Construction Materials Used in Building

7/26/2019 Construction Materials Used in Building

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Construction Materials

used in

Buildings

Maintenance

Management


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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Maintenance Management Page 1


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Materials used in the building

Substructure

Ready mix concrete Grade 20 for Column base, Plinth beams, Staircase footings, allfooting, Column!Staircase Shafts " Cement, Ri#er Sand, $%Metal&

Ready mix concrete Grade 1' for Screed concrete all footing, (nder column base!Staircase

base Cement, Ri#er Sand, 1%Metal&

Reinforcement in " )or Steel *)!S+, Mild Steel *M!S+ use in footings, linth beams, columns,

beams, slabs, Staircases&

-am Proof Membrane *-&P&M&+ " Gauge 1000 olythene use for floor concreting

.orm /or *.!/+ " %ly/ood, $% ly/ood use in footings, columns, beams, slabs

Retaining /all Rubble, Cement Sand *Mortar+, Concrete, )or Steel, Mild steel, Geo )extile,

Perforated ie, 1 % metal ac

.illing under floors " 3morted gra#elly earth

Masonry

Random Rubble Masonry *R&R&M&+ " 4%56%Rubble, 4%57%Rubble

-am Proof Course *-&P&C&+ -PC tar CSS1

alls 7% 8 6 % " Selected common burnt clay brics, .air face rubble

Bonding Material for fare face rubble )ile mortar

Superstructure

Ready mix concrete for columns Grade 2' *cement, ri#er sand, $% metal+ slab, beam,

column, staircase, built in #anity to

Roof

Roof structure " Mild steel (ni#ersal Beams and rafters, Mild steel lates, Red Bala/ timber

bearings

Roof co#ering " 9inc :luminum roofing sheets, ;eat insulation sheets



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Doors/Windows

-oor /indo/ frame, sash, lattice in treated Mahogany timber clear glass and hea#y duty

ironmongery

Finishes

3nternal /alls, columns, soffit of slab, beams ha#e been finished /ith cement and sand mortar

*1< =+& Min %thicness

>xternal /all and columns cement and sie#ed sand mortar *1


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Criteria for use of materials

Substructure

Ready mix concrete Grade 20 for Column base, Plinth beams, Staircase footings, all

footing, Column!Staircase Shafts " Cement, Ri#er Sand, $%Metal&

Reinforced cement concrete use for bases for strength&

Ready mix concrete Grade 1' for Screed concrete all footing, (nder column base!Staircase

base Cement, Ri#er Sand, 1%Metal&

Grade 1' Mass concrete is enough for screeds, belo/ bases and footings&

10mm,12mm,14mm,20mm and 2'mm Reinforcement in " )or Steel *)!S+ Cold /ored high

yield reinforcementF BS 6641 characteristic strength of 640 !msr, 4mm Mild Steel *M!S+

;ot rolled mild steel bar reinforcementF BS 6667 characteristic strength of 2'0 !msr&

)o ee high strength and durable to RCC concrete&

-am Proof Membrane *-&P&M&+ " Gauge 1000 olythene&

)o re#ent damness from surface or ground /ater inside the building& Polythene sheet

membrane may include /ater tight Hoints&

.orm /or *.!/+ " %ly/ood, $% ly/ood&

%ly/ood used footing form /or& $% ly/ood used from u/ards ground le#el to obtain

smooth and good finish of concrete surface&

Retaining /all Rubble, Grade 2' concrete, Cement Sand *Mortar+, Geo )extile, Perforated

ie, 1 % metal ac&

Geo textile and metal ac ha#e been used to filter the soil and /ater& Perforated ies ha#e

been used to o#erflo/ the /ater inside retaining /all& :lso retaining /all urose to rotect

the land from landslides&

.illing under floors " 3morted gra#elly earth&

>xca#ated soil is not suitable because more unsuitable articles are there& ;ense used gra#el

/ithout articles



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Masonry

Random Rubble Masonry *R&R&M&+ " 4%56%Rubble, 4%57%Rubble&

Rubble used as load bearing material,4%57% rubble use bottom of rubble foundation and4%56% use in uer art of rubble foundation& Cement sand mortar used as bonding material

for rubble&

-am Proof Course *-&P&C&+ -PC tar CSS1&

:#oid damness come through rubble foundations&

alls 7% 8 6 % " Selected common burnt clay brics&

)o ee strength and inside cool condition&

.air face rubble in entrance of the building /all&

)o sho/ school ancient roud loo as er the Client and :rchitect reuirements

Superstructure

Ready mix concrete for columns Grade 2' *cement, ri#er sand, $% metal+ slab, beam,

column, staircase, built in #anity to&

Eoad bearing caacity, strength and Structural >ngineers reuirement

Roof

Roof structure " Mild steel (ni#ersal Beams and rafters,Mild steel lates,:ngle iron ut and

Bolts Red Bala/ timber bearings&

Roof co#ering " 9inc aluminum aro#ed tye rofiled roofing sheets, ;eat insulation sheets&

9n!:l roofing sheets ha#e been used to reduce the load ,ee high strength to roof by using

steel frame /or as /ell as re#ent heat from sunlight by using insulation&

Doors/Windows

-oor /indo/ frame, sash, lattice in treated Mahogany timber clear glass and hea#y duty

ironmongery&

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)o sho/ school ancient roud loo as er the Client and :rchitect reuirements through door

/indo/ designs /ith mahogany timber& Clear glass used to tae maximum sunlight inside to

class rooms& ;ea#y duty ironmongery used considering usage of school boys

Finishes

3nternal /alls, columns, soffit of slab, beams ha#e been finished /ith cement and sand mortar

*1< =+& min %thicness to obtain smooth finish and reduce ucoming /all ainting sim

coat, /all utty, rimer, emulsion aint uantity&

>xternal /all and columns cement and sie#ed sand mortar *1


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Plumbing

Roof lumbing 9inc :luminum gutter do/n ies ha#e been used for to bare the #olume of

storm /ater& P&D&C has not enough strength&

Cold /ater suly ies in 1000 gauge P&D&C& because it should be in high gauge, high

ressure due to force main&

'000 Etr caacity PDC /ater tans used to reduce the time and cost of erecting R&C&C /ater

tan& -rainage di#ides in t/o categories as Se/er and aste /ater& :ll drainage P&D&C& ies

in 400 gauges thus no ressure, force main& Inly the gra#ity ressure&

Sanitary fittings ha#e been used in Ceramic for ater Closet, (rinals and ash basins to

easy of cleaning uroses&

enefits to occupants and owner

Ready mix concrete to imro#e strength of the structure of school building time sa#ing is also

#ery imortant than hand mix&

Reinforcement use in B&S& is standards for footings, linth beams, columns, beams, slabs,Staircases, to achie#e the characteristic strength of the school building&

-&P&M& Gauge 1000 olythene membrane use for floor concreting is good for occuant&

-amness totally re#ent

Ply/ood form /or ha#e used for reduce cost and good surface finish than steel form /or

usage

Retaining /all materials Rubble, Cement Sand Mortar, Concrete, )or Steel, Mild steel, Geo

)extile, Perforated ie, 1 % metal ac system disosal the filtered surface /ater and ee

retain soil

Rubble using can achie#e the foundation /idth for distribute the load, reduce damness of

come through ground soil and reduce cost if use concrete&

Burnt clay brics ha#e been used for ee cool condition and distribute the slab beam load&

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Roof structure has been used in steel that reduce the cost, time and load of roof&

9n!:l roofing sheets ha#e been used to reduce the load , ee high strength to roof by using

steel frame /or as /ell as re#ent heat from sunlight by using insulation& )here for no need

to fx any ceiling fans&

)reated Mahogany timber and ironmongery using is durable for hard use because the

occuants are scool children&

Sim coat, acrylic /all utty, one coat rimer has been used to internal aintings to get

smooth surface and reduce the emulsion aint uantity&

eathersheild emulsion aint in external /all and column has been used to rotect laster

from sunlight and rain&

)/o coats of sanding sealer, stain and t/o coats colourless matt lacuer in door and /indo/

timber /or and hand rail to a#oid decay by /ater!moisture and get good aearance&

)/o coats anticorrosi#e aint, and t/o coats matt enamel aint ha#e been alied to roof

frame a#oid from corrode the frame /or and ee durable&

aterroofing of toilet /all and floors re#ent harm to /all and floor by damness

Drawbac!s to occupants and owner

.illing under floors " 3morted gra#elly earth is not good& :nother cost has to be bare for anti

termite treatment&

(se of fare face rubble is high cost than the ointing the /all&

.loor rendering /ith titanium cut olish is high cost than /hen comaring floor tiling&

)imber hand rail also cost comaring gal#aniKed iron handrail&

9n!:l roof co#ering and gutter and do/n ie is cost to o/ner&

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"lternati#e elements and cost compression

Substructure

Comacted earth fill use for embanments& Luarry dust can use alternately& )ermite

attacs may reduce /hen using uarry dust than earth fill& 3t may cause reduce maintenance

cost of anti termite treatments in late maintenance&

Cost of comacted earth filling Rs&='00&00!m=5 40m= Rs&210,000&00

Cost of uarry dust Rs&'000&00!m= 5 40m= Rs&=00,000&00

-ifference of cost Rs&70000&00

:lternati#e material cost higher $%&than roosed material&

Masonry

Bric /alls use for artition /alls& ;ollo/ blocs can alternati#ely use& 3t may cause

reduce sounds go through the /alls& Ir recast concrete /alls can be use, its reduce

lastering and later ainting cost&

Cost of bric /all Rs&='00&00!m25 '60m2 Rs&1,A70,000&00

Cost of hollo/ bloc Rs&2'00&00!m2 5 '60m2 Rs&1,='0,000&00

-ifference of cost Rs&'60,000&00

:lternati#e material cost lower '(&than roosed material&

Roof

Steel trusses used for roof& :lternati#ely concrete beams can be use for reduce

maintenance cost of roof&

Cost of steel truss Rs&400,000&00!nos 5 6 nos Rs&2,600,000&00

Cost of concrete beam Rs&600,000&00!nos5 6 nos Rs&1,400,000&00

-ifference of cost Rs&A00,000&00

:lternati#e material cost lower ))&than roosed material&



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Floor finishes

Cut and olish use for floor finishes& 3t difficult to clean out and can reduce that cost

by using floor tiles&

Cost of cut and olish Rs&2A00&00!m25 1A00m2 Rs&',000,000&00

Cost of floor tile Rs&='00&00!m2 5 1A00m2 Rs&4,=00,000&00

-ifference of cost Rs&1,=00,000&00

:lternati#e material cost higher '*&than roosed material&

E+ternal wall finishes

hether shield aints used for external /alls& Plaster clacs are #isible in this system

but using of electrometric /all rimer, laster cracs may reduce and durability of ainting

may high&

Cost of external /all ainting Rs&J00&00!m25 =12m2 Rs&21A,600&00

Cost of alternati#e method Rs&1200&00!m2 5 =12m2 Rs&=J6,000&00

-ifference of cost Rs&1'',400&00

:lternati#e material cost higher ,-&than roosed material&

Doors and windows

)imber doors and /indo/s are used& (se of aluminum for timber may reduce the

maintenance cost maintenance of doors and /indo/s& :nd ainting and olishing cost also

may reduce&

Cost of timber Rs&2'00&00!m25 ='6m2 Rs&AA',000&00

Cost of aluminum Rs&1'00&00!m2 5 ='6m2 Rs&'=1,000&00

-ifference of cost Rs&='6,000&00

:lternati#e material cost lower $%&than roosed material&

Ser#ices

9n


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:lternati#e material cost lower )%&than roosed material&

E+ternal wor!s

3nterlocing blocs can use for external ground /ors than grassing& 3t may reducethe gardening maintenance cost&

Cost of grass Rs&''0&00!m 5 =00m2 Rs&14',000&00

Cost of interlocing blocs Rs&2'00&00!m5 =00m2 Rs&J'0,000&00

-ifference of cost Rs&'A',000&00

:lternati#e material cost higher ).%&than roosed material&



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Maintenance

Planned maintenance

Preventive

maintenance

Scheduledmaintenance

Condition-basedmaitenance

Corrective

maintenance

Unplannedmaintenance

Corrective

maintenance


Maintenance in practice

Maintenance can generally define as, rocedure of ee something in a roer

condition& 3n building@s oint of #ie/ there are more things to do from the start to the end of

construction and oerational stage of the building to maintain its condition /ell& Maintenance

is further defined as /or on existing buildings undertaen /ith the intention of

Restoring material condition to a secified standard

:#oiding additional /eaening or failure

Re"establish roer rocess /ithin secified considerations

Restore elements at the end of their lifetime /ith resent eui#alents

Maing temorary reairs for urgent health, safety and security reasons

:lle#iation of the outcomes of a natural failure&

Maintenance of a building can mainly di#ide in to t/o categories&

Planned maintenance

(nlanned maintenance



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nplanned maintenance

(nexected or emergency maintenance are called as unlanned maintenance& )hese

inds of maintenance are not exected at design or construction stages and may #ery

exansi#e and high effecti#e for the oerations of the building& )his may haen because offailures of design or construction stages or unexected external cause&

)his may be classified as an emergency /hen the /or reuires immediate action to

remo#e haKards that ose a threat to users of the building to a#oid loss or damage to roerty

and euiment or to restore essential utility ser#ices or to ensure the continuation of

oerations of the building or users&

3n a Hunior school building there may many unlanned maintenances occur due to

Hunior school children@s acti#ities& -oor and /indo/ locs, bathroom items and electricity

items may freuently be rene/ in such inds of buildings& So much better if not to use things

such as glass, shar and breaable items for the safety of children& 3f it is not so it may affect

to the building@s maintenance cost and the oerations of the building and acti#ities of children

also& Can reduce the cost of maintenance of building by follo/ing such simly things&

Maintenance Management Page 1=


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Planned maintenance

)his tye of maintenance is tending to go /ith the definite need of clients and allocate

reair and maintenance cost o#er a secific eriod to guarantee utmost cost benefit and

budgetary control& >ffecti#e Planned Maintenance has the further benefit of minimiKing

disrution to the /orlace /hether ser#ice based& ith effecti#e management, the

maintenance of a building to a high standard can be ro#ided to achie#e maximum #alue for

money&

Planned maintenance can also di#ide in to t/o more categories as pre#enti#eand

correcti#emaintenance and re#enti#e maintenance can further di#ide in to scheduledand

condition basedmaintenance&



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Pre#enti#e maintenance

)he actions erformed to a#oid failure by ro#iding systematic insection and

monitoring to detect and a#oid inciient deterioration or failure and includes testing to

confirm correct oeration& Pre#enti#e maintenance is lanned so that any reuired resourcesare a#ailable&

Proer alications for re#enti#e maintenance areF

;a#e a imortant oerational utility

;a#e breado/n tyes that can be a#oided /ith standard maintenance

;a#e a ossibility of breado/n that rises /ith time or utiliKing

:nd inaroriate alications areF

;a#e accidental breado/ns that are unassociated to maintenance

-o not ha#e a imortant utilities

"d#antages

Planning is the maHor ad#antage of re#enti#e maintenance&

(nlanned, reacti#emaintenance has many o#erhead costs that can be a#oided during the

lanning rocess& )he costs of unlanned maintenance include lost rogressF time lost

reacting to tragedies and detecting errors /hile tools are not /oring& hen maintenance is

lanned, each of these costs can be decreased& Before closing, any essential elements,

materials and /orers can be found to reduce the time taen for a reair& )hese measures

reduce the o#erall cost of the maintenance&

Pre#enti#e maintenance does not need condition based monitoring& )his reduces the

reuirement of carry out condition monitoring as /ell as the need to tae the condition

monitoring and act on the results of that analysis& 3t also reduces the necessitation to o/n and

use condition monitoring euiment&

Disad#antages

(nlie unlanned maintenance, re#enti#e maintenance reuires maintenance

lanning& )his needs a sa#ing in time and resources that are not needed& Maintenance mayhaen too often /ith a re#enti#e maintenance strategy or until the maintenance freuencies

are otimiKed for smallest maintenance, more or inadeuate re#enti#e maintenance /ill

occur&

)he freuency of re#enti#e maintenance is most liely to be more& )his regularity

can be lessened, /ithout gi#e u reliability /hen suer#ising and in#estigation is used& )he

reduction in maintenance occurrence is offset by the additional costs associated /ith

conducting the condition monitoring&

Maintenance Management Page 1'
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Correcti#e maintenance

Correcti#e maintenance is the maintenance erformed /hene#er there is an euiment

breado/n or failure& Correcti#e maintenance often is of an urgent situation reuiring instanterformance due to it is generally more costly than re#enti#e maintenance and often times

reuire /ormen of secial sills and erhas secial tools&

Some items of euiment located may ha#e correcti#e maintenance erformed by the

oerator or unsilled /ormen at the site& Some items or euiments may reuire correcti#e

maintenance erformed by highly silled or trained ersonnel at the site& :dditionally there

are some items or euiments /hich cannot be reaired at the lant site and /ill reuire

correcti#e maintenance erformed at the manufacturing lant or a lant euied for this tye

reair /or&

hen an item or euiment needs reair the oerator should, excet for minor items,

al/ays ac uire additional assistance from such ersons as suer#isor, engineer, manufacturer

and silled reairmen&

)his assistance is to determine the cause and result of the failure or malfunction& )he

oerator must then e#aluate the no/ledge of his /ormen, the instructions ro#ided /ith

the item and the a#ailability of tools and reair arts in order to ascertain /hether the

correcti#e maintenance should be undertaen by emloyees of the o/ner or /hether the

reair should be made by contract maintenance&

Contract maintenance is that ortion of correcti#e maintenance /hich cannot be done

by emloyees& )his tye maintenance is that /hich is conducted in its entirety by the hiring

of /ormen silled and regularly engaged in the tye /or in#ol#ed /hether it be a factory/hich builds the euiment, a ser#ice agency of the factory, /hich installs, ser#ices and

reairs euiment manufactured by the manufacturer, or /hether it be a ri#ately o/ned

indeendent firm silled in the nature of /or reuired&

"d#antages

>nhanced comonent life time

>nable rior correcti#e actions

Eo/er euiment do/ntime

Luality imro#ement of the roducts >nhanced the safety

Sa#e energy

Disad#antages

;igher cost in diagnostic euiment

;igher cost for training



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Scheduled maintenance

Scheduled maintenance is a list of re identified maintenance actions, carried out at

acceted eriods, intended at the a#oidance of breado/ns& 3rregular continuing reair directs

to roerty deterioration, a shorter roerty lifetime and raised long"term caital& )he main

obHecti#e of scheduled maintenance is to a#oid euiment breado/n before it actually

haened& )his constitutes of assessments, modifications, acceted ser#ice and designed

shutdo/ns& Standard scheduled maintenance checs lie this can hel increase the lifetime of

roerties and decrease the need for art reair or relacement&

Condition0based maintenance

Condition Based Maintenance is a maintenance strategy that uses the actual condition

of the roerty to decide /hat maintenance needs to be done& Condition Based Maintenance

dictates that maintenance should only be erformed /hen certain indicators sho/ signs ofdecreasing erformance or future breado/n& Checing an element for these measures may

include non"in#asi#e measurements, erformance data and lanned tests& Situation

information can be taen at certain inter#als, or continuously& Condition Based Maintenance

can be alied to critical missions and non"mission critical roerties&

School building maintenance

: school maintenance management is an institutional action carried out by the school

management in order to mae longer the life anticiation of school buildings, its furniture and

euiment& 3n the beginning a school maintenance management the school building should

meet a lo/est amount of standard situations& Maintenance is an unremitting rocess to ee

the school building, furniture, and euiment in the finest tye for normal use, and to mae

sure the use of the school building as a rotection in case of an emergency caused by natural

haKard occasions& )he school maintenance management should be organiKed and ositi#e to

a#oid the need for maintenance& 3t should ha#e a satisfactory ersonnel and financial lan for

aroriate maintenance&

: school maintenance management should mae sure that the school building canF

(tility at its designed urose at all times& (tility during the tyical lifetime of the building&

-efend against the results of excessi#e natural e#ents&

)he maintenance of the school building is a day by day motion of the institute and its

ersonnel& 3t is a significant feature in the deli#ery of education& )he maintenance

management should be including of three basic comonents&

IrganiKation

3nsection

Maintenance lan

Maintenance Management Page 1J


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Conclusion and recommendations

Maintenance Management Page 1A

Documents

Construction Materials Used in Building