Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Â
Citation preview
1
Constructing Environments
ENVS 10003 WEEKLY LOGBOOK
Semester 1, 2014 Student name: Meghan Sarah Choo Student number: 644640 Institution: University of Melbourne
2
Week 1
Structural Forces: The Basics
3
1.01: Structural forces: the basics Forces Forces are a vector quantity, comprising of direction, magnitude and sense. Movement of forces
i. Collinear ii. Concurrent iii. Non-concurrent iv. Moment v. Couple force
Nature of structural forces Compression
- Refers to forces pushing against a structure: load force vs. reaction force [see diagram 2a]
- Results in the structural member being shortened 1
- Downward movement Tension
- Refers to forces pulling on a structure in opposing directions [see diagram 2b]
- Tension forces act in equal amounts, on opposite directions; this ensures stability of a structure
- Lateral movement
Image 12 Picture of Stone Arch Bridge in Kansas, America
This image illustrates compression occurring within the structural elements of a bridge, by focussing on a specific area [see annotation]
Diagram 2a Illustration of compression force created by load
Compression forces
Image 23 Picture of the Millau Viaduct, France
Diagram 2b4 Illustration of tension force
1 Newton, Clare. “Constructing Environments: Basic Structural Forces (1)”. https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf. Accessed March 14 2014. 2 Stokes, Keith. “Clements Stone Arch Bridge”. Last modified 2010. http://kansastravel.org/clementsbridge.htm. Accessed March 14, 2014. 3 The Daily Icon. “Icon: Millau Viaduct”. Last modified May 5th, 2008. http://www.dailyicon.net/2008/05/icon-millau-viaduct/. Accessed March 14, 2014. 4 Cooper, Leon. “Force: Background Information about the Activity”. Last modified 2007. https://www.cdli.ca/courses/ep/predesign/t03/02knowledge-skills/act-03a.htm. Virtual Ink, Ltd.. Accessed March 14, 2014.
Reaction force
Load force [Live load, from cars/people crossing bridge]
Structural member
[e.g. brick]
LOAD
Reaction forces
LOAD Tension force is transmitted
through cable
Load force
Compressed stone units due to load force vs. reaction force
Support towers under Compression
Tension cables under tension
LOAD [cars] Load path; shows load
force transmitted to the ground
4
Tension and compression explain why some building structures comprise of very different materials [in terms of properties—see network diagram at the end of W1 log] such as brick and steel: to accommodate both compression and tension forces. The extent to which brick and steel are used, also indicate the amount of force that the building is able to withhold The Millau Viaduct consists of both tension and compression structures. It is also made of hybrid materials that can deal with both compression and tension forces [such as steel], thus rendering it more stable. It can support both tension and compression forces, whereas the Stone Arch Bridge is more anisotropic in nature, and is better at dealing with compression forces. Thus, bridges like the Millau Viaduct will be found in areas that encounter more traffic than the Stone Arch Bridge, because they are more stable.
5
1.02: Introduction to materials Properties Physical
1. Strength Strong/weak; hard/soft
2. Stiffness Stiff, flexible, stretching abilities
3. Shape Mono-dimensional [lines] Planar [sheet metals] Volumetric [brick/concrete]
Behavioural 1. Isotropic: equally strong in dealing
with compression and tension [Metals: steel5]
2. Anisotropic: stronger in dealing with one type of force than another. [Wood: better at compression than tension] Why? Wood is stiff. Therefore behavioural properties are linked to physical properties. This also tells me that metals are flexible, since they are isotropic materials.
Diagram 16 showing a stud-frame system - Wall-framing system - Consists of elements labelled below - Popular in Australia; Main material used: timber
Why? Timber is readily available in Australia.
Therefore the stud-frame system is efficient in Australia. Additionally, since timber is obtained from Aus., it reduces economic and environmental cost [no need for INTL transport]
Image 17 Bluestone as foundation for houses
No apparent sign of dealing with tension forces. Suggests that bluestone does not deal well with tension forces; anisotropic material Since bluestone can be used as foundation, it must possess these qualities:
1. Hardness 2. Strength + stiffness
It must be able to undertake big load/extensive pressure [dead load + live load of house]
Feasibility of materials Economy and Sustainability
- Embodiment of energy during material manufacture
- Impacts on environment - Longevity of material - Efficiency of material in
construction system - Stud frame system [see diagram 1]
5 Newton, Clare. “Introduction to Materials”. Last modified March 5, 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be. Accessed march 14, 2014 6 Build Right, Inc. “Timber Wall Framing: Introduction”. http://toolboxes.flexiblelearning.net.au/demosites/series10/10_01/content/bcgbc4010a/11_wall_systems/01_timber_wall_framing/page_001.htm. Accessed March 15, 2014 7 Rustic Stone, Inc. “Stone Foundations- Bluestone Ballaratt, Melbourne.” Last modified 2014. http://rusticstone.com.au/products/foundations. Accessed march 15, 2014
Compact layout indicative of compression
structural system Good for vertical
loads
Stones laid in stretch-bond format
6
1.03: Load path Types of load
1. Dead load - Permanent [part of the
building] - Not movable by any force
except for dynamic 2. Live load
- Temporary, removable/movable
- Can be moved by force 3. Dynamic load
- Sudden impact on a structure
- Frequent change in point of contact and strength/magnitude8
- E.g. earthquake and wind loads
- Wind: horizontal direction 4. Point load [see diagram 1]
- Load that applies force to a specific area For example, pushing a pin into a pin-board
Diagram 19 Point load as opposed to distributed load
Diagram 210 Load path diagram
Image 111 Load distribution in a stud frame structure
Dead load
Load pathways
8Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008) 2.08. 9 Sim Science. “Glossary.” http://simscience.org/cracks/glossary/point_ex.gif. Accessed March 15, 2014. 10 Choo, Meghan. “Load Path Diagram”. March 16, 2014. 11 Sig Insulation. “METSEC Deep Runner- Insulation Products”. Last modified 2013. http://www.siginsulation.co.uk/show_prod.asp?ProdID=1634&CatID=21&SubCatID=86. Accessed March 16, 2014.
7
1.04: Tutorial activity: tower to accommodate 147 x 155 x 530 dinosaur [dimensions in mm] Meghan’s group’s tower [tower 1] Tapering from base to top Possibly because the base was only one MDF-wall thick This would not allow a fully built building to reach great heights, because the dead load of the structure itself would overwhelm the foundation MDF blocks, causing the structure to collapse Instability could be caused by unequal distribution of reaction and load force acting on the MDF blocks Main mode of stacking: stretcher-bond [refer to diagram 2]
Linden’s group’s tower [tower 2] Strong foundation, more than one layer of wall at the foundation More or less the same width from bottom to top Thicker foundation allows tower to go higher because the accumulative force of the dead load of the building will be distributed more efficiently to the ground than tower 1 Main mode of stacking, interlock-bond [see diagram 3]
1. Stack bond
2. Stretcher/running bond
3. Interlock bond
8
WEEK TWO: STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES MYSTERY MATERIAL: FIBRO-CEMENT SHEET Does not absorb H2O Used for waterproofing 2.01 Structural systems Types of systems:
1. Solid system [see image 1] - Building support - Materials required to be
STRONG and STIFF - Normally, volumetric materials
used [brick or concrete or stone] 2. Shell/ surface system 3. Frame system/skeletal system
- Provides support and structure [like skeleton for the body]
- Materials need to be STRONG and STIFF
- Elements such as beams and other forms of framing are used in this system
4. Membrane system - Spans across wide area - Therefore efficient coverage of
area, useful for hosting large, temporary events [such as weddings]
5. Hybrid system - Most common nowadays - Why? They incorporate ideal
functions of different systems into one
- Popular material for this: EFTE [a type of plastic]
Image 112 the Arch of Constantine, Rome Materials such as brick and stone are used
- Heavy appearance
- Solid structures a building look old, suggesting longevity of material
Image 213, The Hajj Terminal at King Abdul-Aziz international airport
12 Wikipedia. “Triumphal Arch”. Last modified December 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch. Accessed March 16, 2014 13 Peck, Collette. “Travel Blog: Travel Guide Ranks Best, Worst Airport Terminals”. Last modified January 19, 2012. http://www.andavotravel.com/blog/2012/01/travel-guide-ranks-best-worst-airport-terminals/. Accessed on March 17, 2014
Membrane system for the roof
Column: solid system
SHELL/SURFACE SYSTEM
9
2.02 Structural joints 1. Roller joint [see diagram 1]
- Most simple - Loads transferred in one direction
Image 114 shows a roller joint at the foot of the bridge Roller joints enable the bridge to expand and
contract, in response to temperature fluctuations during the day. This tells me that the location of this bridge might experience drastic weather changes during the day, because roller joints allow the bridge to expand and contract easily and quickly. This also tells me that the expansion and contraction of bridges generate significant force, to be able to move joints upon which the whole vertical load [Newton, C., 2014]15 is resting stably on.
Diagram 1 showing a roller joint
Diagram 2 showing a pin joint Diagram 3 showing a fixed joint
2. Pin joint Common Found in truss systems [see image 1] Load can move in two directions
1. Fixed joint Bending occurs on this joint [Moment forces can be found in this joint]
Image 216 showing a truss system
14 Lowe, Jet. “Library of Congress”. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/pa1666.photos.355729p/. Accessed March 17, 2014. 15 Newton, Clare. “Structural Joints.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be. Accessed March 18 2014 16 Macdonald, Angus. Structural Design for Architecture. Oxford: Architectural Press, 1998.
Roller joint
Roller joint
Pin joint [Here, the members can rotate/swing
Fixed joint; If excessive force occurs, bending occurs at this point
10
2.03 Construction process
11
2.04: ESD and selecting materials
Factors to consider when building on a site 1. Orientation of the sun
Determines placement of windows, shades, etc., how to best use sunlight/heatsun energy
2. Wind flow [e.g. site with a lot of cross-winds might have different building service systems from site with less cross-wind ventilation]
3. Embodied E in manufacture of materials to be used
ESD Strategies 1. Cradle-to-cradle approach for
materials [see diagram 1] 2. Night-air purging
Application of conduction, convection and radiation [air flow sciences], which are natural processes Reduces dependence on electrical services such as air-conditioning that are more harmful to the environment
Diagram 117 showing Cradle-to-cradle process of materials
AIM OF ESD: To make full use of what nature has to offer us, in terms of cooling and ventilation services etc., thereby reducing electrical consumption
Image 118 Ateliers at City of Arts, sustainable design
17 Packaging Design for Sustainability. http://sustainablepackdesign.com/. Accessed March 18, 2014. 18 Fabiano. Wonderful Ateliers at City of Arts. Last modified March 2, 2010. http://abduzeedo.com/wonderful-ateliers-city-arts. Accessed March 19, 2014.
Extensive landscaping at front of the houses allows natural cooling
Foldable screens to reduce harshness of glare and heat from sun, while still having
full access to it
12
Bibliography Build Right, Inc. “Timber Wall Framing: Introduction”. http://toolboxes.flexiblelearning.net.au/demosites/series10/10_01/content/bcgbc4010a/11_wall_systems/01_timber_wall_framing/page_001.htm. Accessed March 15, 201 Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008) 2.08. Choo, Meghan. “Load Path Diagram”. March 16, 2014. Cooper, Leon. “Force: Background Information about the Activity”. Last modified 2007. https://www.cdli.ca/courses/ep/predesign/t03/02knowledge-skills/act-03a.htm. Virtual Ink, Ltd.. Accessed March 14, 2014. 4 Fabiano. Wonderful Ateliers at City of Arts. Last modified March 2, 2010. http://abduzeedo.com/wonderful-ateliers-city-arts. Accessed March 19, 2014. Lowe, Jet. “Library of Congress”. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/pa1666.photos.355729p/. Accessed March 17, 2014. Macdonald, Angus. Structural Design for Architecture. Oxford: Architectural Press, 1998. Newton, Clare. “Introduction to Materials”. Last modified March 5, 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be. Accessed march 14, 2014 Newton, Clare. “Constructing Environments: Basic Structural Forces (1)”. https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf. Accessed March 14 2014. Newton, Clare. “Structural Joints.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be. Accessed March 18 2014 Packaging Design for Sustainability. http://sustainablepackdesign.com/. Accessed March 18, 2014. Peck, Collette. “Travel Blog: Travel Guide Ranks Best, Worst Airport Terminals”. Last modified January 19, 2012. http://www.andavotravel.com/blog/2012/01/travel-guide-ranks-best-worst-airport-terminals/. Accessed on March 17, 2014 Rustic Stone, Inc. “Stone Foundations- Bluestone Ballaratt, Melbourne.” Last modified 2014. http://rusticstone.com.au/products/foundations. Accessed march 15, 2014 Sim Science. “Glossary.” http://simscience.org/cracks/glossary/point_ex.gif. Accessed March 15, 2014.
13
Stokes, Keith. “Clements Stone Arch Bridge”. Last modified 2010. http://kansastravel.org/clementsbridge.htm. Accessed March 14, 2014. Sig Insulation. “METSEC Deep Runner- Insulation Products”. Last modified 2013. http://www.siginsulation.co.uk/show_prod.asp?ProdID=1634&CatID=21&SubCatID=86. Accessed March 16, 2014. The Daily Icon. “Icon: Millau Viaduct”. Last modified May 5th, 2008. http://www.dailyicon.net/2008/05/icon-millau-viaduct/. Accessed March 14, 2014. Wikipedia. “Triumphal Arch”. Last modified December 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch. Accessed March 16, 2014
14
Constructing Environments
Week 3 Logbook
Footings and Foundations
15
3.01: Structural Elements
Types of structural elements19
i. Strut
ii. Tie
iii. Beam
Beam20
Importance of beams:21
Because beams endure both lateral
[tension] and vertical [compression]
forces, they are vital support elements
in structural systems. They prevent the
building from collapsing laterally [side-
wards], as well as vertically
[downwards].
iv. Slab/plate
v. Panels
vi. Shear [wall]
Diagrams of the structural elements
explored in this section
19 “Footings and Foundations,” Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 17 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be 20 “Footings and Foundations,” Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 17 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be 21 “Footings and Foundations,” Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 17 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be
16
3.02: Footing and Foundations
Substructure is a foundation system that is
constructed partly or wholly underground to
support the superstructure.22
Foundation systems support superstructure loads to
minimise building movements [maximise
stability]. 23 They must not exceed load-bearing
capacity of soil—this undermines the building’s
structural integrity.24
Types of foundations
- Deep foundations
- Shallow
Footings are known as shallow
foundations.25
i. Spread footing
ii. Strip footing
iii. Pad footing
iv. Slab on ground
Selection of foundation depends on
- Topography [elevated or flat]
- Magnitude of building loads
- Groundwater and subsurface [underground]
conditions26
- Shallow foundations are used when the soil
is stable and has adequate bearing capacity
for the building near the surface.27
- Deep foundations are used when the soil
near the surface is not as stable, and have
inadequate bearing capacity. Deep
foundations extend beyond the unsuitable
soil to a deeper layer that is more suited for
the load-bearing function, such as rocks or
sand.28
Diagram showing foundation of a house compared to
foundation of a tall building29
The skyscraper requires a deeper foundation in order to
support the bigger magnitude of its load that the shallow
subsurface of the soil cannot provide.
22 Ching, 2008, 3.02 23 Ching, 2008, 3.02 24 “Footings and Foundations,” Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 17 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be. 25 Ching, 2008, 3.05 26 Ching, 2008, 3.05 27 Ching, 2008, 3.05 28 Ching, 2008, 3.24 29 “Foundations,” Wikipedia, last modified 16 March 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering).
17
3.03: Spread and Pad Footing Foundations
Spread footings are the lowest part of a shallow
foundation.30
Pad footing is another form of a shallow
foundation.31
Spread foundations distribute loads laterally
across soil, to prevent exceeding the load bearing
capacity of the soil over a localised area.32
Normally, spread footings are placed under high
pressure/low area elements, such as columns or
arch piers, as these exert a greater force over a
smaller area
Diagram shows impact of differential
settlement on the substructure of the building
in a pad footing foundation33
Foundation systems must evenly distribute the
load of their superstructure across the soil to
avoid differential settlement. This causes
uneven movement of different parts of the
building, resulting in cracks.
Strip Footing Foundation
Strip footing is a type of spread footing
Image of a strip wall footing supporting the
dead load of a masonry load-bearing wall34
30 Ching, 2008, 3.08 31 “Footings and Foundations,” Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 17 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be. 32 Ching, 2008, 3.08 33Ching, 2008, 3.03 34 “Strip Footings”, Build Right by RMIT University, accessed on 18 March, 2014, https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/09_footing_systems/06_concrete_slabs/page_003.htm
18
3.04: Slab on grade foundations and retaining walls
Slab on grade foundation is created by laying a
concrete slab on the ground. This serves as both
flooring and foundation for the building.35
Used in warmer areas, less prone to freezing and
heat loss
No gaps between ground and structure, so it is
extremely stable and load is well distributed
across the ground.36
Joints [mainly isolation and control] have to be
inserted to prevent and control cracking
locations.37
Retaining walls resist the lateral load/pressure
of soil in an elevated site. This prevents a
landslide effect, where the soil collapses onto the
building site, which can cause costly and
excessive structural damage.38
Diagram Of Slab On Grade Foundation System39
Image of retaining wall preventing the soil
from collapsing onto the road40
In this case, the soil is seen as a dead load.
Retaining walls have to endure excessive loads, so
the foundation for retaining walls has to be
deeper than that of slab on grade foundation.
Retaining walls can also be seen as foundation
walls. Foundation walls resist the lateral loads of
wind, soil and the superstructure.41
3.05: mass construction
35 ching, 2008, 3.18 36 “Shallow Foundations,” Wikipedia, last modified 16 March 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_foundation 37 Ching, 2008, 3.19 38 “Retaining Wallls,” Wikipedia, last modified 16 March 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall 39 Ching, 2008, 3.18 40 “Retaining Wallls,” Wikipedia, last modified 16 March 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall 41 Ching, 2008, 3.13
Retaining wall
19
Definitions42
Bond: pattern/arrangement of single units
Course: HORIZONTAL row of masonry units
Joint: connects masonry units together
Masonry: smaller scale of mass construction; building with units of natural or manufactured products, with mortar as a bonding agent
Thermal mass: insulation ability of material
Monolithic: when only one material is used.
Monolithic whole: when masonry units [e.g. brick units] have been joined together, and the mortar is set; the units become one whole unit.
Mortar: mixture of cement/lime, sand and water. A paste that bonds [individual] masonry units together
42 “Introduction to Mass Construction,” Clare Newton, Youtibe, last modified 16 March, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be
20
3.06: Mass Construction—Monolithic materials
Examples43
i. Bricks
Mud bricks: simple, low-cost, labour
intensive, soft compacted walls44
ii. Clay
Clay + high temperature clay brick
1-hand sized
Earth made
iii. Concrete
Chemically manufactured
2-hand sized
Hard
Properties
Strength: strong for COMPRESSION, weak for
TENSION
Hardness: Med-high [not easily scratched]
Thermal mass/conductivity: good insulators of
heat
Durability: medium to high—mud brick can
survive thousands of years
Image of a mud-brick wall45
The mortar used for mud brick is also made of
mud brick materials. The use of only one material
for the whole structure makes it monolithic
Image of clay used as a wall system46
Clay gives the same aesthetic effect of fluid
materials such as concrete, and might serve as a
cheaper alternative. However, it might not do as
well under harsh conditions as concrete.
43 “Introduction to Mass Construction,” Clare Newton, Youtibe, last modified 16 March, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be 44 “Introduction to Mass Construction,” Clare Newton, Youtibe, last modified 16 March, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be 45 “About Mud-Bricks,” Cohen Jirgens, last modified 2013, http://www.makeitmudbricks.com.au/mortar.html 46 “Sweet Green Dreams,” Design Blog, last modified 2014, http://sweetgreendreams.blogspot.com.au/
21
3.07: Masonry and bricks
Masonry can be classified as small-
scale mass construction. It refers to
units of natural or manufactured
materials [e.g. stone and clay], with
mortar as a bonding agent.47
Brick joints
- Generally 10mm wide
2 types of joints
- Perpend: vertical joints
- Bed joints: horizontal joints
Bed joints would be stronger than
perpendicular joints because bricks are
already compressed upon each other,
horizontally, so they would reinforce
pressure on the mortar for the bed
joints, strengthening the horizontal
bonds between each masonry brick
unit
Joint profiles for brick mortar48
Brick courses49
47 “Introduction to Masonry,” Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 16 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be 48 “Introduction to Masonry,” Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 16 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be 49 “Bricklaying Methods,” Integrated Publishing, Inc., last modified 2013, http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14045/css/14045_151.htm
22
3.08: Concrete blocks
Composition: 50 Cement + sand + gravel + water +
[mixing, moulding, curing] cement block
Types of cement blocks51
- Load bearing CMU [Concrete mass unit]
1 cement block = 1 CMU
- Non-load bearing
E.g. dividing walls
Decorative walls
Properties
i. Hardness: medium-high [scratched
by metal]
ii. Fragility: medium [broken by trowel]
iii. Ductility: very low [can’t be pulled
apart; therefore not good with
tension]
iv. Flexibility: very low
v. Durability: durable [lasts very long]
vi. Recyclability: can be crushed and
used as aggregate for stone structures
vii. Porosity: absorbs water over time
viii. Density: about 2.5x denser than water
[due to its weight]
ix. Conductivity: poor heat and electrical
conductor
Due to its insulating nature, buildings
with concrete feel cold on the inside
during hot days
x. Sustainability: recycled materials
used in its manufacture improves its
environmental footprint
xi. Cost: material wise—low
Labour wise—expensive [labour
intensive, includes mixing and
sourcing + transport of materials to
make it]
Brick VS. Concrete
Brick expands over time
Concrete shrinks over time
This is important to know because it determines
what movement joint to use. E.g. brick walls have
vertical movement joints
50 “Concrete Blocks,”Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 16 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be 51 “Concrete Blocks,”Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 16 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be
23
3.09: Forms of Construction
Often aesthetic rather than structural
Modular: clear individual masonry units can be
seen [e.g. bricks] 52
That means that it is easier to rearrange the
layout of a structure [e.g. wall]
Non-modular: harder to distinguish each
individual masonry unit [e.g. concrete wall]. 53
Image of the Pinnacle Apartments, Singapore54
Image of the shell roof of Deitingen service station, Zurich, Switzerland55
Image 1 follows a modular format for the building’s façade. It is modular because individual units units
can be distinguished from each other. The service station’s reinforced concrete shell displays more
continuity. This creates a more fluid aesthetic effect than the rigid individual modules.
52 “Introduction to Masonry,” Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 16 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be 53 “Introduction to Masonry,” Clare Newton, Youtube, last modified 16 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be 54 “Media for Pinnacle at Duxton, Singapore,” Open Buildings, accessed on 19 March 2014, http://openbuildings.com/buildings/pinnacle-duxton-profile-5268/media 55 “Concrete in Architecture,” Susanne Fritz, Arhitonic: The Independent Resource for Architecture and Design, accessed on 19 March, 2014, http://www.architonic.com/ntsht/concrete-in-architecture-1-a-material-both-stigmatised-and-celebrated/7000525
24
Tutorial 3
Site 1: Lot 6
Main structural members: steel beams and masonry
columns
Due to their sizes, these materials were made in-situ
They also had to be made on site due to their connection
with other site elements that determined their placement,
such as the grass patch
Site 2: Car park beneath South Lawn
The columns are hollow as they were meant to
hold trees from the South Lawn in them. But in
reality, this did not work too well, as proper
waterproofing was not applied, and the concrete
absorbed water [efflorescence]. This caused
shrinkage in certain areas of the concrete, as
well as concrete cancer [seen by the steel rods
protruding out]
Expansion joints were later added to control
cracking of concrete
Site 3: Professor’s Walk
The main feature of this site was the cantilever
truss, served the building aesthetically. Its
structural purpose was to prevent the wall from
collapsing to the other side.
Steel lintel
Masonry column
Universal steel beams
Cantilever truss
25
Site 4: North Court at the Union House
ETFE membrane ceiling system was designed
with the concept of wings in mind.
The air from under the ceiling lifts the membrane,
so the membrane requires little structural
support, such as columns, other than tie-cords.
The ceiling is supported by tension caused by an
inverted wind load [coming from the bottom of
the structure]
Site 6: Swimming Pool
The framing system used here is a steel portal
frame
This kind of frame allows for a large interior,
which is suitable for a pool area
The ceiling structure is supported by horizontal
purlins and bridge beams
Site 7: Architecture Building
The main elements seen here are pre-cast concrete
wall panels, galvanised steel for the roof and non-
galvanised steel for concrete formwork.
The concrete slabs are laid in different positions for
aesthetic reasons
The galvanised steel will be exposed, explaining
why they are galvanised in the first place
Non-galvanised steel will be concealed, so cost is
saved on the galvanisation process
Tension cables
ETFE membrane
Pre-cast concrete panels
Exposed galvanised steel supports
Concealed steel supports
26
Bibliography
Blogspot. “Sweet Green Dreams.” Last modified 2014, http://sweetgreendreams.blogspot.com.au/
Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008) 2.08.
Fritz, Susanne. “Concrete in Architecture.” Accessed on 19 March, 2014, http://www.architonic.com/ntsht/concrete-in-architecture-1-a-material-both-
stigmatised-and-celebrated/7000525
Integrated Publishing, Inc. “Bricklaying Methods.” Last modified 2013, http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14045/css/14045_151.htm
Open Buildings. “Media for Pinnacle at Duxton, Singapore.” Accessed on 19 March 2014, http://openbuildings.com/buildings/pinnacle-duxton-profile-
5268/media
Jirgens, Cohen. “About Mud-Bricks.” Last modified 2013, http://www.makeitmudbricks.com.au/mortar.html
Newton, Clare. “Concrete Blocks.” Last modified 16 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be
Newton, Clare. “Introduction to Mass Construction.” Last modified 16 March, 2014,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be
Newton, Clare. Introduction to Masonry.” Last modified 16 March 2014,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be
Newton, Clare. “Footings and Foundations.” Last modified 17 March 2014,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be
RMIT UNIVERSITY. “Strip Footings.” Accessed on 18 March, 2014,
27
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/09_footing_systems/06_concrete_slabs/page_003.htm
Wikipedia.“Foundations.” Last modified 16 March 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering).
Wikipedia. “Retaining Walls.” Last modified 16 March 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall
Wikipedia. “Shallow Foundations.” Last modified 16 March 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_foundation
28
Constructing environments
Week 4
Floor Systems and Horizontal elements
29
4.01: Span and Spacing
Span56
Span: Distance between 2 structural supports
The shorter the span, the stronger the element/member,
but this normally entails more materials used, to cover the
same distance achieved with a longer span
- This distance measurement is depends on nature
of structural support: Vertical and horizontal;
- Vertical span is measured by distance between its
horizontal structural supports
- Horizontal span is measured by distance between
its vertical structural supports
- Examples of vertical structural supports include
studs in a stud-wall system
Determining the thickness of a slab:57
For floors
Span [in mm] 30 = thickness of slab
100mm minimum
For roofs
Span 30 = thickness of roof slab
Diagram showing horizontal span of horizontal [ceiling] rafter,
supported by vertical support members [column] 58
56 “Span and Spacing,” The University of Melbourne, Accessed on 28 March, 2014 https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf 57 Ching, 2008, 4.05 58 “Span and Spacing,” The University of Melbourne, Accessed on 28 March, 2014 https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf
SPAN
Illustration from CHING ‘ Building
Construction Illustrated”, 5.36 (2008)
SPAN is the distance measured between two structural supports.
SPAN can be measured between vertical supports (for a horizontal
member) or between horizontal supports (for a vertical member).
SPAN is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.
Illustration from CHING ‘ Building
Construction Illustrated”, 4.11 (2008) Illustration from CHING ‘ Building
Construction Illustrated”, 4.02 (2008)
SPA
N!
SPA
N!
THE COLUMN IS SUPPORTED BY
EACH FLOOR, SO THE COLUMN
SPAN IS THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE TOP OF ONE
FLOOR AND THE UNDERSIDE OF
THE FLOOR ABOVE!
FLOOR!
FLOOR!
FLOOR!
SPAN!
SUPPORT! SUPPORT!
SPAN !
BEAM!
COLUMN!
COLUMN!
30
4.02: Spacing
Spacing:59
Measured centre-line to centre-line, spacing
is the distance between repeating
elements/structural [supports]
For example, in a ceiling, the distance
between vertical columns supporting the
rafters can be measured as spacing
Spacing depends on spanning abilities of
support elements
Diagram showing spacing between structural supports in an element60
59 “Span and Spacing,” The University of Melbourne, Accessed on 28 March, 2014 https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf 60 “Span and Spacing,” The University of Melbourne, Accessed on 28 March, 2014 https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf
SPACING
Illustration from CHING ‘ Building
Construction Illustrated”, 5.36 (2008)
SPACING is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.
SPACING is often associated with supporting elements (such as beams,
columns etc.) and can be measured horizontally or vertically.
SPACING is is generally measured centre-line to centre-line.
Illustration from CHING ‘ Building
Construction Illustrated”, 4.05 (2008)
SPA
CIN
G!
SPA
CIN
G!
THE SPACING OF
THE FLOOR SLABS
SUPPORTING THE
COLUMN IS
MEASURED FROM
CENTRE-LINE TO CENTRE-LINE OF
THE SLABS!
FLOOR!
FLOOR!
FLOOR!
SPACING! SPACING!
SPA
CIN
G!
SPA
CIN
G!
THE SPACING OF THE VERTICAL COLUMNS
(SHOWN HERE ON THE
PLAN) IS MEASURED
FROM CENTRE-LINE TO
CENTRE-LINE!
COLUMN
SPACING!
COLUM
N
SPA
CING
!
PRIMARY BEAM
SPACING!
SECONDARY
BEAM
SPACING!
31
4.03: floor and framing systems: one-way or two-way system?
One-way slab: reinforced in one
direction61
Due to this, one-way systems are only for
light-moderate loads, with short spans [6ft.
–18 ft.]62
These slabs are normally for
roofs/ceilings, 63 and are supported by
beams or loadbearing walls.64
Examples
One-way slab
One-way joist slab
Two-way slab: reinforced in two [axial]
directions65 [e.g. x axis and y axis]
Examples
Two-way slab and beam
Two-way waffle slab
Two-way flat plate
Two-way flat slab
The two-directional reinforcement of a two-
way slab enables the structural element
[floor or ceiling] to undertake greater loads
than 1-way slabs. The square shape of the
slab maximises its 2-directional
properties.66
61 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.05 62 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.05 63 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.05 64 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.05 65 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.06 66 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.06
32
4.04: Floor and Framing Systems—Materials: steel
Steel System
Properties of joists in a
steel system
Heavy67
Expensive68
Hard
Needs to be galvanised
Long lasting [good for
maintenance]69
More durable than
timber, but less than
concrete
Diagram70 showing elements of a steel frame system in a warehouse
Image71 of light-gauge steel framed family
home in Atlanta
This house is considered big, so has more dead
load and would require a stronger material
than timber for its skeletal frame
67 “Floor Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 26 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be 68 “Floor Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 26 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be 69 “TAH Construction, Inc.,” Butler Manufacturing Company, last modified 2004, http://www.tahconstructioninc.com/default.asp?PageID=134582 70 “TAH Construction, Inc.,” Butler Manufacturing Company, last modified 2004, http://www.tahconstructioninc.com/default.asp?PageID=134582 71 “Steel Frame Housing US,” Steel Frame Housing Inc., accessed on 28 March 2014, http://www.steelframehousing.org/
33
4.05: Floor and Framing Systems—Materials: timber
Wood floor structure transfers lateral load
to shear walls
Properties [pros and cons]
- Easy and quick set up72
- Timber floor systems have a lot of joists,
as wood joists are not as strong as concrete
or steel.73 Cross – section is applied to keep
material use low. 74
- Combustible, so a finishing material such
as concrete, or one with adequate fire-
resistance rating, is required.75
- Prone to decomposition, so drainage, and
proper treatment to minimise water
contact, is required. Also, it requires high
maintenance.76
Diagram77 showing joist layout for a wood floor system
72 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.26 73 “Floor Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 26 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be 74 “Floor Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 26 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be 75 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.26 76 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.26 77 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.26
34
4.06 Floor and Framing Systems—Materials: concrete
Concrete System
Properties
Durable
Galvanisation is not necessary
Relatively expensive, but not as expensive
as steel
Fluid, moulded into desired shape
before settingformwork
Concrete can suffer from concrete cancer,
degradation caused by weathering.78 This
entails the rusting of the steel
reinforcement bars in the concrete
structure
Concrete also experiences cracking,
almost 100% of the time due to different
rates of expansion and contraction
within the whole structure.
Types of formwork for concrete
Formworks are moulds that concrete is
poured into before setting.79
Formwork supports and shapes the
concrete while it is wet and unable to do
these itself.80
They can be of timber and plastic,81 to
name a few materials
i. In- situ [on site]
ii. Pre-fabricated
iii. Sacrificial [permanently
stuck to concrete, even after
it sets]
Image82 showing the creation of concrete, a masonry-
like material
78 “Concrete Cancer,” The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, last modified 18 May 2005, http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A4014172 79 “Formwork,” Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias, last modified 2013, http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1110715 80 Ching, Building Illustrated, 4.10 81 “Concrete,” Clare Newton, last modified 25 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be 82 “Concrete,” Clare Newton, last modified 25 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be
35
4.07 Floor and Framing Systems—Materials: in-situ concrete
Process of in-situ concrete83
1. Assembly of formwork
2. Pouring, vibration and curing of
concrete
3. Placement of reinforcement
[if necessary]
When/where to use84
- Retaining walls
- shot-crete is sprayed onto in-situ
formwork of retaining walls
- Footing
Image shows in-situ concrete support columns in South Lawn Car-park of
Melbourne University
These columns are hollow, as they are meant to contain tree roots
They are made in-situ because they are too large to be transported
83 “In-Situ Concrete,” Clare Newton, last modified 25 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be 84 “In-Situ Concrete,” Clare Newton, last modified 25 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be
36
4.08 Floor and Framing Systems—Materials: Pre-Cast Concrete
Properties
Standardised outcome
[Higher] controlled quality
Made in factories
Uses
Wall systems
Columns
Retaining walls
Image85 shows pre-cast concrete slabs with holes for
steel reinforcement bars
Image shows pre-cast concrete walls of
Courtyard by Marriott, designed by
SERA architects in Portland86
The size of the slabs for this wall show that
the concrete has been pre-cast and
transported to the site
85 “The Benefits of Pre-Cast shelters,” Shelter Structures, Inc., last modified 27 December 2014, http://www.shelterstructures.com/tag/precast-shelters/ 86 “Green Place Making on the Bus Mall: Visiting SERA's Courtyard by Marriott hotel,” Brian Libby, last modified 7 August, 2009, http://chatterbox.typepad.com/portlandarchitecture/2009/08/green-placemaking-on-the-bus-mall-visiting-seras-courtyard-by-marriott-hotel.html
Holes to insert reinforcement bars
Pre-cast concrete slabs of various sizes and finishes
37
4.09: Beams and Cantilevers
Beams are structural elements that are
mostly horizontal.
Load is carried along the beam, and
transferred to vertical supports, which
transmit load to the ground.87
Cantilevers are structures in building
construction that are only supported on
one end, e.g. to a wall, as opposed to
overhanging members. 88
Load is carried along the length of the
cantilever member
Forms of Cantilevers
i. Vertical
ii. Horizontal
iii. Angled
Uses of cantilevers
Supports the wall load that it is attached to
The cantilever counteracts the load of the
wall in one direction
Diagram89: loads in cantilevers
Image of Torreagüera Vivienda Atresada, a
house designed by Javier Peña in Murcia,
Spain90
This house is based on the concept on
cantilevering [as shown by rooms in the second
floor].
87 “Beams and Cantilevers,” The University of Melbourne, accessed on 27 March, 2014 https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/BEAMS%20AND%20CANTILEVERS.pdf 88 “Beams and Cantilevers,” The University of Melbourne, accessed on 27 March, 2014 https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/BEAMS%20AND%20CANTILEVERS.pdf 89 “Vibrations of Cantilever Beams,” Scott Whitney, last modified 1999, http://emweb.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/Scott-Whitney/325hweb/Beams.htm 90 “Torreagüera Vivienda Atresada,” De-Zeen Magazine, last modified 23 July 2010, http://www.dezeen.com/2010/07/23/torreaguera-vivienda-atresada-by-xpiral/
Load [P] direction
Cantilever beam
Pre-cast concrete slabs for walls
Cantilever
38
Tutorial: Importance of technical drawings and what they tell us
The different modules of technical drawings tell us different things
The plans tell us the placement of rooms in a space and partitions within a space
The elevation shows the reader how the finished product will look. It includes details such as furniture [cabinetry], etc.
Section provides the reader with information about the materials that will be used for each site, through symbols drawn in the picture.
The bubbles in the plan are for reference purposes
The clouds are used for highlighting amendments to be made after the lateset site inspection
39
Workshop
Task: to construct a structural support member made of plywood joists
Our structural member was strongest in the middle. This
was achieved by nailing 4 layers in the middle.
As a result, our member suffered from the
least deflection [of 35mm] under the most
weight [684kg] compared to other groups
[which suffered deflection of 100mm and
splintered after 340kg].
We realised that the breakage occurred
where the nails were, because the nails
actually caused cracks in the existing
structure of the members, and rather than
reinforcing the member, the nails weakened
it. So in the future, if we want our structures
to endure a greater vertical load, nails
should be avoided, and other means of
joining elements together should be
employed, such as ties or control joints.
Cracking was isolated to areas near the nails
40
Bibliography
Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. “Formwork.” Last modified 2013, http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1110715.
Butler Manufacturing, Inc. “TAH Construction, Inc.,” Last modified 2004, http://www.tahconstructioninc.com/default.asp?PageID=134582.
Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008) 2.08.
De-Zeen Magazine “Torreagüera Vivienda Atresada.” Last modified 23 July 2010, http://www.dezeen.com/2010/07/23/torreaguera-vivienda-atresada-by-
xpiral/
Libby, Brian. “Green Place Making on the Bus Mall: Visiting SERA's Courtyard by Marriott hotel.” Last modified 7 August, 2009,
http://chatterbox.typepad.com/portlandarchitecture/2009/08/green-placemaking-on-the-bus-mall-visiting-seras-courtyard-by-marriott-hotel.html.
The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. “Concrete Cancer.” Last modified 18 May 2005, http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A4014172.
Newton, Clare. “Concrete.” Last modified 25 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be.
Newton, Clare. “Floor Systems.” Last modified 26 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be.
Newton, Clare. “In-Situ Concrete.” Last modified 25 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be.
Shelter Structures, Inc. “The Benefits of Pre-Cast shelters.” Last modified 27 December 2014, http://www.shelterstructures.com/tag/precast-shelters/.
Steel Frame Housing Inc. “Steel Frame Housing US.” accessed on 28 March 2014, http://www.steelframehousing.org/.
The University of Melbourne. “Span and Spacing.” Accessed on 28 March, 2014,
41
https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf.
The University of Melbourne. “Beams and Cantilevers.” Accessed on 27 March, 2014,
https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/BEAMS%20AND%20CANTILEVERS.pdf
Whitney, Scott. “Vibrations of Cantilever Beams.” Last modified 1999, http://emweb.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/Scott-Whitney/325hweb/Beams.htm
42
Constructing Envs
Week 5 logbook
Columns, grids and wall systems
43
5.01: Columns
Axial load: A pure tension or compression load
acting along the long axis of a straight structural
member91, or load applied at the main axis of a
structural member.92 This force is used to help
engineers select columns for structural systems.
Effective length: The distance between inflection
points in a [long] column. 93 When this area of the
column buckles, the whole member fails. This is a
vital area to reinforce. 94
Kern area: The central area of a horizontal section
of a column/member. 95 This area is where all
compressive loads must pass in order to keep forces
compressive. If force occurs outside this area, tensile
forces will occur. 96 This is not good for columns
because they do not deal well with tensile forces.
Slenderness ratio: refers to effective length [L]:
radius of gyration [r].97 Ideally, slenderness ratio
should be kept low, to lower the risk of column
failure. This can be done by decreasing the effective
length of the column, and widening it [increasing r].
Diagram showing effective length of a column
Diagram showing the kern area of a column
91 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.13 92 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.13 93 “Walls, Grids and Columns,” Clare Newton, last modified 2 April, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be 94 “Walls, Grids and Columns,” Clare Newton, last modified 2 April, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be 95 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.13 96 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.13 97 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.13
44
5.02: Columns, continued
Short columns Long columns
Appearance98 Slenderness ratio: radius of gyration [section area] < 12
More stiff than long columns
Slenderness ratio : radius of gyration [section area] > 12
Failure99 Crushing
Image showing shear failure of a short column100
Failure occurs when a force [e.g. earthquake load]
exceeds its load bearing capacity101
Buckling
Image showing buckling of a long column along its effective length102
Materials Wood,103 masonry104 Steel, concrete,105 masonry
98 “Walls, Grids and Columns,” Clare Newton, last modified 2 April, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be 99 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.13 100 “Short Column Effect,” The Constructor, last modified 2012, http://theconstructor.org/earthquake/short-column-effect-in-multistoried-building/7152/ 101 “Short Column Effect,” The Constructor, last modified 2012, http://theconstructor.org/earthquake/short-column-effect-in-multistoried-building/7152/ 102 “Buckling Analysis of Tubular Beam Columns,” Civil Engineering Database, last modified 2013, http://www.civildb.com/buckling-analysis-of-tubular-beam-columns 103 Ching, Building Illustrated, 5. 47 104 Ching, Building Illustrated, 5. 19 105 Ching, Building Illustrated, 5.04
45
5.03: Wall systems—Structural frames
Materials
I. Concrete
Columns are sometimes required to support concrete wall
systems due to their significant dead load.
In-situ concrete formwork106
Formwork is a mould into which concrete is poured. The
formwork supports, compacts and shapes concrete until it
dries and is strong and firm enough to function either as a
load-bearing wall or floor system.107
II. Steel
Used mainly for industrial [large] buildings
Lower fire rating than concrete
Steel frame elements [studs] are connected to each
other by girders and beams
Stronger stud-frame than timber—light gauge steel
studs are used108
See nogging diagram for steel frames
III. Timber
Post and beam structure
Rigid
Steel beams can be employed to increase spanning
Used in stud-frame systems109
Post and beam structures are also known as
stud-frame systems110
Timber is the most lightweight material as compared
to steel and concrete, and timber framed buildings
are normally for small-scale construction.
106 “Types of Formwork,” Civil Digital, last modified 2014, http://civildigital.com/concrete-formwork-types-of-formwork/# 107 Ching, Building Illustrated, 5.07 108 Ching, Building Illustrated, 5.40 109 Ching, Building Illustrated, 5.43 110 “Plans and Specification,” The National Institute of Home Building, last modified 2014, http://www.nihb.com/pre-construction/plans-and-specification/
sheathing
Form ties
Horizontal walers
Studs
Bracing
46
5.04: Wall systems—Load bearing walls
Load bearing walls are most effective in dealing with
coplanar loads, but are most vulnerable to perpendicular
forces to their planes
Grout: a mortar of Portland cement that fills any gaps.
Grout is used as interior joints of masonry walls.111
I. Concrete
II. Masonry
Steel lentils support openings in brick walls,
such as doors and windows.112
Grout is used for the interior joint of a
multiple-skinned brick wall
III. Skins
Single skins
Multiple skins [50mm between layers]113
Example of multiple skins: damp-proof
coursing
Multiple skins also create weep-holes, which
allow water to escape from buildings and not
be trapped in walls
Diagram of weep-hole114
Weep holes are gaps that are normally found in masonry
walls, to allow the drainage of water from within the
walls. 115
Image showing concrete slabs reinforced with
steel bars]116
To strengthen load-bearing walls, cavities are
reinforced. In the case of concrete, hollow slabs are
reinforced with steel bars. This is so that the concrete
slab possesses the tensile properties of steel. Waffle
reinforcement can be used to make it a two-way slab.
111 Ching, Building Illustrated, 5.17 112 “Walls, Grids and Columns,” Clare Newton, last modified 2 April, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be 113 Ching, Building Illustrated, 5.16 114 “Sliding Meets Masonry,” Do it Yourself, last modified 2014, http://www.doityourself.com/forum/bricks-masonry-asphalt-concrete/342558-siding-meets-masonry-what-can-i-do.html 115 “Walls, Grids and Columns,” Clare Newton, last modified 2 April, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be 116 “Hollowcore,” Devcor Precast Ltd., 2014, http://www.devcorprecast.com/product-range/hollowcore-floor-slabs-northern-ireland/
Weep holes allow air into cavity to equalise the pressure while allowing water trapped within the wall layers to drain out
High air pressure
Two-pre-cast way flat slabs Holes for insertion of steel reinforcement bars
47
5.05: Frames
Fixed frame: A rigid frame connected to supports
by fixed joints117
Hinged frame: A rigid frame is connected to
supports by pin joints118
Three-hinged frame: two rigid frames are
connected to structural supports by pin joints119
Diagrams Illustrating Different Movement Joints120
Fixed frames are resistant to deflection, but
more sensitive to thermal movements121
Hinged frames prevent high bending stresses
because the frame can rotate under stress. This
is more flexible in dealing with thermal
movements122
Three-hinged frames are more sensitive to
deflection, but are least affected by thermal
stresses123
117 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.17 118 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.17 119 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.17 120 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.17 121 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.17 122 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.17 123 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.17
48
5.06: Engineered Timber—solid products
Section diagram showing grain pattern directions for
sawn timber124
Solid engineered timber products125
I. LVL—laminated veneer lumber
Uses
Beams
Portal frames
II. GLULAM—glue-laminated timber
Uses
Beams
Posts
Portal frames
III. CLT—cross-laminated timber
CLT is a new product
Appearance
Alternate grain patters
Uses
Structural panels
Boise Glulam126
Image of CLT alternate grain patterns127
5.07: Engineered Timber—sheet products
124 “Quality Manufactured,” Allegheny Mountain Hardwood Flooring, Inc., last modified 2012,.http://alleghenymountainhardwoodflooring.com/product/quality-manufactured/ 125 “Engineered Timber Products,” Clare Newton, last modified 1 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be 126 “Autodesk Seek: Boise GLULAM,” Autodesk Seek, last modified 2014, http://seek.autodesk.com/product/latest/agg/boisecascadellc/Boise-Cascade-LLC/Boise08 127 “Cross Laminated Timber,” Akzo Nobel N.V, last modified 2012, .https://www.akzonobel.com/cascoadhesives/products_solutions/construction_timber/cross_laminated_timber/
Rift sawn Line sawn
Plain sawn Quarter sawn
49
I. Chipboard and strand-board
Uses128
Structural systems, such as wall claddings
Image of chipboard cladding129
Image of chipboard material130
I. MDF
Recycled hardwood and softwood fibres combined
with high temperatures and pressure, bound
together by wax and resin. 131
Properties132
Denser than plywood
Uses133
Non-structural
Furniture
Image of MDF slabs134
I. Plywood
Hardwood laminates are glued and pressed together to
form the layers of plywood
Uses135
Structural bracing
Flooring system [joists]
Formwork for concrete
Image of plywood bracing wall136
128 “Engineered Timber Products,” Clare Newton, last modified 1 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be 129 “Exterior Wood Cladding,” Archi Expo, last modified 2014, http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/fundermax/exterior-wood-cladding-51752-1376519.html 130 “Chipboard Textures,” Cadyou, last modified 2014, http://www.cadyou.com/download/433/chipboard 131 “Engineered Timber Products,” Clare Newton, last modified 1 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be 132 “Engineered Timber Products,” Clare Newton, last modified 1 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be 133 “Engineered Timber Products,” Clare Newton, last modified 1 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be 134 “MDF Production Line,” Wang Wei Ji, last modified 2010, http://www.brickmakingmachine.org.cn/mdf.html 135 “Engineered Timber Products,” Clare Newton, last modified 1 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be 136 “Hardwood Bracing Plywood,” AWP, last modified 26 April 2013, http://www.awpanels.com.au/plywood/hardwood-bracing-plywood-f22/
Plywood bracing
wall
50
Week 5 tutorial: sketching and constructing the model for the Oval Pavillion Cantilever Roof skylight
For this activity, we had to scale our models to 1:20.
Our section was parts 5, 6 and 7 of the canopy roof
[see image of plan]
The main system is a web-truss system. The members are connected by T-
shaped HD bolted joints and are welded together.
PFC channels are used as diagonal channels to connect the horizontal and
vertical truss members. PFC increases the load bearing capacity of the truss.
Steel truss members used for our structure
T4 members refer to 150mm Universal steel beam members able to support
30kg/m
T3 members refer to 150 UCT [universal steel column], that can support
23kg/m
T2 = 180 UBT that can support 16kg/m
T1= 155 UBT 16
[Above image]: Sections 6-7 of the canopy
[Below]: The finished product
The T2 beams are at the top of the
structure, so they do not need to be as
strong as the universal columns.
The universal columns marked T4
support the most load in the structure,
because this member supports the
cantilever of the canopy.
The higher the strength rating of the member,
the more expensive it will be.
180 UBT 22 beams
150 PFC steel channels
T4 members
Are 150mm Universal columns that support 30kg/m
B8
T1
T2
T3
T4
51
Bibliography
Allegheny Mountain Hardwood Flooring, Inc. “Quality Manufactured.” Last modified 2012,
http://alleghenymountainhardwoodflooring.com/product/quality-manufactured/.
Akzo Nobel N.V. “Cross Laminated Timber.” Last modified 2012,
.https://www.akzonobel.com/cascoadhesives/products_solutions/construction_timber/cross_laminated_timber/.
Archi Expo. “Exterior Wood Cladding,” Last modified 2014, http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/fundermax/exterior-wood-cladding-51752-1376519.html.
Autodesk Seek. “Autodesk Seek: Boise GLULAM,” Last modified 2014, http://seek.autodesk.com/product/latest/agg/boisecascadellc/Boise-Cascade-
LLC/Boise08.
AWP. “Hardwood Bracing Plywood,”. Last modified 26 April 2013, http://www.awpanels.com.au/plywood/hardwood-bracing-plywood-f22/
Cadyou. “Chipboard Textures.” Last modified 2014, http://www.cadyou.com/download/433/chipboard.
Civil Digital. “Types of Formwork.” Last modified 2014, http://civildigital.com/concrete-formwork-types-of-formwork/#
Civil Engineering Database. “Buckling Analysis of Tubular Beam Columns.” Last modified 2013, http://www.civildb.com/buckling-analysis-of-tubular-beam-
columns.
Devcor Precast Ltd. “Hollowcore.” Last modified 2014, http://www.devcorprecast.com/product-range/hollowcore-floor-slabs-northern-ireland/.
The Constructor. “Short Column Effect.” last modified 2012, http://theconstructor.org/earthquake/short-column-effect-in-multistoried-building/7152/.
The National Institute of Home Building. “Plans and Specification.” Last modified 2014, http://www.nihb.com/pre-construction/plans-and-specification/.
52
Newton, Clare. “Engineered Timber Products.” Last modified 1 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be
Newton, Clare. “Walls, Grids and Columns.” Last modified 2 April, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be.
Wang Wei Ji.. “MDF Production Line.” Last modified 2010, http://www.brickmakingmachine.org.cn/mdf.html.
53
Constructing Environments
Week 6 Logbook
Spanning and Enclosing Space
54
6.01: Space Frames
Space Frames
Space frames: Long-spanning 3D plate
structures composed of rigid triangular
members in a tetrahedron form, and linear
elements. They deal with axial compression and
tension137.
Space frames
- A space frame unit can be identified as a
tetrahedron, with 4 joints, and 6
members
- Constant-depth, therefore it should have
a square base, to ensure its 2-way
structure138
- Supported at panel points139
Diagrams showing the three main types of space frames140
Image of space frame roof in Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre141
Space frame tetrahedron shapes can be analogised as a diamond structure: rigid and strong
137 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.10 138 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.11 139 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.11 140 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.10 141 “Zaha Hadid’s Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre: Turning a Vision into Reality,” Kristin Dispenza, last modified 3 June, 2011, http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/from-the-job-site/zaha-hadids-heydar-aliyev-cultural-centre-turning-a-vision-into-reality?print=1&tmpl=component
Space frame roof consisting of 4 jointed, 6 membered tetrahedral units
55
6:02: Trusses
Truss: Composed of linear members that only undertake axial tension and compression, trusses comprise of rigid triangles142
Truss Type Named Examples Properties Diagrams
Pitched
truss:
Howe
Truss
Howe Truss
Load originates from
base of the truss, e.g. in
bridges
Web members: vertical and diagonal
They connect top chords and bottom chord
of truss together
Vertical members deal with tension forces
Diagonals slope towards the top chord,
dealing with compression forces143
More efficient than flat trusses, because its
diagonals are generally longer than flat
truss diagonals, therefore can undertake
more tension force144
Pitched
truss:
Pratt Truss
Pratt Truss
Vertical members deal
with compression forces
Diagonal members deal
with tension forces
142 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.16 143 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.08 144 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.08
56
Pitched
truss
Belgian
Trusses
Same properties as Howe and Pratt Trusses, but have no vertical
members145
Rock Creek Bridge, Tennessee, America146
Flat
truss
Warren
Flat Truss
Parallel top and bottom chords147
Less efficient than Pitch and Bowstring148 Used in smaller
projects
Warren web trusses for floor joists149
145 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.09 146 “Rock Creek Bridge,” Historic Route 66, accessed on 13 April 2014, http://www.historic-route66.com/rockcreek.htm 147 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.09 148 Ching Building Illustrated, 6.09 149 “Floor Truss,” Component Talk, last modified 2014, http://www.componenttalk.com/floortruss#floordesign
57
Fink
truss
-NIL- No vertical members
Sub-diagonals
Fink trusses can also be found on the under side of bridges150
Bowstri
ng truss
Bowstring
Warren
Truss
Image of bowstring truss on a bridge in Vischer Ferry Nature
and Historic Preserve151
150“Developments in the USA,” TATA Steel Construction Ltd., last modified 2014 http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/developments_in_usa/ 151 “Bowstring Truss Bridge,” Erie Canalway National Heritage Center, accessed on 12 April 2014, http://www.eriecanalway.org/Gallery-Structures/gallery-pg11.htm
LOAD PATH
58
Gabled roof
structures are an
example of light
frame
construction152
152 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.19
59
6.03: Roofing Strategies and Systems + Roof Systems
Terms:
Wall Girt: Horizontal members that support the wall frame laterally,
from wind loads153.
Roof Purlin: Horizontal beams that support rafters in a structural frame
[normally roof frames]. This allows rafters to span longer distances than
they normally would without the purlins154.
Roof framing and structures155
Concrete slabs
Flat truss [timber/steel]
Beam [timber/steel] and decking
Joist [timber/steel] and decking, and roof sheaths
Forces roof systems deal with156
- Wind: lateral and uplift
- Seismic forces
These forces are transmitted to adjacent support structures, such as
columns, and then to the ground
Diagram showing wall girts and purlins in a portal frame system157
Section drawing of concrete roof slab, showing waterproofing and insulation
153 “Roof Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. 154 “Roof Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. 155 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.02 156 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.02 157 “Steel Sheds,” Builder Bill, Inc., last modified 2012, http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/steel-sheds.html
Bridging
Horizontal Purlins
Girts
60
6.04: Roofing Stratgies and Framing—Types of Roofs Types of roofs158
Forms and function
- Flat
Minimum slope of ¼” per foot, to prevent ponding of water159 Finishing and properties
i. Metal or concrete deck
ii. Heavy weight
Function
i. Primary and secondary roof beams
- Sloping
Finishing and properties
i. Sheet metal
ii. Lighter than flat roof finishing
Function
i. Roof beams and purlins
- Portal frames
Finishing and properties
i. Sheet metal
Elements include: rigid frames: 2 columns, 1 beam
Diagram Of Slope Gradients For Roofs160
Image of a steel framed portal frame161
158 “Roof Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. 159 “Roof Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. 160 Ching, Building Illustrated, 6.03 161 “Roof Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be.
Portal frame
End wall column
Roof plane bracing
Strut tie
61
6.05: Roof spans and their effects on interior space
Span
length
Effect on interior
space
Diagrams Pictures
Longer
span
Flexible; spacious Diagram of a traditional King Post truss162
Image of long spanning curved roof for a greenhouse163
Ceilings will be higher
Shorter
span
Precise and defined
interior
Image of short spanning roofs and their interior effects164
Ceilings will be lower, and corridors might be narrower
162 “The Restoration of St. John’s Cathedral,” Bruce Arrindell, last modified 2014, http://stjohnsrestoration.blogspot.com.au/2011_03_01_archive.html 163 “Interior Spaces,” Turn Key Projects, Last modified 2013, http://www.fabricanteinvernaderos.com/english/products/warehouse-and-other-uses-structures/large-interior-spaces/ 164 “Designing Your Plan,” National Weather Service, last modified 2014, http://www.erh.noaa.gov/lwx/swep/Design-Plan.html
Longer roof spans
Give rise to longer and higher ceilings
Taller vertical members
Lower ceilings
Tighter enclosed space
62
6.06: Introduction to Metals
Metal Types
- Ferrous metals contain iron165
- Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron166
Properties and Considerations167
Hardness—Soft to hard [lead vs. gold]
Fragility – Low; does not break easily
Ductility—High
Flexibility – Medium-high
Porosity—Impermeable, therefore ideal for guttering and
flashing
Density—High
Conductivity—Good
Durability—Durable if treated well
Sustainability—High energy embodiment if newly manufactured,
which is reduced in recycled metals
Metal Reactivity and Protection from Damage
- Oxidation occurs over time, tarnishing the metal
Effects of this is accelerated by water
- 2 main types of protection
i. Galvanisation
ii. Enamel layer
Example of galvanisation: Galvanised steel, protected by
Zinc coating
Diagram Showing the Galvanic series168
Diagram Showing Roof Guttering and Flashing169
Image Showing Black Enamel Layered Steel Frame170
165 “Introduction to Metals,” Newton, Clare, last modified 9 April 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be 166 “Introduction to Metals,” Newton, Clare, last modified 9 April 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be 167 “Introduction to Metals,” Newton, Clare, last modified 9 April 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be 168 “Introduction to Metals,” Newton, Clare, last modified 9 April 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be 169 “Introduction to Metals,” Newton, Clare, last modified 9 April 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be 170 “Introduction to Metals,” Newton, Clare, last modified 9 April 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be
Black enamel paint coated steel vertical member
63
6.08: Ferrous Metals171 Properties
- Magnetic
- Very reactive [oxidation]
- Good compressive strength
- Examples
Iron: wrought iron and cast iron
Wrought iron
Oldest
Cast iron
Melted iron, put into moulds and left to cool this process creates
good compressive strength of iron
Used for columns
Steel
Carbon and iron
Properties:
i. Strong, good tensile strength, therefore used as
reinforcement bars in concrete
ii. Long lasting
iii. Less reactive than iron, does not rust as easily
Uses
i. Cladding and roofing
ii. Hospitals, kitchen counters
Alloys
i. Chromium, at least 12% [Newton, 2014], is added to create
stainless steel
ii. Increases inertness
iii. Cons: Expensive
Wrought iron fence172
Wrought iron is not used for structural, but decorative purposes. This iron has been galvanised by paint, to prevent or reduce weather damage, as it is exposed. Reading room of Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris173
Slightly newer and stronger than wrought iron, cast iron can be used for both aesthetic and structural purposes, an example of which can be seen in the reading room of Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, where cast iron arches are supporting the ceiling load.
6.09: Non-Ferrous Metals174
171 “Roof Systems,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. 172 “Ferrous Metals,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. 173 “Ferrous Metals,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be.
Cast iron arches
64
Example
Properties and Appearance175 Cost and Uses176 Images
Aluminium Can come in rolled sheets
Soft, flexible, lightweight, malleable, easy
to make, strong, forms alloys with Si, Cu,
Mg
Oxidation on contact with air forms a
matte layer of oxide, which acts as a
galvanic layer, to prevent further
oxidation
Can also be protected by powder coating
and anodisation
Cost: Expensive
Window frames
Door handles
Handrails
Cladding panels
Aluminium window frames177
Aluminium is used due to their high
strength-weight ratio, which allows
greater window spanning, but it is also
expensive, so cheaper alternatives should
be explored.
Copper Lustrous reddish-brown when new
Turns green upon oxidation
Properties: Malleable, ductile and good
conductor
Roofing
Pipework
Electrical cables
The various uses of copper can range
from piping to wiring and facades. 178
Zinc is commonly used as roofing panels
due to their cost effectiveness, low
embodied energy compared to other metals,
179 and relatively low maintenance
Zinc Appearance: bluish-white and lustrous
Properties: brittle at ambient
temperature, malleable at higher
temperatures [100-150 Celsius]
Reasonable conductivity
Cost effective
Uses: forms brass with copper
Roof and wall cladding
Roof purlins
Galvanises more reactive
metals [iron and steel]
174 “Non-Ferrous Metals,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be 175 “Non-Ferrous Metals,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be 176 “Non-Ferrous Metals,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be 177 “Non-Ferrous Metals,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be 178 “Non-Ferrous Metals,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be 179 “Non-Ferrous Metals,” Clare Newton, last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be
Aluminium window frame
65
6.10: Plates and Grids
Plate structures
- Rigid, planar structural elements 180 ,
usually in thin, monolithic slabs
Example: concrete
- Plates can also come in folded forms, with
individual plates acting as longitudinal
beams [See image of Tempodrom, Berlin]
Folding occurs to counter lateral
buckling181
While the folded plate is extremely stable
and rigid, it is expensive in terms of material
use
- Plate stiffness is caused by torsional
resistance182; this is because torsion causes
counter movements within the plate
structure, which results in restricted
movement in a particular direction
- Ideal plate shape: square. This forms a two-
way load bearing structure
- Efficient load bearing
Image of Folded Plate Structure. Example: Tempodrom, Berlin183
Transverse strips act as beams to distribute the load throughout the span of the whole plate
180 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.18 181 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.18 182 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.18 183 “Event Zentrum: Tempodrum ,” B.Z. Uhr, last modified 2 February 2011, http://www.bz-berlin.de/aktuell/berlin/tempodrom-wird-zwangsversteigert-article720973.html
Plane: acting as longitudinal beams
Transverse strips Short direction
66
Week 6 tutorial
In this week’s tutorial, we presented our site visit information. These are a few points to include for the final A02 assignment
Things to assess - Structural systems - Elements - Members
Site location: Box Hill North Presenter 1: Linden
- Kit home built by Metricon architects: mass builders - Slab heave due to reactive soil clay components - Slab heave causes concrete flooring to crack
Presenter 2: Jed
- Site context [near the primary school] - Overhead powerlines - Footing system
Waffle-pod: not required to bear heavy loads Concrete flooring process; in situ concrete; polystyrene blocks Is concealed by concrete floor
- N2 soil: very reactive with water due to clay components - Noggings; effective length of columns is reduced
Presenter 3: Phoebe
- Plumbing General remarks for group 1: Layout of presentation is organised
- Week by week run through of site visit progress - For each system, they each gave detailed elements and their
functions in the system [e.g. polystyrene in flooring system]
Site location: 13 Macpherson Street, Footscray Presenter: self More organised layout to be used for future presentations
i. Site visit no ii. System + framing [e.g. flooring system] iii. Loads to carry/support iv. Loads to be carried/supported by this system v. Function of system [for floor] vi. Elements in system [waffle-pod; foundation footing] vii. Materials used [concrete; hardwood for floor bracing]
Systems to ask about/pre-existing systems to brush up on Flooring Roofing Walling Plumbing Service Flooring for first and ground floor Ask about shot-crete fire wall - Sprayed standing up, or laying down and hoisted up?
Presenter: Sebastian Dunbar Gave extra information for each individual element of the system
67
Bibliography Arrindell, Bruce. “The Restoration of St. John’s Cathedral,” last modified 2014, http://stjohnsrestoration.blogspot.com.au/2011_03_01_archive.html Builder Bill, Inc “Steel Sheds.” Last modified 2012, http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/steel-sheds.html B. Z. Uhr “Event Zentrum: Tempodrum.” Last modified 2 February 2011, http://www.bz-berlin.de/aktuell/berlin/tempodrom-wird-zwangsversteigert-article720973.html Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008) 2.08. Component Talk. “Floor Truss,” last modified 2014, http://www.componenttalk.com/floortruss#floordesign Dispenza, “Zaha Hadid’s Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre: Turning a Vision into Reality,” last modified 3 June, 2011, http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/from-the-job-site/zaha-hadids-heydar-aliyev-cultural-centre-turning-a-vision-into-reality?print=1&tmpl=component Erie Canalway National Heritage Centre. “Bowstring Truss Bridge.” Accessed on 12 April 2014, http://www.eriecanalway.org/Gallery-Structures/gallery-pg11.htm Historic Route 66. “Rock Creek Bridge,”, accessed on 13 April 2014, http://www.historic-route66.com/rockcreek.htm National Weather Service. “Designing Your Plan,” last modified 2014, http://www.erh.noaa.gov/lwx/swep/Design-Plan.html
Newton, Clare. “Ferrous Metals.” Last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. Newton, Clare. “Non-Ferrous Metals.” Last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be Newton, Clare. “Roof Systems,” Last modified 9 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. TATA Steel Construction Ltd. “Developments in the USA,” last modified 2014 http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/developments_in_usa/ Turn Key Projects. “Interior Spaces.” Last modified 2013, http://www.fabricanteinvernaderos.com/english/products/warehouse-and-other-uses-structures/large-interior-spaces/
68
Constructing environments
Week 7 logbook Detailing Strategies 1
69
7.01: Arches and vaults Arches are used for spanning an opening184 They support vertical axial compression. Loads are then transmitted to abutments [see diagram of masonry arch] Forces185
- Compression - Tension - Bending
Types186 - Masonry
Voussoir wedges These are the traditional arches, which deal with compression and tension
- Timber and steel Vaults187 Vaults can be visualised as an elongated/stretched arch Groin vaults are formed by the perpendicular intersection of 2 vaults, and are popular in buildings from Romanesque period
Diagram of masonry arch with labelled elements
Diagram of a groin vault
Image of steel arches used for the canopy of Miami Airport Metrorail station188
Image of masonry arch of the Georgian Court Bridge in New Jersey189
Curved steel arches are more flexible than masonry arches, and can better deal with bending stress than masonry arches. They provide a more contemporary appearance than masonry arches.
184 Ching, 2008, 2.25 185 Ching, 2008, 2.25 186 Ching, 2008, 2.25 187 Ching, 2008, 2.25 188 Matt Meltzer, “Miami Metro Rail To and From the Airport,” last updated 31July, 2012, http://www.miamibeach411.com/news/metrorail-airport 189 Mason Contractors Association of America, “Arches Are In,” last updated 2002,http://www.masonrymagazine.com/9-02/cover.html
COMPRESSIVE LOAD
TENSILE FORCES
Steel is better able to endure bending stresses than masonry units, because they are less modular than masonry units, thus have more continuity
Bending stress direction
70
7.02: Domes Similar to arches, but spherical form [arches rotated 360º about the x-axis] Domes are normally at the top of buildings. They deal with compression and hoop forces.190 Hoop forces are found within the x-axis zone of the dome Their transition from compression to tension occurs at an x-axis—y-axis intersection angle of 45º-60º Materials used are similar to arches
Diagram showing hoop and meriodinal forces in a dome
190 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.26
71
7.03: Shells Shells are thin, curved membrane surfaces [plates].191 Materials Reinforced concrete192 Materials used for surface membranes [ETFE] Titanium Light materials that have big spans Forces
- Compression - Tension - Shear
Properties193 Strength: not as strong as domes and arches, due to thinness
Types/ forms of shells194 i. Ruled—easiest to form; tracks the motion
of a straight line in a particular [axial] direction
ii. Translated—sliding a curve over a straight line
iii. Rotational—rotate curve about x-axis iv. Saddle surface v. Domes
– Spherical – Elliptical – Parabolic
vi. Combination—e.g.
ruled + translational hyperboloid
The Sydney Opera House is an example of a parabolic shell structure195
Hyperbolic Tornado Tower in Doha, Africa196
Due to their appearances, shells are not only used for their structural properties, but aesthetic properties as well, such as the examples shown in these images
191 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.27 192 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.27 193 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.27 194 Ching, Building Illustrated, 2.27 195 Civil Engineering Projects, “Development of Surface Active Structure Systems,” last modified 15 May, 2011, http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/development-of-surface-active-structure-system/ 196 CTBUH, “Tornado Tower, Doha,” last modified November 2013, http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/Archive2009/TornadoTowerDoha/tabid/4369/language/en-GB/Default.aspx
Ruled lines are dragged upwards or downwards along the radial plane of the two horizontal circles, in opposite directions
72
7.04: Moisture and Thermal Protection: tile roofing Tile Roofing197 Materials
- clay - concrete
Appearance and properties - Overlapping and interlocking of individual tiles create a
textural appearance - Fire-resistant - Durable - Little maintenance - Heavy-stronger roof framing system is required to support it
[plywood frame] Types of tile roofing
i. Spanish ii. Pantile
I and II are sloping roofs; 4:12 slope requirement iii. Interlocking iv. Shingle tiles
III and IV are flat roofs; 3:12 slope requirement
Skectchof pantile roof tiles
sketch of Spanish roof tiles
197 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.08
73
7.05 Moisture and Thermal Protection: corrugated roofing Corrugated roofing refers to the parallel or alternating grooves in a sheet.198 Materials
- Aluminium - Galvanised
steel - Fibre-glass - Corrugated
structural glass
Diagram adapted from Ching, 7.10 of a corrugated roof element and its components
Image of a corrugated roof199
These ridges collect water. After a short time, water, with their adhesive properties, drain along the ridges down the roof. This is an efficient roof drainage system. Water isn’t accumulated and this efficiently lessens the roof load/ prevents water adding to the dead load of the roof. Useful system especially for flatter roofs
198 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.10 199 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be
Corrugated ridges
Flashing
Eaves gutter
74
7.06: Flat roof elements—Gutters and Flashing
200 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.17 201 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.18 202 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be 203 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be 204 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.18 205 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be 206 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be 207http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/how-to-repair-a-leaky-roof-9.jpg
The roof drainage system includes the gutter, scupper and flashing Gutters are found along the eaves.200 They catch rainwater before it drips onto the ground. This prevents ground erosion. 201 The water is transported to storm sewers through downspouts.202 Materials for gutters Vinyl, galvanised steel, copper, aluminium203 In-situ Roof flashing is found at joints/angles that allow water penetration into structural frame. Flashing prevents this penetration.204 Materials for flashing205
- Sheet metal - This is due to their impervious and
continuous nature Appearance206
- Exposed Inert metals to reduce corrosion Examples of inert flashing materials i. Aluminium ii. Copper iii. Galvanised/ stainless steel
- Concealed i. Metal sheets ii. Waterproofing membrane
[plastic sheets or bitumen fabric]
Diagram showing section of flat roof system
Diagram showing various types of roof flashing207
75
7.07: Batt Insulation One of the oldest methods of insulation.208 Used for sound insulation209 Inserted between elements/studs in a wood-frame system210 Length: 16”-24” Materials
- Fibreglass - Mineral wool
Diagram showing symbol for batt insulation
Image 211 showing faced mineral wool batt insulation between studs in a wall frame system
Image212 showing fibreglass batt insulation being blown in-situ
Fibreglass batt insulation is being made in-situ and blown into spaces that have been left out, or gaps that have been overlooked. 213
208 Miller’s Insulation and Fireproofing, “Fibreglass Blow-ins and Batts,” last modified 2012,http://www.millersinsulation.com/fiberglass-blow-in-and-batts.html 209 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.40 210 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.40 211 R-Energy LLC, “Insulation and Radiant Barrier,” 2014, http://www.r-energyllc.com/untitled5.html 212 Miller’s Insulation and Fireproofing, “Fibreglass Blow-ins and Batts,” last modified 2012,http://www.millersinsulation.com/fiberglass-blow-in-and-batts.html 213 Miller’s Insulation and Fireproofing, “Fibreglass Blow-ins and Batts,” last modified 2012,http://www.millersinsulation.com/fiberglass-blow-in-and-batts.html
76
7.08: Rigid foam insulation Materials214
- Foamed plastic [flammable] - Cellular glass [fire-resistant]
Properties215 - Impervious - Stable - Low thermal resistance - More expensive than fibreglass
Appearance216 - Closed-cell structures
Uses217
- Thermal insulation - Sound insulation - Vapour retardant
Diagram of closed-cell rigid foam insulation
Image of the main types of rigid foam insulation218
Outline of each type of rigid foam insulation board219 EPS is the least effective and most easily damaged rigid foam board. XPS is the most versatile, being more waterproof than polysio and more durable than EPS. Polysio is the most expensive, but most effective as it has the highest insulation rating.
214 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.41 215 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.41 216 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.41 217 Energy Gov., “Types of Insulation,” last updated 2013, http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation 218 Energy Saver Home Services, “Rigid Insulation Boards,” last updated 2014,http://www.drenergysaver.com/insulation/insulation-materials/rigid-insulation-board.html 219 Energy Saver Home Services, “Rigid Insulation Boards,” last updated 2014,http://www.drenergysaver.com/insulation/insulation-materials/rigid-insulation-board.html
77
7.09: Thermal composition of buildings Controlling heat gain/losscost saving Factors [Conduction and Radiation]
- Colour and reflectivity of surface materials220
- Mass of materials—thermal mass Time-lag factor—time it takes for heat to be lost/gained from the building221 Thick, heavy materials such as masonry or concrete have higher time-lag factors
- Latent heat source from occupants, including lighting and electrical usage
- Solar heat gain and exposure to wind—determines orientation of doors and windows to maximise circulation
- Double glazed windows increase insulation—traps heat inside the building. Useful for winter countries
- Exploit pressure positivity-negativity movement: winds tend to travel from high to low positivity. 222
Image of the Walkie-Talkie Building in London, England223
Due to its concave shape and curtain wall, this building magnifies the effect of the afternoon sun. This resulted in the melting of cars that were parked in the line of the reflected sun’s rays
Image of the Black Diamond building in Denmark224
While its dark colour might absorb heat, this is counteracted by the architect’s use of glass, a smooth surface that reflects considerable heat, so as to reduce the heat absorption effect of the black colour.
220 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be 221 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be 222 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be 223 Kaushik, “Walkie Talkie Building in London Creates ‘Death Ray’ with Reflected Sunlight,” last updated 12 September, 2013 http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/09/walkie-talkie-building-in-london.html 224 Web Urbanist, “Black Buildings,” last updated 2014,http://weburbanist.com/2012/10/08/black-buildings-15-dark-examples-of-monochromatic-architecture/
78
7.10: Moisture and Ventilation Moisture arises from condensation. It undermines thermal insulation.225 Moisture prevention
- Ventilation Allows moisture to evaporate and escape the building
- Vapour retardant Protects the insulation layer and interior; prevents water vapour from reaching areas where it can condense into water226
Vapour retarders Available as coatings [paint] or flexible membranes227
Ventilation 1. Whole house ventilation228 - To counter air-tight effects of vapour
retarders - Electrically powered - This is done through openings like windows
and doors 2. Roof and attic ventilation229 - Eave vents on sloping roofs - Ventilation: total area = 1/300; 50% of that
for the ridge 3. Crawl space ventilation230 - Openings in crawl spaces - Should cove 0.14m2 for every 25ft - Opening on each side - Wire-mesh screen to keep insects out
Diagram of whole house ventilation [Ching, 7.47]
Whole house ventilations are motor driven, because much more power is required to ventilate a whole house as compared to a smaller space, such as a crawl space. So openings will not suffice
225 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be 226 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.45 227 Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be 228 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.46 229 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.46 230 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.46
79
7.11: Rubber
231 Newton, Clare, “Rubber,” last modified April 15, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be 232 Newton, Clare, “Rubber,” last modified April 15, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be 233 Newton, Clare, “Rubber,” last modified April 15, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be 234 Newton, Clare, “Rubber,” last modified April 15, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be 235 Newton, Clare, “Rubber,” last modified April 15, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be 236 Newton, Clare, “Rubber,” last modified April 15, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be 237 Newton, Clare, “Rubber,” last modified April 15, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be
Properties231 - Hardness—hard to soft - Fragility—very low - Ductility—varied: high when
heated, low when cool - Flexibility—high - Waterproof - Density—1.5 x water - Conductivity—poor - Cost—effective - Embodied energy—low to
medium Uses232
- Flooring - Insulation - Pipes and hosing - EPDM[synthetic]—waterproof
roofs - EPDM gaskets and control joints - Neoprene[synthetic]—control
joints - Silicon [synthetic]—sealants
Image of EPDM sheet roofing233
EDPM roofing systems come in 45, 60 and 90 mil fabrication that is adhered, ballasted, or mechanically attached to the rooftop.234This layer provides the whole roof with a waterproofing layer, and acts as a sealant sheet; it is airproof as well, so measures should be made such as increasing ventilation in the building.
Image of neoprene control/expansion joints in masonry brick pavement235
Due to its flexibility, the neoprene alleviates added stress on structural members caused by cracks between the bricks.236 Control joints, especially rubber, minimises and controls random cracking in a flat surface.237
60 mil fabricated rubber roof sheet
Gutter to collect water and transport it through the downspout into sewers
Neoprene control joints to minimise random cracking between masonry units
80
Bibliography CTBUH, “Tornado Tower, Doha,” last modified November 2013, http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/Archive2009/TornadoTowerDoha/tabid/4369/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Ching, Francis. Building Construction Illustrated. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008) 2.08. Civil Engineering Projects, “Development of Surface Active Structure Systems,” last modified 15 May, 2011, http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/development-of-surface-active-structure-system/ Energy Saver Home Services, “Rigid Insulation Boards,” last updated 2014,http://www.drenergysaver.com/insulation/insulation-materials/rigid-insulation-board.html Kaushik, “Walkie Talkie Building in London Creates ‘Death Ray’ with Reflected Sunlight,” last updated 12 September, 2013 http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/09/walkie-talkie-building-in-london.html Mason Contractors Association of America, “Arches Are In,” last updated 2002,http://www.masonrymagazine.com/9-02/cover.html Matt Meltzer, “Miami Metro Rail To and From the Airport,” last updated 31July, 2012, http://www.miamibeach411.com/news/metrorail-airport Miller’s Insulation and Fireproofing, “Fibreglass Blow-ins and Batts,” last modified 2012,http://www.millersinsulation.com/fiberglass-blow-in-and-batts.html
Newton, Clare, “Detailing for Heat and Moisture,” last modified 15 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be Newton, Clare, “Rubber,” last modified April 15, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be R-Energy LLC, “Insulation and Radiant Barrier,” 2014, http://www.r-energyllc.com/untitled5.html Web Urbanist, “Black Buildings,” last updated 2014,http://weburbanist.com/2012/10/08/black-buildings-15-dark-examples-of-monochromatic-architecture/
81
Constructing Environments Week 8 logbook
Strategies for Openings
Content for week 8 Page 82--------------------------------8.01—Geometry And Moment Of Ineria
Page 83 -------------------------------8.02—Strategies For Openings
Page 84-------------------------------8.03 Door Leaf Designs
Page 85------------------------------- 8.04: Windows
Page 86--------------------------------8.05: Glass
Page 87--------------------------------8.06: Types Of Glass
Page 88-------------------------------- Tutorial 8
Page 89-------------------------------- Mystery Material
82
8.1: Geometry and Moment of Inertia [DIAGRAMS FROM LOGBOOK PAGE]
Deflection: perpendicular deviation [bending] of a
spanning member from its original course, due to
transverse loading238.
Deflection increases in proportion to load and
span239.
Transverse loading: force applied perpendicular to a
member’s longitudinal axis.240 It causes deflection in
the member.
Moment of Inertia: Rotation within a member/ body
to resist rotation about a rotational axis241.
- The closer the mass is to the rotational axis,
the higher the inertia, but the lower the
moment of inertia
- Therefore, MOMENT OF INERTIA =
INERTIA’, where [‘] means inversely
proportional
- The larger the moment of inertia, the less a
member/ an object rotates
For example, a wheel of solid timber [see diagram 2a
and 2b]
Diagram 1242 showing effect of transverse loading on a structural member, such as a beam, where ‘P’ refers to the load
Diagram 2a showing timber wheel with small hole in the middle
Due to the small hole in the middle, this wheel rotates quickly
Diagram 2b showing timber wheel with big hole in the middle
Compared to wheel 2a, wheel 2b has a bigger hole in the middle, so it will rotate more slowly, as wheel mass is further from the rotational axis than wheel 2a
238 Ching, 2008, 2.14 239 Ching, 2008, 2.14 240 The Free Dictionary by Fairfax, “Loads, Transverse,” last updated 2014, http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Loads,+transverse 241 Nave, R, “Rotational Linear Parallels,” accessed on 5 May, 2014, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mi.html 242Engineer Load, “Transverse Loading,” accessed on 5 May, 2014, http://engineeronadisk.com/notes_mechanic/mechmatla24.html
Direction of load
Structural member, e.g. beam
Longitudinal axis
83
8.2: Strategies for Openings: Doors and Windows
Doors
Types of doors
- Interior visual and acoustical privacy
- Exterior thermal insulation
Weather-tight seal required
Common materials for doorframes and their properties
Timber
- Timber post frames are more adjustable than steel243. This allows more
flexibility in the frame
Cons
- Low fire resistance, especially for drier woods244
Steel
- Protects door frame from impact245, durable frame
- Less subject to bending than timber frames
- Individual members are thinner and thus lighter to carry. Useful trait for
on-site construction246
- Material —spanning ratio is low
Cons
- Cost: more expensive than timber
- Not as easily adjustable as timber
Diagram showing components of a door frame
243 Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be 244 Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be 245 Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be 246 Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be
Head jamb
Side jamb
sill
84
8.3: Door leaf designs The door leaf is not a load-bearing member. Its
purpose is to define space and separate the
interior from the exterior, in terms of noise,
temperature and rain.
i. Flush
ii. Glass panel [see diagram 4]
iii. Vision
iv. Narrow light
v. Full louvered
Louvers allow light and air to
penetrate, but keep out rain, direct
sunshine, and noise247.
Diagram 3 of door leaf and its components
Diagram 4248 showing a more detailed door leaf, with glass panel, in a door frame
Image 1 of aluminium louver doors for an
electrical substation249
In this case, louvered doors serve a functional rather
than aesthetical purpose, allowing for proper
ventilation; they allow hot air to escape the
substation and allow the cooler air from the outside
to enter, regulating the temperature and preventing
the substation from overheating.
247 Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be 248 Doors For Builders Inc., “Wood Entry Doors,” last updated 2014, http://www.doorsforbuilders.com/Terminology.php 249 Format Architectural Ltd., “Substation Doors In-Situ,” last updated 2014, http://www.formatarchitectural.co.uk/products/ventilation-products/louvre-doors/substation-doors-in-situ
Blinds
The defining characteristic of louver doors
85
8.4: Windows Considerations:
- Steel lintels are needed for wide spanning windows [e.g. multiple windows in a row]
- Waterproofing: Due to difference in air pressure on the outside and inside, equalisation of air pressure needs to take place, by means of an air seal [inside] and a rain deflector [outside]. 250 Due to outdoor conditions such as wind, the exterior side of a window often has higher pressure than the interior of the window
Window Frame Materials - Aluminium
Double-glazed windows - Steel
Curtain Walls
- Curtain walls are a hybrid system that behave as both window and wall251
- Glass enclosure - Window systems hang off
concrete members, and are self-supporting, load wise The window systems transfer load from the roof, through repeated units of vertical columns, to the ground
Diagram 5252 showing 3D section of a window
Diagram 6253 showing section of a window with air seal
Image 2254: Steel lintels over door openings in buildings
Wide spanning windows occur when there are 3 or more windows in a row, in a wall. Steel lintels would be more common in masonry buildings, because the masonry would be a heavier dead load than building materials such as timber. Image 3255: Curtain walls for an apartment block in West Broadway
Curtain walls offer generous light penetration, resulting in a more spacious looking interior, to name an effect. Minimal use of solid wall systems displays a more contemporary style, indicating advances in technology that permit this mode of design.
250 Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be 251 Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be 252 Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be 253 Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be 254 The Self-Build Help Site, “Lintels,” accessed on 3 May 2014, http://www.selfbuildselfhelp.com/Advice/Design/Walls3.htm 255 The New York Condo Blog, “350 West Broadway-Soho Condos,” last updated 16 February, 2011 http://www.nycondoblog.com/350-west-broadway-soho-condos
Lintel to support load overhead
Steel Lintel
Wall openings to accommodate windows/doors
Wall of stone in stretcher course
86
8.5: Glass Importance256
- Transparency [windows]: I. View from a building II. Light penetration into a building
- Prevents water penetration into a building - Regulates temperature in building
I. WINTER: Double- glazing retains heat, reducing heat loss from the inside
II. SUMMER: Low-emissity glass absorbs heat to reduce temperature increase in buildings
Properties257
- Inert [not subject to weathering effects] - Conducts heat and light, but NOT electricity - Med-high density, 2.7x water - Hard - Impermeable [waterproof] - High fragility - Low ductility - Flexibility: depends on state - Molten: flexible
Cooled: inflexible - Durable - Recyclable
Melted and reshaped - Sustainability and footprint: high [new] to low [recycled] - Cost: expensive [transport and manufacture]
As glass making technology progresses from manual to computerised and machinated manufacturing processes258, so do the quality, range of applications and the forms of glass259, such as from manual mouth-blown glass to modern day float and laminated glass.
Diagram 7260 showing the layers of laminated glass
Image 4261 showing the process of glass formation
This image concisely describes the process of glass formation: Sand is the primary former of glass, constituting 73% of it. Soda acts as a flux, which reduces the melting point of sand, making it more soluble262, thus speeding up the glass-making process. Stabilisers give glass their strong and waterproof properties263.
256 Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be 257 Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be 258Sadar, John, “Glass Skins,” last updated 30 April 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be 259Sadar, John, “Glass Skins,” last updated 30 April 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be 260 Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be 261 Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be 262 Encyclopedia Britannica, “flux,” last updated 2014, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/211543/flux 263 CMOG, “Glass,” last updated 2014, http://www.cmog.org/article/chemistry-glass
87
8.6: Types of glass264 Glass comes in many forms
- Flat Tinted, laminated, tampered, wired
- Shaped Curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres
- Float - The float process involves floating molten glass on molten metal such as tin.
This process produces a perfectly flat surface on both sides265. - Laminated glass [see diagram 7, previous page]
I. PVB [plastic] interlayer that prevents glass from shattering when it breaks under impact
II. This PVB layer is wedged between 2 glass panels III. When the glass breaks, shards adhere to the PVB instead of
becoming lose shards The same concept applies with tampered glass.
Image 5266 showing application of wired glass as a door panel for a fire door
Wired glass is normally used for its fire-retardant properties267
Image 6268 showing shaped glass pyramid blocks for window projections The shapes suggest that shaped glass is used for ornamental purposes, to give windows texture.
264 Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be 265 Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be 266 Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be 267 Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be 268 Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be
Wire glass door panel
Lock rail
Hinge/lock stile
88
Tutorial 8 1:1 Drawing Image 7269: Panoramic photograph of the back wall of the function room North of the Pavilion at the University of Melbourne [see A1 drawing for section details]
Images 8 and 9270: Back wall of the function room North of the Pavilion at the University of Melbourne [see A1 drawing for section details]
269 Meghan Choo, 2014 270 Meghan Choo, 2014
Parallel Flanged Steel channel The flanging is to strengthen the wall to support the opening in the wall
Pyrex sheet For wall lighting feature [aesthetic]
89
Mystery Material: Expanded mesh Galvanised steel Uses Cladding Flooring Fensing Ceiling panels Properties Wide and long span, due to their pores, reducing material: span ratio Their pores also create a frictional surface, giving expanded mesh anti slip properties271 Semi- transparency allows for light control272
Diagram of expanded mesh as mystery material in quiz
Image 10273 of expanded mesh as cladding panels for building façade for the Young Vic Theatre, London
The transportable sizes of both the curtain wall and expanded mesh cladding indicate pre-fabrication.
271 The Expanded Metal Company, “Expanded Mesh Features,” accessed 2 May 2014, http://www.expandedmetalcompany.co.uk/features_benefits.html 272 The Expanded Metal Company, “Expanded Mesh Features,” accessed 2 May 2014, http://www.expandedmetalcompany.co.uk/features_benefits.html 273 The Expanded Metal Company, “Expanded Mesh Features,” accessed 2 May 2014, http://www.expandedmetalcompany.co.uk/features_benefits.html
Expanded mesh cladding panel
Glass panel for curtain wall
Wall mount/ anchor, attaching cladding to curtain wall
90
Bibliography for week 8 CMOG, “Glass,” last updated 2014, http://www.cmog.org/article/chemistry-glass
Doors For Builders Inc., “Wood Entry Doors,” last updated 2014, http://www.doorsforbuilders.com/Terminology.php
Encyclopedia Britannica, “flux,” last updated 2014, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/211543/flux
Engineer Load, “Transverse Loading,” accessed on 5 May, 2014, http://engineeronadisk.com/notes_mechanic/mechmatla24.html
The Expanded Metal Company, “Expanded Mesh Features,” accessed 2 May 2014, http://www.expandedmetalcompany.co.uk/features_benefits.html
The Free Dictionary by Fairfax, “Loads, Transverse,” last updated 2014, http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Loads,+transverse
Format Architectural Ltd., “Substation Doors In-Situ,” last updated 2014, http://www.formatarchitectural.co.uk/products/ventilation-products/louvre-doors/substation-doors-in-situ
Nave, R, “Rotational Linear Parallels,” accessed on 5 May, 2014, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mi.html
The New York Condo Blog, “350 West Broadway-Soho Condos,” last updated 16 February, 2011 http://www.nycondoblog.com/350-west-broadway-soho-condos
Newton, Clare, “Glass,” last updated 30 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be
Newton, Clare, “Openings; Doors and Windows,” last modified April 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be
Sadar, John, “Glass Skins,” last updated 30 April 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be
The Self-Build Help Site, “Lintels,” accessed on 3 May 2014, http://www.selfbuildselfhelp.com/Advice/Design/Walls3.htm
91
Constructing environments
Week 9 logbook entry
Detailing strategies
Content for Week 9
Page 92---------------------- 9.01: Construction Detailing—Joints
Page 93---------------------- 9.02: Material Selection
Page 94---------------------- 9.03: Surfaces and Damage
Page 95----------------------9.04: Constructability
Page 96---------------------9.05: Composite Materials—FRC
Page 97---------------------9.06: composite materials—Fibreglass
Page 98--------------------9.07: Composite materials—composite timber
Page 99-------------------9.08: Composite Materials—aluminium sheet composite
Page 100------------------ Tutorial 9
92
9.01: Construction detailing—Joints
Movement joints
- Expansion joints
Provide lateral stability274
Sealed to prevent air and water
penetration.275
- Control joints
Prevent random cracking in
structural elements caused by
fluctuations in moisture [which
cause drying shrinkage]276
Expansion joints
Uses277
- Pipes
- Bridges
Diagram of a three-hinged expansion joint in a pipe
loop278
Lateral motion of the pipe is limited by these joints, which
absorb pressure between the two hinges
Control joints
Uses279
- Commonly used for masonry
- Groundwork, such as masonry pavements
- Used in concrete to prevent cracking
Image of control joint in a brick wall280
The continuous grooves of the control joint distribute the
planes of weakness in the masonry/concrete. This lowers
the risk of cracking in the weaker [isolated] areas, which
would undermine structural integrity of that area
274 Ching, Building Illustrated, 5.22 275 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.48 276 Ching, Building Illustrated, 7.49 277 Wikipedia, “Expansion Joints,” last updated 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_joint#cite_note-2 278 Spiroflex, “Restrained Expansoin Joints,” last updated 2014, http://www.spiroflex.hr/restrained-expansion-joints 279 PCA, “Placing Joints in Concrete Formwork,” last updated 2013,http://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/concrete-technology/concrete-construction/contraction-control-joints-in-concrete-flatwork 280 PCA, “Placing Joints in Concrete Formwork,” last updated 2013,http://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/concrete-technology/concrete-construction/contraction-control-joints-in-concrete-flatwork
Hinged expansion joints
Control joint
93
9.02: Material selection281
Factors to consider282
- Aesthetics
Aging of material
Does it age gracefully? E.g. copper
- Site weather conditions
- Materials age faster under harsher
conditions such as
- Extreme heat
- Coastal settings
- Industrial settings
Image showing house set in an industrial area
in Prinsengracht, Amsterdam, Netherlands283
Industrial environments give rise to occurrences
such as acid rain, which corrodes house materials
such as masonry and concrete
Image of the copper dome of the Bank of
Scotland, Edinburgh284
If the effects of aging cannot be avoided, it should
be converted into an aesthetic aspect of design,
such as the colour of copper, which results in the
timeless, Romanesque effect of buildings such as
the Bank of Scotland.
281 Newton, Clare, “Construction Detailing,“ last modified 8 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 282 Newton, Clare, “Construction Detailing,“ last modified 8 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 283 Zeospot, “Prinsengracht Amsterdam – Pinck-Heerken’s House,” last modified 2014, http://zeospot.com/modern-industrial-house-plans-interior-design-in-prinsengracht-amsterdam-pinck-heerkens-house/ 284 Scott Cities, “Glimpses of Edinburgh,” last modified 2014, http://www.scotcities.com/edinsnaps.htm
Copper dome sheets
94
9.03: Surfaces and damage control
Ceilings
Gypsum board: these boards are fastened to timber ceiling
joists for installation285
Function286
Sound insulation
To increase insulation, add fur channels
Image Of Gypsum Ceiling Panels in an Office287
These modular
panels are easily
removed, and are
lightweight as well
as inexpensive—
low maintenance.
They conceal a network of piping systems. Since they can
be easily removed, the piping systems are also easily
accessed.
Walls and edges
Skirting boards: protection of corners, etc.,
from chipping due to rough, impactful contact
with harder materials [e.g. vacuum
continuously hitting a wall corner288
Images showing examples of different
skirting profiles and finishes289
Cleanable surfaces290
- Hygiene purposes—health
- Corners should not trap dirt, should be easily
reached
Diagram of corner types normally found within a
household291
The butt cove is a good option, as the corner is not too
deep and narrow.
285 Ching, Building Illustrated, 10.11 286 Ching, Building Illustrated, 10.11 287 ECVV Inc., “Gypsum Ceiling Tiles,” last updated 2014, http://www.ecvv.com/product/2586116.html 288 Newton, Clare, “Construction Detailing,“ last modified 8 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 289 Agnew, “Skirting Boards and architraves,” last updated 2014, http://www.diytimberpacks.com/ 290 Newton, Clare, “Construction Detailing,“ last modified 8 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 291 Ching, Building Illustrated, 10.19
Door Skirting
95
9.04: Constructability How constructable is a building?
This has to do with details: how feasible are they
in terms of practicality and thus, cost?
General principles292
- Detail should be easy to reasonable to
construct
Minimal tool usage and labour
- Designs should be repetitive
This uses fewer material variations, and
thus is less taxing on the environment
- Construction should be done as quickly as
possible—reduce labour cost
Image of Cleveland Clinic Luo Ruvo Center for
Brain Health, Las Vegas293
Occupying an area of 65,000 sqf., this project cost an
estimated $100 mil over a course of 3 years. Known
his use of metals to create fluid-looking buildings,
Gehry used 18,000 stainless shingles to construct
this exquisitely detailed building. This project
entailed immense labour cost due to the precise
detailing required, on top of material cost.294
Image of a house constructed with clay295
This house uses more repetitive features and
much cheaper materials such as clay. Clay houses
require much less maintenance as well as being a
lot cheaper than steel. It also possesses fire-
resistant qualities on top of being aesthetically
interesting
292 Newton, Clare, “Construction Detailing,“ last modified 8 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 293 Keep Memory Alive, Inc., “Frank Gehry,” last updated 2012 http://www.keepmemoryalive.org/about_us/facility/frank_gehry 294 Keep Memory Alive, Inc., “Frank Gehry,” last updated 2012 http://www.keepmemoryalive.org/about_us/facility/frank_gehry 295 Earth Homes, “Clay Houses,” last updated 14 March 2012, http://www.earthhomesnow.com/clay-houses.htm
Stainless steel shingles
96
9.05: Composite Materials—fibre reinforced cement [FRC]
Composite materials are hybrid materials
composed of 2 or more different materials [e.g.
alloys].296
The composition and form of the two materials
remain exclusive from each other. These
materials will remain bonded in the composite.
Only the properties of both materials are
combined in the composite. 297
Fibre reinforced cement
Composition: cellulose fibres, Portland cement,
sand, water
Forms: sheets and boards
Uses: cladding for walls and ceilings, 298 fire-check
walls, 299
Properties: water and weather resistant, fire
resistant, inexpensive, does not warp
Image of FRC wall cladding used as a building
façade300
These wall claddings have fire-check ratings as
well
296 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 297 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 298 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 299 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 300 Engineered Assemblies, “Image,” accessed 15 May, 2014, http://www.engineeredassemblies.com/media/3522/img_1571.jpg
FRC wall cladding
97
9.06: Composite materials—fibreglass
Due to high strength: weight requirement,
fibreglass has to be defect free. This means that
fibreglass is pre-fabricated in laboratories. 301
Composition: Glass fibres; epoxy resin
Form: 302 flat sheets; shaped
Properties: stiff and strong under tension and
compression, 303 fire-resistant, weather-proof,
high weight: strength, transparent, lightweight,
cheaper than glass304
Cons: possible health concerns—traces of
carcinogens305
Uses: 306 wall and roof cladding, storage tanks and
swimming pools, piping for above and
underground water systems307
Image of fibreglass pipes308
Due to their inert nature, fibreglass pipes can be
used for a wide range of materials and chemical
compounds
Image of PTFE-fibreglass composite wall
cladding309
This membrane façade’s transparency allows for
maximum light penetration, making the interior
space look bigger. Its resistance to mould,
bacterial growth, and high strength to weight
ratio make it an increasingly popular material
301 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 302 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 303 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 304 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 305 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 306 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 307 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 308 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 309 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be
98
9.07: Composite material—composite timber
Composition: 310 solid timber; engineered timber;
galvanised steel
Form: Trusses—timber top and bottom cords
with galvanised steel webs311
Properties: more cost effective than its elemental
materials, easy + efficient installation, flexible in
use and function [easy to dismantle and
reassemble on site]
Uses: composite beams, floor joists and roof
rafters, trusses
Image of composite timber rafters312
Image of composite timber trusses313
Analysis: due to the steel element of composite
timber, its strength increases, and can span
further [see week 6 for truss types]
Webbed trusses also allow piping to be weaved
through the webs, which increases the
accessibility of pipes to certain areas of the house.
This enables efficient electrical or water drainage
within the household, as piping can be more
continuous.
310 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 311 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 312 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be 313 Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be
Steel bolt joints
Ridge beam
Ceiling rafter
Timber webbed joists
Steel webs
99
9.08: Composite Material—aluminium sheet composite
Composition: aluminium and plastic
Form: Honeycomb sheet, sandwich panels [for
panels that are 3mm thick]
Uses: cladding—interior and exterior, partitions,
signs, false ceilings
Properties: strong, can be used aesthetically
[Alucobond]
Image of Alucobond being used as a façade314
Analysis: Alucobond is a composite aluminium
panel, with both rigid and flexible properties,
depending on the client’s demand. 315 Due to its
aesthetic properties, it serves as a cheaper and
lighter alternative to some other façade metals,
such as stainless steel and titanium.
Diagram showing a sandwich panel316
Due to the non-metal core of these panels, they
are lighter and cheaper than their more expensive
substrates, namely, aluminium
314 Stylepark, “Alucobond,” last modified April 2014, http://www.stylepark.com/en/3a-composites/alucobond-finish-gloss-grade-colour 315 Stylepark, “Alucobond,” last modified April 2014, http://www.stylepark.com/en/3a-composites/alucobond-finish-gloss-grade-colour 316 Stylepark, “Alucobond,” last modified April 2014, http://www.stylepark.com/en/3a-composites/alucobond-finish-gloss-grade-colour
100
Tutorial 9: site visit
Site: International House
Project: Centre for Living and Learning, International House
Additional 57 rooms and other facilities [such as a café and resting areas]
Contractors: Building and Engineering
Since this is quite a big building [4 storeys], a wood frame system does not meet the
required load-bearing capacities of the building’s dead load.
Galvanised steel frames that were pre-cast and brought to site to be assembled.
These, at the front of the building, allow a series of openings—curtain wall effect. This
area of the building will be very well-lit, reducing electrical consumption and cost
during the day
PVC piping is lightweight, waterproof and unlike copper, does not
undergo corrosive reactions with water over time. It is a cheap
alternative to materials like fibreglass.
PVC piping
The pipes are connected to each other by overlapping butt-joints
Head trimmers
Galvanised steel stud
These studs are connected to head trimmers that allow openings for windows
101
Image for trowelled concrete finish
Since it is a flat roof, to prevent ponded water from entering the building, a drainage layer was used in the sub layer of the roof [beneath the concrete
Partition wall on the second floor, for the café
The concrete wall is 20mm thick, with gypsum fire-check board in between
102
Bibliography for week 9 Agnew, “Skirting Boards and architraves,” last updated 2014, http://www.diytimberpacks.com/ Earth Homes, “Clay Houses,” last updated 14 March 2012, http://www.earthhomesnow.com/clay-houses.htm ECVV Inc., “Gypsum Ceiling Tiles,” last updated 2014, http://www.ecvv.com/product/2586116.html
Engineered Assemblies, “Image,” accessed 15 May, 2014, http://www.engineeredassemblies.com/media/3522/img_1571.jpg Keep Memory Alive, Inc., “Frank Gehry,” last updated 2012 http://www.keepmemoryalive.org/about_us/facility/frank_gehry Newton, Clare, “Construction Detailing,“ last modified 8 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be Newton, Clare, "Composite materials,” last modified 8 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be PCA, “Placing Joints in Concrete Formwork,” last updated 2013,http://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/concrete-technology/concrete-construction/contraction-control-joints-in-concrete-flatwork Scott Cities, “Glimpses of Edinburgh,” last modified 2014, http://www.scotcities.com/edinsnaps.htm Spiroflex, “Restrained Expansoin Joints,” last updated 2014, http://www.spiroflex.hr/restrained-expansion-joints Stylepark, “Alucobond,” last modified April 2014, http://www.stylepark.com/en/3a-composites/alucobond-finish-gloss-grade-colour Wikipedia, “Expansion Joints,” last updated 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_joint#cite_note-2 Zeospot, “Prinsengracht Amsterdam – Pinck-Heerken’s House,” last modified 2014, http://zeospot.com/modern-industrial-house-plans-interior-design-in-prinsengracht-amsterdam-pinck-heerkens-house/
103
Constructing environments
Week 10 Logbook
When Things Go Wrong
Content For Week 10
Page 104--------------------10.1: Lateral Loads
Page 105 – 106-------------10.2: Combating Lateral Forces
Page 107-------------------10.3: Collapses And Failures
Page 108-------------------10.4: Heroes And Culprits
Page 109------------------10.5: Corrosion
Page 110------------------Tutorial 10
104
10.1: Lateral loads
Lateral loads: Dynamic forces/loads imposed by
wind and earthquakes317
- Wind load effect primarily depends on surface
area318
- Earthquake/seismic loads depend on the vertical
load/weight of a building 319 [more related to
structural effects]
Image320 of wind and seismic forces acting
on a water tower
Water towers fair well in wind loads, but not
seismic loads
Billboards cope well under seismic loads, but
not wind loads
Image321 showing seismic load and wind load acting on
a billboard in Philippines
Since the billboard is generally quite light, it is not greatly
affected by seismic forces. However, its screen covers a
large surface area, so it faces a risk of being blown over by
the wind
317 Ching, 2008, p. 2.08 318 Newton, Clare, “Lateral Supports,” last modified 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA 319 Newton, Clare, “Lateral Supports,” last modified 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA 320 http://www.mrkscience.com/planbook/Physical%20Sci.%202010-11/Nov42010/water_tower_snyder_texas_1.jpg 321 http://www.motorcyclephilippines.com/forums/showthread.php?187410-Road-safety-campaign-billboard-for-lady-riders
Cross-bracing to stiffen the structure against seismic forces
Most affected by seismic forces
Due to its shape, and minimal exposed surface area, the water tower is rarely greatly affected by wind lateral loads
Plane of wind lateral loads
Plane of seismic loads
105
10.2: Combating lateral forces
3 methods of combating lateral forces322
1. Bracing323
Normally cross bracing is applied
This stiffens the structure, making it less subject to wind and
earthquake forces
Diagram of cross bracing applied on stilts of a house
2. Diaphragm/ shear walls324
Similar to bracing, shear walls stiffen the structure
322 Newton, Clare, “Lateral Supports,” last modified 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA 323 Newton, Clare, “Lateral Supports,” last modified 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA 324 Newton, Clare, “Lateral Supports,” last modified 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA
106
10.2: Combating lateral forces—continued
3 methods of combating lateral forces325
1. Moment joints in moment resisting frames326
Moment resisting frames prevent the superstructure from deviating too much from the foundation in movement
Diagram of a moment resisting frame327
Here, the plastic hinges act as isolation moment joints that connect the wall studs to the floor ridges.
Isolation joints cause differential movement in the building, so instead of the whole building moving with the wind, only the part of the building in direct
contact with the wind moves. This lessens the stress from wind lateral loads.
Due to the plastic hinges/moment joints, load bearing properties of the horizontal and vertical members are combined.
325 Newton, Clare, “Lateral Supports,” last modified 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA 326 Newton, Clare, “Lateral Supports,” last modified 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA 327 Newton, Clare, “Lateral Supports,” last modified 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA
107
10.3: Collapses and Failures328
This module depends on material selection
The example that Ashford uses to show the
importance of material selection is a Holiday Beach
House, with timber fascia and external steel cladding
Site context: coastal area
Problem from the outset of construction
Timber fascia roof ridge only painted on 1 side
Timber fascia exposed to sun + harsh coastal
conditions [wind and salt] corrosion and
warping
Result: cracking in fascia only after 12 months
Factors to consider when choosing materials
Site context
- Wind conditions
- Air conditions [any salt/minerals that could
cause corrosion?]
- Sun exposure
- Temperature
Image showing blistering of flat-sheets of
Beach house used in Ashford's example329
Due to weather exposure, blistering occurred in
the steel flat-sheet cladding in the North-West
elevation of the house. Delamination seen here:
due to wind and insufficient glue-strengthwind
uplifts sheet form frame
Image330 showing the employment of timber slats
for the house
Problem: glue used to attach flat sheet to the stud-
frame was inadequate in holding the sheet in these
conditions, to the frame
Timber slats employed to hold the sheets down
328 Ashford, Peter, “Collapses and Failures,” last updated 13 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be 329 Ashford, Peter, “Collapses and Failures,” last updated 13 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be 330 Ashford, Peter, “Collapses and Failures,” last updated 13 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be
Blistered flat-sheet cladding
Timber slats to hold the steel flat sheets in place
108
10.4: Heroes and culprits when choosing materials
What to consider331
- Health/ IEQ [indoor environment
quality]
- Waste/recyclability
- Energy footprint
- Pollution
- Life cycle
Life-cycle is a term used for the evaluation of
a particular material used in construction,
tracing its production process and
embodied energy from its origin as a raw
material to its finished form. It consists of
three assessments: input, life-cycle inventory
and output [finished product]332
Heroes in construction333
- Products with higher energy-star ratings
- e.g. diode lights
- Bamboo
Used for flooring
Image 334 showing pre-finished bamboo
flooring panels
Bamboo is good
because it
regenerates quickly,
and varnishing is
pre-made
- Lower VOC [volatile organic compound] rating
Products with this label have reduced VOC
levels335
Villains
- Paints and glues with high VOC content
[not good for health: headaches]
- Timber or hardwood [from older
sources/trees]
While timber/hardwood floors may look more
aesthetic due to their grained appearances, they
are more environmentally and cost expensive,
taking a much longer time to regenerate than
bamboo.
- Carpet cleaners
- Traditional halogen down-lights
331 Hess, Dominique, “heroes and Culprits,” last updated 13 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be 332 Ching, 2008, 12.03 333 Hess, Dominique, “heroes and Culprits,” last updated 13 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be 334 Hess, Dominique, “heroes and Culprits,” last updated 13 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be 335 Hess, Dominique, “heroes and Culprits,” last updated 13 May, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be
109
10.5: Corrosion
Example: statue of liberty336
Built in 1886, 337 the copper skin of the statue has
undergone significant oxidation, unrecognisable
from its original reddish copper tone. The statue
was once supported by an armature of iron
members, 338 but is now supported by Teflon steel
The change of structural material was due to the
concern of galvanisation
Iron is more reactive than copper
Diagram339 showing the section of the Statue
of Liberty
To combat galvanisation and corrosion of the
iron, shellac impregnated asbestos cloth was
used, to cover the iron
This method worked for a while, but eventually
the cloth became brittle and porous, allowing
water through. 340 Galvanisation occurred, rusting
and swelling the iron, dislodging the rivets. 341
This introduced the danger of the copper skin
falling off and injuring passers-by
The second solution: Teflon steel
Less reactive, less prone to rusting than iron;
tested against corrosion
Remaining issue: galvanic reactions can still occur
336 Cameron, Rebecca, “A Tale of Corrosion,” Last updated 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be 337 Cameron, Rebecca, “A Tale of Corrosion,” Last updated 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be 338 Cameron, Rebecca, “A Tale of Corrosion,” Last updated 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be 339 Cameron, Rebecca, “A Tale of Corrosion,” Last updated 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be 340 Cameron, Rebecca, “A Tale of Corrosion,” Last updated 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be 341 Cameron, Rebecca, “A Tale of Corrosion,” Last updated 13 May 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be
Copper skin
Ribs
Iron frame
Skin
110
Tutorial 10: Presenting the Pavilion
My section of the Pavilion was the roof above
the plant room, on the North East side of the
pavilion [see image of plan, A46-03].
Refer to 1:1 drawing [attached to hard copy]
The plant room is designated for the
mechanical units, so this room will be a source
of quite a high level of noise.
This explains the various types of acoustic
insulation found here [see the 1:1 diagram].
The box gutters are found in the interior
drainage of the roof. Interior drainage is used
here for aesthetic reasons. The section of the
drainage gutters show that this is a
corrugated roof.
The roof drainage slopes towards the West
side of the building, at a 3:12 slope, to
prevent water ponding.
Similarly, the fall of the roof has a slope of
3:12, for the same reason: to prevent
ponding.
Since my section could not be seen on site,
the 3D elevation drawing of it during the
studio helped me visualise certain elements,
such as the corrugated roof and Z-purlins
The image shows the course of the brickwork found on the
exterior wall of the buildings
The exterior of the roof is laid in brick masonry. The top layer
of bricks is laid in soldier course, and the subsequent layers
are in stretcher course. This is for aesthetic purposes.
Plant room
My section: Service area roof
Sawn timber roof rafters
Corrugated roof
Z-purlin
Soldier course
Stretcher course
Mortar joint
