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Content
Preface XII
1 Contractional theory, continentaldrift and plate tectonics
1
Plate tectonics a change in the paradigm o thegeosciences 1
Early history o geodynamic thought 1
From continental drif to plate tectonics 2
Te plate tectonic concept 4
Te pattern o magnetic polarity stripes 8
Plate motions and earthquake zones 8
wo kinds o continental margins 11
Magmatism and plate tectonics 11
What drives the plates and what slowsthem down? 12
Collision and mountain building 12
2 Plate movements and theirgeometric relationships 15
Helpul transorm aults 15
Relative movements and triple junctions 16
wo RF triple junctions of NorthAmerica 18
Relative plate velocities past and present 20
Direct measurement o plate movements 21
Apparent contradictions in the plate motionpattern 22
Fault-plane-solutions oearthquakes 23
Seismic tomography 25
3 Continental graben structures 27
Active and passive graben structures 28
Symmetric and asymmetric crustalextension 28
Sediments and ore deposits in grabenstructures 29
Volcanism in graben structures 30
Te Upper Rhine Graben in Germany 31
Te history o the Upper Rhine Graben 32
Te Upper Rhine Graben in theMiddle European stress eld 33
Magmatism and heat ow in the UpperRhine Graben 34
Te large East Arican rif system 34
Te Aar Depression 37
Te Red Sea rom rif to drif 37
Te extensional area o the Basin and RangeProvince 39
Te development o metamorphic domes 40
A brie history o the Basin and RangeProvince 41
4 Passive continental margins andabyssal plains 43
Continuous subsidence o the continentalmargins 43
Te sedimentary trap at a passive continentalmargin 44
racts o sequence stratigraphy 45
Processes on continental margins 46
Petroleum deposits the economic signi-cance o passive
continental margins 48
Te Atlantic an ocean opens in an
intricate manner 48Pangaea and Panthalassa 49
Te large abyssal plains 51
Sediments o the abyssal plains 52
Manganese nodules rom thedeep sea 54
Facies changes on the large oceanicconveyor belt 55
Te Bengal deep sea an 56
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VI
5 Mid-ocean ridges 59
opography o the ridges 59
Generation o oceanic lithosphere 60
Rocks o the oceanic crust 61
Pillow lavas 62
Seismic layers 64
Basalts o mid-ocean ridges 65
Fast and slow spreading ridges and rocks
o the lithospheric mantle 65
Segmentation o ridges by aults 67
Graben ormation in the Atlantic 67
An oceanic crustal prole in the
Atlantic Ocean 68
Black and white smokers 68
Ocean oor metamorphism 70
Chromite deposits 71
Ophiolites 71
Te ophiolite o the Semail Nappe in Oman 72
Metamorphic sole 72
Alpine-Mediterranean ophiolites 72
6 Hot spots 75
Hot spots and mid-ocean ridges 77
Te mysterious D'' layer and the dented
Earth 77
Hot spots o Pangaea 78
Hot spot tracks in the ocean 80
A guyot evolves 82
Hot spot tracks on the continent 82Flood and trap basalts 84
Te Azores hot, cold or wet spot? 85
Hawaii a typical oceanic hot spot 86
Iceland 87
Yellowstone 87
Te superplume event in the Cretaceous 88
7 Subduction zones, island arcs andactive continental margins
91
Structure o plate margin systems with
subduction zones 91
Spontaneous and orced subduction:
Mariana- and Chile-type subduction 93
Deep sea trenches as sediment traps 96
Accretionary wedge and outer ridge 97
Te accretionary wedge o theSunda Arc 99
Subduction erosion instead o accretion 100
Te orearc basin 103
Earthquakes and Benio zones 103
Te secret o deep earthquakes 107
High-pressure or subduction
metamorphism 109
Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphicrocks 111
Rapid burial, rapid upli 112
Subduction-related magmatism
a paradox? 113
Rocks o the magmatic zone 114
Zonation o magmas in space and time 116
Explosive stratovolcanoes as indicators or
subduction magmatism 117
Metamorphism in the magmatic belt 119
Paired metamorphic belts 119
Ore deposits in the magmatic belt 120
Te backarc basin 120
Splitting o intra-oceanic island arcs 122
Gravity and heat ow 122
Subduction and collision 122
What is the reason or the arcuate
shape o island arcs? 94
Mud volcanoes 101
Te Shigatse Flysch in ibet 104
Isotopic signatures and the inuence
o continental crust 118
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VII
8 Transform faults 123
Oceanic transorm aults 123
Fracture zones in the ocean oor 123
Continental transorm aults 125
San Andreas the inamous transorm
ault o Caliornia 127
Te North Anatolian Fault in Asia Minor
and the Alpine Fault in New Zealand 129
9 Terranes 131
Documenting terranes 132
erranes in the North American
Cordillera 134
Suspect terranes in Mexico and Middle
America 138
10 Early Precambrian platetectonics 139
Te oldest rocks and minerals 140Greenstone-granite belts 141
Granulite-gneiss belts 143
owards an Archean plate tectonic model 145
Te growth o continents 146
Possible younger equivalents o greenstone-
granite belts 147
11 Plate tectonics and mountainbuilding 149
ypes o active continental margins within
orogenic styles 149
Continent-continent collision 152
Uplif, erosion, and elevation o mountains 154
Collapse and crustal escape 158
12 Old orogens 159
25002000 million years old ophiolites 159
Te Wopmay orogen in Canada 160
Te Grenville orogenic cycle and theormation o the supercontinent
Rodinia 160
Te Panarican orogeny and theormation o Gondwana 160
Te Caledonides a Wilson cycle aroundthe Iapetus Ocean 161
Te signicance o Scotland and
the Greek mythology 162Te Variscides a broad mountain beltin
central Europe 163
A Variscan suture in the southernBlack Forest 165
Te Variscan orogen in the Alps 165
Paleozoic mountain building in eastern andsouthern North America
167
How many orogenies? 169
13 Young orogens the Earths
loftiest places 171Te Himalayas a mountain range
withsuperlatives 172
ectonic history o the Himalayas 172
Nanga Parbat and Namche Barwasyntaxis 174
Te Alps an untypical but classic orogen 174
Brie history o Alpine evolution 176
Lateral tectonic extrusion in theAlps 178
Te North American Cordillera
a dierent style o orogen 179
Laramide Rocky Mountains an orogenicmystery solved 185
Epilog 187
Glossary 189
References 199
Keyword Index 207
Komatiites 144
Te Great Dike o Zimbabwe 147
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