Contents of Physical Pharmacy

1

T231-Physical Pharmaceutics I (Theory) (3Hrs/week)

Section-I

TOPICS Hrs

1. States of Matter: A. Gases and liquid: Introduction: Kinetic Molecular Theory.Real gases & Ideal gases : Deviation from gas theory, effects of temperature and pressure compressibility factor; Critical phenomenon, Critical constant and their determination; Vander waals equation and critical state, correction for pressure and volume, law of corresponding states (Equation only, no derivation), liquefaction of gases, Faradays method, Lindes process. Claudes process. Aerosols: - Introduction, Definition, Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications, Classification. Brief explanation of Propellants & their classes.{No discussion about nomenclature of Propellants}Application of liquefaction to aerosols i.e. principle of aerosols, mechanism of working of aerosols, Two & Three Phase systems. B. Solids Types of solids, Crystallization , Definition of Habit, Faces of crystal, method of crystal analysis (X-ray crystallography) ,Braggs equation its derivation. Braggs method and powder method; Polymorphism: Defination, Enantiotropy & Monotropy, examples and its application to pharmacy, mention different detection techniques only. NOTE:- Problems only using Bragges equation to calculate ‘d’ and ‘n’. 2. Thermodynamics: Introduction, definition, limitations, Thermodynamic terms & basic concepts, Homogeneous & heterogeneous systems, Types of Thermodynamic systems{like Isolated, Closed & Open system}, Intensive & Extensive properties, Thermodynamic processes{like Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isobaric, Isochoric & Cyclic processes}. First law of thermodynamics: Various forms of first law & its significance, Concept of reversible & irreversible processes, enthalpy. Introduction to exothermic & endothermic reactions, heat of reaction, heat of formation, heat of combustion, Hesses law of constant heat summation & its applications; Second law of thermodynamic: Introduction; Third law of thermodynamics: Introduction, concept of Gibbs and Helmholtz free energy. Statement of Zeroth law. NOTE:- No Derivations only equations. 3. Diffusion and Dissolution: A. Diffusion: Introduction, Definition, related phenomenon like Dialysis, osmosis, ultrafiltration; Applications of diffusion, terms used in diffusion{like steady , non steady state & sink condition}. Ficks first law of diffusion: flux, statement, mathematical equation, Applications. Ficks second law of diffusion: statement, mathematical equation. Diffusion cells: Simple diffusion cell – Apparatus & measurement of diffusion. Brief explanation of Horizontal & vertical type cells. B.Dissolution: Introduction, Definition, Applications of dissolution, Noyes and Whitney equation. Dissolution studies apparatus {Rotating basket & Paddle type only}. Powder dissolution- Hixson – Crowell cube root law.

05 03 06

05

03

SECTION II

Topics Hrs.

4. Complexation: Introduction, Applications of complexation in pharmacy & medicine. Classification of complexes, methods of preparation & analysis. 5. Solution of Non Electrolytes: Properties and types of solutions, Ideal & real solution, Escaping tendency, Raoults law and deviation from it, Henrys law, Boiling point diagram, Azeotrops; Colligative properties: Lowering of vapor pressure- methods to study{like Manometric, Isopestic, Hill blades apparatus, Osmometer}, Elevation of boiling point- methods to study{like Landsberger- Walker & Cottrells method}, depression of freezing point methods to study{like Beckman’s & Rast’s camphor method}, Osmotic pressure: semipermiable membrane and osmotic pressure, measurement of osmotic pressure{like Pfeffers, Berkeley & Hartley’s method, modern osmometer}, Brief explanation of isotonic solution, Van’Hoff & Morse equation for osmotic pressure. NOTE:- Problems for determination of molecular weight based on above colligative properties. 6.Solution of Eectrolyte: Electrolysis, Faradays laws of electrolysis:- First law- Statement, mathematical equation, Second law- Statement, mathematical equation, Conductance: Equivalent and specific conductance, conductometric titrations, conductance and degree of dilution, Colligative properties of solution of electrolyte, Arrhenius theory and Debye- Huckel theory. 7. Solubility and Distribution Phenomenon: General principles, types of solvent, solubility of gases in liquids, effect of temperature, pressure, chemical reaction and salting out of gases, solubility of liquids in liquids, solubility of salts: solubility of slightly soluble electrolyte, solubility of weak electrolyte- influence of pH, influence of solvent, combine influence of pH and solvents, , influence of surfactants: Distribution coefficient{Nernst coefficient}, True and Apparent Distribution Phase rule – 1 component system{water}; co-solvency.

04 08 05 06

2

Books Recommended:

1. Martin, Swarbrick- Physical pharmacy 2. C.V.S. Subrahmanyam- Text Book of Physical Pharmaceutics, IInd edition,

Vallabh Prakashan. 3. Glasstone and Lewis - Elements of physical chemistry 4. Maron S. and Pruton - Physical chemistry 5. Alfonso R. Gennaro, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy

(Mack Publishing Co.) 6. Lachman and Liebermann - Theory and practice of Industrial Pharmacy 7. Bahl and Tuli - Physical Chemistry 8. Eugene Parrott - Pharmaceutical Technology 9. E A Rawling - Bentleys Text book of Pharmaceutics 10. Grudeep Raj - Advanced Physical chemistry

3

P231-Physical Pharmaceutics I (Practical)

1. Determination of molecular weight of a substance by Rast camphor method* 2. Determination of density/ Specific gravity of given liquids*( any two expt.) 3. Conductivity-* ( any two expt.)

a) Determination of normality of a given acid by conductometric titration b) Verification of Oswald’s dilution law

4. Distribution coefficient **( any two expt.) a) Determination of partition coefficient of iodine between carbon tetrachloride and water b) Determination of partition coefficient of benzoic acid between water and benzene

5. Determination of critical solution temperature of phenol-water system** 6. Diffusion from an uncoated tablet using simple diffusion cell/ Demonstration of diffusion cell * 7. To determine solubility of drugs substances**

* Indicate minar experiments ** Indicate Major experiments Books : 1. Martin, Swarbrick and Commarata– Physical Pharmacy 2. Dr. U. B. Hadkar, T. N. Vasudevan, K. S. Laddha– Practical Physical pharmacy 3. Engeen Parrot. – Practical Pharmaceutical Technology 4. C.V.S. Subrahmanyam & S.G. Vasantharaju –, Laboratory manual of Physical Pharmacy (Vallabh

Prakashan). 5. U.B.Hadkar, Nirali Prakashan-A Hand Book of Practical Physical Pharmacy & Physical Pharmaceutics 6. C.Vijaya Raghavan -- A Practical Hand Book of Physical Pharmaceutics- , New Century Book House(P)

Ltd. Madras.

Scheme for practical Examination

Sr.No. Head Sessional Annual

1 Synopsis 05 10

2 Major experiment 07 35

3 Minor experiment 04 15

4 Viva 04 10

5 Journal & Attendance 10 -

Total 30 70

Duration 03 Hrs 4 Hrs

4

T232 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry–II : Theory Duration: 4 h/week

Sr. No. Name of the Chapter Allotted number of Lectures

1 a) Classes of Reactions: Nucleophilic and Electrophilic reactions, Free radical reactions b) Concept and types of tatumorism

06

2 Transient Reaction intermediates: Carbocations, Carbonanions, Carbenes Energy Profile Diagrams, Kinetics & Thermodyanamics of chemical reactions

06

3 Factors affecting electron availability in bonds and at individual atoms-electronegativity, inductive effect and resonance, concept of aromaticity, tautomerim, theories of acidity and basicity, polar effects: inductive and resonance effects

08

4a Preparation and Chemical Reactions( including mechanisms and stereochemistry) of follwing classes (aliphatic and aromatic) of organic compounds-I: Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, conjugated dienes), Alkyl and Aryl halides, Alcohols,

10

Section II

4b Preparation and Chemical Reactions( including mechanisms and stereochemistry) of follwing classes Aldehyde & Ketones (Cannizarro’s reaction, Aldol’s condensation, Oppenaur oxidation, MPV reduction), Ethers & Epoxides, Carboxylic acids and their functional derivatives

08

5 Preparation and Chemical Reactions( including mechanisms and stereochemistry) of follwing classes (aliphatic and aromatic) of organic compounds-II: Amines(including Hinsberg reaction)Phenols, Pyrrole, Furan (Paal-Knor furan synthesis) and Thiophene, Pyridine, Pyrimidine, Pyran, Imidazole, Oxazole, Thiazole, Isoxazole, Isothiazole, Pyrazine, Oxazine, Indole(Fischer-Indole synthesis), Benzoxazole, Carbazole, Benzimidazole, Benzopyran, Benzodiazepine, Quinoline(Skraup synthesis), Isoquinoline and Naphthalene

16

6 Reactions involving chiral centre and Resolution of Racemic mixtures 06

Total hours 60

Books Recommended

1. R. Morrison and R. Boyd, Organic chemistry, prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 2. Bentley and driver’s textbook of Pharmaceutical chemistry. 3. I. L. Final organic chemistry the fundamentals of chemistry. 4. T.W. Graham Solomons Fundamentals of organic chemistry John wiley & Sons Inc. U.S.A. 5. J.M. Cram and D.J. Cram Organic Chemistry. 6. Brown Organic Chemistry. 7. I.P. 1996 Govt. of India, Ministry of Health, 3rd Edition (1985), the 4th Edition (1996). 8. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Jerry and March, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi. 9. Organic Chemistry – Crem and Hammered, Pine Hendrickson. 10. Organic Chemistry- Alinger, Cava, Dejongh 11. Organic Chemistry – Neckers and Doyle 12. Problems and Exercises in Organic Chemistry – Agronnonov etal 13. Organic Chemistry – Streit weiser and Health Cock.

5

P232 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry –II (Practical) (3hrs/Week)

I. Identification of organic compounds belonging to the following classes by systematic qualitative analysis including preparation of derivatives.**

1) Phenols 2) Amides 3) Carbohydrates 4) Amines 5) Carboxylic Acid 6) Aldehydes & ketones 7) Alcohols 8) Esters 9) Hydrocarbons 10) Amides 11) Nitro Compounds

II. Introduction to the various laboratory technique involving synthesis of the following compounds* 1) Acetanilide/Aspirin (acetylation) 2) Benzanilide/phenylbenzoate (Benzoylation) 3) Benzoic acid/salicylic acid (hydrolysis of ester) 4) Benzophenone oxime (oxime formation) 5) Synthesis/preparation involving more than one step.

a. p-ditroaniline form acetanilide b. Benzylic acid form Benzoin c. Benzanilide form Benzinidyzole d. Syntheisis of quinoline (skraup method)

Minimum 14 experiments should covered * Indicate minor experiments ** Indicate Major experiments Books Recommended

1. Elementary practical organic chemistry – A.I Vogel Part III – quantitative organic analysis, ELBS

Longmann, London 2. Practical organic chemistry by F.C. Mann and B.C. Saunders, ELBS Longmann, London 3. I.P. 1985 and 1966 Govt. of India, Ministry of Health 3rd Edition 1985, 4th Edition 1996. 4. Practical pharmaceutical chemistry vol I and II by Beckett and J.B. Stanlake, Stahlone Press of

University of London. 5. Text Book of Practical organic chemistry by A.I. Vogel ELBS Longmann, London



1 Synopsis 05 10



4 Viva 04 10


Total 30 70


6

T233 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS –II 4hrs /wk

Section-I

Sr. no

Topic Hours

Section – I

1 Introduction to Gasometric analysis 03

2 Polarimetry: Principles, theory, instrumentation and applications including ORD and CD

04

3 Refractometry: Principles, Theory, Instrumentation and Applications. 04

4 Nephelo-turbidimetry: Principles, Theory, Instrumentation and Applications. 03

5 Thermal Analysis: Introduction, principle, methods, instrumentation and factors affecting results, Applications of TG, DSC, and DTA.

08

Section II

6. 7.

Electrochemical Analysis: a. Conductometry: Principles, Theory, Instrumentation and Applications. Types of conduct metric titrations. b. Potentiometry: Types of electrodes, Indicator and reference electrodes, examples , measurement of potential. Measurement of pH Types of potentiometric metric titrations . c. Polarography: Principles, Theory, Instrumentation Dropping Mercury electrode and Applications . Half wave potential. d. Amperometry: Principles, Theory, Instrumentation and Applications . e. Coulometry: Principles, Theory, Instrumentation and Applications . Karl Fisher titration : Introduction , instrumentation and applications

4 4 4 4 4 3

Total no of lectures 45

Books Recommended:

1. IP, USP,BP, European Pharmacopoeia, International pharmacopoeia 2. Pharmaceutical analysis-Higuchi and brochmann 3. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Part-II – Beckett & Stenlake 4. The quantitative analysis of drugs- Garrat 5. Analytical chemistry- MEITES H.B. 6. Analytical chemistry- garry Chrisian 7. Principles of instrumental analysis- Skoog 8. Vogel textbook of quantitative chemical analysis 9. Instrumental methods of analysis- Willard, Dean 10. Instrumental methods of analysis-Ewing. 11. Textbook of Pharmaceutical analysis- K.A. Connors 12. Instrumental methods of analysis- Chatwal and Aanand

7

P233 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS – II Practical (3 hrs/wk)

Sr.no List of Experiment

1) Calibration of Refractometer and measurement of RI .*

2) Determination of specific rotation using polarimeter. *

3) Assay of Dextrose injection by polarimeter as per I.P 1996.*

4) Calibration of conductometer and to measure conductance of distilled water. Determination of cell constant.*

5) Conductometric titration of strong acid- strong base**

6) Conductometric titration of weak acid- strong base**

7) Estimation of boric acid by conductometric titration.**

8) Calibration of pH meter and measurement of pH*

9) pKa determination of phosphoric acid / boric acid**

10) Potentiometric titration of strong Acid Vs strong base.**

11) Calibration of nephaloturbidimeter*

12) Determination of Sulfate using nephalotubidimeter**

13) Water determination by Karl-fischer method*

Minimum 14 experiments should be covered

* Indicate Minor experiments ** Indicate Major experiments

Books Recommended: 1. Bassett J, Denny R C, Jeffery G H, Mendharn J, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis,

ELBS/Longman, London. 2. Grant- Statistical Quality control (McGraw Hill). 3. Beckett A H and Stenlake J B, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol. I and II., The Anthlone Press of

University of London. 4. Connors K A, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis,Wiley Interscience, New York. 5. Gary Christian- Analytical Chemistry (John Wiley) 6. Instrumental methods of Analysis- Ewing. 7. Higuchi & Brochmann- Hanssen- Pharmaceutical Analysis- (Interscience) 8. Garrat- The quantitative analysis of Drug (Toppan & Co.) 9. Vogel Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry – 5th editions. 10. Pharmaceutical Analysis Vol. I & II, A.V.Kasture, S.G.Wadhodkar, K.R.Mahadik,H.N.More –Nirali

Publication. 11. Analytical Chemistry an introduction, Skoog/West/Holler, 6th Edition 12. Florey- Analytical profiles of drug substances (Academic press) 13. Instrumental methods of Analysis- Willard, Dean, Merrit and settle-(Wadsworth Pub.Co.) 14. Merck Index. 15. Pharmaceutical Drug analysis by Ashutosh Kar. 16. Principles of Instrumental analysis, Skoog/Holler/Nieman, 5th Edition. 17. Latest editions of IP, BP, USP, EP and International Pharmacopoeia. 18. Meites-Handbook of Analytical Chemistry (McGraw Hill). 19. Hamilton, Simpson and Ellis- Calculation of Analytical Chemistry (McGraw Hill).

Scheme of Practical Examination:

Type of questions Sessional University examination

1 Synopsis 5 10

2 Viva-voce 5 10

3 Experiment : Major Minor :

7 4

35 15

4 Journal marks 10 ------

Total marks 30 70


8

T234 MATHEMATICS, BIO-STATISTIC AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Sr. no. Section –I Hrs

Section – A: Mathematics and Bio-statistics

1 Data collection and treatment : Significant digits and rounding of numbers, data collection, random and non-random sampling methods, sample size, data organization diagrammatic representation of data, bar, pie, 2-D and 3-D diagrams, standard deviation and standard error of means, co-efficient of variation, confidence (fiducial) limits, probability and events.

10

2 Probability and distributions: Bayer’s theorem, probability theorem, probability distribution, elements of binomial and poison distribution, normal distribution curve and properties, kurtosis and skewness.

05

3 Regression: Types of correlation and regression analysis, method of least squares, non-linear regression.

04

4 Statistical inference: Common parametric and non-parametric tests employed in testing of significance in biological/pharmaceutical experiments and elements of ANOVA (one way and two way).

04

5 Integration: Integration by parts, by partial fraction and by substitution. 03

6 Differential Equation: Revision & Linear differential, equation of order greater than one with constant coefficients, complimentary function and particular integrat.

04

Section – II Computer Applications

7 Concept: History of computers, simple model of computer and working parts of the computer, CPU, memory, input/output, assembly language, high level language, comparison of high level and low level languages specially C, C++, PASCAL etc.

06

8 Introduction to micro computers and concepts of operating systems: Elements of DOS, UNIX etc, introduction to computer networks

06

9 Database management: Spread sheets (like MS- EXEL, ACCESS), concepts and objectives of database and database management system, advantages and disadvantages of the database management system and examples of DBMS packages (like [BASE III).

05

10 Flow chart and algorithm development: definition and properties of the algorithm, flow chart symbols and their uses, examples of efficient algorithm and flow chart, conversion of algorithm/ flow chart to high – level languages.

04

11 Introduction to computer programming: C language: constant and string variables, expressions, functions, structures, repetitions statements (loops), nested loop, definite and indefinite loop and arrays. Concepts of files. Sequential files and random access files, simple program writing for biostatical methods.

05

12 Computer application in pharmaceutical and clinical studies 04

Total no. of lectures 60

9

P234 Biostatistics and Computer (Practicals) 2 Hrs/Week

Sr. Topic Hrs

1. Solving of biostatistical problems related inference, sampling, graphical representation of data etc, with the help of calculators and software programs like Graph pad.

2. Sample programs in C: Program to calculate simple and complex arithmetic expressions, program using structures, program using loops and nested loops, program using functions and simple programs using arrays.

3. Operating systems like WINDOWS, UNIX etc. Software packages like MS-WORD, EXEL, ACCESS, POWER POINT.

Books Recommended:

1. Fundamental of statistics by S. C. Guptha

2. Computer programming in COBOL by Rajaraman & Shaaraboudhe

3. Mathematical Statistics by Kapoor and Saxena

4. Practical problems in statistics by D. N. Elhance and Veen Elhance

5. COBOL for beginners by Thomas Worth

6. .Gupta S.P. Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand and Co., New Delhi.

7. Greval B.S., Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publication, New Delhi.

8. Boltan’s Pharmaceutical Statistics, Practical and Clinical Application, Marcel Dekker, N.Y.

9. Narayan Shanti, Integral calculus , Sultan Chand & Co.

10. Prasad Gorakh, Text book on differential calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd., Allahabad.

11. Narayan Shanti, Differential calculus , Shyamlal Charitable Trust, New Delhi.

12. Prasad Gorakh, Text book on integral calculus , Pothishala Pvt. Ltd., Allahabad.

13. Ayres Frank “Theory & problems of differential equations” Mc Graw Hill Book Co., Singapore

10

T235 Pathphysiology

45 Hours (3hrs/Week)

Sr. No

Chapter No of Hrs

Section-I 1. Basic Principles of cell injury and adaptation, causes, pathogenesis and morphology.

Repairs of wounds, factors influencing healing of wounds. 03

2. Inflammation. A) Acute inflammation. Chemical mediators in inflammation.

B) Chronic inflammation.

04

3 Immunity – Transplantation and immunological tolerance, allograft reactions, transplantation antigens, mechanism of rejection of allograft. Autoimmunity

I) Criteria for autoimmunity II) Classifications of autoimmune diseases in man , mechanism of autoimmunity.

04

4 Hypersensitivity I) Hypersensitivity type I,II,III,IV II) Biological significance of hypersensitivity. III) Allergy due to food, chemicals and Drugs.

04

5 Pain Pain syndromes- Headache; assessment ,structures involved in headache and head pain. Types of headaches- migraine, cluster headache, muscle contraction, (tension headaches) , headaches affecting elderly Joint pain:- Degenerative joint diseases- osteoarthritis, - types, causes and abnormalities assessment. Rheumatoid arthritis- causes abnormalities, course and prognosis, assessment, subjective, objective management. Gout-cause abnormalities, chronic changes, tophaceous gout- asymptomatic hyperuricemia, chronic gout, maintenance,.

05

6 Types of Acid-Base derangements- Deficiency of water and solute balance, Deficiency of water relative to solute, Anion gap, Dehydration, Hypernatremia, Hyperosmolar state, Excess fluid and electrolyte (Na), Hypervolemia, Hyperkalemia, Hypokalemia, Respiratory acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis, Metabolic alkalosis. Arterial oxygen tension and Hemoglobin oxygen saturation curve- blood gas transport.

05

7. Central Nervous System:

Seizure and epilepsy, neural basis of epilepsy, types of epilepsy, Ischemia infarction (stroke) and intracranial hemorrhage, anoxia, brain death. Alzheimer’s disease, Dementias, Parkinsonism, Schizophrenia, Depression and Mania

05

Section-II 8. Disorder of respiration:

Chronic disorders- chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases- Ateletaxis, Emphysema, Asthma, diffuse interstitial lung disease. Acute disorder of respiratory system, Acute respiratory failure, Pneumonia, pulmonary embolism.

03

9. Pathophysiolgy of Cancer 06 10 Biological effects of radiation 01 11 Disorders of gastrointestinal tract(GIT):

Disorders of oesophagus- Achalasia, gastro-oesophagial reflux and reflux oesophagitis, causes consequences and management. Disorder of stomach, small intestine and large intestine - Peptic ulcer disease-acute ulcer, chronic peptic ulcer., tuberculosis of intestine, Acute intestinal obstruction. Constipation, diarrhea, Hirschsprung’s disease(General disorders of GIT e. g. vomiting Nausea, Flatus etc should also be covered) Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease

05

12 Endocrine disoreders- Pituitary gland- growth hormone- Dwarfism, Gigantism, Adrenal gland-Addison’s dosease Thyroid gland-Hypo and Hyperthyroidism Sex hormones- Hirsuitism, Gynecomastia, virility, impotence etc Pancreas-Diabetes,

08

13 Disorders caused by biological and nviroment agents: Etiological agent of diseases, diagnosis of infectious diseases-test selection, specimen collection, preservation, transportation, testing and data interpretation infectious diseases Sexually transmitted diseases STD (HIV) pneumonias, leprosy, malaria, food poisoning, Diarhea/Dysentery (Bacterial and amoebic), typhoid, tuberculosis. Effect of air pollution and smoking-impact of gases like SO2, NO,No2 and CO

06

11

Books Recommendeds:

1) Robbins Pathologic. Basis of Disease Harcourt Asia Pte.ltd. New Delhi 2000 6th edition 2) Harsh Mohan. Textbook of Pathology Jaypee New Delhi 2002, 4th edition 3) Davidson′s Principles and Practice of Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, London1999, 18th edition

4) Harrison’s. Principle of Internal Medicine. Mc–Graw Hill . New Delhi, 2005.16th edition (Vol.I,II)

12

T241-Physical Pharmaceutics II (Theory) (3Hrs/week)

SECTION-I

1. Chemical Kinetics: Introduction, Definition, Applications, Rate , order, and molecularly of reaction, mathematical treatment of Zero order reaction, First order , Second order reaction, Half life& shelf life of reaction. Complex reaction {consecutive, parallel, reversible reactions}. Determination of order of reaction {graphical, substitution & half life method} ; energy of activation: effect of temperature, Arrhenius equation and shelf life determination, collision theory, and transition state theory.

Catalysis:-Definition, types, characteristics, promoters, catalytic poisoning & autocatalysis. Accelerated stability studies:- Introduction, objective, Garrett& Carper method, Free & Blythe method, limitations.

NOTE:- Problems for determination of rate constant, half life & shelf life on zero, first & second order reactions. 2. Interfacial phenomenon: Introduction, Surface tension & surface free energy; Young Laplace equation; measurement of surface tension and interfacial tension- capillary rise method, Du Nouy ring method, drop method {like drop number & drop weight method}, spreading of liquids; adsorption at liquid interfaces: study of surfactants including like wetting and antifoaming agent; HLB determination and importance with respect to suspension & emulsion, electrical properties of interfaces: Electrical double layer, Nernst and zeta potential. 3. Adsorption:Physical adsorption & chemical adsorption, Adsorption isotherms- Definition, discussion on Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

4. Physical Properties of Drug Molecule: Introduction, Importance of studying physical properties.

Refractive index- Definition, explanation, formula, importance, determination, specific & molar refraction.

Dielectric constant & Induced Polarization- Dielectric constant explanation & determination, Importance of Dielectric constant. Induced polarization.

Permanent dipole moment- explanation & importantce.

Optical activity\rotation- monochromatic & polychromatic light, PPL, optical activity, angle of rotation, specific rotation & its examples, measurement of optical activity & its importance.

Brief explanation of optical rotatory dispersions.

NOTE:- Problems only on molar refraction, specific refraction,

08 06 03 05 03 05

Section II

5. Colloids: Introduction, Definition, shape and size of colloidal particles, pharmaceutical applications of colloids, Classification of colloids and their method of preparation in brief.

Optical properties- Faraday Tyndall effect, light scattering and electron microscopy; turbidity.

Kinetic properties- Brownian motion, diffusion, osmotic pressure, viscosity & sedimentation.

Electric properties- Basic concepts {like electric double layer, Nernst & Zeta potential} Electrokinetic Phenomenon- Electrophoresis, electroosmosis , Donnan membrane equilibrium and its application. Stability of colloidal system: DLVO theory, Schulz Hardy rule, coacervation,; sensitization and protective colloids, gold number,solubilization of colloids: include factors affecting it ; Kraft point and Cloud point.

NOTE:- Problems for determination of Molecular Wt. of colloids based on diffusion, viscosity & sedimentation.

6. Rheology: Introduction, Definition, Applications, concept of viscosity, Newton’s law of flow, Kinematic, Relative, Specific, Reduced & Intrinsic viscosity. Newtonian system, Non- Newtonian system- Plastic flow, Pseudoplastic flow, Dilatent flow. Thixotropy, Brief explanation of Bulges & Spurs, rheopexy, measurement of thixotropy and its applications, Negative thixotropy. Viscosity measurements- selection of viscometer for Newtonian and non Newtonian system {like Capillary, Falling sphere, Cup & bob, Cone & plate viscometer. Viscoelasticity & its applications. 7. Micromeritics: Definition, Applications of micromeritics in Pharmacy, Introduction to fundamental & derived properties, Fundamental properties:- Particle size and size distribution, number & weight distribution Methods to determine particle size - method, practical consideration, applications advantages & disadvantages of Optical microscopy, Sieving, Sedimentation, Coulter counter.Methods to determine surface area{like Adsorption & air permeability method}, pore size, derived properties, porosity and packing density and bulkiness, flow properties, compaction.

08 06 03 05

13

Books Recommended:

1. Martin, Swarbrick - Physical pharmacy-

2. C.V.S. Subrahmanyam- Text Book of Physical Pharmaceutics, IInd edition, Vallabh Prakashan.

3. Glasstone and Lewis - Elements of physical chemistry

4. Maron S. and Pruton - Physical chemistry-

5. Alfonso Rgennaro - Remington’s pharmaceutical sciences

6. Lachman and Liebermann - Theory and practice of Industrial Pharmacy-

7. Bahl and Tuli ---- Physical Chemistry-

8. Eugene Parrott ---- Pharmaceutical Technology-.

14

P241-Physical Pharmaceutics (Practical) (3Hrs/week)

1. Determination of velocity constant of Methyl acetate **

2. Polarimetry* a) Kinetics of inversion of cane sugar b) Determination of specific rotation of optically active substances and also its concentration in

sample 3. Surface tension**

a) Determination of surface tension of given liquid b) Determination of critical micelle concentration of surfactant with stalagmometer

4. Viscosity and relative viscosity of liquids*

5. Determination of HLB of glyceryl monosterate*

6. Determination of specific surface area of charcoal by adsorption method*

7. Determination of composition of binary mixture by viscosity method* 8. Determination of viscosity by Brookfield viscometer (One semisolid formulation) ** 9. Determination of particle size distribution of any material by**

a) Sieve analysis b) Micrscopy

* Indicate minar experiments ** Indicate Major experiments Books : 1. Physical Pharmacy – Martin, Swarbrick and Commarata 2. Practical Physical pharmacy – Dr. U. B. Hadkar, T. N. Vasudevan, K. S. Laddha 3. Practical Pharmaceutical Technology – Engeen Parrot. 4. Laboratory manual of Physical Pharmacy I – C.V.S. Subrahmanyam & S.G. Vasantharaju , Vallabh

Prakashan. 5. A Hand Book of Practical Physical Pharmacy & Physical Pharmaceutics- U.B.Hadkar, Nirali Prakashan. 6. A Practical Hand Book of Physical Pharmaceutics- C.Vijaya Raghavan, New Century Book House(P) Ltd.

Madras.



1 Synopsis 05 10



4 Viva 04 10


Total 30 70


15

T242 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry III (Theory)

Section I

Sr. No. Name of the Chapter Allotted number of Lectures

1 Mechanisms of Following Named Reactions with three examples of each: A)Beckmann’s rearrangement, Mannich reactions, Malonic ester syntesis, Claisen rearrangement Reformatsky reaction, Perkin reaction, Knoevenagel reaction, , Hoffman’s degradation reaction, Benzilic acid rearrangement, B) Benzoin condensation, Chichibabin reaction, Fries rearrangement, Clemenson’s condensation, Lossen rearrangement, Micheal addition, Schmidt’s reaction, Wittig’s reaction

14 12

Section I

2 Introduction to Spectrometric methods(IR, NMR, Mass) for Analyzing Chemical Structure of Compounds Studied in Semister, Chapter II

6

3a 3b

Biomolecules II: Carbohydrates: Killani-Fisher’s synthesis, The Ruff’s degradation, Epimerization, Cyclic structure of carbohydrates, Determination of ring size, End-Group analysis of Di- and Polysaccharides Proteins: Geometry of Peptide Linkages, Formation, determination and synthesis of Peptide structures and Proteins

07 07

Total no. of Lecturers 45

Books Recommended

1. R. Morrison and R. Boyd, Organic chemistry, prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 2. Bentley and driver’s textbook of Pharmaceutical chemistry 3. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry the fundamentals of chemistry 4. T.W. Graham Solomons Fundamentals of organic chemistry John wiley & Sons Inc. U.S.A 5. J.M. Cram and D.J. Cram Organic Chemistry 6. Brown Organic Chemistry 7. I.P. 1996 Govt. of India, Ministry of Health, 3rd Edition (1985), the 4th Edition (1996) 8. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Jerry and March, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi 9. Organic Chemistry – Crem and Hammered, Pine Hendrickson 10. Organic Chemistry- Alinger, Cava, Dejongh 11. Organic Chemistry – Neckers and Doyle 12. Problems and Exercises in Organic Chemistry – Agronnonov etal 13. Organic Chemistry – Streit weise and Health Cock.

16

P242 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry III (Practical)

1. Quantitative determination of organic compounds via function groups:*

• Phenolic group by bromination method

• Alcoholic group by acetylation method

• Carbony I group by hydroxymine hydrochloric – pyridine method

• Aldehyde group by sodium sulphite- sulphuric acid procidure

• Carboxyl group by acid –base method (alkalimetry)

• Amino group by bromination method.

• Ester group by hydrolysis method 2. Separation of Binary mixtures (at least 4)** 3. Resolution of racemic mixture (at least 3)*

* Indicate minar experiments ** Indicate Major experiments Books Recommended

1. Elementary practical organic chemistry – A.I Vogel Part III – quantitative organic analysis, ELBS

Longmann, London 2. Practical organic chemistry by F.C. Mann and B.C. Saunders, ELBS Longmann, London 3. I.P. 1985 and 1966 Govt. of India, Ministry of Health 3rd Edition 1985, 4th Edition 1996. 4. Practical pharmaceutical chemistry vol I and II by Beckett and J.B. Stanlake, Stahlone Press of

University of London.

5. Text Book of Practical organic chemistry by A.I. Vogel ELBS Longmann, London



1 Synopsis 05 10



4 Viva 04 10


Total 30 70


17

T243 Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Theory) (3Hrs/weeks)

Section I

1.Historical Development in Microbiology: Contributions of Antony Van Leevenhock, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Alexander Fleming, Paul Ehlrich and Edward Jenner and Joshep Lister. 2.Characteristics of micro- organism : Virus ,Bacteria (Eubacteria, actimomycetes, Rickettia)Fungi, protozoa, and algae. 3.Structure of Micro-organism: Virus : Ultra structure of Helical, polyhydral and complex virus Bacteria : size and shapes ,ultra structure of bacterial cell , cell wall , (gram positive ,gram negative , and acid fast)Glycocalyx, flagella, Endospore (ultra structure)Plasmid and Nucloid Fungi : Yeast , (Caandida albicans, Aacchromyces serevicieae) Mould (Penecillum sp , Asperagillus sp.) 4. Microscopy and Staining: Concept of magnification ,Numerical aperture and Resolution ,Immersion oil and its significance ,principles of staining, 5. Microbial Growth: Growth, curve Method of determination of growth, factors required for growth, : pH ,Temperature, osmotic pressure Oxygen Media (Synthetic and complex selective ,Enrichment Differential Media.) Isolation technique: Streak plate, Spread plate and pour plate. 6. Control of Microbes: Sterilization : TDP.TDT.DRT (D-value) Inactivation Factor, Z-value. Method of Sterilization: Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation (Ionizing and No ionizing )Sterilents and filtration sterilization in pharmaceutical Industry ,Validation of Process Disinfection :Ideal disinfectant, Disinfectant, Mode of action and application of phenol and phenolic alcohol, Heave metals, Halogen detergent , Hydrogen Peroxide Antiseptic and preservative .

02 04 06 04 07 07

Section-II

7. Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Human Health: Definition and scope of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Concept of infection, disease, immunity, Types of immunity, antigen, antibody, Epidemiology of disease, hypersensitivity, Concept of newly emerging disease (eg. SARS)

8. Techniques in Pharmaceutical Microbiology: Antimicrobial effectiveness testing, Microbial limit test, Pyrogen test, sterility test, Ames test, Microbial assay (Antibiotic and Vitamins), Phenol coefficient: (RW test and Chick Martin Test), MIC (Tube dilution method, Gradient plate method), Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensitivity test and synergestic effect of drug.

9. Microbial Pharmaceuticals: General method for large scale production of Antibiotic , Vitamins and Vaccine. Antibiotic: Type, source, mode of action, Application. Vitamins: Type, source, Applications. Vaccine and Toxoid: DNA vaccine, Edible vaccine.

10. Microbial Quality control and Quality Assurance: Concept of Bio-safety, Sterile manufacturing unit, LAF. Storage and Stability of Medicine- Microbiological view.

07 12 09 02

Total Hours: 45 Books Recommended:

1. J.C.Black -- Microbiology Principles and Examinations, John wiley and sons 2. Frobisher -- Fundamentals of Microbiology 3. Ulhas Patil, J.S.Kulkarni-- Foundations in Microbiology 4. Stephan P. Denyer, N.A.Hodges, S.P.Gormao-- Hugo and Rusell’sPharmaceutical Microbiology 5. J.L.Ingraham, C.A.Ingraham.-- Introduction to Microbiology 6. Pleezar, Chan And Krig.-- Microbiology 7. Torrontam.-- Foundation in Microbiology 8. IP 1996, BP 2003, USP2004 9. Cooper and Gun -- Tutorial Pharmacy

18

P243 Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Practical)

1. Introduction Lab Instruments: Autoclave, Hot air oven, Incubator, shaking incubator, Anaerobic jar, pHmeter, Antibiotic zone reader, Colony counter, Refrigerator.* 2. Compound Microscope* 3. Monochrome Staining** 4. Gram Staining** 5. Streak plate method** 6. Pour plate method** 7. Sterility test- Direct inoculation method (Sterile injectable, Sterile devices)** 8. Microbial assay – Diffusion assay (Penicillin)** 9. Microbial assay—Turbidometric (Streptomycin)** 10. RW Test (Dettol)** 11. Study of Oligodynamic action** 12. Kirby-Baner antibiotic sensitivity test** 13. Air micro flora** 14. Microbial limit test (Water)** 15. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of aqueous garlic extract (Tube dilution method) ** 16. Study of permanent slides of yeast , Aspergillus and Penicillium. *

* Indicate minar experiments ** Indicate Major experiments Books Recommended:

1. Cappuccino and Sherman—Microbiology of laboratory manual, Pearson Education 2. Indian Pharmacopoeia- 1996 3. Herold Benson – Applications in Microbiology



1 Synopsis 05 10



4 Viva 04 10


Total 30 70


19

T244 Pathophysiology and Clinical Bio-chemistry 45 Hours (3hrs/Week)

Sr. No.

Chapter No of Hrs

Section-I 01 Disorders of gastrointestinal tract (GIT):

I) Disorders of liver- Infectious hepatitis, types of hepatitis, liver changes in viral hepatitis, assessment-course and complications. Alcoholic liver diseases –fatty liver, Alcoholic hepatitis cirrhosis. Lacnnec’s cirrhosis, Portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy. II) Disorders of the gall bladder and bile ducts- Gall stone formation-types of gall stones assessments and management. Acute cholecystitis –causes and pathological changes. III) Disorders of exocrine pancreas- pancreatitis acute and chronic– types, causes, abnormalities, assessment and management. IV) Nutrition- adequate diet. Malabsorption syndrome, intestinal and pancreatic malabsorption, abnormal bacterial flora, steatorrhea. Protein calorie malnutrition ,vitamins, obesity, pathogenesis of starvation

10

02. Disorders of Urinary System- Renal failure- Chronic renal failure, Acute renal failure- Obstructive renal failure, pre-renal acute failure, acute tubular necrosis, Urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis – lower urinary tract infection, acute pyelonephritis, chronic pylonephritis. Glomerular Disease:- types of glomerulonephritis and nerphrotic syndromes

05

03. Disorders of CVS- Hypertension, Ischemic Heart Diseases- Angina: types and causes diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, management of ischemia and angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis. Myocardial Infarction. CCF-Types of heart failure, causes of heart failure heart cell changes in the heart failure, consequences of decreased myocardial contractility. Clinical manifestation of congestive heart Failure and their pathophysiological basis, management of chronic heart failure. Types of shock, mechanisms and principles

08

Section-II 1 Clinical Biochemistry

Introduction to clinical biochemistry 01

2 Clinical enzymology: Analytical diagnostic and therapeutics uses of –enzymes I. Enzymes in diagnosis- SGPT, SGOT, Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes, β glucoronidase in cancer diagnosis, serum acid phosphate II. Enzymes of pharmaceutical and therapeutic importance-Streptokinase, Urokinase, Hyalauronidase, Collagenase, Papain, Bromelin, Trypsin, Pepsin, Asparginase, Seratopeptiadase and Oncolytic enzymes

03

3. Diseases related to carbohydrate metabolism – diabetes mellitus and OGTT, Carbohydrate metabolism(inborn errors), Glycogen storage disease, Galactosemia, lactose intolerance, glycosuria or mellituria

03

4 Diseases of protein energy malnutrition- Kwashiorkor and Marasmus Diseases Aromatic amino acid metabolism , Hartnup’s disease, Phenylketonuria (PKU), Albinism, Alkaptonuria, Different Tyrosinemias, Sulphur containing amino acid metabolism; Cystinosis, Cystinuria, homocysteinuria, Disease of Branched chain amino acid metabolism; maple syrup urine disease Disorders related to urea cycle metabolism Histidinemia, Hyperprolinemia type I , Hyperprolinemia type II

05 02

5. Disease related to lipid metabolism – Obesity, atherosclerosis Hyperlipidemia, Hyperlipoproteinemias, Hypercholesterolemias, Hypocholesterolemias, Lipotropic factors II) Abnormalities in Lipoproteinaemia , Glycogen Storage Diseases.

03

6 Organ function tests a. Liver function tests b. Renal function tests-blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, creatinine clearance c. Gastric function tests- rennin, pepsin fractional test meal, stimulation of gastric secretion, hyper secretion and its treatment d. Thyroid function tests- determination of hormones- T3,T4,TSH uptake studies. e. Pancreatic function tests- Diabetes – Type – I Type- II-OGTT, glycated Hemoglobin and microalbuminurea

07

Books Recommendeds: 1) Robbins Pathologic. Basis of Disease Harcourt Asia Pte.ltd. New Delhi 2000 6th edition 2) Harsh Mohan. Textbook of Pathology Jaypee New Delhi 2002, 4th edition 3) Davidson′s Principles and Practice of Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, London1999, 18th edition

4) Harrison’s. Principle of Internal Medicine. Mc–Graw Hill . New Delhi, 2005.16th edition (Vol. I,II) 5) Styer L. - Biochemistry

20

P244 Pathophysiology and Clinical Bio-chemistry 1) Use and interpretation of biochemical data viz: (Significance of screening the parameter) Diagnostic prognostic screening tests like (rationale behind performing following tests) **

a) Blood sugar : by O-toludiene, glucose oxidase, (02) b) Blood protein by Biuret, Lowery’s method.(01) c) Blood urea (01) d) Serum uric acid (01) e) Urine calcium (01) f) Serum cholesterol(01) g) Serum bilirubin (01) h) Blood creatinine(01) i) Blood chlorides(01) j) SGPT (01) k) SGOT(01) l) Urine amylase (01) m) LDH(01) n) Separation of amino acids by two dimensional Paper Chromatography. (Demonstration) (01) o) Study of enzyme kinetics and factors affecting its activity. (construction of Michaelis – Menton curve,

optimum temperature, optimum PH, Lineweaver Burke plot for following 1) enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen by amylase and 2) conversion of sucrose to glucose by invertase. (02)

2. Pregnancy test* 3. Measurement of Glucose by glucometer* 4. Qualitative tests for identification of given protein sample* 5. Preparation of plasma (using diff.anti-coagulants),serum* 6. Widal test* 7. RA factor test*

* Indicate minar experiments ** Indicate Major experiments Books Recommendeds: 1. Mukherjee K.L. Medical Laboratory Technology. Tata McGraw Hill. New Delhi,1999 4th edition (Vol.I,II,III) 2. Harold Varlery. Practical Clinical Biochemistry. CBS, New Delhi1988, 4th edition 3. Deb A.C. Viva &Practicals in biochemistry. Central book agency. Calcutta 2002 4. Plummer D.T. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi,1994, 3rd edition 5. Godkar P.B. Clinical Biochemistry- Principles and Practice. Bhalani Publishing House, Bombay, 5th edition.

Scheme for practical

SR.NO Head Sessional Annual

1 Synopsis 04 10



4 Viva 02 10

5 Duration 03 Hrs 4 Hrs


Total 30 70

21

T245 Unit Operation-I (Thoery)

TOPICS Hrs.

1) Fluid flow: Fluid status, mechanism of fluid flow, Bernoulli’s theorem, fluid heads, fluid handling

2) Handling and Conveying: Solids: portable power driven machines, trucks, trailers, power shovels, gantry cranes. Permanent installations for handling solids, conveyors-belt, chain, screw and pneumatic conveyors. Fluids: pumps, pipes and fittings, valves, pipe connections. Application in pharmacy e.g. In water management and handling of liquid dosage forms.

3) Boilers: Main parts, mountings and accessories- industrial boilers including cocharns, babcock Wilcox and Lancashire.

4) Material Technology: Corrosion: Mechanism of corrosion, types of corrosion and ageing, factors influencing corrosion and method of combating corrosion. Material of Construction: Classification in to metals and nonmetals. Ferrous and nonferrous metals. Ferrous- cast iron, mild steel, stainless steel. Nonferrous- copper & alloys, nickel alloys, aluminium. Nonmetals: glass & plastic, types of plastics. Polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyester, epoxy, polycarbonate, uses of materials of construction in the design of Pharma packaging.

5) Fluidization: Theory of Fluidization, Application of fluidization in pharmacy in the areas of powder handling, agglomeration, drying and coating.

04 05 04

07 03

SECTION-II

1) Water purification:- Deionization, reverse osmosis and distillation processes and large scale for mfg.

2) Environmental control:- air handling , air conditioning ,refrigeration , water vapour - air mixture ,humidity and particulates in air refrigeration , application of environmental control in pharma department like powder , Tablets and capsules.

3) Measurements :-

a) Pressure: - Classification & description of various pressure measuring devices. b) Temperature: - Various direct & indirect (remote) methods use mechanical & electrical principles

4) Maintenance: Objective, prevention and corrective maintenance, Maintenance record keeping, Maintenance of machineries and equipments in pharmaceutical department such as- mills, micropulvirizer, sifters, mixers, homogenizers, granulators, compression equipments ,

coating equipments, packaging equipments, balances, pH meter. 5) Safety :- Hazards & their classification - mechanical, fire, chemical & occupational, their types & prevention, fire & explosion - Chemistry of fire, classification of fire, method of extinguishing accidents - unsafe actions, unsafe conditions, financial losses, costs prevention. Accidents safety training & education.

05 06 04 04

03

Total Hours: 45 Books Recommeded

1) K. Sambamurthy-- Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Age International Pvt. Ltd. 2) W.L.Badger & J. T. Banthero-- Introduction to Chemical Engineering. 3) David Ganderton. --- Unit Process in Pharmacy, Medical Books Ltd. London 4) G.G. Brown--- Unit Operations. 5) Robbert H. Perry, Don W, Green.---Perry’s Chemical Engineering Hand Book, 7th edition, International

Edition, McGraw Hill

6) B.H. Deshamukh., P. V. Mondke.---Elements of Mechanical & Electrial Technology, Nirali Publications 7) N. D. Bhat----Machine Drawing, Character Book Stall, Tulsi Sadan, Anand. 8) N.G.Padya., C.S.Shaha---- Elements of Heat Engines, Charotar Book Stall, Tulsi Sadan, Anand (W. Rly),

India.

9) Donald P. Eckman ---- Industrial Instrumentation , Seventh Wiley Eastern, Reprint, 1983, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002.

Documents

Contents of Physical Pharmacy