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11/22/2017
1
Dr. Soliman Mohammed Soliman
Lecturer of Infectious Diseases,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
• Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a serious highly contagious
respiratory disease of cattle.
• CBPP is characterized by chronic pneumonia and pleurisy
• CBPP cause mortality rates of up to 80%.
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Etiology
Natural hosts : Cattle (bovine and zebu), buffaloes
Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides
(bovine biotype)
- Small colony type
- Quickly inactivated in environment
Susceptibility
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 3
Geographic distribution
• CBPP is endemic in parts of Africa (Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana).
• Sporadic outbreaks are also reported in the Middle East, due to importation of
cattle from Africa.
• The situation in Asia is uncertain, but in the past, this disease was reported in many
countries.
• Although CBPP reemerged in Europe in the 1980s and 1990s, it was eradicated and
has not been reported since 1999.
• The Western hemi-sphere remained free of the disease during the recent outbreaks
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Transmission
Inhalation of infected drops of coughing from
infected animalMode of infection
Introduction of carrier animal to susceptible
herd is the main cause of outbreaksMode of Transmission
• The organism is present in saliva, urine, fetal membranes, uterine discharges
• Indirect transmission is not important, The organism survive for a few days in the environment
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Morbidity / Mortality
Increases with close confinement
Can reach 100% in susceptible
herds
Morbidity Mortality
Ranges from 10-70%
Affected by secondary factors :
Nutrition, parasitism
25% of recovered animals may become carriers
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Clinical Signs
• Incubation period: 10 days to 6 months
• Lethargy, anorexia, fever, cough
• Thoracic pain, reluctance to move with increased respiratory rate
• Changes in posture
Neck forward Neck outstretched
Legs apart
Elbow abduction (Elbows turned out )
AIR GASPING AIR HUNGER
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Clinical Signs
• Congenitally infected calves
Polyarthritis
May not show signs of pneumonia
• Subclinical cases can be carriers
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Post Mortem Lesions
Lung
• Thickening, inflammation of lung tissue
• Extensive fibrin accumulation, fibrosis “Marbling”
Thoracic cavity
• Up to 10 L straw-colored fluid present
Encapsulated sequestra
Joints enlargedOrganism survives, animal becomes carrier
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Lung distension Large unilateral lesionSoliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 14
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Marbling
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Marbling
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Fibrinous pleurisy
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Fluid in thoracic cavity Tendosynovitis and arthritis
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Diagnosis
• Unilateral pneumonia
• Polyarthritis in calves
• PM lesions helpful
Clinical signs Differential Diagnosis
• East Coast fever
• Bovine pasteurellosis
• Bronchopneumonia, TB
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Diagnosis
Serology
• Complement fixation (CFT)
Used only for herd diagnosis, not individual
Useful with subclinical cases
• Competitive ELISA
• Hemagglutination
Active herd outbreaks
PCR
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Treatment
• Antibiotics are ineffective in chronic cases
• Recommended only in endemic areas
• Treatment can not eliminate the organism, so it promote sequestration of organism and the development of carrier animals
• Recommended action in outbreak
• Slaughter and necropsy of a suspect animal
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Control
• The disease is notifiable (by law) to veterinary authorities
• In clean areas outbreaks are eradicated with
a) Testing of infected farms and slaughter of infected and contact animals
b) Quarantines
c) Movement control
d) Cleaning and disinfection : many routinely used disinfectants are effective against the organism
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Control
• In endemic areas
a) Quarantine, movement control
b) Testing of infected farms and slaughter of infected and contact animals
c) Vaccination with attenuated vaccine (eg, T1/44 strain), efficacy is limited (33-67%)
d) Cleaning and disinfection : Sodium hypochlorite (3%) , many routinely used disinfectants are effective against the organism
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Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)
• Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae
• Other mycoplasmas cause similar but distinct disease in small ruminants
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History
• 1873: First described in Algeria
• 1881: Major outbreak in South Africa
• Diseased goats led to spread
• Discovery that CCPP is highly infectious
• 1976: Mycoplasma F38 isolated In vitro
• 1993: Officially classified as M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae
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Economic Impact
• Direct costs
High mortality rates
Reduced milk and meat production
Treatment and control costs
• Indirect costs
Trade restrictions
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Geographic Distribution
• CCPP endemic in:
Africa
Asia
Middle East
Eastern Europe
Former USSR
• Never been found in North America
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Morbidity / Mortality
Often 100%
Disease severe in naïve animals
Chronic disease in endemic areas
Morbidity Mortality
Ranges from 60 to 100%
Increased with close contact
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Transmission
• Highly contagious
• Direct contact
Inhalation of infectious respiratory droplets
• Carrier animals may exist
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Clinical Signs
• Incubation period: 6 to 10 days.
• Respiratory symptoms
• Peracute
• Minimal clinical signs and affected goats can die within 1 to 3 days
• Acute
• High fever, anorexia, productive cough, wide stance, extended neck
• In the final stages of disease, the goat may not be able to move and stands with its front legs wide apart, and its neck stiff and extended.
• Chronic
• Cough, nasal charge, debilitation
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Post Mortem Lesions
Granular lung appearance
Fibrinous pneumonia
Chronic changes
• Pleuropneumonia
• Pleuritis
• Adhesions
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The lesions of CCPP are limited to the respiratory
system
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Differential Diagnosis
• Pasteurellosis
• Peste des petits ruminants
• Caseous lymphadenitis
• Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri
• Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type
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