Construction of Deep Gallery Shelters

8/8/2019 Construction of Deep Gallery Shelters

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/construction-of-deep-gallery-shelters 1/45

NOTE ON THE

CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP

GALLERY SHELTERS

TRANSLATED AND

EDITED AT ARMY WAR COLLEGE OCTOBER, 1917



THE GENERAL S ~ R V I C E SCHOOLS

LIBRARY

ACCESSION NUMBER J : . l g Q 9 _ ~ .



·lelKSSffl£D

WAR DEPARTMENT,

WASHINGTON, October 20, 1917.

The following pamphlet .. Note on the Construction of Deep

Gallery Shelters" is published for the information of all con-

cerned.(062.J A. G. 0.)

By ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF W AR:

TASKER H. BLISS,

General, Ohief of Staff.

OFFICIAL:

H. P. McCAIN,

The Adjutant General.

, WAR DEPARTMENT,

THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE,

Washington, June-19, 1917.

To all officers of the Army: .

You are advised that this andall subsequent documents of a

similar cliaracter, which maybe furnished to you, from this

office, are. to be regarded as strictly confidential. They are to ,

be kept at all times 'in your personal possession and are not

to be copied, nor are any parts of their contents to be communi-

cated either directly or lndlrectly to the press, nor to any per-

sons not in the military or naval service of the United States.

. In Europe. these documents are not to be carried into the front-

line trenches, nor farther to the front than the usual post of the

officers to whom issued.'

Strict compliance with this Injunctten is enjoined upon every

officer. into whose hands any of these confidential documents

may come.

By order of the Secretary of War:

H. P. McCAIN,



DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

DOCUMENTS CONS:ULTED.

Instructions of December 21, 1915, on F'ieldworks for the Use

of Troops of All Arms.

Manual for Commanders of the Infantry Platoons (General

Headquarters, Third Bureau, 1916).

School of Mines.

Various Army Notes on Deep Shelters.

Note on Deep Shelters by Col. Cernesson (Engineer Instruc-

tion Center of the Army Group of the Oenter).

Lecture on Shelters by Lieut. 001. Cazalas (Engineer Instruc-tion Center of the Army Group of the Center).

Extract from the secret note of general headquarters, dated

April 5, 1916, in regard to the information to be drawn from the

Battle of Verdun.



TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Note on the construction of deep gallery shelters: Page.

1. Object •••••.. ' , . . . . . . . . 7II. Definition. . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 ••••• • • • • •• • •• ••• ••III. Advantages . .••.. _, 0 ••••••• •••••• •• ••••••• :. ••• •••••••• ' 8.......

IV. Summary description', '" 9•••••••••• , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •

Single shelter , _. . . . . • 9Group of single shelters. _ _ _ _. " 13

Double shelter ' ' 0 . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . 130 • • • • _ '0 •••••••••••• _ • • • • • • • _ . .nderground barracks 14

V. FUndamental principles to be observed' in the construction of "deepgallery shelters'.' . . . . . . • . . . , . . ' , ,_.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

VI. Defense of entrances . . • . . . . . . ' 0 _ ••••••••••• 0 •••• _. 18••••••• _0' _

VII. Protection ofshelters against grenades _'.' . . . . . . . . . . 21VIII. Protection of shelters against asphyxiating gas 220 0 •• • ••• _ •• " •• ' _.

. Simple measures of protection.•'• . .• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . 22 •••••• _.

Protection by ventilation and neutralizing of poisonous gas, _... . . . 23IX. Organization of excavation work . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . _. . , o. 23

Appendix 1. Single Shelter for one-half platoon (central body with maingallery frame) . . . , . . • . . . . . • . .. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . __ 25

II . Single shelter for one-half platoon (body of the shelter with great• 0, gallery frame, first arrangement) '" . . . . .•• .. . . .• . . _. 27

III.Single shel ter for one-half platoon (body of theshelter with great

gallery frame, second arrangement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . _. 29IV. Group of double shelters, portion for one platoon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/Definition...%E5%AE%95


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ofprotection.%E5%A7%95..%E5%80%80


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/%E5%AE%AE...........%E5%80%80

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/%E5%AE%AE...%E5%AE%AE.%E5%80%80


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/%E5%95%AE....%E5%80%80



http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/%E5%AE%AE...........%E5%80%80


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/%E5%95%AE....%E5%80%80





NOTE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP GALLERY

SHELTERS. -

I. OBJECT.

With the increasing Intensity of bombardments, the questionof shelters has become one of capital importance in the organl

zation Of sectors both from the offensive and defensive points of

view.

As bombardments are executed exclusively with artillery of

medium and large caliber; it is necessary that the shelters he

able to -resist the systematic and regular fire -of medium-caliber

artillery or of single rounds from the _large-caliber gun most

frequently used, for example, the 21-centimeter mortar. In

other words, the -shelters in question should belong to the classof works defined as bombproof shelters by the Instructions of

December 21, 1915, on field works for the use of troops of all

arms. (See Instructions of Dec. 21, 1915, No. 89, p. 43.)

Experience has shown, on one hand, that the type of sunken'

shelters (see Instructions of Dec. 21, 1915,No. 128, p. 77) cov

ered with a filling of earth concealing three layers of round logs

was not proof against the projectiles withdelay-actton fuses of

the German 21-centimeter mortars, even with asmaU charge of

explosive «(1.3 kilograms to 8 kilograms), and that on the otherhand the type of shelter known as "deep shelter" (see Instruc

tions of -Dec. 21, 1915, No. 128, p.77) was able to resist projec

tiles of large caliber if the untouched soil above it was of the

proper thickness, which again depends on the nature of the ter- .

rain and the kind of projectiles used against it.

Consequently, among the sunken shelters described by the In

structions of December 21, 1915,under No. 128, only those con

structed ..underground, at a suitable depth, are bombproof in the

sense given to this term in the above-mentioned instructions.It therefore follows that this shelter, generally known a sa



8 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

I t appears from the above that the Engineer troops, to whom

the construction of such shelters is intrusted, should be thor

oughly acquainted with all details concerning the construction

of these shelters. The. Engineer troop depots of the interior

must therefore lay great stress on that part of the' instruction "

of sappers which deals with the construction of this type of

shelters.

The object of the present note is only to facilitate the task of

the officers of the above-mentioned depots by placing at their dis

posal a resume of the principles and details of construction now .

used by the armies in constructing" deep gallery shelters."

II. DEFINITION.

By deep gallery shelters are understood shelters executed by

subterranean, as.distinguished from open-cut, excavation, the

roof and walls of which are given a plank lining constructed

according to the principles laid down by the School of Mines for

the construction of mine galleries. (See School of Mines edition

published Apr. 30, 1909.) The prescriptions of the School of

Mlnes must be strictly followed, and, in particular, the precautions therein mentioned as regards strengthening the galleries

must always be taken.

The casing is generally of wood. (Note: Some types of

. frames of reinforced cement, studied by the Technical Section of

the Engineers, are now on trial. ) In this case, according to the

resources at hand, the frames may be either of the ordinary

standard type or makeshift frames of roughly squared logs (see

plate 5).

If on good terrain large frames of.thick planks may be used for

lining the entrance descents to the galleries (see plates 2 and 5).

III. ADVANTAGES.

Besides providing shelter against single rounds of the 21 centi

meter gun with the means at hand in the field, the deep gallery

shelter has the advantage of being easy. 'to construct, and the

enemy will suspect nothing if care is taken either to conceal the

spoil or to unload it far enough away. .The one fault generally found with this type of shelter is that



9EEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

These descents then constitute shelters in themselves and are

far superior to niches or temporary shelters.

IV. SUMMARY DE1SCRIPTION.

I

Deep gallery shelters are of two types -single and double.

The· former are especially appropriate for troops guarding the

first-line trenches.Generally speaking, the single shelters are the mostused.

The. type of shelter to be adopted depends on local tactical

circumstances, but its choice is also subordinate to the nature

of the subsoil and the contours of the terrain.

As to the nature of the subsoil and the sltuatlon of the em

placement, experience hasshown that it is best to make a careful

examination of the terrain before giving up the construction 'of

deep shelters through fear of their being invaded by water.

Simple solutions may often be found after a' close study. For

instance, in certain places where only shelters of no great depth

had been undertaken the existence was discovered, a ta varying

depth,but fairly near the surface, of a layer of thick clay, com

pact, without fissures, and consequently waterproof. -Deep gal

lery shelters were dug there,' after the pervious upper layer had

been previously drained and isolated within a certain radius

by means Of ditches dug deep into the clay strata, which insuredthe draining of the water.

SINGLE SHELTER.

The single shelter generally consists of a horizontal gallerY,dug

underground to a depth depending on the nature of the terrain,

and chosen in, consequence, according to the indications givenin Paragraph V hereafter.

Access is obtained by at least two distinct descents, at sufficientdistance from .eaeh other to prevent'. their being subject to' tne

- action of the same projectile.

The descents should be made as steep as possible, in order to

diminish their length, in order, on the one hand, to reduce the

amount of work required to construct them, and on the other

to make them less vulnerable. Each descent generally de

bouches at one extremity of the main part of the shelter. The

entrances to the descents -constitute the most delicate part of



10 DEEF GALLERY SHELTERS.

The protection of the entrances may be improved by keeping. their sills at a fairly low level, by deepening the entrance boyau,

and by. reinforcing' the covering of thearmored portion of thisboyau with layers of logs placed side by side and solidly joined

together with wire or cramp irons. - (See varlatlonof sketch No.

6.) However, .every precaution should be taken to prevent the

entrance' of water.

To enable the garrison of a shelter to leave it, even if the

trench has fallen into the hands of the enemy, it is wise when

ever the necessary time and personnel is available to provide

an additional outlet easy of egress, debouching in the open

country in rear or in front Of the trench. This outlet should

consist of a gallery with gentle slope so as to permit of rapid

evacuation. To deceive the enemy, it would be well for the

relative position .or this third outlet not to be uniform' with

reference to the two others. Moreover, the exit should be con

cealed as well as possible. I f there is no natural ~ artlflcial

depression within convenient distance around the shelter, the

exit gallery may be made to end in a sloping sap; debouchingin a shell crater, real or simulated, if the terrain is already torn

up. In this' case,care should be taken to disguise this sap to '

prevent its appearing on the aerial photographs. An easy and

simple method consists in stretching a metal grating between the

berms of the sap and covering it with a thin layer of grass,straw, rafla, or branches. I t may also be covered with ordinary

canvas or awning properly adjusted. .

This supplementary exit on the open country is. especially

needed in shelters for troops guarding the first-line trenches.

I tis also advisable to provide shelters of the latter class(shelters for first-line trenches) with underground c o m m ~ m i c a -

tion connecting them in front withth.e combat posts for machine

guns or, automatic riflemen, with the observing. stations and

listening posts. In. the first positiOns, where i t is hardly pos

sible to transport materiel and armor, these stations, also welldisguised, are equipped with' shields (of a light type that can

be transported in the galleries) proof against perforating bul

lets and projectiles of small-caliber guns (37-47 millimeters). In

the second position these' posts or observing stations, .also disguised, maybe covered with cement and equipped with armored



11EEP GALLERYS·HELTERS.1

tel'S cannot be strictly regulated. The types shown in the

sketches' attached to the present note are only given as an Indl

eatlon.I t should be noted, however, that each shelter should be con

structed with a view to receiving a unit consisting of at least

one-half a platoon, as a rule. A smaller unit should not be con

sidered, for owing to the amount of work required by the con

struction of the descents to the deep shelters (which work is

independent of the capacity of the shelters), the construction

of shelters for a unit of less than one-half a platoon would re

quire an amount o ~ w o r k out of all proportion to the object to be

attained.

The capacity of the shelters is determined by the commanding

officer in the orders relating to the organization of the sector,

As for the arrangement of details and the preparation of the

interior of the shelters, it will be sufficient to call attention to

the following points:

1. In each shelter there should be. camp beds with two,· and

sometimes in exceptional cases, three berths above each other

(made of boards or wire trellis work with wooden frame), fora fraction of the unit in occupation, and a certain number of

seats, the proportion of each to be determined by the command

ing officer.

2. Room for' the camp beds may be' obtained by giving to the

horizontal gallery the profile of the grand gallery/ or else by

opening on, a .transversal service passage (in the main gallery

or in the great gallery) cells of varying length of the dimensions

required for the .Installatlon of camp beds;" "I'hese cells are

generally constructed in the grand gallery. ' I 'he width to beobtained by this arrangement is, per tier of berths, either three

places side by side," ortwo places separated by a passage ;" the

latter installation should be reserved for cases. when the cell

must contain several rows of beds in depth."

Two rows of. beds of three tiers each are sometimes installed

in the grand gallery, which with equal capacity gives more free

space.

The cell system is oftenpraised because i t can be constructed

progressively. I t can be utilized as soon as the transversal gal- .

1 See sketches 1 and 3.




lery is completed. I t may then, according to requirements, be

prepared immediately and definitely occupied, or the 'construe

tion of the cells m ay be continued with the possibility of thework being interrupted at any time and rapidly utilized.

3. Whatever the arrangements for the shelters may be, care

should be taken never to omit niches for hand grenades (to. be

properly isolated from the parts occupied by the men), infantry

ammunition, Vermorel apparatus, solutions for protection

against gas, and movable canvas panels for closing trench gal

leries .(to be installed near the points where they are to be set

up, see Par. VIII, line 7; p. 22), and also small store 'shelves for

food and signal rockets. . - .4. A special small room with stool and cot should be provided

for .the commander of the platoon or one-half platoon.

5. Ventilation and smoke chimneys should be made at least

for the shelters that are not in the very first line. These chim

neys must be provided with a device by means of which they can

be closed from below to exclude asphyxiating gases. It is ad

visable to-make the chimneys in the form of shafts lined with

tubes. (The central establishment for special engineer materiel

issues for this purpose metal tubes of 15· centimeters in diameter). When the ground is not too hard the shaft may be bored

from the outside with a boring bar (and widened by a string ofpetards) or from the. inside with the Gulllat-Genle drill, which

gives the required diameter.

In important shelters it is often necessary to install venti

lators and a special lighting system (electricity, acetylene, etc.).

6. When circumstances require

(a) Insure the supervision of the approaches to the shelter

by installing in its vicinity, at SUitably chosen places, an armored

lookout and a periscope room.

The lookout should be slightly raised and carefully disguised.

The periscope room is made as nearly bombproof as possible.'

These two places are connected to the shelter by underground

passages.

(b) Organize the defense .of the entrances. (See Par. VI.)

(c ) Protect the interior of the shelter against, grenades

'0

thrown from the entrances. (See Par. VII.)7. Protect the shelters from 'asphyxiating gas. (See Par.

VIII.)




Plates 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 show the detailed arrangement of a

type of single shelter for one-half a platoon, established by anarmy for the use of-troops guarding flrst-ltne trenches.

Plate 6 contains plans of various single shelters with cells

constructed to the front.Plates 9 and 10 show avery complete type of single shelter,

with cells, worked out for the same use as. the type of plates 1

to 5 by the Engineer Instruction School _of the Armies of the

Army Group of the Center, and put into practice at the Melette

camp. However, attention is directed. to the rather compli

cated arrangement of this shelter, which makes it slower to construct. This type should onlybe considered as a school model

to be followed as nearly as circumstances and available means

permit.

GROUP OF SINGLE SHEL'fERS.

Several single shelters placed side by side and connected by

an underground passage 1 form a regular underground barracks

with numerous entrances, where units larger than one-half a

platoon may be conveniently lodged without being broken up.But _t should be observed that this arrangement, which is

especially adapted for reserves, is rarely to be used for lodging

troops guarding first-line trenches, for their units are generallynot grouped together, but are distributed on the _front of the

sector they are guarding.

DOUBLE SHELTER.

The double shelter differs trom. the single shelter only in theaddition to the latter of a second gallery, identical with that

forming the main body or service passage of this first shelter1 and

communicating with it by gallery passages. This second gallery

.may be established deeper underground than the first; it is then

joined to it by sloping galleries forming descents; .

AU indications given in the preceding paragraph on the sub- .

j e ~ t _of installation of single shelters are applicable to double

shelters.

The latter type, which permits several units to be groupedwithin a relatively small space, with satisfactory conditions of






roof of the shelter should never. be less than 6 meters in hard,

compact chalk. 'The thickness of the virgin soil maybe diminished, but only

when serious reasons require it (presence of a water-bearing

stratum, necessity of rapid constructton.isoft ground into which

large-caliber projectiles with delayed-action fuse penetrate to· a

. great depth). The insufficiency of protection resulting from this

reduction must be compensated by establishing, on the surface

of the ground, a bursUng layer which must extend materially

beyond the projection on the surface of the outline of the shelter.

However, a special examination is necessary in each case, forit may be found impossible to construct the layer owing to the

difficulty of obtaining supplies and of transporting to the spot

the large tonnage of necessary materials.

The bursting layers, which in any case must rest on virgin

soil, may be constructed in different ways:

(1) Bya bed of logs 15 to 20 centimeters in diameter, placed

side by side and solidly joined together with wire bands.' Ifthis bed is covered with about 1 meter of fill, the layer obtained

in this way will be equalto about 1 meter Qf virgin soil.(2) By reinforced cement blocks 50 by 50 by 10. centimeters,

with a' special device for .joining them to insure the desired

rigidity.

The details of one type of block are indicated in plate 11.

(3) By bags of cement, either immersed in fresh water for 6,

or, better .stlll, 10 minutes, or else sprinkled slowly during the

same length of time (it is useless to prolong either operation

for more than 10 minutes), and then placedside by side. The

resistance to crushing With Portland cement is 150 kilograms

per square centimeter at the end of a month, and. at least 200

kilograms at the endof three months.

(4) By bags / i l ledwith a mixture of gravet and cement im

mersed and sprinkled as above ; the resistance varies with the

kind of gravel.

(5) By bags filled only with gravel. Thisl1lethod is not as

good as the preceding one on account of the absence of binding

elements,(b) Reinforcement Of the galleries......,.,.The frames composing

the structure must be very carefully braced parallel to the



16 DEEP GAL.LERY SHELTERS.

equal spacing in case of pressure from above, but also to prevent

the sliding of the caps on the uprights. .

The single. set of mine battens. ordinarily provided for .this

purpose by the regulations for the construction of galleries has

been acknowledged to be insufflclent ; it is therefore necessary,

in all gallery shelters, to apply the measures for reinforcement

against pressure f rom above, described at the School of Mines

as follows :

(1) Double the number of battens connecting the uprights.

(2) In eacli interval place four horizontal braces forced be

tween two consecutive frames. Two of these braces are placedat the juncture of the cap and the uprights, the others at the

juncture of these same uprights and the sill, for it is absolutely

necessary for the braces in question to hold.both the uprights

and the caps and the uprights and the sills.

I t is also necessary to reinforce the shelter against lateral

pressure; 1. for this purpose the length of the intervals is reduced

to 85 centimeters at the most in horizontal galleries,. and the

space between- the axis of the framework in the descents should

be reduced to 60 centimeters.(c) S p e c i a l p r e c a u t i o n s ~ n regard to entromce« and descents.-

The framework (casing or ordinary framework) of the lower

extremity of each descent must be solidly braced against the

structure of the shelter itself, in order to prevent the shifting of

the framework of the descents toward the interior of the shelter

under the action of the concussion and pressure produced by the

bursting of projectiles falling in-the vicinity of the entrances.

These entrances. are very easily obstructed on account of the

projection and the falling earth resulting from the bombardment.I t is not often possible to construct them solidly enough to make

them proof against projectiles of 21 centimeters, consequently i t

is of the greatest importance that tools should be kept in the

shelters (4 shovels, 6 picks, 50 sandbags), in order to/enable the

occupants to clear the entrances rapidly when circumstances

require. For the same purpose each shelter should be provided

I with means for lighting in case of emergency (candles, electric

lamps). _

A rope (or a cable made of several strands of twisted wire)

would be very useful as a handrail in the descent, tofactlttate




measures, a thick plank or a strong board .should be nailed to

the uprights and the sills in one of the lower angles of each ofthe descents, at an angle of 450,.so as to form a small triangular

shaft through which air and even food may be let in to the shelter

in case of total obstruction of the two entrances.

Special precautions should be taken in the construction of

descents composed of a: gallery with ordinary framework (see

sketch '() in order to prevent the caps from slipping on the up-

rights. These precautions, which are the same as those pre-

scribed by the School of Mines/ consist o f (1) The joining of the caps to the uprights by two braces

nailed in the upper angles of the framework or by two battens

nailed diagonally on each side.

(2) The connecting of the caps by two sets of battens, as is

done for the uprights.

(3) The placing in each interval of diagonal braces between

the foot of one frame and the juncture of the cap and corre-

sponding upright of the next. frame.

These measures may be supplemented with great advantage by

a brace, placed by forcing, in each interval, between the cor-responding angles of the two frames concerned, parallel to the

dlrectlon of the descent, resting against the lower frame. and

having its highest part joined to the upper extremity o f the

diagonal brace placed in the interval of the corresponding up-

rights of the framework already mentioned,"

(d) Sanitation of the terrain.-This question is of the greatest

importance. By not glving it the consideration it deserves,

there is a risk of losing the benefit of long and important work

and depriving the men in the trenches of good shelters they had

counted on. .

In this connection every effort should be made-

(1) To drain off the surface water within a certain radius

which varies according to the nature of the terrain and the depth

of the shelter. For this purpose a ditch should be dug around

. the shelter by means of which the draining of .tho water will be

assured. Without this 'precaution, which i s not always taken,

the infiltration will prevent the drying out of the trench.(2) To prevent the access of drainage water coming from the

communication trenches or the trenches into which the shelters




munlcatlon trench very high on both sides of the beglnnlngof theidescent, In some cases (uncovered communication

trenches) nothing will remain to be done except to dig smallwater sumps to catch the rain water falling on a small surface.

(3) To drain; except in very permeable ground, the bottom ofthe shelters by digging small water sumps at points chosen with

a view to the convenient manipulation of the drain pumps:

I t . should not be forgotten that during the ratnyseason any

deep shelter which. has been flooded can not be drained for a

very long time, in spite of all efforts.

VI. DEFENSE OF ENTRANCES.

Experience has shown that during an offensive conducted ·byenterprising troops whole units could easily be destroyed or madeprisoners before having been able' to get out of the deep shelters

in which they had been staying during the violent bombardment

preceding the attack.

I t is therefore absolutely necessary? at least as far as shelters

other than those designed for the reserves are concerned, toorganize the defense of the entrances of these shelters.

The defense maybe organized from the exterior or the interior of the shelter by means of flanking works, as, for instance,vertical. or horizontal obstacles. A few of the devices used inthe armies for this purpose are described hereafter.

(a) Exterior defense-Blockhouse traverses (see plate

12) . -The obstacle employed. to defend the entrances from the

.exterior of the shelters, and known as blockhouse traoerees, is

nothing else than a kind of eaponler installed in the communication trench or the trench through which access 'Is gained to the

entrances of the shelters. .". -. This obstacle consists principally of a large traverse invisi

ble .from the front of the trenches and containing a room ·-in

which several infantrymen or automatic-r-ifle men are stationed,

who rake by their fire. the trench or communication trenchthrough which' access is. gained. to the entrances, and take it in

. reverse. In addition to the loopholes required. by the above

mentioned. flanking works; and the defense of the oppositere

verse of the trench or communication trench, it would be wise



19EEP'GALLERY SHELTERS.

the parts that are in a dead angle in regard to the shots fired

from the loopholes..The firing room communicates with the deep shelter, the

traverse of which is .destgned to defend one or several of the

entrances. .

The entrance or. entrances held under fire by the obstacle in

question should be sufficiently, near to the latter so that the

probable upheaval of the ground resulting from the bombard

ment preceding the attack will not prevent the traverse from in

suring the flanking Of these entrances. It might even be wise

to include one of the entrances in the system of defense, asindicated by the sketches of plate No. 12..

The blockhouse should be bombproof to the same degree as

the shelter, and as it can not be sunk very deep underground,

it must be constructed of cement and reinforced cement or of

rails and cement. .To avoid the projection of the blockhouse above ground, which

would attract the enemy's attention and cause a systematic

demolition fire to be directed on it , the terrain in rear of the

reverse-of the communication trench should be. made to slope.The small slopes surrounding the traverse should moreover have

wire entanglements with deceptive passages covered by the

loopholes of the firing room.If the terrain is not badly torn up the immediate viCinity of

the traverse will be inaccessible and the enemy's movements Will

be greatly impeded in the neighborhood of the obstacle.

The blockhouse can be made to appear on the aerial photographs as a large traverse by surrounding it with a small com

munication trench, which must not be very deep, in order notto increase the size of the surrounding wall (of cement) of the

firing room.

The following remarks should be noted in regard to block

houses: .

(1) The trenches or communication trenches in which they

are constructed have to be much deeper in their immediate

vicinity. This is a cause of great Inconvsnlenea as regards the

revetment of the banks of the trenches and communication

trenches, and also of serious difficulties from the point of view

of the drainage of. rain water.




greatly diminishes the -amount of protection ordinarily needed

for trenches or communication trenches;

(3) On account of the nature and importance of the work

(cement .and reinforced cement work) it is very difficult to con

struct traverses of this kind in first-line positions.

The result is, in _he first place, .that unless the' emplacement

is very suitable as regards the nature of the surrounding ter

rain, the blockhouse traverse is very difficult to construct, and,

in .the second place, its utility in first line is limited to a few

special cases.

The defense of entrances by means -of interior obstacles, asdescribed hereafter, seems to offer a very acceptable solution of'the qiIestion.' ,

(b) Interiortiefense.-This can be obtained by a kind of in

terior -obstacle placed in the descents proper, either in the mid

dle or at the lower end (see pI. 13)'

In both cases the -obstruction is obtained by widening the

descent .and constructing a barrier in a suitable place. This

solution is simple, "easy to carry out, and appears to glve.satis

factory r e s u l t s . : M o r ~ o v e r , it can be installed without difficultyin .theordinary shelters previously constructed.

I t is also possible to use the arrangement which bas been

, worked out in -the type of shelter of the Engineer Instruction

School of the Army Group of the Center (see pIs. 9 and 10),

which has already been described. It consists In giving a turn

to the hortzontal' descents, and establishing on the prolongation

of the end of the descents, parallel to the direction of' the trench,

a lookout post, enfilading this offshoot. - The two lookout posts

o fa same shelter communicate with each other by means of a'gallery which connects them also with the third underground

exit of the shelter, opening on the open country. This arrange

ment, which is complete in every way, has the disadvantage of be

ing very complicated and slow to construct.

In each case the barriers generally consist of sandbags or

layers of stone held together by two vertical sheathing planks.

'I'he barriers are provided .with loopholes for firing, and, if .necessary, with 'a grenade chute. - ,

It should be pointed out that the above-mentioned obstaclescut off the .sunlight,and it is therefore necessary for the



21EEP GALLERY' SHELTERS.

VII. PROTECTION OF SHELTERS AGAINST

GRENADES.

The defense works of the entrances of the shelters should be

supplemented by protective measures against grenades thrown

by the assailant from the entrance into the descents.

The interior obstruction barriers erected in the descents proper

stop the fragments of 'grenades exploding in front of these ob

stacles, but can not prevent the grenades from rollingTnto the

obstacles and exploding behind them.

This installation should therefore be supplemented by 'a device

which will hold the grenades in front of the obstacle.

For this purpose one or the other of thafollowing solutions

may be adopted: ,

(1) Place in the descent and in front of the barrier a movable

panel with a special metal grating. A convenient system con

sists in establishing a frame which can' be let down on. a de

termined hortzontal axis by means of pulleys fixed to the cap of .

one of the frames of the descent gallery. The frame is ordi

narily fastened to the -roof of the descent by means of a lock;device which is operated from the shelter itself by means of a

system of rods.

(2) Provide the entrance of the obstacle proper with a doorof thick planks strong enough to resist the effects of the grenades(see sketch No. 13).

I f the defense of the entrances is insured from the outside, or

even if the system adopted is that of the descent forming an

'angle witli a lookout post enfiladingthe first part of it, a complete

device should be established in the descents themselves to protect the shelter against grenades.

. Among the various devices which can be used for this pur

,pose are the following:

(a ) The horizontal obstacle with grenade-proof grating in a

movable frame or a door of thick planks, which has already beendescribed. .

( b) A device called "vertical obstacle" (see pl. 10), in

which the profile of the gallery of access is bent. 'I'his' gallery

therefore includes, after the entrance to the shelter, a descent,then a ramp. These two parts are naturally separated by a



22 - DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

bag traverses judiciously 'placed 'at the entrance to the main

"body of the shelter hold the fragments of the grenades exploding

on the lower landing and shield the grenadiers statloned at this

entrance. These grenadiers thus overlook the lower landing;

they can see the assailant approach and reach him with. their

grenades while i t is still Inconvenient for him to throw his.

This arrangement may be supplemented by a panel of special

metal grating placed at the entrance to the landing,arid which

win cause the grenades ~ t h r o w n in this direction by the enemy

to rebound, I t might also be made of a door of thick planks

with a loophole, strong enough.to resist the fragments of

grenades. If. established on the middle landing, it would con

stitute an advance defense to the descent. I t can be made in the

form of two foldirig doors, or can be let 'down like a drawbrtdge.

I t should be noted, however, that the considerable length of the

descent required by the 'Vertical obstacle makes the shelter slow

to construct, and the ramp leading from the lower landing to

the shelter is often very difficult to build.

VIII. PROTECTION OF SHELTERS AGAINST

ASPHYXIATING GAS.

Every possible precaution' should be taken to prevent the en

trance of asphyxiating gas, for the shelters act as receptacles inwhich the gas tends to accumulate.

SIMPLE MEASURES OF PROTECTION.;

The method most generally adopted ror this purpose consists'

in closing up the descents with canvas which has been madeimpermeable with boiled linseed oil or paraffin, or else moistened

at the time of need by a pulverization of neutralizing solutions;

In cases of emergency, when nothing better can be found, the

entrances can be closed up with army blankets.

The canvas can be set up in the form of curtains extending

beyond each side of the framework of the descent against which

they are placed, or, better still, they can be stretched on wooden

frames so as to form panels, by means of which the descent may

be hermetically sealed.They should be arranged in such a way that when the alarm




means of this arrangement i t is possible to enter the shelter or

, to go out, while at the' same time the descent remains hermeti-

cally sealed.As to the position of the airlock in the descent, it seems best

to place the curtains or panels as. near as possible to the exits

in order to avoid the accumulation of poisonous gases in the

descents; however, i t should not be placed at the top of, the

descent. The closing will be thus protected by a layer of earth

sufficiently. thick to prevent a falling shell from destroying the

roof of the descent.between the curtains and the shelter.

PROTECTION BY VENTILATION AND NEUTRALIZING O l ! ~ POISONOUS GAS.

In the case of certain underground shelters which are to be

occupied during a considerable length of time, ventilation may

be obtained by introducing air which has previously been rid of

poisonous gas by passing through a filter. The organization of

the latter must 'be made the subject of a"special study in each

separate case.

IX. ORGANIZATION OF EXCAVATION WORK.

When the nearness of the enemy makes i t impossible to utilize

processes for the evacuation of earth on a large scale, the organi-zation of the work is the same as for mine work. The descents

are started simultaneously, and as soon as they are. completed

the excavation of the main body of the shelter-Is started with

the largest number of squads possible. 'Work is generally started

by two squads at once, working toward each other, excavating

the shelter according' to the profile of the grand gallery, or, as

the case may be, of the half gallery. Other squads follow and

proceed to widen the gallery and case it, or else to construct the

cells. ,

Whenever local circumstances permit, the construction orthe

shelter should be accelerated by using -all available mechanical

devices for excavating and removing the earth (M. D. elevators

or trucks).

The following plan, which is merely given as an indication,may be adopted in the organization of construction work for a

shelter of the type adopted by the Engineer Instruction. School



-24 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

Use a 40-centimeter track for. carrying the earth away from

the shelter. (See circuit of the sketch.)

Accelerate the work on the central exit 3, in order to facilitatethe removal of earth from the body· of the shelter A B. by the

inclined plane C-3, which has a slope of only l050•

Place the maximum of workers at the excavation heads (spe

cialize their functions). Proportion the rapidity of evacuation

to the work of the miners (miners trucks 200 to 300 cubic

decimeters on inclined plane with 40-centi.meter. track, or M. D.

elevators) .



APPENDIX.

Material required for the construcuo» of some of the varioustypes of shelters shown in the sketches accompanying thepresent note.

I. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ONE-HALF PLATOON (CENTRAL :j30DYWITH MAIN GALLERY FRAME).

Frame- Special Special Special Mine

work frame- frame- frame- cases,Name of part s of shelter. of main

work of work for work for 0.50 by

gallery.great officers' half 0.80

gallery. room. gallery. meter.- - ------I . Shelter proper:

(a) Main gallery. '" . . . . . . . . 8 ·······20· ................. . . . . . _-_ ...............

(b) Great gallery •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............

(c) .O:ffi.cers' room . . . . . . . . . ; ·······i2· 32. Entrances and descents . . . . . . 50

3. Periscope room and landings. 6 ········6· 44: N i c h ~ s ( ~ (grenadesi

eto.) . . . 85. Interior arrangemen s:

(a) Beds for 12 men . . . . . . . .

(b) Benches for 12 men. . . . . ..'.:.. . . . . . . . . . . • •••••• 1••(c) Stores (shelves). . . .•. . . .

6. Closing panels (4 alike) . . . . . .----- ------ -otal. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 8 38 3 6 62

Boards. Boards,-, 2.7by22

eenti-

Name of parts of shelter.Length ofroofing. Length ofcasing. Mine

meters,battens. and 2

UOto 1.20tometers

1 to 1.10 1 to 1.10 inmeters. 1.30 meters. 1.30 length.

meters. meters.- - - - - - - - - - --I. Shelter proper: M e t e r , ~ .

(a) Main gallery . . . . . . . 84 44 154 54 . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Great gallery . . . .'.. 144 344 22 105 .............

(c) Officers' room . . . . . . 20 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 52. Entrances and descents. ......_ ..... - .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 200 223. Periscope room and

landings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 100 44 32 . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Niches (grenades, eto.) . . 12 12 36 18 16 ...........

5. Interior arrangements:. (a) Beds for 12 men . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

~ b Benches for12men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6c) Stores (shelves) .•.. 6



---------•••••••••


Material required. for ttie construction of some of the »ariou»types of shelters, etc.-Continued.

I. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ONE-HALF PLATOON, ETC.-:""Continued.--,------,-----......----------.-----,.----,---.-'-'-0

Logs.

Diameters of 10centimeters and

Iength of-«

:":.50meters.

---,---------1---1. Shelter proper: .

(al Main gallery....... _14(b . Great gallery. • . . . . 16(e Oftl.cers'room...... 3

2. Entrances and descents.3. Periscope room and

landings ; . . . . 44. Niches (e) (grenades,

etc.) .5.. Interior arrangements: .

(a) Beds for12 men...(b) Benchesforl2men.(e) Stores (shel'9'es)....

6. Closingpanels (4alike)~

.TotaL 1 37

4 3 .502 .10

meters. meters. meters.

- . - - - - Meters. Meters.

10 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 11

2. . . . .•.•.8 80 7

. . 4 4

8 . 1 . .

. 1 '-.1 .

...- .. . -I- I.. _ - .

. "." \... .. 2016 - - 8 0 - 1 ~ 1 - - a ; - 20

Wire nails. Sheet-Ironpipes, 15 ;

centt- Canvas.arne ofparts of shelter.6 to 10een 15to 18een meters intimeters. timeters. diameter.

Kilogram8. Meter8.. Shelter proper: Kilogram8. Meters.

~ g N ~ t ~ ~ ~ r Y : : : : : : : : : : : .......

.. ..·......2:0 .. :::::::::::: ::::::::::::::(e' Officel's'room.......... .25 .25 .

2.. Entrances ssid o.escents __ . 2.0 1.75 .3. PeriscopeNom and landiugs. 1. 0 . . .. . . . 7.50 .4. Niches (e) (gr-enade, etc.).;.. .55. Interior arrangements:

(toi) Beds for 12men . 2.0 .(b ) Bencnes for 12men . .5 .(c ) Stores shelves) . .25 ..

•5 1. 50by 2. 806. Closing panels (4 alike) . . • . . ·1 -1-- '----1.----1----Total. .. 8.54.00 7.50 4,1.50byO.70

NOTE.-To the material enumerated above must be added thewooden wedges

neededin

the construction of the galleries and wire to bind the logs forming thebursting layer. The material for.the third exit and the defense of this shelter is notincluded in the above estimate.



--- ------------ ----

------------------

27EEP GALLE·RY SHELTERS'.

Materio: required jorthe construction of SOl11:e oj the oariou«

types of shelters, etc.-Continued.

II. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ONE-H:ALF PLATOON (BODY OF THESHELTER WITH GREAT GALLERY FRAME, FIRST ARRANGEMENT)

Name-ofparts of shelter.

- - - - - - - - -1

Special Special Mineframe frame I cases

for for half 1.50bygreat I I 10.80

gallery. ga ery.] meters;

- - - - - - -

Planks.

Length of roof.

1---,---,...

1 to 1.10 1 . i ~ 8 ° meters. meters.

- - - - -

Length of

casing.

--1---..;--

1 to 1.10 1 . i ~ 8 ° meters. meters.

- - - -

1. Shelter proper... . . . . . 3 6 . . . . . . . . 208. . . . . . . . 544 662. Entrances and de

s c e n t s . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. . . . . . . . 50. . . . . . . . 2103. Periscope room and

landings.. . . . . . . . . . . 6 ._.. . . . . 4 28 100 444. Niches (e) (grenade,

etc.) . . , , . . . . 6 8 12 12 36 185. Interior arrangements:

(a) beds for 12 menand.officer....... . .

(b) benches for 12

men , .

6. C { g ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ i S ( 4 a i i k e ) :::::::: :::::::: ::::::: :1::::: :::::::: :::1: :::::::

TotaL... . . . . . . . . . . 541 61, 621 220 I 40 I 680 - 338

Logs.

Planks0.027by Diameter of 0.10 Diameter of 0.150.22me m e t e r an d meter and

Name of parts of shelter. b ~ ~ ' 3 . length of- . length of

2 metersterand

long,I ~ - - - ; - - - ' - - ~ I - - - - , . . . , - - - - ' -

- - ' - - - - - - - - - - - , - -1--

Meters.

1. Shelter proper . 205 8 23 2 • • • • • • . . . . • . . . . . . .2. Entrances and descents. 200 22 . 8 80 ••••••.••3.: Periscope room and

landings . 32 . 4 4 4 44. Niches(e)(grenades,etc.) 16 8 __ .5, Interior arrangements:

(a) Beds for 12 menand officer . 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Benches for 12men . 16(c) Shelves . 226. Closing panels (4alike) . . 12



-- - -- -


M a t e r i a ~ req1ti1'ed for the construction of some of the varioustypes of shelters, etc.-Continued.

II. SINGLE SHELTER FOR O N E ~ n A L I ! ' PLATOON, ETC.-Continued.

Name of parts ofshelter.

l. Shelter proper . . . -. . .2. Entrances and de

scents.. _. . . . . . . . . . . 3. Periscope room and

landings . • . . . . . . . . .4. Niches (e) (grenades,

etc.) . .• ,•. . . . . • . . . . .5. Interior a r r a n g e

ments:(a)' Beds for 12men

and officer. . . . (b) Benches for 12

men . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Shelves. . . .• . . . .6. Closing panels (4

alike); . . • . . . . . . . . . .

TotaL . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Canvas for closing panels (4 alike), L5 by 2.8 meters; total=4 (1.5 by 0.7) meters.

Rafters. Wire nails. Sheet-Strips, iron,

Bat0.03 pipe,

ten,by diam- Can0.04 0.08 0.06.018 0.155.01 eter vas.by by me- to tome 0.150.08 0.08 ter, 0.10 0.18ters. me-me- me- me-eter.ter, ter, ter. ter.----1-

Me- Me- Me- Me- Kilo- Kilo- Me- Meters ters ters 'ters grams grams ters tcrs

18 __ .w_ · ..0 ........ .. .. ....... 2 . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . 2 L75 . . . . . . . . . . - ... --_.

. . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 ............ . . . . . . . . . . .......... 1 ...........

_. . . . . . . _- - .... -- ... ............. . . . . . . . . . . . ....... -_. .........."-.""

_._ .._a_ ...._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ... . . . . . . . . . . 8 - . . . . . . . . . . . ..... - . . . .

... __. . . . . _ ..... _... . . . . . . . . - .

....

_- . . . . .. ..- . . . . . . . ....... _--

. . . . . . . . . 1.. _-..- _._.... - . . . . . _ .._- --.- ...... . . . . . . . . . . 2 . - ..- - - r· 5O. . . . . . . . . . . .5 by _-- .. . 20 . . . . - - ' .... ---_ . . . .

2.80-- ----'- ----18 t (1.5by

0.7)42 28 20 16.5 3.75 7.5

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/%E5%AC%95.....%E5%80%80







- - - ------ - ---

-- --- ------


Material required for the construction of some of the »criou»types of shelters, etc.-oontinued.

III. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ONE-HALF PLATOON, (BODY OF THESHELTER WITH GREAT GALLERY ,FRAME, SECOND ARRANGE·MENT).

Name of parts of shelter,

1. Shelter proper. . . . .2. Entrances and de

scents . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Periscope roo mand landings . . . .

4. Niches (e) (grenades, etc.) . " . . . .

5; Interior arrangements:(a) Beds for 12

men and of-fleer . . . . . . . .

(b) Benches for12men. . . . .

(c) Shelves . . . . . . . 6. Closing .panels (4

alike) . . . . . . . . . . , .

Total . . . . . . . . . . !

,Planks.

Planks,Length ofpe- Spe- Mine Length of0.027roof.ial cases, casing.ial

by 0.01great half 1.5 by Minemetergal- gal 2.8 cases.and 2lery meery 1.20 1.20 metersto ! torame. ters.rame.

to to long..10 1.101.30 1.30me- me-me- meters, ters.ters; ters.

Me-ters

. __.... 2088 . - .......... 12 374 90 145 18

_.._-- ... . - ...... - ......... .........2 50 210 200 22

- . . . . . . . . j4 . . . . . - ..- . 28 100 32

............ . ......... ......... ......... ........... 8 . . . . . . . . . . .

............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

.... .. ..................... ........... .......... - .... - . 16" . . -._ .. . _-............ .......... .......... . . . . . . . . . ..- . . . . . 22

......... - . . . . . . . - ..- . . . . . -_.._- .. - ...... - .. 12

56--- -

62 208 474 344 385 160140



- ---- - ------


Material required for the oonstruotum -of some of the varioustypes of shelters, etc.-Continued.

III. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ONE-HALF PLATOO,N , ETC..,-Continued.'

Narne of parts ofshelter.

1. Shelter proper . .2. Entrances and

descents . . . . . .3. Periscope room

and landings. .4. Niches (e) ( g r e n ~

ades, ete.).•. ;.5. Interior arrange

ments:(a ) Beds for 12

men and.officer. . . .(b) Benches for

12men. . .(c)· Bhelvea,:. . .

6. Closing panels (4alike) . . . . . . . . .

'I'otal.; . . . . . .

Logs. Rafters. Wire nails•

..Diameter of Diameter of Strips,

Bat-0.10mcter 0.15 meter 0.G3and length and length 0.04 0.08 by ten,

0.06 ·0.150.018ofe- o f- by by 0.01 me- to to0.08 0.08 meter, 0.10 0.18me- meter, me- me-

3.5 4 3.5 2.1 ter, ter. ter, ter,me- me- me- me-

ters. ters, ters. ters,--- - ---------- - -Me- Me- M(}o Me- Kilo- Kilo-tete ters tere ters grams grams

22 2 .. .. ...... ........... 26 .......... ... . . . . . . 18 8 4

. . . . . . . . . 8 80 . . . . . . . 7 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2 1. 75

4 .......... ...... 4 4 ........... - . . - .... ........... 1 ........

. . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . .......... .25 ...........

...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- .. 28 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ... . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . .. ......... . . . . . . . . 1 . .........

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . . . . . . . . . . ......... 2 ... . . . . . .

.... - . . . ........... .........--- -----------0 . ........ .25 . . . . . . . .--- -6 10 80 4 37 28 20 18 17.50 5.75

1Sheet-iron pipe 0.15in diameter, for periscope room, 7.5 meters.

IV. GROUP OF DOUBLE SHELTERS, PORTION FOR ONE PLATOON.

Name of parts ofshelter.

1. Shelter proper:(a) First story. . . . . .(b) Second story•.•.

2. Entranceanddescent3. In ter ior . arrange

mentsr

(a) Camp beds for 12menand officer.(b) Benches for 10

men . . . . . . . . . . .

Spe- Spe- Planks (roof), length.cial cial

Main Great frame, 'Half frame,gal 1.20al- gal.33 0 ~ 8 0 . 1 to

to 1.50ery lery _ byery by 1.10me.30rame.rame. 1.90 frame. 1.64 me-

me ters.e- me ters, ters,ers, ters,

........... 19 5 150 41 516

7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 62 120 36

. . . . . . . . . 3 23 126 6 12. 1-

. . . . . . . . _- ...... - ...... . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . ........

- - . - -_ . -- ..-- .. . -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



------- -----

__

- ------ ------ -

31EEP GALLERY SH:E:LTERS.

Material required for the construction of some of the oarioustypes of sheiter«, etc.-Continued.

IV. GROUP OF DOUBLE SHELTERS, ETC .........Continued. ..

Planks, easing. Logs.

. Diameter ofiameter ofLength. 0.10 meter and 0.15 meter andMine length oflength of-Name ofparts ofshelter. bat

tens.

l to 1.201.50 3.50 4 3.50 2:10LID to 1.30

me- me- me- me- me-me- me ters. ters, tars. ters. ters.tars.ers. -

Meters.. Shelter proper:HI6a) First story. . . . . . 202 1304 20 ........... ..........226 330 112b) Second story.. , . 18 5 ... ---.····58·340 208. Entrance and descent 20 43 41 2 ---.- ..-.

3. In t e r io r arrangements:

(a) Camp beds for36 men and officer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..._.............. ......... .......... ........ .......... --_ ........... ...

(b) Benches for 10

men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ......... ......_-- ........- -._--.- .......... .......... - . . . . . . . ........ ....................e) Shelves. . . . . . . . . 4. Closing panels. (2

alike). . . . . . . . . . , . . . . ::::::l:::::: -.... -.- ......-...

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 552 1121

2110Inter- Rafters.vening Wood

en- Planksr i ~ ~ t s stakes, 0.027'Tim-for Strips, Batiam- by 022hers,great 0.03 by ten,0.17 byame of parts of shelter. ~ i meter;gallery 0.04 by 0.08 by 0.01 0.018

0.065 meter; l e ~ 1 t h !rame, 0.08 0.08 meter. meter.meters.0.11 by meter.ler.roh, meters. meter.0.17 by

2.10 meters.meters.

Square1. Shelter proper: Meters. Meters. Meters. meters.

......-... .........a) First story ... : .. 2 .........- 16 ........... ........... 5

...........b) Second story . . . . 10 ....... ......... . ......... .......7.5 .........2. Entrance and

..........escent . . . . . . . 4 .......3 40.0 . ......... ......... .........3. Interior arrange

ments:(a) Camp beds for

36 men and.......... ..........fficer. . . . . . . . . ............ 180 ..........2.5 .......

(b) Benches for 10



---

----


Material required for the construction. of some of the varioustypes of shelters, etc.-Continued.

. IV. GROUP OF DOUBLE SHELTERS, ETC.-Continued.

Wire nails.

Name of parts of shelter.

l. Shelter proper: .

~ a First story •. .• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b) Second story . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Entrance and descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Interior arrangements:

(a) C ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ . ~ ..~ e . ~ . ~ ~ ~ . (b Benches for 10men . . . . . . . . . . .

(c Shelves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Closing panels (2 alike) . . . . . . . . . . . .

TotaL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.04to0.10

meter.

Kilo-grams.

435

60.500.150.35

19

0.15to0.18

meter.

Kilo-grams.

213

. - .............

.............

..-- ............

..................

6

Planks,0.22by Canvas.0.08meter.

Meters. Meters............... ..................

. ...... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................

. . . . . . . . . . . . _-..i:5(lby i:so

...............

30 2 (1.50byO.90)

NOTE.-The following. must also be provided: Wrdges, slope templatesz andwooden l ining for the construction of the ~ a l 1 e r i e s ; 6 clamp irons with points in the

same direction; 24bolts 24centimeters long; 5 bolts-18 centimeters long, and 21bolts.13centimeters.longfor the entrance to the shelter, and also the wire to bind togetherthe logs forming the cover of this entrance. ..> •

The material for the third exit and for the defense of this shelter is also not includedin the above estimates.

o

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/story%E5%AE%AE%E5%80%80






L-

-





Noen

thwinh

wnnhuaen

swneh

doeahoa

naae

repre"ented

.?Y:woco

ntnucus

nU:uMlr

aaempbor,1me

b-b'7

S

ammu

cc

fo2meml

dd

romr

8

azUos

f

·cJem·oohe a



."

-t

, • t ' - _ ~ " . . 2 _ 5 _ ~ -I I

",oI"o,lIH1 I I I I I I I ~ ~ tt. w. 1'/~ ~

Wi

1o/!fI

Traverse' 5ection

o ia .berch';cale(1o)

( l ~ a t 4 c m I 8 cmj2'2c:m•ro r hldin£fthe log brace to 'prevenfp1o/

, '.' Cleat, 27nYm /llm/50c.m. insuriritrr.ont View(fol the connection o f t h e t w o a d j a c e n t ~ ___. ,0 , caps of two connectecf'frames.,-.

Clea:\-4,cm!22cm!30cm.insvring'the connection

of t conH!LJOU5uprigof 2 ponnectec:f frames; in

the upperparf.(ASimilar

C l . ~ , 8 ~ c o n n . e c b t h e U. p r i f 1 t t s ~ " ' t f r l ! 1 t i ' T t .in tl:le Iower p a r t ~ .

~ k e t c h N o . 4 ~ a 1 : h e d t6TY'PE:. OF-5INGLC 5tH:LTcQ nl!>teofJ 8 n u a ! y ~ ' ~ i - .rOR·t DLATOOr; ';19.' 7 '

])efaib o f the type h a v i n ~ b 0 o / withereat

galle-ry.·frame

1)etai l.ofthe.iuncfton M()fthe.u p r . i ~ h + 5 a n d t K e c a p s .

(5ee %e+ch No.:) quf'{olloWing""Cp)

!----. _ .. _..... -.,. _.-...... "" : " -_...-- ......... -_ ...

VeTAI L Of' f\ l)ED

j••,cale>..%

,;

-- Cro"YectionK-L

01______ - - . . 1 i . ~ o - . ,__ ~ _ , -______ ~ t . s - _ ...._

I

'heJf

/0 {i ..Q

jL



Sketch'N c i . 5 ~ t t a c h e dT YPf:Of-5)NGlE. ···.·:5t-\E:lTE'Q to note ofJ ~ n u 6 r y 2/.51'· 1911FOR kPLATQOJ1 .. ". ' . .' . . . '

Df:TAIL?'O r ' 'rttE: ,rIZAMCWO[2I(· V ~ f . [ ) : I t V n " \ E : ' 1 ' Y ~ " 1 \ O W " " I ' " ~ 5 t t r : T C t \ t : . ' · ' - ' ]" '4, ' . " . . ".

' jCf\Le foMINt: CA)t.7·H) Q. V E ? C t N T ~ 1 '

"f'l?AMc Of'HALF

I\tOTc.:THE. 'jILL " LIKE: GALLE-R.Y

I

I

II

IrI

- '

I ! l-":T-"""

t*-cap 51Je- -.,-..--- 0,96__ - ---,,:,, ...• . '. ", ,. ·.1

I

I

II

IIII

I- __ ...o.8CL _ 1 _ ..;I

II

I1 \01

u1

ort

I+ I '.e, I 'm\ I 'CI I a.:I

I : : : :>

I II I

I II I

II

I 1 ,_1I

__

Ttlt... CAP ::

-.II

II

I

II,I

, i

t

.u:

IIII

III1

'1

f

_..L...00

'1I +.o... II a . _ ,_ -_2 . . a.:. _

:.II

'Profile of

.vpright0'

11)1...~

- -i---:-- j,2.Q. ;..

I

II

-4°1 - f

- - rrRAMB:W012K fOQ OF-f'ICeRSfloOM 'Framework of ireatgallery

... ,-t:I

I1 ~ / J t ; . . ..L,It lVrofileJ

II. .1

I

. .... ~ o ~ l . _ . : . ~ i ' : I

II I

I

I

II I

I I ~ ~ tf)1 0'011

cOl (J

,f ~ II~ t - ~ 'Pr6fileofI

Vprif'H II

I II I

I,I - - - · ~ . · - - ' 1 I ; o " . . - - - - I f

I

III

_-l.

Note: The logsinthespecial frame lONGITVDJI'lAL WIND Bf2ACINGT h i ~ m u s t - a H e c + atthe :same t ime

work ar e roughly sauared an d+he ca p (orthe sill) and the upriSht >5\LL

hsvea minimum diame+erofO.20m.

The framework of th e main 4 ' - - - - - . __ ;:'" .. . '

E a . " e r . Y W h i . C . ~ i : } . ~ . i m . p.I.Y.. ~ - - - . C . ~ L O g o . I O m {the regulation frame " ' ~ - - - - - - - - .work h,95fherefor no t oot----- , . • .

been shown on th e i---

present sketch. ~ B --n'f---. --.not'I . ~ " < 6 " "' ~ ' 1 - " - - -_':'Jr

8' •.

it> bti ,_' L:og.0;10 (G·oss 'beam)

Cut A..'5. . .Elevation C.D.



Ob46R>4M5

5IrefchN()./

Jheller wifh sharf-cells....

or TYPc5 OF SINGLE SHEL:.TER!5Wlrf/ CELL:;?

Scale· 0/400

SKErcHNO.4

Army Corps Commo/7Q Po.,/;

8y U$I179 t h r e e s ~ o r y bedsonddNY7ntJm9theminthelnonner;,·shownbyfhe 5/rdcMe copocifyoftls!Jel.fer{oracodJp0'!Ym'JI/Jt>2J/p/oces.lJlenecessaryroomcarr t f J e ~ r /;ereserrec/. ~ r o f " ' ; : ; ' c e r . 5 fdrqsmo//ofTiCe*sfore/"Oomo/ldfPr (J/l C'kefrlCpllln*

51(£Tcf/ J/QZ

Slieller 1()(J.mefers IOl15wirh lorge cells

51(e rC H NO.3(Jroup ol"l-woshellers w/fh 1(7r'j'e. cells

Slrefd /(0.6 /7#rlc!;ifd fa Ilill

~ '/Q(1(./(lt;Y.Z/sf J9/ 7

D/slribul i l l" . o f

tlrefi-omewor/.

' 1 1 ? ~ ( j , " ' n - ; O . G ( J m frol71 O ~ / ' J foo1'ls.Zmeon5. (J.2CJm

romim'sloo xis.8 ~ " o n 5 o . ~ o m . rom oxis/oox/s./Om,:o/1s//T}.romt:u:i,fo ox/s

l.l.GE:NDA·Cel/?

D-.Pescen+s

GM-,N}a;n2"allerr66- Gt'eattallery

o-Ventilatiol1 shaft



5lrefeh 10/0·7olfad

GROUP Or fJOUBLc .5HeLTe.e5·pOI?TlOIY - TOI2. OlYc PLATOO;Y holeorJtMUl1,y

IV.8. ()f1lh",ok" /1.t7'C-/?-c-r.r/;" / lor/ jIM 1,,/ p , . " c ~ . : ! 0/"OIJt!; s!qrgS"rme QOdyol'l'tfe,,-/u'llt'ror e r<?,Ne5et?led . PLAN rtJLLtJWI!'I{j l18CtJerr;/I

by qrrtJl 'rec' //ne . T / ; ~ , v o r i t J V 5 P / ' Q C O c / I A t ' ~ x e / l l s q ~ e · n o l . 5 h . ~ w n on Misplbfl /i, oro't'r/lO! !IJt1no/,t'f-()wCt ( ~ ':..•...tne dror>'Ny

VtlrJ"mt·of entrQ/lce·

('1'0:15 5ecf'/on A 8.I",

: ~ ,1

II

f ~ - - - - - ~ i i l ~ ~ I

III

II

III

I,.L.. A_'



" , , , , , , , ~ . . ' , ' i ~ ' ; . ' . " n ~ f ~ t , : " '''-j:i: ~ (

.$/refch #0.8 ,qT;hchec/

10 / 7 0 ; - ~ orJq/74/C?(jY2/.s!;!J/Z6RO(//yojllOlI8ZE.3f /ci.TEK35

Type Orpdet?p7Y;=-O!?CJNc. PL/JrOO/1

At-It

---- ----- - - - - - ~ II1I

II,I'~ '

· ' ~ ~ r . ' f " < ~ · I I '

I ,

I ,

: X"}..• •'!J!(!§•

., ' -, ~ , ~ , / " r r ~ / , I' -,

. . ~ ~ ~ ~ ; 1 ' 1 . - ~ 2 i ~ __ ~ - , ~ ? o / , . I "'-'<. -; " < _ ~ ~ j " . " , . ~ . ~ e : ; ~ ~ " , . " , , - l . \ A.

' - ' ~ .. ~ , - ~ - ~ ~ - , - ? ~ ~ ) ~ < , - -" / - ~ ' ' \ f ~ ' - J Y ' ~ ' "

---- . I " - - - ~ ~ O / ,r41 ' - " - ' ~ < > , s - > ~ ' ' ' O ~ .". . ~ " ~ "I• ", I " , 'i ' . ' - " - - - . - . , ~ " ~ - - i . . , , ~ ~ " ' / ' : ~ . ~ f .: - " - - , , " ~ ' * ~ . > ~ . ' .,.';.;, ..: :," . -'" ,..,,<$. ..., ' , ' ~ ~ " v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

x't=-- -,-- -- - ~ - - - - - - - ..D..83S- c- __ - - " - ' ~ ' - . : - - ~ -c-,----l-? . ~ - ~ - - ~ _ ~ ~ i __~ . 6 , N ( / ~ e : - vedicc,! li-ame worl in fhe cosin, g oFl-he de5cenf5/s generdl(y ;p1'ekrrer;! fo Me orrflogemel7r 5110IY/J f l 6 0 v ~ il7 wl7/m Me

C Q S i ~ : r e 9 u i r e 5 f h e ; r o m € , - w o r ~ fo oeplocedper/lel7c/tC:t//or.1ofhet7:aso£tAe o'e5Cel7/-;;- /5 merejY.517o}f'l 7 C?t?OY6'/or//7,!dr/71Q;7iJ/7



..

" I r ~ r t " 1 Y ; " ~ " l e , ! ~ q , q i l d ' £ . P A ;"jt1n"gdt.gi f" t.t/6:i-:- .

Y-'YPE.-or: 5 / N 6 L e , - ~ f t . e L T e l 2 or'Ttle:-e-1;t61l;tCc.R41/..5TROC770IYXltOOL,.

OF/ftC' )4RMY6ROl/P OfTIf-CCcNTeR

lO;'/?/q/,oofl ori p I Q T ~ ~ n . """th .ve/'fI(:(1! ( 1 6 ~ / q ( : I c ' ~ M d deM/7cC'o/lAe C'/7'kry/«cc

. : i ~ a / < : ' 2k::;": '. . /0 0



5ketch mr.JiJ qflt,chtiType OrJI1I6Lc5HcLTE12 or- file e-(l6!l'/eeR IIY?TI?OCTlO/Y !Jet/OOL hOlt: Q.f qlitHilf1!;..f:l

Or-THe > 4 2 f v 1 Y ( J I Z O U P O r - T H ~ C , E / ' I T c e .ror f7lcdoon,or*p / o f C ? ~ n

Wdh verI/cal r;oCjfocle t7/1c7de/el7ce o / / ~ e e/llefl7l7ce

· . g ~ : ' i t ~ ; t / n i ' t . f f t : ; ! I o ' 1 o r .v . . . . ' . -

..........~ : ~ ; y > f ; < \ . . ., :,:; f;- " \ , , : , . ~ . , , 'J',; 3 ; y - : ~ ~ ....(-6..ooiY f ~ " C " ' . ! J or-me PL>411 /. .,; :; • ];, t l t e l / $ ~ ~ n i n . ? R 4 S } . #

', ' . . ; •.' / ' : / .Q I1a ' I'17Qcnil7e . ? q ~ ~ ~ ; . ~ . ~ ~ ~ r ' - - - - . .

~ ~ m ~ . d m ~ 7 J 1 j 1 J ' { , ~ - ( - 4 J ( ) O ) . ,,.-.j;{

.....£/e"flled sl-allonf'qr OOKQuf ;.. R " / ~ c " J W

jeCTtol/ Eor Or TtlcPb4/Y



I

r-o"'

I

•.....• ,

A

I

1'-

K

r

I

'¢>"I

;

1

\

I

I

I

I

I

i.II,,c!

:

-

-

8

:0-""I

:

:

.< tvO-p

f6

1

I

)

.

-"',



}lrefch IYO.l2'o;,Jocnm-rono//

o[J",nuary2l ' f1;117 .

,PIon /il/pwiy 4.tJ:C·!N:. 'l'G

( / ' y . ~ .jQ ,.

\"'1" £ U : V A T / o ! V . r O L L O W l N W ' f l 7 f ' ! ) ~ o .:II•. //. ":-_'

............... -- -- ---_ ..__ . - - ..._---- ------

<,

... - .... 0",,:."- ....... _ . . . . _""' __ .. _ .. . . . . . . . . . _ "" ......

...- ..... _--_ .......--_ ..._.._- -.,..- - -- . -.--.......... :

.... ~ - . ; .... - . - - ~ ....-._--,-- _ - : - . ; , . - ~ . - - - . - ~ - ' , - -

t.

".;,. ",."

// ,,..t

/

..i·....T. ··· ''1' ·.·················(1

f ~ · · · ..···...f·;··..····r·..··'··L.f

~ - - - ... '... _._ .... _- . ---_ . ~ _ : _ , - - - . ""_ ...

-, ' - - ' l' ' ' -.--.';" - - '_ " . . . . . ' __ .......... .:_ . ~ . - . -

~ ...... . _' -. .... ; __ ' _ . .ol,'_". . _ . ._..;._ ... .:-_.-

--- --_ ........... --- -_ .......... _...-.._--_ ._--_ ...., , f"

~ : ' " " , ,_;... ...... __ ._ ..... _ ... ~ _ _ _ -: .. _ - : ~ ' • .-r



LJ£rcN5£ Or DESc:fNTSANOPROiECTIO/\/ ~ ~ A I N S T GRENAo£.S.

P 6 ~ f o c l ~ s ~ r boffo"m crdes<;el?r Jfo.5/ref c h l ( / J . a o f ~ t 1 c / ; i ! e I J'p/ l Q f e Q £ . J Q n v , ? ~ _?/sr/Y1l

Nofe:"lndroWing-fhc:se s H e f c h e ~ i ihs.5u'pPo.5ed tnqfMe grot/neliso / h 7 e d / u m h q r d n e ~ : s (7nd rht1f tAeoosfoc/e$ qrelo 6e aUi/!-arfer rhe:sheller is I/niskecl.Inorc(er noffoovercrowa' the.drow{/Jg fhe rmi7eOqHen:SdndyqriOl.ls

w/na'.... /JrClcing.sf-rub areno! ,shoWn.

on .in/dd/e / o 17d / /7g - ~

-

Documents

Construction of Deep Gallery Shelters