Context clues, antonyms, and cohesive.pptx

7/29/2019 Context clues, antonyms, and cohesive.pptx

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Presented by:

Ika Ermawati [7110040035]

Program Studi D4 Teknik Elektronika

Departemen Teknik Elektronika

Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya

2013


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Theme

Technology

Reading

Context clues

Antonyms

Cohesive Devices

Writing

More practice with compare and

contrast essays


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ARE YOU READY??


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If you don't know the meaning of a word, the bestway to figure out its meaning is to use context

clues. The following are types of context clues:

examples

contrasting words or ideas

synonyms or furtherexplanation through clauses


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NASA, though frequently thought to contain only

astronauts and shuttle engineers, is actuallycomprised of many departments, one of which is theRobotic Vehicles Group. Members of this departmentmust research, develop, and test mobile robots, orrobots which move, before they can be used either in

terrestrial or space missions. NASA's robotic vehiclescan have many functions, including planetaryexploration and hazardous materials investigation.The former function necessitates robotic vehiclesthat can essentially be autonomous since humans

cannot accompany the robots to many of the placesthey must venture outside Earth. Space-bound roboticvehicles should add immensely to the small store ofscientific knowledge humans currently have regardingthe surface of other planets


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Look at the following three examples taken

from the passage. Underline the words or

phrases that relate to the inference

technique, and then use this technique toguess the meaning of word.


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1. Underline the words that give an explanation ofthe word infrastructure

Both rail and automobile transportationdepend on expensive infrastructure; highwayconstruction in the United State averagesseveral million dollars per kilometer, and caneasily go much higher. Railroads are almost asexpensive to build, and railroad operatorsmust also pay to maintain their locomotivesand rolling stock.

Meaning ofinfrastructure :

____________________________________


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Both rail and automobile transportation depend

on expensive infrastructure; highwayconstruction in the United State averages

several million dollars per kilometer, and can

easily go much higher. Railroads are almost asexpensive to build, and railroad operators must

also pay to maintain their locomotives and

rolling stock.

Meaning ofinfrastructure : large scale network


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2. Underline the contrasting words that help you

infer the meaning of word endure.

Once on board the train, the passenger can

read a newspaper, prepare for work, or simplyrelax and admire the scenery passing by.

Driving, on the other hand, requires the

patience to endure traffic jams and the rudeperson behind who drives with his horn.

Meaning ofendure :

___________________________________


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Once on board the train, the passenger

can read a newspaper, prepare for work,

or simply relax and admire the scenery

passing by. Driving, on the other hand,requires the patience to endure traffic

jams and the rude person behind who

drives with his horn.

Meaning ofendure : put up with


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3. Underline the examples that help you infer themeaning of the word versatility.

Nevertheless, cars do offer a real advantage inversatility. It is never necessary to wait for

the car

it's ready when its driver is, and isnever behind schedule. Plus, there's plenty ofroom in the trunk for carrying groceries orskis. And a car can go all those places whereno rail lines have been built. Additionally, cars

can be customized and infinitely varied to suitany kind of need or taste.

Meaning ofversatility:

________________________________________


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Nevertheless, cars do offer a real advantagein versatility. It is never necessary to waitfor the carit's ready when its driver is, andis never behind schedule. Plus, there's plenty

of room in the trunk for carrying groceriesor skis. And a car can go all those placeswhere no rail lines have been built.Additionally, cars can be customized and

infinitely varied to suit any kind of need ortaste.

Meaning of versatility : flexibility, easy tomake us of


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When learning new vocabulary, it is oftenuseful to learn words with the oppositemeaning, antonym, at the same time.

Look at the following words. friendly

hostile

Those two words are antonyms


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Now look at the following list of words. Match the wordin the list to its antonym.

1. Hesitating >< ____________

2. Immoral >< ____________

3. Alertnes >< ____________4. Integrated with >< _________

5. Resilent >< ____________

6. Beneficial >< ____________

7. Joy >< ____________

8. Enhanced >< ____________

prompt impaired misery inattention

devastating fragile segregatedfrom

ethical


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help writers transition smoothly from onesentence or one paragraph to the next.

Pronouns, demonstrative adjective, articles, andtransitional phrases can all be used for this purpose.

Transitional phrases, in particular, can begrouped according to purpose.

For example, the transitional phrasefor example at thebeginning of this sentence serves the purpose oftransitioning into giving an example.

Specific transitional phrases exist for thepurposes of comparing, contrasting, addingnew information, and showing cause andeffect, among others.


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Both rail and automobile transportation depend

on expensive infrastructure; highway

construction in the United State averages

several million dollars per kilometer, and can

easily go much higher. Railroads are almost asexpensive to build, and railroad operators must

also pay to maintain their locomotives and

rolling stock. Therefore, there does not seem to

be a particular advantage in either fuelefficiency or cost of construction and

maintenance associated with either automobiles

or trains.


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Comparison Contrast Addition Cause or

Effect

both and though In addition to Consequently

In comparison

with

while Then there is Therefore

similarly On the other

hand

Plus

By contrast In fact


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Here are some tips to help you recognize a

compare/contrast essay prompt as well as some

sample prompts:

The prompt may include the words compare andcontrast. Sometimes the prompt may use the wordcompare by itself, but remember, you will still need todiscuss both similarities and differences in your essay.

Some people say that learning from experience is better than learningfrom books. Do you agree? Compare and contrast learning fromexperience with learning from books. Use examples in your answer.

The prompt may ask you to discuss the advantages anddisadvantages of two different things or

ideas.

An automobile manufacturer is considering your community and theneighboring community as possible sites for a new factory. Discuss theadvantages and disadvantages of building the factory in eachcommunity. Use specific details and examples in your essay.

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2


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The prompt may present you with two alternatives,and ask you to identify your preference and to

explain your choice. Do you think it is better for companies to hire less experienced

employees for lower salaries or more experienced people forhigher salaries? Explain your preference, using examples anddetails.

Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives andadverbs may be used in the prompt. Better isa common example.

In some countries, university students study a variety ofsubjects as well as their chosen field. In other countries,

students only take courses that are related to their major field.Which system is better? Be specific and provide examples inyour response.

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1 Reading the prompt carefully, to be certain of the questions it

asks and the essay type it requires.

2 Brainstorming - generating ideas through free-writing or similar

technique

3 Writing your thesis statement a clear statement of your opinion

or position that will direct the rest of your writing process

4 Preparing an outline of the esay

5 Writing the essay

6 Editing and proofreading


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The following chart includes a number oftransition signals commonly used in

compare/contrast essays.

COMPARE CONTRAST UNECPECTED

Likewise However However

Similar to In, by contrast Nevertheless

Like In / by comparison Still

Similarly On the other hand Nonetheless

Just as On the contrary Although

Bothand While Even though

Not onlybut also Whereas

Neithernor


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Context clues, antonyms, and cohesive.pptx