You will find this book interesting: Biology concepts presented in a diagrammatic form. Specially written to ease learning and to stimulate interest in Biology, this book will help students in acquiring and reinforcing Biology concepts, and especially the difficult ones, more easily and effectively.

This book makes learning easier through the following features:

Learning OutcomesLearning outcomes on the header point out the concepts that you should focus on in the process of learning.

Important Concepts and Key TermsThe important concepts and key terms are presented clearly in simple language. Further explanations linked to the diagrams help you better understand the concepts.

Interesting VisualsVisual aids such as concept maps, flow charts and annotated diagrams are integrated to make the concepts easier to understand and remember.

Real-life examplesThese examples show real-life application of concepts and explain the inquiries on the phenomena that happen in our everyday lives.

Instant FactsThese are extra information that can help you acquire a more in-depth understanding of the topic under discussion.

This book complements the school curriculum and will certainly help in your preparation for the examinations.

The Editorial Team

PREFACE

Theme 1: Principles of Biology1 Introduction to Biology ■ 1 1.1 Understanding the Study of Biology ■ 3 1.2 Analysing the Scientific Method ■ 4

2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisation ■ 1 2.1 Identifying the Structure of Animal Cell ■ 6 2.2 Identifying the Structure of Plant Cell ■ 7 2.3 Comparing the Structure of Animal and Plant Cells ■ 8 2.4 Stating the Relationship between Cell Function and Cell Structure ■ 9 2.5 Understanding Living Processes in Unicellular Organisms ■ 10 2.6 Understanding Cell Organisation ■ 11

3 Movement of Substances ■ 1 3.1 Understanding Plasma Membrane ■ 12 3.2 Understanding Diffusion and Osmosis ■ 14 3.3 Discussing the Effects of Osmosis ■ 16 3.4 Understanding Active Transport ■ 19 3.5 Comparing Diffusion and Active Transport ■ 20

4 Biological Molecules ■ 2 4.1 Understanding Chemical Composition of the Cell ■ 21 4.2 Understanding Carbohydrates ■ 22 4.3 Understanding Proteins ■ 24 4.4 Understanding Lipids ■ 26 4.5 Carrying Out Food Tests ■ 27 4.6 Understanding Enzymes ■ 28 4.7 Investigating Factors Affecting the Activity of Enzymes ■ 30

Theme 2: Maintenance and Regulation of Life Processes5 Nutrition in Humans ■ 33 5.1 Understanding Types of Nutrition ■ 36 5.2 Describing Food Digestion ■ 37 5.3 Understanding Absorption and Assimilation of Digested Food ■ 41 5.4 Describing Formation of Faeces and Defecation ■ 45

6 Nutrition in Plants ■ 33 6.1 Understanding Chloroplast ■ 46 6.2 Understanding the Mechanism of Photosynthesis ■ 47 6.3 Investigating and Discussing Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis

■ 49 6.4 Understanding Leaf Structure and Function ■ 51

CONTENTS

7 Transport in Humans ■ 33 7.1 Understanding the Importance of Having a Transport System in Some

Multicellular Organisms ■ 54 7.2 Understanding the Concept of Circulatory System ■ 55 7.3 Describing the Mechanism of Blood Clotting ■ 64 7.4 Describing the Role of the Circulatory System in Body Defence Mechanism

■ 66 7.5 Appreciating a Healthy Cardiovascular System ■ 70

8 Transport in Plants ■ 34 8.1 Explaining the Functions of Xylem and Phloem ■ 71 8.2 Understanding the Concept of Transport of Substances in Plants ■ 74

9 Respiration ■ 34 9.1 Understanding Respiratory Process in Energy Production ■ 79 9.2 Understanding Respiratory Structures ■ 81 9.3 Understanding Gaseous Exchange across the Respiratory Surfaces and

Transport of Gases in Humans ■ 83 9.4 Understanding the Importance of Maintaining a Healthy Respiratory System

■ 86

10 Coordination and Response ■ 35 10.1 Understanding Stimuli and Coordination ■ 88 10.2 Understanding the Role of Human Nervous System ■ 90 10.3 Understanding the Eye ■ 96 10.4 Identifying the Endocrine System ■ 100 10.5 Understanding the Role of Hormones in Humans ■ 101 10.6 Describing the Regulation of Blood Glucose Level ■ 103 10.7 Comparing Nervous System and Endocrine System ■ 104

Theme 3: Continuity of Life11 Reproduction in Plants ■ 105 11.1 Understanding Reproduction ■ 107 11.2 Understanding Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants ■ 108 11.3 Comparing Insect-pollinated and Wind-pollinated Flowers ■ 113 11.4 Understanding Growth in Multicellular Organisms ■ 114

12 Reproduction in Humans ■ 105 12.1 Identifying Male Reproductive System ■ 115 12.2 Identifying Female Reproductive System ■ 117 12.3 Understanding Male and Female Gametes ■ 119 12.4 Describing the Role of Hormones in the Menstrual Cycle ■ 121 12.5 Understanding the Early Development of a Zygote in Humans ■ 123 12.6 Understanding Sexually Transmitted Diseases ■ 125

13 Inheritance ■ 106 13.1 Defining Concept of Inheritance Based on Mendel’s Experiment ■ 127 13.2 Understanding Inheritance ■ 131 13.3 Relating DNA, Genes and Chromosomes ■ 134

14 Variation ■ 106 14.1 Describing Variation in Organisms ■ 135 14.2 Understanding Mutation ■ 136 14.3 Analysing Mutation and Variation ■ 137

Theme 4: Man and His Environment15 Dynamic Ecosystem ■ 138 15.1 Understanding Abiotic and Biotic Components of the Environment

■ 139 15.2 Understanding Ecosystem ■ 143 15.3 Explaining Food Chain and Food Web ■ 144 15.4 Describing Pyramid of Numbers ■ 146 15.5 Explaining Energy Flow ■ 147 15.6 Describing the Carbon Cycle ■ 148 15.7 Classifying Organisms ■ 149 15.8 Understanding the Impact of Microorganisms on Life ■ 151

16 Endangered Ecosystem ■ 138 16.1 Discussing Human Activities that Endanger an Ecosystem ■ 152 16.2 Discussing the Importance of Proper Management of Development

Activities and the Ecosystem ■ 159 16.3 Appreciating Biodiversity ■ 160