeorganizationsbeingabletooperatesuchmatterstogether;

(2) to reform the management and administration of the healthsecurity including finance of the health fund to have similar characteristics andstandard and to contain equality and fairness, sufficiency and sustainability. Thisshallemphasisontheparticipationofallstakeholders in lookingafterthesystem.This shall consider wide accessibility, effectiveness and efficiency. These are tooversee the overall picture and sustainability of finance and to establish theexecution policies which are fair, reduce disparity, efficient in management andadministration and reach the standard and accepted in public health serviceproviding;

(3) tocontrolexpenditureonhealthbypromotingtothepublicthebasicinformationonlookingaftertheirhealth;

(4) to establish a mechanism which supervises healthcare systemandprovisionofhealthcareserviceinthefairmarketeconomysystem,tosupervise

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price of drugs and medical fee to be at the appropriate level and fair to servicerecipients;

(5) toreformtheproductionsystemanddecentralizepersonnel tothe countryside by promoting the building of medical personnel via state andprivateeducationalinstitutes; Section295. Thereshallbeasocialreforminaccordancewiththefollowingmeans:

(1) to reform the laws, rules, and regulationswhichwouldhelp topromotecommunitiestobestrong,havetherighttotakecareandmanagenaturalresourcesand community fund.This is toprovidepublic services andwelfare forpeopleinthecommunitiesbycooperatingwithlocaladministrativeorganizations,privatesectorandcivilsociety;

(2) toreformthesocialwelfaresystemincludingthesocial serviceproviding,socialsecurityofallgroupsofcitizens,socialassistance,andsupportforsocial partnership to have wide coverage, sufficient, sustainable, with quality,accessible,andpartnerwithdifferentsectors.Thisshallhighlight the familiesandcommunities as thebase to establish the strengthpromotion for civil society andvolunteerstoexecutesuchwork.Thesearealsotoimprovetheassistancesystemtobecontinuousto theunderprivilegedpeople,disabledpeopleandpeoplenear theborders. These shall include the architecture and the housing system which areappropriatetoeliminatethedisparityandtoestablishthefairnessandgoodqualityoflifeofthepublic;

(3) thestate,stateorganizations,localadministrativeorganizations,and religious places shall arrange for public space to allow people in thecommunities to jointly use for the activities to create social relationship,entertainingactivitiesandsports;

(4) toestablishalongtermplanandexecutesuchplaninordertobeready for the society of old citizen of Thailand especially to establish the savingsystemforlivingastheelderlyandtobereadyfortheappropriateelderlyageofthepublic. Itshall improvetheappropriateretirementsystem.Thereshallalsobethereformofelderlywelfareforthosewhohaveinsufficientincometosurviveandtoallow them to live appropriately. There shall be a long term care and the use ofintelligence capital of the elderly including promoting strong unification andnetwork.Asystem,mechanismandprocedure inmanagementandadministrationofassetsensuringthelong‐termcareofelderlyshallbeestablished;

(5) the safety security of products and services especially on foodsafetyandasystemormechanismtoprotectconsumersinaccordancewithadvanceprotection shall be established. These are to prescribe the protectionmeasure topreventdamagesortoreducetheimpactfromcaseswheretheyarepredictableandafundforprimarycompensationanddamagesforconsumerswhoreceivedamagefromunsafeproductsorservicesshallbeestablished.

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ThereshallbeaCommitteeon socialandcommunity reformwithinone year as from the date that this Constitution is promulgated. Such Committeeshallstudyandestablishplans,recommendationsandother lawstopushforwardthesocialandcommunityreform. Itshallalsohavedutiesto followup,supervise,and promote the social reform to be solid and continuous. In this regard,composition,sourcesandpowersanddutiesareasprovidedbylaw. Section296. There shall be a reform in media and informationtechnologyforthebenefitofreceivinginformationofthepublic.Thisshallreachthestandardwith high quality and receive credibility in the country level and at theinternationallevel.Thereformshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingmeans;

(1) to establish amechanism to promote themedia professions tohave freedom together with responsibility, to push forward the development ofmechanismwhichwouldsecurethefreedomfromdominationandinterferencebythestatepowersandcapital.Thisistoensurethattheinformationgainediscorrect,completeandcoverseveryaspect.Thisshallincludethepromotionofwelfareandwelfareintheperformanceofmediaprofessions;

(2) topushforwardthedevelopmentofmeasuresandmechanismsinsupervisingthemediatobemoreefficientandtobeabletosupervisethemselveson the ethic matter, to supervise the public sector, to establish the measure topromotethepublic,usersandconsumerstobeawareofthemediaandtobeawareof rights and freedom and responsibilities. These are to avoid hatred betweenpeopleinthenation,religionandviolencebetweenoneanother;

(3) to establish a mechanism for distribution and sharing ofnationalcommunicationresourcesinordertoprovideopportunitiestothepublictogain access and to jointly use the benefits. These shall include the promotion ofalternativemedia,communitymedia,peacemediaandthepromotionandsupportof creativity and production and contentwhich are the public interest and thereshallbeanagencywithlegalauthoritytosupervisesuchmatters.

CHAPTER3

Reconciliation

Section297. For thepurposeof establishing theharmony,unityandreconciliationamongthepeopleofthenationtopeacefullylivetogetherinthedemocratic society with differences and measure which will lead the country tosustainable stability and peace, there shall be an independent NationalReconciliationPromotionCommitteeconsistingofmembersofnolessthanfifteenpeopleappointedbytheKingfromqualifiedpersonswhoarepoliticallyimpartialorarenotsidedwithanysideoftheconflictsoraleaderoftheconflict.

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Sources, term of office, powers and duties and operation of theindependentNationalReconciliationPromotionCommitteeincludingthesecretariatand other necessarymatters shall be in accordancewith the Organic Law on theThailandReformCommitteeandpromotionofreconciliation. Section298. TheIndependentNationalReconciliationPromotionCommitteeshallhavethefollowingdutiesandpowers:

(1) tostudyandanalyzeinordertofindgroundsforconflictsinthecountry,damagesoccurredandrecommendmeans toresolvesuchmatters to theCouncilofMinistersorNationalAssembly.Inthisregard,itshallconsiderthereportorstudyresultproducedbyotherorganizations,whether it isdomesticorforeignone;

(2) toestablish,execute,andcoordinate tocreate theenvironmentwhich facilitates the living in harmony and reconciliation of the people in thecountry.Itshallpromotetheknowledgelearningandtheuseofresolutionprocessto jointly resolve the conflict, to build the network in order to establish thereconciliationindifferentsectorsandtoestablishtheprocessofreconciliation;

(3) tobeamediatorincoordinatingbetweenleadersoftheconflictinordertoreduceorceasetheconflictbetweenoneanother;

(4) to gather facts and to conduct reports concerning the conflict,violationoflaw,violationofhumanrightsandrelatedpersonswhoareoffenders.Inthis regard, the names of related persons or other data which may reveal theidentify shall be prohibited except otherwise is a reveal in accordance with therules,procedureandtimeasprovidedbylaw;

(5) to rehabilitate people who are victims and their familiesincludingtorestorehumandignityandmindoftheaffectedpersons;

(6) to submit an enactment of a Royal Decree offering Pardon topersonwhoprovidesfactswhicharehighlyusefultotheexecutionofworkandtooffenderswhoillustratetheirawarenessintheoffencetotheindependentNationalReconciliationPromotionCommittee;

(7) tostudyandpublicizetothepublicsothattheyareawareoftheimpactofviolence,hatredincludingnecessityandbenefitsofresolvingtheconflictbypeacefulmeans.Thisshallincludeanestablishmentofreminderforthesocietytoconsidertheharmfuleffectanddamageoccurredtojointlypreventsuchincidentsfromreoccurring;

(8) topromoteandrecommendthereformtocreatethefairnessinthe society especially the judicial proceeding. Such proceeding shall take intoconsiderationthediversityinthesocietyandculture.TheCommitteeshallsubmitabill for such act to the Thailand Reform Committee to further submit it to theNationalAssembly;

(9) toexecuteanyothermatterasprovidedbyOrganicLawontheThailandReformCommitteeandpromotionofreconciliation.

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The Council of Ministers, the National Assembly, and stateorganization shall coordinate with the independent National ReconciliationPromotionCommitteeincludingtheallocationofsufficientbudgetfortheexecutionoftheindependentNationalReconciliationPromotionCommittee.

FINALPROVISIONS

AmendmentoftheConstitution

Section299. TheMotiontoamendtheConstitutionwhichresultsinachangeofthedemocraticregimeofgovernmentwiththeKingasHeadofStateorachangeoftheformoftheStateshallbeprohibited. Section300. The amendment of the provisions in theConstitution in the General Chapter Book I the King and the citizen and theamendmentoftheimportantbasicprincipleasprovidedinthisConstitutionshallbeexecutedinaccordancewiththerulesandprocedureinsection302. Theimportantbasicprincipleunderparagraphonemeans:

(1) securitytoprotectrightsandfreedomandpoliticalparticipationofthecitizen;

(2) thestructureofthepolitical institutenamelytheestablishmentofthetwoassemblies,compositionofeachassembly,checksandbalancesbetweentheexecutivebranchandthelegislativebranch;

(3) the mechanism to maintain the discipline on finance, publicfinanceandbudget;

(4) the substance of the provisions in Book III Rule of Law, CourtandOrganizationInspectingtheExerciseofPowersoftheState;

(5) the substance of the provisions in Book IV on Reform andReconciliation;

(6) the rules to amend the Constitution as provided in this finalprovision. The amendment to extend or to increase the right and freedom orpoliticalparticipationofthecitizenortoincreasetheefficiencyoftheperformanceof theCourtorConstitutionalOrganswhichhaveduties to inspect theexerciseofStatepowersshallnotbedeemedanamendmentof the importantbasicprincipleunderthissection. Section301. An amendment of the Constitution shall be inaccordancewiththerulesandprocedureasfollows:

(1) amotionforamendmentmustbeproposedeitherbytheCouncilofMinisters,MembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesofnolessthanone‐fourthofthe total existing members of the House of Representatives or members of theHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenateofnolessone‐fourthofthetotalexisting

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membersofbothHousesorpersonshavingtherightstovotesofnolessthanfiftythousandinnumberunderthelawonthepublicsubmissionofabill;

(2) amotionforamendmentmustbeproposedintheformofadraftConstitution Amendment and the National Assembly shall consider it in threereadings;

(3) voting in the first reading for adoption inprinciple shall be byrollcallandopenvoting,andtheamendmentmustbeapprovedbyvotesofnotlessthanone–halfofthetotalexistingmembersofbothHouses;

(4) section by section deliberations in the second reading shall bemade in consultation with citizens having the right to vote who submit a draftConstitutionAmendment;

Votinginthesecondreadingforsectionbysectiondeliberationsshallbedecidedbyasimplemajorityofvotes;

(5) attheconclusionofthesecondreading,thereshallbeanintervalof fifteen days after which the National Assembly shall proceed with its thirdreading;

(6) votinginthethirdandfinalreadingshallbebyrollcallandopenvoting, and itspromulgationas theConstitution shall be approvedbyvotesof nolessthantwo‐thirdofthetotalexistingmemberofbothHouses;

(7) afteraresolutionhasbeenpassedinaccordancewiththeaboverules and procedure, prior to presenting the draft to the King for his RoyalSignature, thedraftConstitutionAmendment,approvedbytheNationalAssembly,shall be submitted to the Constitutional Court to consider whether such draftConstitutionAmendmenthasbeenenactedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsintheConstitution or whether there is any statement which is contradictory orinconsistentwithsection299.Suchactshallbecompletewithinthirtydaysasfromthedateofreceipt. In thecasewhere theConstitutionalCourt rules that thedraftConstitutionAmendmenthasbeenenactedincontradictorywiththeprovisionsofthisConstitutionorcontainedanystatementwhichiscontradictoryorinconsistentwith section299, suchdraft constitution amendment shall lapse.However, in thecasewheretheConstitutionalCourtseesthattheamendmentistheamendmenttothe important basic principle, the National Assembly shall further proceed undersection302;

(8) the draft Constitution Amendment ruled by the ConstitutionalCourt that it is not contradictory or inconsistent with this Constitution shall bepresentedtotheKing,withintwentydaysasfromthedatethattheConstitutionhasits ruling, for His Royal Signature. When it is promulgated in the GovernmentGazette,itshallcomeintoforce.Theprovisionsinsection156andsection157shallapplymutatismutandisbutaresolutionshallbevotedwiththemajorityofnolessthantwo‐thirdsofthetotalexistingmembersinbothHouses.

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Section302. The Constitution Amendment under section 300shallbeexecutedinaccordancewiththerulesandprocedureundersection301(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)and(7).PresidentoftheNationalAssemblyshallsubmitthedraftConstitutionalAmendmenttotheElectionCommissiontoarrangeforareferendumby citizens having the right to vote prior to presenting the draft to the King asprovidedbytheOrganicLawonReferendum. In the case where the majority of people with the rights to votedisapprove of the promulgation of the draft Constitution, such draft shall lapse.However,inthecasewherethemajoritypeoplewiththerightstovoteapproveofthepromulgationofthedraftConstitution,suchdraftshallbepresentedtotheKingforhisRoyalSignatureandcomeintoforceuponitspublicationintheGovernmentGazette. Section303. Every five year as from the date that thisConstitution ispromulgated, the Secretariatof theHouseofRepresentatives shallnotify the House of Representatives, the Senate, the Council of Ministers, theSupreme Court of Justice, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme AdministrativeCourt and Constitutional Organswhich have duties to inspect the exercise of theStatepowerstoappointqualifiedpersonfromeachofthementionedorganizationtobean independentgroupofqualifiedpersons toassess theenforcementof theConstitution. Inthecasewherethegroupofqualifiedpersonsunderparagraphonesees that it is appropriate to amend the Constitution, it shall submit a draftConstitutionAmendmenttotheHouseofRepresentatives,theSenate,theCouncilofMinistersinordertoconsidertheexecutionoftheirpowersanddutiesandpublictothepublicforinformation.

TRANSITORYPROVISIONS

Section304. ThePrivyCouncil holding office on thedate of thepromulgationofthisConstitutionshallbePrivyCouncilundertheprovisionsofthisConstitution. Section305. The National Legislative Assembly under theConstitutionoftheKingdomofThailand(Interim)B.E.2557shallactastheNationalAssembly,theHouseofRepresentatives,andtheSenateundertheprovisionsofthisConstitutionuntilthefirstmeetingoftheNationalAssemblyundersection136. During the period under paragraph one, if the provisions of thisConstitutionorother lawsprescribesthatthePresidentoftheNationalAssembly,thePresidentoftheHouseofRepresentatives,orthePresidentoftheSenateshallcountersign a Royal Command, the President of the National Assembly shallcountersigntheRoyalCommandinlieuthereof.

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At the initialperiod, if theremustbea firstmeetingof theNationalAssemblyundersection136butaSenateisnotyetformed,theNationalLegislativeAssembly shall continue to act as the Senate; except for the consideration forappointment or removal of any person from office under the provisions of thisConstitution.ThisshallcontinueuntilthereisaSenateunderthisConstitutionandany act performed by the National Legislative Assembly during such period isdeemedtobeanactoftheSenate.InthecasewherethisConstitutionorotherlawsprescribes that thePresidentof theSenateshall countersign theRoyalCommand,the President of the National Legislative Assembly shall countersign the RoyalCommandinlieuthereof. Theprovisionsofsection103,section104,section105,section110,section111,section112,section115,section116,section119,section121,section123,section124,section219paragraphthree,section247andtheprovisionsofanylawswhichprohibitspersonsfromholdingpoliticalpositionsshallnotapplytotheholdingofpositionsofmembersoftheNationalLegislativeAssembly. The provisions of section 162 shall applymutatismutandis to thelapseoftheNationalLegislativeAssembly. Section306. ForthepurposeoftheestablishmentoftheOrganicLawandothernecessarylaws,theNationalReformAssemblyandtheConstitutionDraftingCommissionundertheConstitutionoftheKingdomofThailand(Interim)B.E.2557shalllapseonthefirstdayofthesessionoftheNationalAssembly. Forthepurposeofeliminatingconflictofinterests,nomemberoftheConstitution Drafting Commission shall apply for candidacy in an election ofmembers of the House of Representatives or hold a position of senator, politicalposition, members of the local council, local administration executives or a localadministrator,officialoranypersonholdingpoliticalpositioninapoliticalpartyorapolitical groupwithin twoyears as from thedateof vacation fromoffice underparagraphone. Section307. The Constitution Drafting Commission shall draftthe followingOrganic Laws andActs and submit them to theNational LegislativeAssemblyforconsideration.TheNationalLegislativeAssemblyshallconsidersuchdraftOrganicLawsandActswithinthespecifiedtimeasfollows:

(1) draft Organic Law on Election of Members of the House ofRepresentativesandObtainingofMembersoftheSenate,thedraftOrganicLawonPolitical Party, and draft Organic Law on Election Commission shall be completewithinsixtydaysasfromthedateofreceivingthedraftlawsfromtheConstitutionDraftingCommission;

(2) draftOrganicLawsundersection159(2)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and (12) shall be completewithin one hundred and twenty day as from thedateofreceivingthedraftlawsfromtheConstitutionDraftingCommission;

(3) draftOrganicLawwhich theConstitutionDraftingCommissionsees that it is necessary to achieve the purpose of this Constitution and shall bedraftedandsubmittedtotheNationalLegislativeAssemblywithinonehundredand

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twentydayasfromthedateofreceivingthedraftlawfromtheConstitutionDraftingCommission; Inconsiderationof theOrganicLawsandActsunderparagraphone,the national Legislative Assembly shall appoint no less than twomembers of theConstitutionDraftingCommissiontobemembersoftheCommitteeinconsiderationofsucheOrganicLawsandActs. When theNational Legislative Assembly approves the draft OrganicLawin(1)or(2),priortopresentingthedrafttotheKingforhisRoyalSignature,such draft shall be submitted to the Constitutional Court for considering thelegitimacyundertheConstitutioninaccordancewithsection163. In the casewhere the time period in paragraph one lapses but theNational Legislative Assembly has not yet finished its consideration on the draftOrganicLawsorActsinparagraphone, itshallbedeemedthatsuchdraftOrganicLaws or Acts has been approved by the National Legislative Assembly. Thefollowingsshallbeexecuted:

(1) the President of theNational Legislative shall submit the draftOrganic Laws, proposed by the Constitution Drafting Commission, to theConstitutionalCourtwithinsevendays for its considerationandsection163shallmutatismutandisapply.ThePrimeMinistershallsubsequentlyexecutesection156promptly;

(2) the Prime Minister shall promptly submit the draft Acts,conducted by the Constitution Drafting Commission, to the King for his RoyalSignature. DuringtheperiodwheretheOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingofMembersoftheSenate,theOrganicLawonPoliticalParty,andtheOrganicLawonElectionCommission inparagraphone(1)hasnotyetcomeintoforce,theOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouse of Representatives and Obtaining Members of the Senate B.E. 2550, theOrganicLawonPoliticalPartyB.E.2550,andOrganicLawonElectionCommissionB.E. 2550 shall continue to be in force so far as they are not contradictory orinconsistent with this Constitution and until such Organic Laws have come intoforce. In the casewhere theNational ReformAssembly approves any bill,suchbillshallbesubmittedtotheNationalAssembly for furtherconsideration. Inthecaseofamoneybill,itshallbesubmittedtotheCouncilofMinistersforfurtherproceeding. In considering the bill that is proposed by the National ReformAssembly,theNationalAssemblyshallappointnon‐standingcommittee,consistingatleastforone‐thirdofitsmemberofmembersoftheNationalReformAssembly,toconsidersuchbill.

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Section308. During the initial period from the date of thepromulgationofthisConstitution:

(1) electionformembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesunderthisConstitutionshallbeheldwithinninetydaysand theobtainingof senatorsunderthisConstitutionshallbeheldwithinonehundredand fiftydaysas fromthedatethe Organic Law under section 307 (1) has come into force. The ElectionCommissionshallexecutetheelectionofmembersoftheHouseofRepresentativeunderthisConstitutioninsteadoftheCommitteetoexecuteelectionsundersection268.

At the first general election of member of the House ofRepresentativesafterthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitution,apersonwhoiseligibletobeacandidateinanelectionshallbeamemberofonlyonepoliticalpartyorpoliticalgroupfornotlessthanthirtydaysuptotheelectiondayexceptifheisamemberofthepoliticalassociationwhichisapoliticalgroupestablishedfromthedateofthepromulgationofthisConstitution;

(2) agroupofpersonswhichintenttobeapoliticalgroupunderthisConstitution shall notify its purpose to the Election Commission. And upon suchnotification,suchgroupshallbeeligibletosubmitapersonwhoisamemberofsuchpolitical group for electionunder theOrganic Lawon election ofmembers of theHouseofRepresentativesandobtainingmembersoftheSenate;

(3) theprovisionsinsection124(5)andsection125paragraphtwoshallnotapplytopersonwhousedtobemembersoftheSenateelectedorselectedundertheConstitutionoftheKingdomofThailandB.E.2550;

(4) uponacompletionof threeyearsas from thebeginningdayofthemembership,one‐halfofthemembersoftheSenateinsection121,ineachtypeandfield,shallvacateofficebydrawinglots.Section124(5)section125paragraphtwoandsection126paragraphtwoontheprohibitionofpositionformorethanoneexecutive termshallnot apply to suchperson in theobtainingofmembersof theSenate.Therules,procedureandconditionsinobtainingofmembersoftheSenatewherebythepositionsbecomeavailableunderparagraphoneshallbeinaccordancewiththeOrganicLawonElectionofMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandObtainingMembersoftheSenateandtheprocedureshallbecompletewithinninetydaysasfromthedaythepositionbecomesavailableinparagraphone. Section309. The Council of Ministers carrying out theadministrationofStateAffairsonthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitutionshallbe the Council ofMinisters under this Constitution and shall vacate the office enmassewhentheCouncilofMinistersappointedunderthisConstitutiontakesoffice. TheNationalCouncil for Peace andOrder under theConstitution oftheKingdomofThailand(Interim)B.E.2557shallvacateofficeenmasseatthetimewhentheCouncilofMinisterscarryingouttheadministrationofStateaffairsonthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitutionvacateoffice.

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The provisions of section 172, section 175, and section 185 (4) (7)and(8)shallnotapplytotheholdingofofficeofthePrimeMinisterandMinisterscarryingouttheadministrationofStateaffairsonthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitutionvacateoffice. Duringtheinitialperiod,theprovisionsofsection174shallnotapplytotheMinistersappointedbytheKing,forthefirsttime,underthisConstitution. Section310. JudgesoftheConstitutionalCourtholdingpositionsonthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitutionshallbejudgesoftheConstitutionalCourtunderthisConstitutionandshallremain inofficeuntil theexpirationof thetermofoffice.Insuchcase,thetermofofficeshallcommenceasfromthedatetheappointment ismade by the King and the selection process for the judges of theConstitutionCourt to the availablepositions shall beprecededunder section229and shall be completewithin sixty days as from the date of promulgation of thisConstitution.Inthisregard,itshallbeinaccordancewiththerulesandprocedureasprovidedbysection230andsection231. All cases or matters under the consideration of the ConstitutionalCourtunderparagraphoneshallbeconsideredby theConstitutionalCourtunderthissection.DuringtheperiodwherethereisnoenactmentoftheOrganicLawonConstitutionalCourtandProcedure, theprovisionsinProcedureandRenderingofDecisionoftheConstitutionalCourtshallapply,protempore,untiltheOrganichasisenactedundersection307(2). MembersoftheElectionCommissionholdingpositionsonthedateofpromulgation of this Constitution shall be members of the Election CommissionunderthisConstitutionandshallremaininofficeuntiltheexpirationofthetermofoffice. In such case, the term of office shall commence as from the date theappointmentismadebytheKing. Members of the National Counter Corruption Commission holdingpositions on the date of promulgation of this Constitution shall be members ofNationalCounterCorruptionCommissionunderthisConstitutionandshallremaininofficeuntiltheexpirationofthetermofoffice.Insuchcase,thetermofofficeshallcommence as from the date the appointment ismade by the King. The selectionprocess for the members of National Counter Corruption Commission to theavailablepositionsshallbeprecededandcomplete,inaccordancewithsection271,within sixty days as from the date there are grounds for such selection of thepersons in office under this Constitution. In this regard, it shall be in accordancewiththerulesandprocedureasprovidedbysection271. AuditCommissionersandtheAudit‐Generalholdingpositionsonthedate of promulgation of this Constitution shall be Audit Commissioners and theAudit–GeneralunderthisConstitutionandshallremaininofficeuntiltheexpirationofthetermofoffice,priortothedateofpromulgationofthisConstitution.Insuchcase, the term of office shall commence as from the date of appointment. Theprovisiononholdingofofficeforonetermundersection270paragraphfourshallnotapplytosuchpersonsinthenewappointmentofAuditCommissionersandtheAudit–General,forthefirsttime,underthisConstitution.

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Persons under this section shall continue to perform their dutiesunder the Organic Law or related laws which are in force on the date ofpromulgationofthisConstitutionuntilOrganicLawsorlawsinaccordancewiththisConstitutionareenacted,exceptiftheprovisionsarecontradictoryorinconsistentwiththeprovisionsinthisConstitution,theprovisionsinthisConstitutionprevails. Personswhohold thepositions or used to bemembers or hold thepositions in any Constitutional Organs as provided in the Constitution of theKingdomofThailandB.E.2550shallbeprohibitedfromtheselectionofmembersorpersonsholdingpositionsinConstitutionalOrganswhichhavedutiestoinspecttheexerciseofStatepowersunderthisConstitution. Section311. The Ombudsman and the National Human RightsCommissionshallbemergedtobeHumanRightsOmbudsmanandshallexecutethefollowings:

(1) the Ombudsman holding the position prior to the date ofpromulgationofthisConstitutionshallbetheHumanRightsOmbudsmanunderthisConstitutionandshallremaininofficeuntil theexpirationofthetermofoffice. Insuchcase, the termofoffice shall commenceas from thedate theappointment ismadebytheKing;

(2) membersoftheNationalHumanRightsCommissionperformingtheirdutiesastheNationalHumanRightsCommissiononthedateofpromulgationof this Constitution shall perform their duties as the Human Rights OmbudsmenunderthisConstitutionandshallcontinuetoperformtheirdutiesuntiltheHumanRightsOmbudsmenunderthisConstitutionareappointedunderthisConstitution.SuchprocedureshallbecompletewithinsixtyasfromthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitution;

(3) there shall be a selection of the remaining Human RightsOmbudsmenfor thenumberasprovided insection275whichshallbeproceededtogetherwiththeselectionin(2)andshallcompletewithinsixtydaysasfromthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitution;

(4) OfficeoftheHumanRightsOmbudsmanshallbeestablishedbyintegrating the Office of Ombudsman and Office of the National Human RightsCommission. The personnel of both agencies shall remain in office and receivebenefits,protempore,untilOrganicLawonHumanRightsOmbudsmancomesintoforce; Personswho, prior to thedateof promulgationof thisConstitution,usedtoholdthepositionsofombudsmanorNationalHumanRightsCommissionershall be prohibited from the selection of Human Right Ombudsmen under thisConstitution. Section312. In the initial period, the following provisions shallnotapplytocasesunderthefollowingconditions:

(1) theprovisionsofsection207shallnotapplytotheconsiderationforappointmentorreassignmentofcivilservantsorremovalofsuchpersonsfromofficeuntiltheenactmentofthelawundersection207andtheestablishmentofthe

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Commission under such laws. This shall not exceed one year as from the date ofpromulgationofthisConstitution;

(2) the provisions of section 201 paragraph two on the annualrevenueandexpenditureshallnotapplytoannualrevenuefollowingthebudgetaryyearfromthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitution; Section 313. In the initial period, the following execution shall becompletewithinthespecifiedperiod:

(1) thereshallbeanenactmentoflawontheCommitteeswhicharethe secretariat of the personnel of judges under section225 including the appealrightofthedisciplinarypunishmentundersection219paragraphfive.Suchprocessshall be complete within one year as from the date of promulgation of thisConstitution;

(2) rulesontheProcedureshallbeenactedattheplenarysessionoftheSupremeCourtof Justiceundersection241(1)and(2)andshallbecompletewithin sixtydaysas from theday theOrganicLawonElectionofMembersof theHouseofRepresentatives andObtainingofMembersof the Senate in section307comesintoforce;

(3) thereshallbeanenactmentoflawondecisivejurisdictionoftheCourtundersection222and it shallbecompletewithinonehundredand twentydaysasfromthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitution. Section314. Allprovisionsinthelawswhicharecontradictoryorinconsistentwith this Constitution, the person having charge and control of suchlawandtheCouncilofMinistersshallenactoramendsuchlawwithintwoyearsasfromthedateofpromulgationofthisConstitution. Section315. Any act, the legality and constitutionality of whichhasbeenrecognizedbytheConstitutionoftheKingdomofThailand(Interim)B.E.2557, including all acts related therewith committedwhether before or after thedateofpromulgationof thisConstitution,shallbedeemedasconstitutionalunderthisConstitution.Countersignedby:………………………......

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