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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/constraints-to-providing-services-and-infrastructures-in-pacific-towns-and 1/29
Dr. Paul Jones, Senior Lecturer and Program Director,
Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture,
Design and Planning,
University of Sydney
Wednesday,
16 November, 2011
8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/constraints-to-providing-services-and-infrastructures-in-pacific-towns-and 2/29
Presentation Aims:
Set the urban context for Pacific towns and cities – the ADB Pacific Developing Member Countries (PDMCs =14countries)
Outline the main constraints to providing efficientservices and infrastructure
Summarise the challenges in moving forward to meeturban growth demands
8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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The Pacific Region
7,500 plus islands
Covers largest expanse of water in
world
Over 20 plus island nations
PACIFIC SETTING
8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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Pacific PDMC Population
2011– 11.1 m
• Melanesia 8.3 million (85% oftotal PDMC population)
• Polynesia 314,000 persons
• Micronesia 291,000 persons
• Timor Leste 1 million persons
Urban - 2 to 3 million people
Squatters – up to 45-50% of citypopulations
PACIFIC CONTEXT – understandingMelanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia
Melanesia Polynesia
Micronesia
Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia - 3 main social,
cultural, ethnic and geographical groupings of the Pacific
8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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PACIFIC TOWNS AND CITIES – KEYURBAN INDICATORS
Average rate of urbanization of 14 PDMCs – 43.5 %
Number living in towns and cities – official figure is justover 2 million -20.3% of total PDMC population (1 in 5)
More likely 3 million including peri urban areas
Excluding PNG, 37% live in urban areas
Higher rates of urbanization in Polynesia andMicronesia
Lower rates of urbanization in Melanesia, yet .. Highest urban growth rates and biggest urban rates in
Melanesia
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PACIFIC TOWNS AND CITIES – A TALE OF 2 TYPES OFTOWNS AND CITIES .. BUT WITH COMMON FEATURES
The bigger towns of Polynesia and Micronesia (smallislands) - high rates of urbanisation, homogenous inethnic makeup, generally low levels of settlements, lowlevels of urban security concerns, varying
levels of urban livability conditions
Cities and towns of Melanesia - largest urbanpopulations, largest concentrations of squatters and
settlements, wide diversity of ethnic, cultural andlinguistic groups, declining urban livability conditions
Urban deterioration most pronounced in Melanesia - versus Polynesia and Micronesia
8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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PACIFIC TOWNS AND CITIES – A TALE OF 2 TYPES OFTOWNS AND CITIES .. BUT WITH COMMON FEATURES
Common features of towns and cities:
All have increasing urban security concerns - Port Moresby 137/140
All subject to the impacts of climate change and natural disasters
Increasing environmental degradation - ‘mining’ the environment
Low to mediocre economic performance
Varying levels of governance - some more ‘weak’ than others
Rising numbers of squatter and informal settlements
Varying levels of fragility - isolation, conflict, governance issues,etc
Urban poverty increasing and increasing
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RISING URBAN POVERTY IN ADB PDMCS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Cook Is.2005/06
Fiji Is.2002/03
Kiribati2006
FSM 2005 Palau2006
PNG 1996 Samoa2002
SolomonIs.
2005/06
TimorLeste 2001
Tonga2002
Tuvalu2005
Vanuatu2006
%
PDMCs - Urban and Rural Basic Needs
Poverty Incidence
Urban
Rural
8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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CONSTRAINTS TO PROVIDINGSERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Common issues seen in all PDMC towns and cities:
• shifts in funding sources – loans to TA and grants
• coordination with development partners - not all
aligned on same page forurban sector
• poverty impacts – meeting long term versus shortterm - impact on project design and implementation
• socio cultural issues ‘‘cultural permeability of urban
areas’ - ownership care, responsibility, social services– impact of drivers of ‘social equity
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CONSTRAINTS TO PROVIDINGSERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
• mixing policy and institutional reform into hard onthe ground projects for water and sanitation
• political caution – uncertainty over “unintendedconsequences” (who benefits, who losses)
• features of customary land - “problematic”• local stakeholder unity - the beneficiaries - divided
or united?
• limited human resource - technical capacity:
willingness but no capacity to manage etc• reality = partnerships and projects require hard work
over time
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FINANCING ISSUES - SERVICESAND INFRASTRUCTURE - PNG Pilot Projects in Land Development –water, sanitation,power, drainage and roads
Aim – making serviced land available for urban expansion
* Accessing Urban Customary LandFaniufa, Goroka, Eastern HighlandsTaurama, National Capital District
* Rural Service Centre DevelopmentMinj, Western Highlands (Jiwaka)Tari, Southern Highlands (Hela)
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8/3/2019 Constraints to providing services and infrastructures in Pacific towns and cities
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FINANCING ISSUES - SERVICESAND INFRASTRUCTURE - PNG • Urban Pilot projects - Central government funded
• National steering committee including Finance,
National Planning, Physical Planning, etc
• Policy reforms agreed – land reforms
• Implementation by Office of Urbanisation-
follows project cycle - concept design,
feasibility, formal planning processes, etc
• $18 million kina 2011 – rolling program• Implementation Issues – capacity, formal
• process times, local governance issues
Proposed Housing Models Tarauma Valley
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Proposed Housing Models-Tarauma Valley
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TARAUMA VALLEY PILOT PROJECT – LAUNCH ON 12 MARCH, 2010
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THE REALITY – LOCAL ISSUES
FINANCING SERVICES AND
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FINANCING SERVICES ANDINFRASTRUCTRE – EXAMPLE OF THE
INNOVATIVE PNG URBANISATION
CHALENGE FUND• Implementation of National Urbanisation Policy throughcommencement of Urbanisation Challenge Fund in 2012.
• Challenge Fund – based on co financing and working
together with local government• Funding for local government to fund urban services and
infrastructure based on criteria - e.g., reducing poverty,funding trunk infrastructure, new land fronts, upgrading, etc
• Total Budget request by Office of Urbanisation K100 millionfor 2011 – 2015
• Offers new funding options, partnerships, rewards those keen
• for change in urban reform
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PNG Land Development Projects
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SUMMARY - SERVICES ANDINFRASTRUCTURE – INCLUSIVE CITIES?
• broader governance issues contain project planning andfinancing – planning and funding in non-inclusive‘FRAGILE – FRACTURED’ environments
• fragile states means caution at all levels - social, economicand social – despite the benefits improved services andinfrastructure brings
• land issues - especially customary land - pervade allPDMC water, sanitation and other urban projects
• Partnerships essential including development banks withtrack record, expertise, long term commitment