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Contemporary Health
Issues 1
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Non-communicable diseases do not spread from
person to person. They have other causes. Therefore,
it is important to know which sickness are infectious
and which are not.
Non-Communicable or Non-Infectious diseases
have many different causes. But they are
never caused by germs, bacteria, or other
living organisms that attack the body. They
never spread from one person to another. It is
important to realize that antibiotics, or
medicines that fight germs do not help in
curing non-infectious diseases.
EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Rheumatism
Heart attack
Epilepsy
Stroke
Migraines
Cataract
Cancer
Problems caused by something that wears out or goes
wrong within the body:
HEART ATTACK
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.
More than 1.5 million cases per year (Nigeria)
EPILEPSY
A disorder in which
nerve cell activity in
the brain is disturbed,
causing seizures.
More than 100
thousand cases
per year (Nigeria)
Epilepsy may occur as a result
of a genetic disorder or an
acquired brain injury, such as a
trauma or stroke.
STROKE
Damage to the
brain from
interruption of its
blood supply.
More than 100
thousand cases
per year (Nigeria)
CATARACT
SKIN CANCERCANCER
A disease in which
abnormal cells divide
uncontrollably and
destroy body tissue.
EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Allergies (A condition in which the immune system
reacts abnormally to a foreign substance.)
Asthma (A condition in which a person's airways
become inflamed, narrow and swell and produce
extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe.)
Snakebite
Problems caused by foreign materials (from
outside the body) that harm or trouble the
body:
EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Cough from smoking
Stomach ulcer (A sore that develops on the lining of
the oesophagus, stomach or small intestine.)
Alcoholism (A chronic disease characterised by
uncontrolled drinking and preoccupation with
alcohol.)
Problems caused by foreign materials (from
outside the body) that harm or trouble the
body:
Asthma
More than 1.5 million cases per year (Nigeria)
STOMACH ULCER
STOMACH ULCER
More than 100 thousand cases
per year (Nigeria)
Affect male more than female
EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Malnutrition (Lack of sufficient nutrients in the
body.)
Pellagra (disease caused by a lack of the vitamin
niacin (vitamin B3))
Problems caused by some form of deficiency in
the body:
EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Anaemia (A condition in which the blood doesn't
have enough healthy red blood cells.)
Goiter (Abnormal enlargement of the butterfly-
shaped gland below the Adam's apple (thyroid).
Cirrhosis of the liver (Chronic liver damage from a
variety of causes leading to scarring and liver failure.)
Anaemia
More than 1.5 million cases per year (Nigeria)
GOITRE
Abnormal enlargement of
the butterfly-shaped gland
below the Adam's apple
(thyroid).
More
than 100
thousand
cases per
year
(Nigeria)
CONSEQUENCES OF MALNUTRITION
More
than 100
thousand ca
ses per year
(Nigeria)
CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER
More than 100
thousand case
s per year
(Nigeria)
EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Harelip
Epileptic
Crossed or wall-eyes
Mental retardation
Children Birthmarks
Problems people are born with:
EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Paranoia (Fear that something is harmful when it is not)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (A chronic
condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity and
impulsiveness).
Autism (A serious developmental disorder that impairs
the ability to communicate and interact).
Problems that begin in mind (mental illness - A wide range
of conditions that affect mood, thinking and behaviour.)
EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Belief in hexes (witchcraft)
Bipolar disorder (A disorder associated with episodes of
mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.)
Schizophrenia (A disorder that affects a person's ability to
think, feel and behave clearly.)
Obsessive compulsive disorder (Excessive thoughts
(obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviours (compulsions))
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DANGEROUS
DISEASES
Loss of large amounts of blood from anywhere in
the body
Coughing up blood
Marked blueness of lips and nails (if it is new)
Great difficulty in breathing,
The person is so weak , he faints when he stands up
A day or more without being able to urinate
The person cannot be wakened (coma)
A day or more without being able to drink any liquids
Heavy vomiting or severe diarrhea that lasts for more than
one day or more than a few hours in babies
Black stools like tar, or vomit with blood
Strong, continuous stomach pains with vomiting in a person
who does not have diarrhea or cannot have a bowel
movement
Any strong continuous pain that lasts for more than
3 days
Stiff neck with ached back, with or without a stiff jaw
More than one fit (convulsions) in someone with fever
or serious illness
High fever (above 39o C) that cannot be brought
down or that lasts more than 4 or 5 days
Weight loss over an extended time
Blood in the urine
Sores that keep growing and do not go away with
treatment
A lump in any part of the body that keeps getting
bigger
NAME
COMMON COLD
DESCRIPTION
It is a very popular disease and common during the wet season,
responsible for many absenteeism in working places and schools.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
It is a short but acute disease with mild fever, chilly sensations and
nasal irritation. It may also be accompanied with sneezing, nasal
discharges, sore throat hoarse voice and cough.
INCUBATION PERIOD
It usually lasts for about 2 – 7 days with about 24 hours as
incubation period i.e. it can be termed as a “sudden disease”.
CAUSES
A group of viruses known as rhinoviruses.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Droplet from infected person.
SUSCEPTIBLES
All people
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
There is no specific form of vaccine or treatment yet. However, avoidance of
staying with cases, crowded areas and sneezing in handkerchief while in crowded
area may be of help.
TREATMENT
It is desirable that the case rest and sleep well and take fruits. Pain relieving
tablets may be used, inhalation of steam or menthol for nasal congestion while
antibiotics as recommended by medical doctors may be used for complication.
Such as otitis media, sinusitis and broncho pneumonia.
1. TUBERCULOSIS2. TETANUS3. DIARRHEA4. PNEUMONIA5. FLU6. MEASLES7. MUMPS8. CHICKENPOX9. RABIES10.RINGWORM11.MALARIA12.CANCER13.HIV AND AIDS14.CHOLERA15.POLIO16.SCABIES17.SARS ( SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME)
End of lecture
Thank you
