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Europe and North America Section 3
Content Statement: Analyze how the U.S.
and U.S.S.R. became superpowers and
competed for global influence.
Main Idea
The Cold War brought tremendous economic and social change
to North America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the
Soviet Union.
Changing Societies
Europe and North America Section 3Europe Post WWII
Europe and North America Section 3NATO VS WARSAW PACT
Europe and North America Section 3
Europe and North America Section 3Ch 15-3 vocabulary
• Solidarity: an independent labor union founded
in Soviet-controlled Poland in 1980.
• Glasnost: “openness” refers to a new era of
media freedom in Soviet Union under Mikhail
Gorbachev in the 1980’s
• Perestroika: “restructuring”; restructuring of the
corrupt government bureaucracy in the
U.S.S.R. begun by Gorbachev. Reform
economic system as well.
• Velvet Revolution: (1989) a quick, peaceful
revolution that swept Communists from power
in Czechoslovakia
Europe and North America Section 3
• Western Europe faced challenging future after World War II
• At end of war, much of Western Europe lay in ruins
• Property, farmland destroyed; national economies collapsed; millions
displaced from homes; seemed on brink of chaos
• Chaos did not come, thanks in large part to Marshall Plan
• With American aid, Western
Europe’s factories produced
more in 1950s than before
war
• West Germany became major
economic power
• Growth strong in other
countries
Economic Growth
• Availability of jobs attracted
immigrants from former
colonies
• Created strain as Europeans
struggled to adapt to
newcomers, their cultures
Influx of Immigrants
1) Postwar Recovery/Western Europe
Europe and North America Section 3
World War II had changed Europe’s place in the world. The continent was no
longer the center of world power; instead, the United States and the Soviet
Union were centers of power.
• European nations
began to end
longstanding
rivalries, work for
common good
• NATO unified many
nations in strong
military alliance with
U.S., Canada
Alliances
• Many Western
European nations
moved toward
economic unity
• Cooperation
begun in coal,
steel industries,
and development
of atomic energy
Economic Unity
• Broader efforts to
develop single
regional market, free
of trade barriers
• Goal to create single
market to rival United
States
Markets
2)Alliances and Economic Unity
Europe and North America Section 32) Alliance and Economic Unity/The Common Market
European Economic Community
• 1957, six European nations founded European Economic
Community; also known as Common Market
• Six countries were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg,
West Germany and the Netherlands.
• 1960, seven other European countries formed rival European
Free Trade Association
• True economic unity in Europe still years in future
Europe and North America Section 33) Page 493
Europe and North America Section 3
Stalin-era economic and political restrictions loosened, but country remained
Communist. Individual freedoms limited, still hostile stance against the West.
The challenges facing the Soviet Union and the Eastern European nations
under its control were even more overwhelming than those facing
Western Europe. Like Western Europe, however, the region soon began to
recover.
• Tens of millions killed in war
• Heavy damage to cities and farms
• Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin
determined to rebuild quickly
• Soviet Union had command
economy
• Stalin wanted to prove superiority of
communism to capitalism.
The Postwar Soviet Union
4) Post War Soviet Union /Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
• Government controls all economic
decisions
• Goods at prewar levels by 1953
under strict government control.
• Stalin dies in 1953.
• Nikita Krushchev became leader of
Soviet Union, undertook effort to “de-
Stalinize” Soviet Union
• Tore down statues of Stalin and
renames streets and towns named
after Stalin.
Command Economy
Europe and North America Section 3
• Soviet crackdowns did not end
protests in Eastern Europe
• 1980, Polish electrician Lech Walesa
led hundreds of thousands of workers
in anti-government protest
movement, called Solidarity
• Poland’s Communist government
used martial law to suppress
movement, could not destroy it
Solidarity
• Changes after Stalin’s death led
Eastern Europeans to hope for end
of Soviet domination
• Soviet leaders made it clear reforms
were limited
• Used or threatened force to crush
public protests in many countries,
assert control
• Troops put down revolts in East
Germany (1953), Poland (1956),
Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia
(1968)
Many Changes
5) Revolts in Eastern Europe
Europe and North America Section 3Europe Post WWII
Europe and North America Section 3
Soviet Economy Faltered
• Soviet economy performed well after war, began to falter in 1960s
• By 1980s, Soviet Union faced crisis; command economy system
inefficient
• Production goals made with little regard for wants, needs of
marketplace. Why bad?
New Concepts
• Proposed two radical concepts—glasnost, perestroika
• Glasnost, “openness,” willingness to discuss Soviet problems openly.
New era of media freedom.
• Perestroika, “restructuring,” reform of Soviet economic, political
system
Gorbachev
• Goals stressed heavy industry, neglecting needed consumer goods
• As result most sectors of Soviet economy ceased to grow
• 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, saw need for change
6)Glasnost and Perestroika
Europe and North America Section 3
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6)Policy Reversal
• Gorbachev knew Soviet Union could not afford to prop up
Communist governments of Eastern Europe
• Began to pull Soviet troops out of region, urged local leaders to
adopt reforms
• Reversed decades of Soviet policy in Eastern Europe
6)Reforms
• Gorbachev pushed through number of major reforms
• Aggressively pursued arms control agreements with U.S.
• Also reduced central planning of Soviet economy, introduced
some free market mechanisms. Moving from command to
market economy
Europe and North America Section 3
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Europe and North America Section 3
• Eastern Europeans longed for freedom, did not wait for reform
• 1989, revolution spread; citizens overthrew Soviet-backed leaders
• Gorbachev, no longer wanting to control Eastern Europe, did not
interfere
• Most revolutions were peaceful
• Solidarity forced elections in Poland; Lech Walesa elected president
• Czechoslovakia had Velvet
Revolution—so called
because it was peaceful
• Pushed communists out of
power
• Only bloodshed in Romania,
where some military forces
remained loyal to Communist
dictator
Czechoslovakia, Romania
• Most dramatic changes took
place in East Germany
• Berlin Wall opened November
1989
• Strongest symbol of Soviet
repression, Cold War, finally fell
• Less than year later, East, West
Germany reunified as single
nation
East Germany
7)Revolutions in Eastern Europe
Europe and North America Section 3USSR
Europe and North America Section 3