Foreword

The book Contemporary Approaches in Education is a collection of research papers on a wide range of educational issues written by educators and researchers from several different institutions.

The first chapter, Learning and Teaching, opens with a paper by Gürses, Doğar, and Dalga which bases itself on the premise that in Interactive Direct Teaching Based on Constructivist Learning (IDTBCL), learning can be evaluated as a change-oriented or mental process. They set out to show that this model promotes a more active role for the students in which they take into account the importance of concepts as mental elements in order to develop positive attitudes not only toward science and learning, but also toward scientific process skills which in turn will help them increase their achievements. The paper argues that the students who took part in the study developed a positive attitude toward the IDTBCL model and that through making the learning environments more dynamic, comfortable, and in-teresting, the model is a promising alternative solution to the traditional teaching approach based upon memorising. The study by Ahmetoğlu, Ercan, Ildiz, and Ergin aimed to investigate the classroom management skills of preschool teachers in terms of a range of variables. The study sample consisted of 175 voluntary preschool teachers who teach in independent kindergartens, preschools within primary schools, and in private nursery schools. The research study, which used a “rela-tional scanning” model, concluded that the classroom management skills of the preschool teachers considered in the study were not statistically significant in terms of the variables tested (teachers’ ages, work branches, etc.). The investigation also showed that preschool teachers consider that they have good classroom manage-ment skills and that the training they get during their graduate education is influ-ential on those skills. In order to explore the nature of teacher-student interaction in an English language teaching and learning environment, the study by Tuyan aims to examine the features of teacher-student interactions at a school of foreign languages at Çukurova University, Turkey. The research study focuses on The In-terpersonal Perspective on Teacher Behaviour, which involves the Communicative Systems Approach and The Model for Interpersonal Teacher Behaviour, which aims to reflect the possible behaviours that teachers display in the classroom. The study, which involved 209 students and nine teachers, examines the correlation between pairs of teacher behaviour dimensions and draws conclusions. Uğur and Azizoğlu’s paper is based on an analysis of how textbooks transfer social values to Turkish children living abroad. Using a survey model for the research study, their results

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show that the arithmetic mean of the social values transferred by texts in Turkish language and culture textbooks is higher than that of others. The paper argues that Turkish children living abroad should be conscious about their national, as well as global, values in order to grow up as socially integrated individuals, without losing their own cultural identity. As such, it concludes that texts in the Turkish language, along with Turkish culture course books, should be carefully selected. The aim of the study by Öztürk and Öztürk is to examine candidate teachers’ attitudes towards the course “Turkish Republic Revolution History and Kemalism” with respect to different variables and to make practical suggestions in light of data obtained. The research population consisted of 180 candidate teachers, all volunteers, who began studying at the Ordu University Faculty of Education in the 2013–2014 academic year. In order to reveal the candidate teachers’ attitudes toward the course, the research study was based on a survey model. The course was delivered across three departments by the same lecturer. The study concludes that the attitudes of candi-date teachers towards the course differ by gender and department. The aim of the paper by Özer is to underline the necessity to increase the sense of responsibility with regard to elegant handwriting. In addition, it aims to increase the value at-tached to the action of elegant handwriting and the number of people who are capable of appreciating and displaying such writing. Coming from the perspective that music can contribute to language development, and also the social, psycho-motor, and intellectual development, of children from their early childhood educa-tion and onwards, Arslan’s paper aims to assess a music program implemented in elementary schools using classroom teachers’ opinions. The research study was carried out using the analytic method and the research data were collected through a survey. 80 teachers participated in the research study, which was carried out dur-ing the second term of the 2013–2014 academic year. In the research study, a five-point Likert type questionnaire consisting of 26 questions was used in order to identify the opinions of classroom teachers on the music program. The study makes a number of recommendations including advocating that in order to improve the current situation, teachers should structure their music lessons by using different teaching methods and that students in teaching schools should be educated to a sufficient level that would allow them to give competent music lessons. In analysing and comparing (reviewing) the non-verbal and written communication in Boris Pasternak’s novel “Doctor Zhivago,” Kalender identifies a total of ten written com-munication instruments and 76 examples of nonverbal communication compo-nents, which consists of different expressions of the head, face, hands, arms, and all body gestures. The author examines and analyses sentences from the literary work, which are identified as examples of nonverbal communication, and events and situations which require nonverbal communication. Acknowledging the fact

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that the evolving global economy, technology, and professional development have created additional requirements for employees concerning their knowledge and skills, with the education sector being no exception, the aim of Kalelioğlu’s study is to introduce an e-instructor certificate program and then evaluate it by examin-ing the reflections of the participants. This qualitative case study is carried out with eight participants who enrolled in the e-instructor certificate program at a private university in Ankara, Turkey. The paper concludes that according to the results, it can be said that the e-instructor certificate program met the participants’ expecta-tions. The paper by Kurudayioğlu and Yilmaz seeks to determine the persuasion and propaganda techniques in the persuasive texts written by students. The par-ticipants to the study were 30 undergraduate students in the third year of their programme at the Department of Turkish Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, in the first semester of the 2013–2014 academic year. The research study was conducted with 17 male and 13 female participants. The technique of descrip-tive analysis, which describes the data collected systematically and clearly accord-ing to predetermined themes, was utilised in the evaluation of the data obtained from the students. In the study, the researchers reveal which persuasion and prop-aganda techniques are preferred by the students and lecturers and the number of the most used techniques. Having observed that teachers of English as a foreign language working at primary schools in Gostivar, Macedonia rarely correct their student’s written work, Ejupia and Elezi set out, in their study, to investigate stu-dents’ beliefs concerning written error correction in order to guide the teachers on how to approach their students’ written work and hence, raise their awareness concerning the issue. Specifically, the study aims to find out which method of error correction is the most preferred and valuable in the opinion of the students and hence, what kind of feedback the teachers should give to their students. The target groups of this research study were 165 pupils in the eighth and ninth grades per school. Amongst the report’s conclusions, is supports the idea of combining tradi-tional and modern methods of written error correction. The purpose of the study by Dede was to examine teachers’ number sense on the basis that it has a significant role in the improvement of the number sense in their respective students. The participants were comprised of 464 senior students enrolled in faculties that provide training for elementary and secondary school mathematics teachers, from five universities located in three different regions of Turkey. A number sense test, de-veloped by the researchers and comprising 31 multiple-choice questions, was used as a data collection tool in the study and a survey model was adopted in order to describe and interpret the data. The report argues, amongst its findings, that the awareness teachers have about number sense, and its importance, can be raised by means of a professional training program in number sense. In the paper by Ajdini,

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all gathered data, comprising of 100 translations of 250–300 words, is exposed to quantitative and qualitative analysis with the aim of detecting, as well as identifying, translation competency implementation from the perspective of mother tongue interference impacting on fields such as grammar, syntax, semantics, and lexis. The author argues that translation equivalency efficiency is one of the factors which plays a key role in overall translation competency implementation and that, seen as a relationship between two texts in combination, equivalency in translation needs to be approached very carefully in terms of the overall meaning transfer from the student’s native language to the language being studied. The research study by Yaman, Tulumcu, and Tolaman aims to examine the problems experienced in teaching grammar from the perspective of pre-service teachers’ observations. The study group consisted of 60 students who took “School Experience,” “Teaching Practice,” and “Grammar Teaching” courses during the 2013–2014 academic year in the Department of Turkish Teaching in the Faculty of Education in Sakarya University. For their study, a phenomenological research design, which focuses on phenomena which we are aware of, but of which we do not have an in-depth and detailed comprehension of, was used by the authors. A “semi-structured interview form” was used in which the pre-service teachers were asked to answer the question: “What are the problems experienced in teaching grammar?” Content analysis was used in analysing the data. In recognising that the teaching of the English language has long been riddled with many different techniques and methods, the study by Göktepe sets out to evaluate teaching strategies as they pertain to student-teacher attitude towards compulsory English instruction and the rate of knowledge reten-tion amongst those students. 23 English for Specific Purposes teachers (19 female and four male) from an medium-sized English university in Turkey voluntarily participated in the study which employed a survey methodology that allowed for the gathering of both qualitative and quantitative data and the statistical analysis of several variables. Included in the findings, the author notes that many of the Turkish instructors report that their students do not see the need for learning English, or learning it in the way that they are taught, nor do they employ the ap-propriate strategies that will allow them to learn English effectively. The aim of the study by Şahin and Saridaş is to determine, from metaphors, the perceptions of classroom teachers with regard to the design of future learning environments. The research study, which bases itself on a qualitative structure, utilises a phenomeno-logical model. The participants of the study, who were selected by means of maxi-mum variation sampling, consisted of 60 classroom teachers serving in Canakkale in the 2014–2015 academic year. With regard to the method for collecting data, the researchers developed and used a “Metaphors of Future Learning Environments Questionnaire.” Additionally, for data analysis, they utilised content analysis for the

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data obtained from the study. In order to facilitate the analysis of textbooks in their research study, Mihriban, Karadeniz, and Göl employ the document analysis meth-od. The findings obtained from the analysis were presented in two stages, as findings obtained from primary and secondary education mathematics textbooks. The au-thors conclude that integrating the biographies of mathematicians into textbooks is of real importance as it enables the students to learn of the significance of human endeavour in relation to mathematics discoveries. It does however acknowledge the under-representation of female mathematicians through stating the fact that it is only male mathematicians who are mentioned in the textbooks.

The second chapter contains papers on educational policy. In Akyol’s study, the process of decision-making is compared with management and is discussed in relation to how it includes considering situations in order to choose one way of acting among the alternatives available. The paper argues that each organisation’s goals should aim towards improving the quality of its decisions and that the effects and sense of satisfaction produced by decisions at the lower levels are the most important keys for organisational success. The research study by Kişlali sets out to examine freshman expectations from the banking and insurance department of a newly established school of applied sciences in Turkey. The rationale for the study is that individuals’ perceptions and expectations are important in helping to define success factors in higher education and that freshman expectations are thought to be free from any prejudice caused by previous experience in higher education. For the purposes of the study, which used qualitative research methods, the freshmen were asked to briefly write about their expectations of the school of applied sci-ences. 55 freshmen out of 58 responded and their answers were summarised under 15 items. From the group, 21 of the volunteers agreed to do one-to-one interviews. The analyses showed that no contradiction or prominent difference was detected between what they wrote about their expectations and what they mentioned in the interviews. However, on the other hand, the report recommends that a combina-tion of qualitative and quantitative approaches is adopted for future studies and that geographic limitations are avoided in order to extend the scope of the study and increase its reliability level. With experimental and control groups determined by using the objective sampling method, Alkan and Koçak set out to investigate the role of technology in teaching activities with a study group of 106 pre-service teachers enrolled at Hacettepe University, Faculty of Education. While simulation-supported web-based instruction is used in the experimental group, the tradi-tional teacher-centred instruction approach is used for the control group. The researchers provide results which show that web-based instruction has been in-fluential in the improvement of the opinions of the pre-service teachers on the role of technology in education-instruction activities. Amongst their conclusions, they

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argue that web-based learning expands the learning framework of students by providing them with an unlimited learning environment and adds a new dimen-sion to the traditional classroom setting with the inclusion of real-life applications and assessments. In their study, Acarli, Koçak, and Alkan set out to investigate the reasons why high school students attend private courses. In the research study, a questionnaire was used by the researchers in order to collect data and determine the students’ reasons for going to private courses (six questions) and their opinions about private courses (five questions). The results showed that the students believe that there is a necessity for private courses, in part due to the current education system’s emphasis on exams. The study suggests that the reasons for the need for private courses should be investigated and that accordingly, there should be ap-propriate improvements made in the education system. In their paper, Akdoğan and Şeker argue that the gap between the application of accounting and account-ing education can be reduced by increasing the effectiveness of accounting educa-tion. They also point out that the major expectations of accounting training is to create an environment that provides students with required knowledge and qual-ifications in accounting. The research data set is based on the courses of business administration departments in Turkey’s 196 public and private universities and, in order to present the current conditions of this topic, the researchers use the descriptive model. From the data, the researchers compare the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System values and note, amongst the results, that there are some differences between the values among the public and private universities. On the basis that the research has shown that teachers lack knowledge, skills, and sometimes motivation to successfully teach in a culturally heterogeneous class-room, and that this in turn impacts upon the integration of individuals from dif-ferent cultures into society, the aim of the study by Arslan and Satici is to examine and discuss the intercultural competence levels of pre-service teachers through facilitating the interaction of people from different regions of Turkey in schools and classrooms. The authors’ research study uses a survey method to describe the levels of intercultural sufficiency within a group of candidate teachers who began work at governmental schools in districts within Kocaeli in the 2012–2013 aca-demic year. The data were collected through 292 questionnaires that were com-pleted by the participants of the survey. Having acknowledged and outlined the importance and significance of vocational technical schools, and their teachers, in creating a qualified workforce in industry, Ira sets out to examine and discuss the current state of teacher training in vocational technical education in Turkey. The author sets the context through tracing the history of vocational technical educa-tion in Turkey and identifies and makes suggestions for solving a range of issues related to its current standing in the country. On the basis that previous studies

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have shown a correlation between environmental education and positive attitudes towards the environment, Sali, Körükçü, and Akyol set out in their research study to elicit the environmental knowledge and environmental awareness of 130 pre-school teachers serving in the province of Yozgat. Personal information forms and environmental awareness questionnaires, designed by the researchers, were used as data collection tools in the study. A relational survey model was implemented in the research study and the results were analysed. A weak relationship was ob-served between attitudes toward the environment and environmentally friendly behaviours and between attitudes toward the environment and environmental knowledge of preschool teachers; a very weak relationship was found between environmentally friendly behaviours and environmental knowledge. The paper by Sipitanou and Charilkeia is an empirical study in the field of school education; it attempts to investigate the possible relationship between the quality of educa-tional work at the school level and the degree of leadership efficiency of the school principal. The study took place in Thessaloniki, Greece and the research sample, which consisted of 313 secondary teachers, independent of their gender, age, and working experience, were asked to assess the leading competency of their princi-pal as well as the quality of educational work. For the collection of data, the quan-titative method was used. More specifically, a questionnaire separated into two parts with closed ended questions was used. The first part of the questionnaire examined the quality of educational work with a five-point Likert scale. To inves-tigate the possible relationship between the degree of leadership efficiency of the principal and the quality of the teaching work, a correlation analysis was applied. The paper concurs with other research studies in its conclusion that leadership is a significant factor which affects the efficiency of a school and that the training of school principals is essential. The aim of the study by Zembat, Adagideli, Akşin, Çobanoğlu, Gölbaşi, Kiliç, and Usbaş was to determine the problems preschool teachers and administrators face in the managerial area. A literature review was carried out regarding management problems in preschool educational institutions and a semi-structured interview was created by the researchers. 76 participants (15 administrators and 61 teachers) were chosen from İstanbul using an appropri-ate sampling method. “Descriptive analysis,” which is one of the qualitative re-search methods, was used in the study. The data gathered for descriptive analysis were summarised and interpreted according to predetermined themes. The four themes most frequently highlighted by teachers were: problems with management staff, shortcomings of educational environment, the fact that the preschool educa-tion field is not taken seriously, and problems of communication and dialogue. In the paper by Kiral and Totur, the document analysis method is used to analyse the education systems of Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong (known as

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the four Asian Tigers due to their significant roles in the world economy). In ad-dition, the curricula at all levels (pre-school education, primary education, second-ary education, higher education, vocational and technical education, and special needs education), educational statistics, and investment in education in these countries are compared and contrasted. An expanded literature search as a descrip-tive research method is used in this study in order to present the findings of the research study in an organised and analytical way to the readers. The researchers note amongst their findings that by virtue of the countries’ educational policies, they have a remarkable record of high and prolonged economic growth. They also note that the countries’ investment in education, and education policies, are vin-dicated by the fact that they emerge amongst the leading performers on the Pro-gram for International Student Assessment. With women representing around half of all people employed in educational institutions, Göl and Sevinc set out in their study to investigate the reasons why only 6% of them have a postgraduate educa-tion degree. The research population consisted of 21 women teachers that work at the researchers’ schools and do not have postgraduate education degrees. In order to examine their experiences, the research design was based on the descriptive survey model which is one of the qualitative research methods. The data were acquired in face-to-face interviews using semi-structured interview forms and was analysed using the content analysis method. Included amongst the results was the observation that whilst single participants have a positive opinion of postgraduate education, married ones with no children and those between 20–29 years of age are less motivated in acquiring a postgraduate education degree. The results also found that participants married with children and in their 30s or over found that there were too many barriers for them to overcome to achieve a postgraduate education. The paper by Erigüç and Eriş sets out to identify the relationship be-tween academic success and time management skills of students enrolled at Har-ran University Vocational School of Health Services. Various socio-demographic characteristics were taken into account, including age, gender, program, year of study, and residence, in order to determine the relationship. The study group con-sisted of 105 students who responded to a questionnaire that was comprised of three sections. Additionally, descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of data obtained within the scope of the survey. The authors argue that knowing the importance of time management will help people to become skilful at time man-agement.

The third chapter is dedicated to school psychology. The aim of the paper by Ince and Kasapoğlu is to seek answers to questions relating to school masters’ self-monitoring levels. The research study is a descriptive survey and the popula-tion study is composed of elementary and middle school masters who work in

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Osmaniye, Turkey. At the end of the research study, recommendations are made for further analyses, as follows: 1) investigation of why school administrators working in villages show significant differences on the self-monitoring scale items compared with other groups, 2) investigation of whether there is a relationship between the economic possibilities of the schools and the high self-monitoring level of the groups which have very low and very high average annual income compared with the group which has middle average annual income, 3) exploration of the self-monitoring levels of candidates during oral examinations for the selec-tion of school administrators, and 4) providing school administrators with prop-er training in order to enable them to adjust their actions and reactions to specific situations encountered in their daily routine. The research study by Koca attempts to investigate the perception of female students attending maritime in-stitutions of higher education in Turkey and who are planning to work in the sector. The aim of the study is to see how a climate of gender discrimination and prejudice affects their student life. The analysis is based on a case-study, namely the Barbaros Maritime School of the Kocaeli University. The study uses the survey technique to gather the data which was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The results showed that there is a statistically significant correla-tion between gender and gender discrimination and prejudice. The author of the research study plans for it to contribute to the literature, as it explains the relation-ship between gender discrimination and prejudice in the maritime sector, one of the sectors where male employees are predominant, by revealing the perception on gender discrimination and prejudice through sampling. It also aims to point out the importance of training and employing females in the maritime sector which is a growing sector in Turkey. In the introduction of their paper, Aydin, Bekir, and Çiçek discuss the important issue of children who witness family vio-lence becoming more likely to become parents who themselves act violently, or become victims of violence, as a result of becoming accustomed to violence dur-ing their childhood and adolescence. The authors argue that that in order to help halt the cycle of violence, carrying out research on current university students, who may become educated parents of the future generation, can create the pos-sibility to intervene at an early stage. The research study aims to develop a scale in order to determine the degree of “witnessing violence of the father against the mother during childhood and adolescence” of the study group which consisted of 200 male students who studied in different departments of the Gazi University Faculty of Tourism in the 2011–2012 academic year. Ogelman adopts a relational survey method in order to investigate the effect of the environmental attitudes of parents on the environmental attitudes of preschool children. The sample group of the study consisted of 99 children (59 male and 40 female) aged five to six years

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in preschool education, 99 mothers, and 99 fathers in the province of Denizli, Turkey. The research study argues that as parents are the first teachers, role mod-els, and guides of their children, their own environmental awareness impacts upon their children’s environmental attitudes. Having reviewed related literature, the paper also concludes that there is no relevant research study that differs in their results. The study by Aydoğan, Okyay, Ak, Alppteker, Akkaya, and Koç sets out to investigate improvements that can be made in the life quality of children with leukemia. The rationale behind the project is in part due to the increase in inci-dence of cancer worldwide and because, as the most frequent form of childhood cancer, leukemia now accounts for around 30% of total childhood cancer cases. The project aims to support the development and education of children in the zero to 18 age group, receiving treatment and care in an oncology clinic, in a healthy, safe, and stimulant-rich environment, and to offer the families the personal de-velopment support they may need. The study group in the project, which is in-tended to last twelve months, is composed of children of ages ranging from zero to 18 years old, who were diagnosed with leukemia, or other forms of cancer, at the Department of Child Health and Diseases, Division of Child Hematology, as well as their families. Acknowledging the fact that a large amount of research on second / foreign language learning motivation, as an area of study within the English Language Teaching field, has been done since the 1960s, the paper by Inözü aims to explore and understand the contextual factors shaping learners’ motivational processes from multi-level perspectives. The study adopts a mixed methods approach in its research design and uses a repertory grid for the purpose of collecting data regarding the features of a good language learner from the per-spective of the participants, the participants’ perceptions of themselves as language learners, and the participants’ perception of their ideal selves as language learners. In recognising that motivation needs to be kept high in order for students to continue learning and to succeed, the author hopes to shed light on the role of motivational self-regulation, whilst acknowledging the need for further research, larger in scope, to draw any firm conclusions. The main purpose of the study by Ramazan and Arslan is to better understand the self-concepts of Turkish pre-school-age female children, between the ages of five to six years, with regard to gender identity and gender roles through exploring their perceptions of them-selves, along with their gender expectations and gender role development. To better understand the concepts preschool girls incorporate into their self-percep-tions for gender identity, the research study used the qualitative method. The participants in the study were 38 female preschool students that were randomly chosen from six kindergartens of a primary public school in the district of Kagithane, Istanbul in a neighbourhood where families with low and middle

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socioeconomic status live. The data were collected through individual interviews comprised of semi-structured open-ended questions and descriptive analysis was utilised in the analysis of the data. The results of the study show the girls’ self-concepts were defined not by a variety of personal experiences of childhood, but rather, by gender roles. The main objective of the study by Kandemir is to measure the gender perception of children between the ages of four and six years old. In order to achieve this goal, a group of ten people was formed in order to perform observations on both public and private early childhood education institutions where they were employed as interns or practical trainees. Based on the observa-tions, a questionnaire was formed, which was given to a total of 124 children who participated in the survey. The children’s answers were evaluated and a range of conclusions were drawn, including the observation that children acquire gender discriminating points of view by observing the interaction between men and women in society starting with their own family. The study by Hamiden, Uyanik, and Yaşar aims to examine the social skills of preschoolers attending public and private institutions using teachers’ assessment. To achieve this, the authors set out to determine whether preschoolers’ social behaviours differ according to the type of institution they attend (private or public), gender, duration of school-attend-ance, and parents’ level of education. 104 children were included in the sample of the study and were selected via the random sampling method. The research study is based on a descriptive survey model. The target population of the study consists of five to six year old children who attend public and private preschool institutions affiliated to the Afyonkarahisar Provincial Directorate for National Education. The authors conclude by offering suggestions for institutions, educators, and par-ents on the issues raised. The paper by Taneri, Nayir, and Akioğlu sets out to in-vestigate primary schools teachers’ opinions about positive discrimination. The rational for the study is based on the fact that research has shown that teachers have some misconceptions about discrimination and positive discrimination. A qualitative research design with semi-structured interviews was used. The par-ticipants were four volunteer teachers from public primary schools around An-kara who were asked to respond to questions containing demographic information such as age, branch, and work experience. The collected data were analysed using content analyses and the recorded interviews were transcribed. The results confirm that some teachers do not know exactly what positive discrimination means. Amongst their conclusions, the researchers argue that affirmative action plans and positive discrimination strategies should be used in schools when there are situ-ations of unequal opportunities. However, they also argue that under certain con-ditions, positive discrimination strategies can increase the disadvantages of certain groups. The main focus point of the study by Aker is the show that the anchor

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makes on television and how this is seen by the audience. Its aim is to evaluate whether ‘anchors’ as a professional personality of news bulletins on television is a criterion for watching a given channel, or a news bulletin, and whether or not the body language used contributes to this process. The target population consists of six Turkish anchors and 1,500 subjects related to the field took part in the study. Due to the lack of proper national studies, and to the different findings from previous research studies focusing on the language development of twins, the study by Çiçekler and Tatli aims to determine the receptive and expressive lan-guage levels of twins and singletons and in so doing, make a valuable contribution to the field. With this broader goal in mind, the following questions are investi-gated: (a) Is there a difference between receptive and expressive language levels of twins and singletons? and (b) Do the receptive and expressive language levels of twins and singletons differ according to gender, preschool status (attending or not attending a preschool), number of siblings, and birth order? The study was con-ducted using a relational survey model and the sample of the research study in-cluded 291 children (194 twins and 97 singletons) aged between 48 and 66 months from the central districts of Konya province in Turkey.

Kevin Norley