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Constraints on the polarization of the Anomalous Microwave
emission with the QUIJOTE-CMB experiment
Ricardo Génova Santosfor the QUIJOTE collaboration
47th ESLAB Symposium: The Universe as seen by PlanckESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, 2-5 April 2013
❖ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)R. Rebolo (PI), J.A. Rubiño-Martín (PS), M. Aguiar, R. Génova-Santos, F. Gómez-Reñasco, A. Pérez (PM), R. Hoyland (InstS), C.H. López-Caraballo, A. Peláez,V. Sánchez, A. Vega, T. Viera, R. Vignaga
❖ Instituto de Física de CantabriaE. Martínez-González, B. Barreiro, F.J. Casas, J.M. Diego, R.
Fernández-Cobos, D. Herranz, M. López-Caniego, D. Ortiz, P. Vielva
❖ DICOM - Universidad de CantabriaE. Artal, B. Aja, J. Cagigas, J.L. Cano, L. de la Fuente, A. Mediavilla, J.P. Pascual,
J.V. Terán, E. Villa
❖ JBO - University of ManchesterL. Piccirillo, R. Battye, E. Blackhurst, M. Brown, R.D. Davies, R.J. Davis,
C. Dickinson, K. Grainge, S. Harper, B. Maffei, M. McCulloch, S. Melhuish, G. Pisano, R.A. Watson
❖ University of CambridgeM.P. Hobson, A. Challinor, A.N. Lasenby, N. Razhavi, R.D.E. Saunders,
P.F. Scott, D. Titterington
❖ IDOMJ. Ariño, B. Etxeita, A. Gómez, C. Gómez, G. Murga, J. Pan, R. Sanquirce, A. Vizcargüenaga
The QUIJOTE collaboration
❖ Project baseline: • Site: Teide Observatory (altitude: 2400 m, latitude: 28º), Spain• Angular resolution: 1 degree• Sky coverage: 10,000 deg2
• Telescope and instruments:- Phase I: First Telescope (QT1), equipped with the Multifrequency Instrument (MFI) with 4 polarimeters @ 10-20 GHz (undergoing commissioning). Second Instrument (TGI) with 31 polarimeters @ 30 GHz (funded, starts operations in 2013). Polarized Source Subtractor (undergoing commissioning)- Phase II: Second Telescope (QT2), and FGI with 40 polarimeters @ 40 GHz (funded)- Phase III: instrument with 100 polarimeters @ 90 GHz (not funded)
❖ Time baseline: • Main science goal (r=0.1) by 2015, and r=0.05 by 2017• Possible extension of the observations for additional 4 years
❖ Science driver• To constrain (or to detect) primordial B-modes down to r=0.05• To measure and characterize polarized foregrounds (synchrotron and anomalous emissions) with high sensitivity at 10-20 GHz, allowing correction in future space missions aiming at r~0.001
The QUIJOTE-CMB project
The QUIJOTE-CMB project
Frequency (GHz) 11 13 17 19 30 40
Bandwidth (GHz) 2 2 2 2 8 10
Number of horns 2 2 31 40
Channels per horn 2 2 2 2 4 4
Beam FWHM (deg) 0.92 0.92 0.60 0.60 0.37 0.28
Tsys (K) 25 25 25 25 35 45
NEP per channel (µK s1/2) 456 370 663 1019 557 632
Sensitivity per channel (Jy s1/2) 0.49 0.55 0.73 1.40 0.66 0.76
MFI TGI FGI
• QT1 installed at the Teide observatory in May 3rd, 2012
QT1
• Alto-azimutal mount• Maximum rotation speed around AZ axis: 0.25 Hz• Maximum zenith angle: 60º • Cross-Dragonian design• Aperture: 3 m (primary) and 2.6 m (secondary)• Maximum frequency: 90 GHz (rms ≤20 µm and max deviation =100 µm)
• QT2 is a replica of QT1, and will be built during 2013
MFI
• 5 conical corrugated feedhorns• 2 horns providing channels at 11 and 13 GHz• 2 horns providing channels at 17 and 19 GHz• 1 horn providing one channel at 30 GHz (removed)• First light November 2012
Polar Modulators
OMT
10-14 GHz
16-20 GHz
Science with the MFI
• Contamination introduced by synchrotron and AME at 30 GHz:
• Maps of the MFI will allow to characterize the polarization of the synchtrotron and AME
• Shallow surveywithasensitivityof20μK/(1degbeam)over10,000deg2after4months•Deep surveywithasensitivityof7μK/(1degbeam)over3,000deg2after10months
AME in polarization
★ Probing the electric and magnetic dipole emission models:
• Electric and dipole emissions present different polarization spectra
• Magnetic dipole emission, in the case of single-domain grains (no Fe inclusions) is expected to be strongly polarized (up to ~30% for ν> 40 GHz; Draine & Lazarian 1999). However, magnetic inclusions produce lower polarizations (<10% at ν ~ 30 GHz; Draine & Hensley 2012)
• Electric dipole emission (spinning dust) is weakly polarized (under ~2% above 20 GHz; Lazarian & Draine 2000)
★ Forecasts of the level of contamination for B-mode experiments
Draine & Hensley 2012
AME polarization constraints 2
TABLE I: Summary of the current constraints on the fractional polarization (Π) of the AME both for individual Galacticobjects and for large-scale (diffuse) measurements. Columns 1 to 3 indicate the region, the experiment used for this particular
constraint and the angular resolution, respectively. The following four columns indicate the constraints on the fractionalpolarization, Π, separated according to the frequency band for an easier comparison. When quoting upper limits, the 2-σ
range is given. Last column provides the reference(s).
Name Experiment Resolution Π [%] Reference
9-11 GHz 22 GHz 30-33 GHz 44 GHz
Galactic AME regions
Perseus COSMOSOMAS 1◦ 3.4+1.5−1.9 Battistelli et al. (2006)
” WMAP7 1◦ < 1.01 < 1.79 < 2.69 Lopez-Caraballo et al. (2011)
” WMAP7 1◦ < 1.4 < 1.9 < 4.7 Dickinson et al. (2011)
ρ-Ophiuchi CBI ∼ 9′ < 3.2 Casassus et al. (2008)
” WMAP7 1◦ < 1.7 < 1.6 < 2.6 Dickinson et al. (2011)
LDN1622 GBT ∼ 6′ < 2.7 Mason et al. (2009)
” WMAP7 1◦ < 2.6 < 4.8 < 8.3 Rubino-Martın et al. (2012)
Pleiades WMAP7 1◦ < 12.2 < 32.0 < 95.8 Rubino-Martın et al. (2012)
LPH96 CBI ∼ 9′ < 10 Dickinson et al. (2006)
” WMAP7 1◦ < 1.3 < 2.5 < 7.4 Rubino-Martın et al. (2012)
Helix CBI ∼ 9′ < 8 Casassus et al. (2007)
Diffuse Galactic AME
Full-Sky WMAP3 1◦ < 1 < 1 < 1 Kogut et al. (2003)
Full-Sky WMAP5 1◦ < 5 Macellari et al. (2011)
ν (GHz) I (Jy) Iame (Jy) Q (Jy) U (Jy) P (Jy) Pdb (Jy) (Πame)db (%)
DX8 corrected
30 46.076 ± 2.049 39.246 ± 2.100 −0.119 ± 0.200 0.243 ± 0.196 0.270 ± 0.197 < 0.306 < 0.778 (< 1.414)
44 36.272 ± 4.784 26.092 ± 4.804 −0.081 ± 0.617 −0.895 ± 0.469 0.899 ± 0.470 0.611+0.373−0.611 < 3.845 (< 6.601)
70 42.581 ± 11.261 14.331 ± 11.272 −0.339 ± 1.060 −0.087 ± 1.017 0.350 ± 1.057 < 1.072 < 8.322 (< 16.522)
DX9 corrected
30 46.186 ± 2.049 39.356 ± 2.100 −0.328 ± 0.180 0.132 ± 0.175 0.353 ± 0.179 0.292+0.162−0.205 < 0.973 (< 1.552)
44 36.142 ± 4.781 25.962 ± 4.801 −0.173 ± 0.549 −0.531 ± 0.420 0.558 ± 0.434 < 0.666 < 2.686 (< 5.024)
70 41.909 ± 11.256 13.659 ± 11.267 −0.412 ± 0.946 0.344 ± 0.901 0.537 ± 0.928 < 1.008 < 8.969 (< 17.477)
WMAP7
23 46.899 ± 1.322 40.449 ± 1.403 −0.038 ± 0.148 −0.007 ± 0.196 0.039 ± 0.150 < 0.173 < 0.434 (< 0.874)
33 42.839 ± 2.728 35.419 ± 2.765 0.035 ± 0.277 0.305 ± 0.369 0.307 ± 0.368 < 0.402 < 1.152 (< 2.216)
41 37.093 ± 4.087 27.983 ± 4.111 −0.020 ± 0.392 −0.510 ± 0.510 0.510 ± 0.510 < 0.613 < 2.245 (< 4.236)
61 35.418 ± 8.666 16.088 ± 8.678 0.263 ± 0.946 0.431 ± 1.244 0.505 ± 1.171 < 1.149 < 7.786 (< 15.450)
94 69.255 ± 18.086 4.815 ± 18.099 0.742 ± 2.328 −2.127 ± 3.072 2.253 ± 3.000 < 3.196 < 304.075 (< 506.563)
TABLE II: Perseus
QUIJOTE observations
★ Large observation programme (~100 hours, from december 2012, still ongoing), on an area covering ~200 deg2 around the Perseus molecular complex. One of the brightest AME regions on the sky (Watson et al. 2005, Planck collaboration 2011)
★ Final integration time of ~ 2500 s/beam, yielding a sensitivity of ~ 40 mJy/beam in Q and U
★ Daily calibration on Crab (flux and polarization angle calibrator) and Cas A (low-polarization source to calibrate the gains of pairs of correlated channels)
Quijote 11 GHz Planck 30 GHz
★ Also covering the California nebula (HII region - null polarization control region)
Perseus intensity maps
Horn 1 - 11 GHz Horn 3 - 11 GHz Horn 1 - 13 GHz Horn 3 - 13 GHz
Horn 2 - 17 GHz Horn 2 - 19 GHz LFI 30 GHz LFI 44 GHz
Perseus and California intensity SED
11 GHz 13 GHz 17 GHz 19 GHz
Perseus and California intensity SED
11 GHz 13 GHz 17 GHz 19 GHz
Polarization maps
11 GHz 13 GHz 17 GHz 19 GHz WMAP 23 GHz
11 GHz 13 GHz 17 GHz 19 GHz WMAP 23 GHz
U maps
Q maps
★ Aperture photometry:
• Signal integrated by averaging pixels belonging to region 1• Background subtracted by averaging pixels belonging to region 2
Upper limits estimation
• Rice bias corrected in P using the posterior distribution derived from the Rice distribution (Vaillancourt 2006):
1
f(P0|P ) = σ−1
√
2
πexp
[
−P 2
0
2σ2
]
exp[
−P 2
4σ2
]I0
(
PP0
σ2
)
I0
(
P 2
4σ2
)
• Bias in Π=P/I corrected through Monte-Carlo simulations
1
σ(Sν) =kBT 2
cmb
2h2c2
x4
sinh2(x/2)
[
σ2i
nb1
+σ2
j
nb2
]1/2
2
ν (GHz) I (Jy) Q (Jy) U (Jy) P (Jy) Pdb (Jy) Π (%) Πdb (%)
11 11.4 ± 1.1 0.07 ± 0.35 0.30 ± 0.27 0.30 ± 0.27 < 0.39 2.66 ± 2.39 < 3.385
13 14.4 ± 1.1 0.12 ± 0.29 0.22 ± 0.33 0.26 ± 0.32 < 0.37 1.78 ± 2.24 < 2.557
17 18.7 ± 1.6 −0.25 ± 0.40 0.28 ± 0.39 0.38 ± 0.40 < 0.50 2.02 ± 2.12 < 2.664
19 22.9 ± 2.4 −0.30 ± 0.70 0.35 ± 0.61 0.46 ± 0.65 < 0.74 2.00 ± 2.83 < 3.260
TABLE I: Perseus
Quijote upper limits
Comparison with other constraints