Chapter 1 2

CONTENTS

• Principles and Methods of Electric Power Conversion

• Semiconductor Power Switches

• Supplementary Components and Systems

• AC-to-DC Converters

• AC-to-AC Converters

• DC-to-DC Converters

• DC-to-AC Converters

• Switching Power Supplies

• Power Electronics and Clean Energy

3

Chapter 1

Principles and Methods of Electric Power Conversion

“Introduction to Modern Power Electronics”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley 2010by

Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski

Chapter 1 4

Types of electric power conversion

DCCHOP P ERS

INVERTERS

RECTIF

IERS

CYCLOCO NVE RTERS

A C V OLTA GE CO NTRO LLE RS

DC

AC AC

INP

UT

CO

NS

TA

NT

MA

GN

ITU

DE

AN

D F

RE

QU

EN

CY

OU

TPU

T

AD

JUS

TA

BLE

MA

GN

ITU

DE

AN

D/O

R F

RE

QU

EN

CY

Fig. 1.1

Chapter 1 5

Generic power converter

vov i

I1 O 1

LO AD SO U R CE

i i io

S5

I2 O 2

S1

S3

S4

S2

Fig. 1.2

Chapter 1 6

AC input voltage waveform

2

Vi,p

-Vi,p

vi

40 t

Fig. 1.3

Chapter 1 7

Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic rectifier

io

vi

2

vo

40 t

Fig. 1.4

Chapter 1 8

Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic inverter

io

vo

2

vi

40 t

Fig. 1.5

Chapter 1 9

Configurations of power electronic converters: (a) current-source, (b) voltage-source

S O UR C E

LOA

D

(a)

C O N VER T ER

LOA

DS O UR C E

(b)

C O N VER T ER

Fig. 1.6

Chapter 1 10

Decomposition of the output voltage waveform in the generic rectifier

vo,ac

vo,dc

2

vo

40 t

Fig. 1.7

Chapter 1 11

Decomposition of the output current waveform in the generic rectifier

io,dc

io,ac

2

io

40 t

Fig. 1.8

Chapter 1 12

Decomposition of the output voltage waveform in the generic inverter

vo,1

vo,h

2

vo

40 t

Fig.1.9

Chapter 1 13

Decomposition of the output current waveform in the generic inverter

io,h

io,1

2

io

40 t

Fig. 1.10

Chapter 1 14

Input current waveform and Its fundamental component in the generic inverter

ii,1

2

ii

40 t

Fig. 1.11

Chapter 1 15

Resistive control schemes: (a) rheostatic control, (b) potentiometric control

o

R

R rh

(a)

R

po t

R po t

(b)

I

V V

Ii

i o

Vi Vo

I i oI

I

Fig. 1.12

Chapter 1 16

Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic rectifier with the firing angle of

io

vi

2f

vo

40 t

Fig. 1.13

Chapter 1 17

Control characteristic of the phase-controlled generic rectifier

FIRING ANGLE (deg)

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

MA

GN

ITU

DE

CO

NT

RO

L R

AT

IO

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Fig. 1.14

Chapter 1 18

Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic AC voltage controller with the firing angle of

io

vi

2f

vo

40 t

Fig. 1.15

Chapter 1 19

Control characteristic of the phase-controlled generic AC voltage controller

FIRING ANGLE (deg)

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

MA

GN

ITU

DE

CO

NT

RO

L R

AT

IO

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Fig. 1.16

Chapter 1 20

Harmonic spectra of output voltage with the firing angle of in: (a) phase-controlled generic rectifier, (b) phase-controlled generic AC voltage controller

(b)

(a)

HARMONIC NUMBER

0 10 20 30 40 50

AM

PLI

TU

DE

(pu

)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

HARMONIC NUMBER

0 10 20 30 40 50

AM

PLI

TU

DE

(pu

)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

Fig. 1.17

Chapter 1 21

Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic chopper

tOFF tON

io

vi

t

vo

0

Fig. 1.18

Chapter 1 22

Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic chopper: switching frequency twice as high as in the previous figure

io

vi

t

vo

0

Fig. 1.19

Chapter 1 23

Output voltage and current waveforms in (a) generic PWM rectifier, (b) generic PWM ac voltage controller

Fig. 1.20

Chapter 1 24

Control characteristics of (a) generic PWM rectifier, (b) generic PWM ac voltage controller

Fig. 1.21

Chapter 1 25

Harmonic spectra of output voltage in (a) generic PWM rectifier, (b) generic PWM ac voltage controller (N = 24)

Fig. 1.22

Chapter 1 26

Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic PWM inverter (a) M = 1, (b) M = 0.5

io

vi

vo

vi

vo

io

t0

(a)

t0

(b)

Fig. 1.23

Chapter 1 27

RL load circuit

v o

oi

R

L

Fig. 1.24

Chapter 1 28

Fragments of output voltage and current waveforms in a generic PWM ac voltage controller

Fig. 1.25

Chapter 1 29

Single-pulse diode rectifier

oV

oiii

V i

Fig. 1.26

Chapter 1 30

Output voltage and current waveforms in the single-pulse diode rectifier with an R load

3

io

4

vo

20 t

Fig. 1.27

Chapter 1 31

Output voltage and current waveforms in the single-pulse diode rectifier with an RL load

e 3

io

4

vo

20 t

Fig. 1.28

Chapter 1 32

Single-pulse diode rectifier with a free-wheeling diode

ii

V i DF oV

oi

Fig. 1.29

Chapter 1 33

Output voltage and current waveforms in the single-pulse diode rectifier with a freewheeling diode and an RL load

3

io

4

vo

20 t

Fig. 1.30

Chapter 1 34

Single-pulse diode rectifier with an output capacitor

ii

V i oV

oiiC

Fig. 1.31

Chapter 1 35

Output voltage and current waveforms in the single-pulse diode rectifier with an output capacitor and an RL load

iC

64

vo

2

vi

0 t

Fig. 1.32

Chapter 1 36

Two-pulse diode rectifier

oi

D 1

D 3

D 4

D 2

vo

i i

Vi

Fig. 1.33

Chapter 1 37

Output voltage waveform in the generic cycloconverter in Example 1.1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

v o (

V)

t (ms)

Fig. 1.34

Chapter 1 38

Timing diagram of switches in the generic cycloconverter in Example 1.1

Fig. 1.35

Chapter 1 39

Voltage ripple factor versus firing angle in the generic rectifier in Example 1.3

FIRING ANGLE (deg)

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

RIP

PLE

FA

CT

OR

0

3

6

9

12

15

Fig. 1.36

Chapter 1 40

Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic PWM rectifier in Example 1.5

io

vo

0 2 4 6 8 100

40

80

120

160

200

i o (

A)

v o (

V)

0

20

40

60

80

100

t (ms)

Fig. 1.37