Contours of Climate Justice - Ideas for Shaping New Climate and Energy Policy

8/14/2019 Contours of Climate Justice - Ideas for Shaping New Climate and Energy Policy

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Beyond Diplomacy Perspectives on Dag Hammarskjld 5

Contours of

Climate Justice

Ideas for shaping new

climate and energy politics

critical

currentsDag Hammarskjld FoundationOccasional Paper Series

no.6October 2009


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ccl cuens no.6Ocobe 2009

Conous o Clme Jusce

Ideas or shaping new climateand energy politics

With contributions by

Dg Hmmskjld Foundon

Usl 2009

Edited byEdgdo LndeTdzo Muelle

Koly AbmskyAlbeo Acos

Wlden BelloAchm Bunnengbe

Ew ChkewczAnne Lue Consnn

Gol Dynen

Edudo GudynsMke Hodson

Enque LefSmone LoveSmon MvnAlexs PssdksWolgng Schs

Ulch BndNcol Bulld


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Critical Currents s nOccsonl Pe Seesublshed by heDg Hmmskjld Foundon.I s lso vlble onlne www.dh.uu.se.

Semens o c o onone hose o he uhos nddo no mly endosemen

by he Foundon.Mnuscs o evewshould be sen [email protected].

Sees edo: Hennng MelbeLnguge edo: Pee ColenbndeLyou: Km KeouDesgn: Ms Lsson

Pned by X-O G Tycke ABISSN 1654-4250Coygh on he ex s wh heuhos nd he Foundon.

The Dg Hmmskjld Foundonys bue o he memoy o he secondSecey Genel o he UN by sechngo nd exmnng wokble lenveso soclly nd economclly jus,ecologcl ly susnble, eceul ndsecue wold.

In he s o Dg Hmmskjldsnegy, hs edness o chllenge hedomnn owes nd hs ssone leo he soveegny o smll nons ndhe gh o she he own desny, heFoundon seeks o exmne mnsemundesndng o develomen nd bng ohe debe lenve esecves o oenunhed voces.

By mkng ossble he meeng o mnds,exeences nd esecves hough heognsng o semns nd dlogues,he Foundon lys clysng olen he dencon o new ssues ndhe omulon o new conces, olcyoosls, seges nd wok lns owdssoluons. The Foundon seeks o be hecung edge o he debes on develomen,

secuy nd envonmen, heebyconnuously embkng on new hemesn close collboon wh wde ndconsnly exndng nenonl newok.


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Pece ...............................................................................................................................5

Inoducon .......................................................................................................................9

Ulrich Brand, Nicola Bullard, Edgardo Lander and Tadzio MuellerRdcl clme chnge olcs n Coenhgen nd beyond: Fom ccsm o con? ........9

part 1: How dd we ge hee n he s lce? ............................................................... 17

Ewa CharkiewiczA emns cque o he clme chnge dscouse. Fom boolcs o necoolcs? ........18

Achim Brunnengrber

Kyoo s exble mechnsms nd he gh o ollue he ....................................26Eduardo GudynasClme chnge nd clsms ecologcl x n Ln Amec ............................... 36

Walden BelloThe dedly d: Clme chnge, ee de nd clsm ...................................... 42

part 2 : Wong uns, ded-ends nd coss-ods ............................................................ 45

Simone LoveraREDD eles .......................................................................................................... 46

Tadzio Mueller and Alexis PassadakisGeen clsm nd he clme: Is economc gowh, sud! ................................ 54

Anne Laure ConstantinFxng he wolds clme oodn ........................................................................ 62

Mike Hodson and Simon MarvinThe gh o he cy enegy nd clme chnge .....................................................70

part 3 : Mng (nd wlkng) he en o clme jusce .......................................... 79

Gopal DayaneniClme jusce n he US ...........................................................................................80

Wolgang SachsClme chnge nd humn ghs ............................................................................. 85

Kolya AbramskyEnegy, css nd wold-wde oducon elons ...................................................92

Enrique LefDegowh, o deconsucon o he economy: Towds susnble wold ..................101

Alberto AcostaThe ghs o nue, new oms o czensh nd he Good Le

Echoes o he Consucn de Monecs n Ecudo ......................................... 108

Conens


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Contours of Climate Justice. Ideas for shaping new climate and energy politics 5

Man has lost the capacity to oresee and toorestall. He will end by destroying the earth.

Albe Schweze

Pece

Moe hn 75 yes go, n lee o Ru-ge Moll (obbly n 1933), Dg Hm-

mskjld woe bou hs emoons whlesendng he summe hkng n nohenSweden. Fo hm, hs exeence evoked eelng o soldy wh nue s lmoshe mos mon hng.1 Hmmskjldhd oound, nme elonsh whhe wold o he se nd even moe so ho he mounns.2 He hd dee-ooednd conscous esonl necon wh n-

ue, whch ws evdenced by, mong ohehngs, hs dmon o he wok o Clvon Lnneus s well s hs ny o hecon o Joseh Cond nd hs bele nhe ehcl hlosohy o Albe Schweze,o menon only he obvous nsnces. Hsoshumously ublshed chldhood memo-es o hs ubngng on Usls CsleHll ovde uhe skng nsgh no hslmos sul elonsh wh he nul

envonmen nd hb.3

No he les esmen o hs elonshcn be ound n hs enes n he noebook

1 Quoed n Theln, B. (2001), Dg Hmmskjld Nue, Lndsce, Leue, DevelopmentDialogue, Vol. 1, .88.

2 See on he le he mgncen col bue byGundsen, C. (2007), Swedish Wilderness. The MountainWorld o Dag Hammarskjld. Sockholm: Mx Sm.

3 Hmmskjld, D. (2000), Castle Hill. Usl: DgHmmskjld Foundon.

he ke om he md-1920s onwds. FoHmmskjld, nue mouned lmos o

sced one. Some o he noes om 1951show wh cul cly hs dee bondswh he wldeness, whch o hm ws he:

exhumn n he exeence o hegeness o Nue. Ths does no llowsel o be educed o n exesson oou humn econs, no cn we shen by exessng hem. Unless we ech

nd wy o chme n s one noe nhe ognc whole, we shll only obseveouselves obsevng he nely o shousnd comonens n hmony ou-sde ou exeence o s hmony.4

Hmmskjlds hoos, whch he ook wh sson dung hs exloons, cuedmosly lndsce nd wee vsul exessono hs esec o nue. As he commened

n n essy enled The cme hs ughme o see, he ws seekng o lluse heblnce o sengh nd nevous sensvy sooen dslyed by nues own ceons.5

4 Hmmskjld, D. (1993, 16h nng), Markings.New Yok: Rndom House, .66.

5 Quoed om Lndmks. Phooghs by DgHmmskjld, n Development Dialogue, Vol. 1,1987, .28.

Photo:DagHammarskjld


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6 Critical Currents no. 6

The second secey genel o he UnedNons mos lkely dd no hve clmechnge n hs mnd. Howeve, hs noono soldy wh nue clls o uhe

nd ulle conemlon. Su ce o con-clude whn he connes o hs ece hhoughou hs ved cee he clely hdn weness o nul beuy nd seenynd eced hem s esue o be o-eced n he os-Second Wold W e,wh s bele n ogess nd modenybsed on echnologcl dvncemen nd Fods conceon o he nduslsonnd commodcon o consume socees.

Soon e hs unmely deh n he elyhous o 18 Seembe 1961 on msson ohe Congo o seek eceul esoluon ohe concs sng om s decolonson,humnknds dssous efecs on nue, ndesonsbly o hem, becme ocl s-sue n globl govennce nves. In 1967,Sweden oosed h he UN Genel As-

sembly convene coneence on he envon-men. The UN Coneence on he HumnEnvonmen n Sockholm (1972), he UNConeence on Envonmen nd Develo-men n Ro de Jneo (1992) nd he WoldSumm on Susnble Develomen n Jo-hnnesbug (2002) wee subsequen mkesn sees o o-level globl meengs, whchwee connued n ohe oums ll ove hewold. They ceed nomve eeence

ons nd olcl nsuons such s heConvenon on Bologcl Dvesy nd heFmewok Convenon on Clme Chngen ode o mee he chllenges.

Moe hn ou decdes e he Swed-sh nve n 1967, wh govenmens ohe wold due o mee n Coenhgen nDecembe 2009 o seek ollow u o he

Kyoo Poocol, ogess hs no dvnced

much beyond sque one. Dese moe hn300 mullel geemens negoed ndeneed no snce 1972, he wolds clmes we know ces ulme collse. Pol-

cl nd nsuonl consns hve soodn he wy o soluon:

Mny o he oblems eled o susn-ble develomen would hve been solvedesly, o would no hve evolved hegeemens eched ely on cul ly hdbeen mlemened. Howeve, by he endo he ocess, huge mlemenonnd ccounbly g hd ccumuled

lue h les he coe o he chl-lenges ody.6

The endency o govenmens o lce n-ow se neess bove globl suvvlcomes le-heenng ce. I s hee-oe no susng h mny concened e-sons hve ew ny execons o llusonsh hose cng n he Coenhgen

even wll cully demonse he equedoblem-solvng ccy. Dese ll hedeclons, declmons nd l sevce,even he sces clme-chnge scenose ovng o be undesemens o whmgh come. Polcy esonses nd d-ons ll sho o ddessng he chllenges.The logc o he e o he Enlghenmen,n whch humn bengs ulse nue osho-em gn whou concen o long-

em suvvl, oches bnkucy.

Secung uue o humn bengs nd hemny ohe endngeed seces on hs ln-e eques nsed chnge o mndse. The

6 Engeld, L-G. (2009), From Stockholm to Johannesburgand Beyond. The Evolution o the International System orSustainable Development Governance and its Implications.Sockholm: Govenmen O ces o Sweden/Mns-

y o Foegn Afs, June, .15.


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quoe bove by Albe Schweze hs beenused s moo o Povocon ublshedby he Swedsh Tllbeg Foundon. In sossc, he uhos conclude, h we

hve o ehnk he ncles uon whch webse he develomen o ou economy, ech-nology nd govennce. Nue s wh s.We cnno negoe wh nue o chnges nue, s ocesses, nd s chemcl ndhysologcl chcescs.7

The ugency o he suon hs n hemenme lso been exessed n o clens nd dscouses. On 24 Ocobe, he

ouh Euoen Develomen Dys, ogn-sed n Sockholm by he Swedsh goven-men dung s esdency o he EU, closedwh leny sesson on clme chngend develomen. Edwd Ne, memnse o he smll Pcc slnd se oVnuu, mde hs el: Ugen con sneeded o vod genocdl mc on smllslnd ses. Ahmed Shheed, mnse o

oegn fs o he Mldves, wned h cuen es o se-level se, he slndsoon sks losng s nenonl o.We mus nd wys o d o sng ses,col blechng, oodng nd dsese.

My Robnson, esden o he EhclGloblzon Inve nd vce esdeno he Club o Mdd, clled on Euoe oke he led n clme chnge negoons:

The me hs come o decson kng. I sme o ledesh. She dded: The mgeo clme chnge s he ol be. I lkeol bes, oo, bu h s he wong m-ge. The mge o clme chnge s oo

7 Ekmn, B., Rocksm, J., nd Wjkmn A. (n.d.,2008/09), Grasping the Climate Crisis. A Provocation

rom the Tllberg Foundation. Sockholm: Tllbeg

Foundon, .38.

me, nd she s womn nd she s des-ee.

Th de, 24 Ocobe 2009, lso mked he

Inenonl Dy o Clme Acon (350Dy) when eole n 181 counes cme o-gehe o he mos wdesed dy o env-onmenl con n he lnes hsoy. Aove 5,200 evens ound he wold, eolegheed o cll o song con nd boldledesh on he clme css. Coenh-gen could be n mon mke n cu-en efos o ce he chllenges esons-bly on globl level nd he level nonl

govennce, hough se nsuons ndgovenmens. Bu he soluon les beyondCoenhgen.

The conbuons o hs volume seek osenghen weness o he key ssues ndhe ugen need o nves nd comm-mens beyond one lce one secc mo-men n me. They esy o he need o

mnd chnge nd he mlemenon osubsequen new dgms, commmenmos olcns s eesenves o hegovenmens nd ses sll seem o lck cully on he level o globl goven-nce. Dg Hmmskjld, om wh weknow o hm, would hve been on he sdeo he deely concened voces dvocng undmenl sh n mndse.8

Henning Melber

8 Ths suggeson s senghened by he noewohyc h Sveke sm, one o Hmmskjldscloses collegues nd ends snce he 1940s, s heSwedsh emnen eesenve o he UNs n hemd-1960s ned nd wh much oesgh nd de-emnon ovesw he mlemenon o he o-cess ledng o he Sockholm Coneence o 1972. See

Engeld, From Stockholm to Johannesburg, .32 f.


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Inoducon


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Ulich Bndis a professor of

international politics at the Institute of

Political Science at Vienna University,

member of the Scientific Council of

Attac Germany and of the working

group on social ecology of the Federal

Coordination of Internationalism

(www.buko.info). Among his recent publications is

Postneoliberalism. A Beginning Debate (Uppsala: Dag

Hammarskjld Foundation, 2009), a special issue of

Development Dialogue (co-edited with Nicola Sekler).

Edgdo Lnd is a social scientist

and works at the Venezuelan Central

University in Caracas, and is a member

of the secretariat of the Social Forum of

the Americas. He researches and writes

on Venezuelan society; environment and

the limits of planet Earth; development; alter-globalisation

movements; epistemology and the critique of Eurocentrism;the colonial character of hegemonic modern knowledge

and science and technology as political issues.

Tdzio Mll lives in Berlin, where

he is active in the emerging climate

justice movement. Having escaped the

clutches of (academic) wage labour, he

is currently writing a report on green

capitalism for the Rosa Luxemburg

Foundation. He is also an editor of

urbulence-Ideas for Movement (www.turbulence.org.uk).

Rdcl clme chnge olcs n Coenhgen

nd beyond: Fom ccsm o con?

Thee s somehng uncnny bou he olcso clme chnge. An ssue he sme meold nd new; omnesen, ye esly ogo-en; heenng he desucon o bllons o

lves, ye somehow eleged o elvely ob-scue cone o he globl olcl sysem, heUned Nons Fmewok Convenon onClme Chnge (UNFCCC), ey ogn-son less oweul hn, sy, he WoldTde Ognzon (WTO). Bu whence heelvely sudden omnence o he ssue, -e lngushng n he envonmenls dol-dums o nely wo decdes s elly

becuse o he clme css, o e hee oheneess, ohe sucues wok? And whcn we, he globl movemens, globl cvlsocey, wheve nme we gve o ouselves,wh cn we do bou he ssue? These ques-ons mgh no be esolved hee, bu we eelh s mon o s skng hem.

Snce ublc dscusson o he ssue begn nenes n he 1980s, clme chnge nd s

oenl nd el mcs hve become moend moe obvous. No only he develo-mens n scenc esech, bu lso he c-ves o envonmenl movemens,med,ccl nelleculs, ogessve se o -cls nd lenve enegy oduces hveocused socl nd olcl enon on hemlcons o he oblem. Wh he UN-FCCC nd s Kyoo Poocol, n nen-

onl olcl mechnsm o mnge hessue ws develoed n he 1990s.

Ulrich Brand, Nicola Bullard,

Edgardo Lander and Tadzio Mueller

Nicol Blld has worked with

trade unions, womens organisations,

human rights groups and development

agencies in Australia, Tailand and

Cambodia for more than 20 years. Since

1997, Nicola has been with Focus on

the Global South, the international policy research and

advocacy organisation based in Bangkok, Tailand, andis currently coordinating its climate justice programme.


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In he ls wo yes eseclly, clmechnge hs clmbed o he o o he olclgend. Thee e, o couse, mullcyo esons o hs esugence o n ssue h

hs gone hough lenng cycles o lownd hgh ublc enon, bu cenl monghem e, no doub, he ublcon o heFouh Reo o he InegovenmenlPnel on Clme Chnge (IPCC); o heSen Reo whose messge, cucl omhe esecve o enlghened cl, s h s chee o ke con on clme chngenow hn n he uue, nd h geenclsm mgh be ossble; sky-hgh en-

egy ces (ecll h n 2007 nd 2008, olces wee ouchng he US 150 mk); ndhe gumen hpeak oil, h s, ek nglobl ol dscovey elve o demnd, hdbeen eched, e whch ces would hveo se dsclly. In he comve ol-cl enzy h ollowed, he IPCC nd AlGoe wee wded he Nobel Pece Pze,whle G-8 summs n 2007 n Gemny, n

2008 n Jn nd n 2009 n Ily hd helnked ssues o enegy nd clme chngehgh on he gends. The UNFCCC sum-m n Bl n Decembe 2007 ws wdelycoveed n he globl mss med.

The clme summ n Decembe 2009 nCoenhgen, he COP 15 (15h Cone-ence o he Pes o he UNFCCC), wllno doub be decsve momen one wy

o he ohe nd eveybody s geng uo . Globl enon s guneed, nd s ublcy sun, UN Secey Genel BnK-moon ned globl coun-down oCoenhgen on 24 Seembe. The meengwll lso be mon o he c h USPesden Bck Obm nd hs dmns-on e, o he s me, gong o engge nhe ocess. The Mjo Economes Foum

n noml gheng o he govenmens ohe mn emng counes, known mongsNGOs s he Mjo Emes Foum hsbeen meeng evey monh snce Mch 2009.

A numbe o eoy meengs hve k-en lce, nd n Coenhgen sel we wllno doub be eed o he bes h he he-e o nenonl dlomcy cn ofe: henegoons wll be exended n dmclock-n o he deleges, nd he vey end,we wll be seved esul o sos, becuse nse o ecen o cl ems o downlyhe elevnce o he summ, ol luewould jus be oo embssng n oon o

conemle. And ye, s unlkely h heewll be sgncn del o ny knd, hhe nex hse o he Kyoo Poocol wll besgned hee. Moe lkely, we wll ge yeo odm o uhe negoons (wh oocol beng nlsed n Mexco n 2010).Sll, hee wll be dmc showdown.

Als, wh ll he enon, ll he dm,

no much hs chnged n he ls 20 yes, les no o he bee. Ol nd gs con-sumon hve ncesed enomously, nd sohs he e o ncese nd, o couse, glo-bl geenhouse gs emssons show he smeend. Poducon nd consumon ense sll he sme nd, moeove, hve -dly been globlsed hough nsnonlcl, se olces nd he lesyle o globl mddle clss.

The mn eson o hs lck o chnge s hs:Envonmenl olces n genel nd clmechnge olces n cul e omuledn lne wh domnn olcl nd economcsucues nd neess. Tody, n se o heeconomc nd olcl cses h e ocknghe globe, hese domnn olcs emn neo-lbel nd neo-mel, oened owds


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comeveness nd mnnng nd enhnc-ng he owe o Nohen govenmens, co-oons nd eles. To be sue, hs s no jus Noh-Souh ssue: he lesyles o Souhen

eles e s unsusnble, he somewhned wod be llowed, s hose domnnn he globl Noh. Polces omuled heglobl level enoce he oson o ownes osses, nd o he globl mddle clsses includ-inghe mddle clsses o economclly emeg-ng counes such s Chn, Ind o Bzl.The Wesen lesyle s sll beng omoedound he wold, s desucve nsny no-whsndng. Humn wellbeng nd socl

secuy e sll seen s closely ed o eco-nomc gowh, whch mles esouce-nen-sve gowh o c oducon, o os, onduslsed mng, ec.

The role o global crisis dis-courses and the UNFCCCIn se o s obvously olcl nue, he

ssue o clme chnge s oen eceved s queson osciencehe hnpolitics. Ths nun leds o suon n whch he oblemo clme chnge s exclusvely o edom-nnly med s oblem h hs o be delwhglobally, h s, om bove, wh Wes-en knowledge nd hough he echnqueso scenc nd economc mngemen h-e hn hough socl nd olcl nso-mon. Such n och obscues he mny

locl concs ove scce esouces nd lnduse h e s consuve o clme chnges ny bsc gue exessng he mouno CO

n he moshee. The mny locl,

ccl lenves moe ecsely, exs-ng low-cbon lesyles o be ound edownlyed. Moeove, numbe o eco-logclly susnble oms o oducng ndlvng hve cully been u unde essue

no only by globlsed clsm, bu moesecclly by o-down knd o clmeolcs. The buld-u o essue whn hegculul seco o oduce cos o go-

uels o he wold mke s meely he mosvsble exmle o hs end. Ove he ls 20yes, ye o globl esouce mngemenhs emeged wheen govenmen o cls,busness, scenss, some NGOs s well smed c n conce o conol nd mngehe desucon o he envonmen nd oo om boh olclly nd econom-clly. Ove he sme eod, he contentohese olces hs been ccsed. Howeve,

hee hs no been cque o heorm;hs negovenmenl olcs, hs knd odlomcy h occus unde he essue olobby gous sechng o consensus, whlesysemclly ledng o wek comomses.

Mos monly, howeve, he queson oom s one o he economc ovecodngo enly envonmenl concens su-

oundng clme chnge: he lne o houghgoes om scenc knowledge o globloblem, nd om globl oblem o eco-nomc oouny, whle quesons o owe(beween gendes, clsses, Noh nd Souh,o cooons), lesyle, oducon ndconsumon e ushed sde. Followng hezeitgeisto he 1990s, he nsumens o glo-bl envonmenl olcs e lgely mke-bsed becuse oweul cos consde he

mke o be he sueo mens o delngwh undmenl oblems such s clmechnge. No by chnce, he mn nsumeno he UNFCCC s heeoe emssons d-ng. Ths n un juses wek olces home. The cuen dvson o lbou (longlnes o clss, gende, ce, ge nd owe nhe nenonl sysem) s hdly oblem-sed. Envonmenl olces hve hus be-


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come mol nd e cency-bsed segymed he mddle clsses. The genels-on o he Wesen lesyle ( genelsonh emns vld o mos eole n se

o he sgncn dfeences n owe ndwelh whn Wesen socees) s cynclbecuse bllons o eole e oo nd lckccess o even bsc mens o subssence.Besdes hs mngel mng, catastrophicdiscoursebou clme chnge nd s efecshs been esblshed. In 2007, he hed o heIPCC, Rjend Pchu, sed h wemus bng bou comlee unound by2012 n ode o vod dsse nd h he

wo o hee yes om 2007 onwd wouldbe decsve. Ths knd o nvocon o u-gency, s bss n scenc dscouses no-whsndng, nows he oom o cqueo exsng globl clme chnge olces ndolcs; goes hnd n hnd wh echnoc-son, h s, deolcson, o clmechnge olcs; nd lces ou hoes n hedscovey o some s ye unknown slve bul-

le-echnologcl soluon h would smlyx he nhoogenc geenhouse efec.Such echnologes ny e lkely o belge-scle nd delveed by oweul ly-es such s he DeseTec Consoum hs lnnng o buld lge-scle, cenlsedsol-owe geneng sysems n he Sho suly Euoes enegy needs.

Geoghe Ek Swyngedouw hs else-

whee shown how hs csohc mngo clme chnge s n nely wh ow-eul olcl dscouses on os-democ-cy nd os-olcs. I seems h hee svully no lenve o exsng omso olcs nd o he socoeconomc cond-ons h gve se o hem. Quong Fe-dc Jmeson, he emnds us h ody sese o mgne he end o he wold hn

o mgne he end o clsm.

To coune he develomen o o-downsysem o globl esouce mngemen, weneed bod ublc debe bou s well sccl ses owds he necessy nso-

mon o oducon nd consumon -ens, soceys elonsh wh nue ndhe owe o ses nd cl. O couse, heUNFCCC s no esonsble o he conn-ued gowh o CO

2emssons o o ouos-

silisticmode o develomen, h s, o u-he clme chnge. Ths s much bodeocess nvolvng mny moe oweul eco-nomc nd olcl cos nd sucues, oexmle, he lesyles o he globl ue

nd mddle clsses. A he nsuonl level,he WTO, he Inenonl Money Fund(IMF) nd he Wold Bnk, ll o whchomoe de lbelson nd suculdjusmen olces, e moe sgncnn ems o clme chnge (he olces c-celee , o exmle, hough exnsono nduslsed gculue nd globl ns-o, wo mjo geenhouse gs emes).

The UNFCCC, howeve, mnns h s the mos cenl nd oe nsu-on o so clme chnge. Bu n he ls 15

yes, hs become evden h echnoccoches nd he csohc mngchnge vey lle wh esec o he ob-lem: on he cony, cuen lesyles nddomnn (nd so ecologclly onless)olcy oenons e beng e-legmsed.

To be sue, he UNFCCC embodes hec h hee s ody olcsed we-ness o clme chnge. Whn he nsu-on, howeve, hs weness s hen medn secc wys nd n lne wh domnnneess nd socl oces. Ths sells dlydsse o bllons o eole n c, somemovemens om he globl Souh gueh he olces dven o encouged by


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he UNFCCC e ody gee he ohe lvelhoods hn clme chnge sel.The olcl mode o css mngemenh exss on hs en s dlomcy, nd

behnd hs s he usu o nonl ne-ess unde condons o globlsed cl-sm nd he ce o comeveness. Oncegovenmens come bck om mjo cone-ences whch, ye gn, he noon o be-ng cossods hs been evoked (s heye now dong ound he clme summn Coenhgen), hey connue o obeyoweul cos such s he c ndusy,seed comnes, ndusl mng, me

oduces, ec. Addonlly, envonmenlmnses end o be elvely wek whngovenmens, s enegy ssues e usullydel wh by ohe, songe uses.

Tke go-uels s n exmle. When comeso enegy secuy nd os, ccl quesonsnd dssous exeences e smly bushedsde. The ssue o go-uels s esened by

Souhen govenmens such s Bzl o In-dones s n oouny o gowh nd de-velomen. Bu o whom, nd wh ce?In hese counes, gculul esucungs deemned by he huge demnd om heEU, whee secc noms hve ecenly beenmlemened h cll o hghe ecengeo ehnol o be mxed wh gsolne. Theglobl mddle clss consumes suo heseolcy develomens becuse hey e hgh

enegy ces. Alenves e le sde oe educed o sdeshow n he wde en-egy mx. Fnlly, wh we see n he eld oenvonmenl olcs s n em o es-blse he neo-lbel, neo-mel globls-on ojec by esenng ogessve mgen he eld o envonmenl olcy-mkng.Wold ledes hve undesood he oblem,s he messge we he om summs o he

G-8 o he UNFCCC. Bu n c, he cuenoms o envonmenl nd esouce olcse he esul o, nd n un eoduce, exs-ng elonshs o domnon. Iesonsble

olces lke he develomen o nucle owelns e omuled n ohe oums such she G-8 nd wll no doub be cked u by heUNFCCC.

Beyond global resource management

O couse, smle bekdown o he UN-FCCC would obbly no be he bes os-sble oucome o he movemens o globl

(clme nd envonmenl) jusce. We l-mos cenly need nenonlly omu-led, bndng nd enoceble ules n odeo omoe he oound nsomonsnecessy o del wh no only he clmecss, bu lso he wde bocss, nd onsom he de o develomen. Fomn emncoy esecve, song cl-me chnge s o he umos monce,

whch mens song ossl-uel-bsed -ens o oducon nd consumon.

Bu dcl socl movemens nd c-cl NGOs s well s ccl nelleculsnd some med e ncesngly ecogns-ng h he UNFCCC n s cuen oms no n deque mechnsm o del whhs enomous sk. Lke ohe nenonlnsuons, he UNFCCC s o c-

ls, Wesen, whe nd msculne egmeo globl esouce mngemen. I should nolonge be legmsed hough he c-on o NGOs, socl movemens nd oheccl cos. We do no need susnblegloblson, bsclly nohe exesson oneo-lbelsm nd neo-melsm o, unohe wy, mybe neo-lbelsms Pln B.


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Feen yes e he UNFCCCs s mee-ng n 1994, we cn clely see h wh sneeded e undmenlly dfeen olclnd socl esonses. In hs ocess, ses

wll sll be mon, bu hey nd he o-cls wll no be he oces dvng . Onhe cony, ody hey e mnly n obs-cle o seous con gns clme chnge.Chngng oducon nd consumon -ens, lesyles o he menng o he goodle, nd ckng cooe owe nd heolcs o esouce mngemen e comlexnd long-em ocesses. Sevel elemensneed o be consdeed. One mjo elemen

hs o be cclly ooed cque o hedogm o comeveness lnked o echno-logcl develomens. Thee e ew gov-enmens nd socl cos who hve ellyundesood he dnges o exsng ends.Wh s needed s eolcson o hemke. I s no jus he e cen mechnsmo llocng esouces h s oen keno be, bu hghly efecve nsumen o

he oducon o domnon o some eo-le ove ohes nd o hdng ecsely hselonsh. Mkes mly nd n un ob-scue owe nd exloon long he lneso clss, gende, ce nd Noh-Souh dv-sons. And he sme me s we need occse he sucue o mke elons, s eqully cucl o esc he owe o n-dusl nd nncl cooons h hvewhn hem.

O couse, such n endevou wee suc-cessul, would men less economcgowh, wh ll h hs mles o os,he owe o ve cl, he x bss ohe se nd emloymen n he donlsecos. An emncoy olcs hs o kece no o be molsc bou envonmen-

l ssues. O couse we need o consumeless me, cs/uo-mobly nd elecclgdges. Bu hs cnno moun o sm-le mol clm h gnoes socl suc-

ues nd he owe elons on whch heye bsed. Alenve nd cve omso lvng, oducng nd exchngng; newsocl dvsons o lbou; nd lenvedenes e necessy, s well s ossble,nd n mny cses evolve ound conceesuggles o he oecon o he nu-l commons (we, bodvesy, , ec.)gns he commodcon. The ublcseco nd s ccomnyng nsucues,

moe enegy e cency nd susnblegoods e no only lnked o lenng oc-esses, bu mgh lso cll no queson heowe o cen oduces nd he seed ogloblson. Wh we need s he ecolog-cl conveson o exsng nduses, whlekng dvnge o he enomous knowl-edge o he oduces h les whn hem.Envonmenl ssues e ooundly lnked

o quesons o socl owe. Fo exmle,ove-exloon o lbou, eseclly o l-leglsed mgns nd mny wokes n heglobl Souh, obeys he sme logc o ond ccumulon h s wok n he de-sucon o nue. I s necessy o ol-cse he mmede deses o wokes oche ood, enegy nd ohe goods, whche oduced unde unsusnble nd unso-cl condons. Bu hee s lso oblem

hee h needs o be solved: he sho-emneess o mny eole e lnked o un-susnble ens o oducon nd con-sumon. Emncoy soco-ecologcloenons nd cces heeoe need obe lnked o ll secs o le, s well s o edsbuon o socl welh.


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Emancipatory demands and con icts

Mny lenves e hnkble, ossblend ledy exs. I s ossble h soco-

ecologcl concs cn show h muchmoe s ske hn symbolclly cklngclme chnge hough globl esoucemngemen: quesons o democcy nddecson-mkng, owe ove socl knowl-edge nd he mens o oducon, he nec-essy educon o wokng-hous, he vl-osng o eoducve cves concenngcng, helh, ood, ec. Fo h, we needo develo dcl demnds nd oos-

ls hough debes nd he exchnge ovews nd exeences. Wh ou cque odomnn clme chnge nd envonmen-l olces we e no cyncl bou clmechnge nd we do no nend o senghenhe lobby h deends he ossl-uel h odevelomen. Howeve, we do no see hesoluon o he oblem n Wesen scen-c knowledge, n negovenmenl oc-

esses nd n ecologcl modenson ohe Wesen mddle clsses he exenseo mny ohes, esecl ly he oo, nd hemel lvng condons on eh. Polcsn mes o dee soco-ecologcl cses hveo chnge; o become democc nd n-omed nsomve ocess, kng noconsdeon he mny mbgues h ex-s, bu wh vew o moe jus woldbsed on soldy beyond he dogm o

comeveness nd obly. We wno eoene debes nd olces owdsundmenl soco-ecologcl nd emnc-oy nsomons n conjuncon whn cknowledgemen o lenve ccesnd ocesses.

About this publication

We me n Jnuy 2009 n Belem heWold Socl Foum o he s me o

dscuss comlng dosse s conbu-on o ongong debes bou he olcso clme chnge. I s hs nsng env-onmen h moved us, n envonmenwhee he ccl cque o globlsedclsm n s mny ces s condensed,whee he usng nd oducve exe-ences o suggles gns exloon ndchy nd o jusce nd el democ-cy come ogehe. Fo long me, clme

chnge ssues hd no been he o o hegend o he globl jusce movemen, bu ew yes go, hs chnged. And sll sno ll cle wh dcl o emnc-oy clme olcs wll look lke.

Ou gol s o conbue o moe sohs-ced undesndng o he emegng cl-me jusce movemen nd o cee eso-

nnces beween dfeen esecves ndshees o enggemen. We wn o endemoe exlc mullcy o exeencesnd oosls nd u hem no conex, e-eng o el o suosed ensons nd con-dcons such s h beween develo-men nd clme jusce nd shownghe exsng wde y o lenves. Thecves ound he COP 15 n Coenhgene sng on n he ceon o such

bod movemen o n Nom Klens n-sed wods used o descbe he n-WTOoess n Sele excly 10 yes beoe heublcon o hs dosse, hey cn be hemovemens comng-ou y. A move-men goes beyond he cves o cvss,he monce nowhsndng. I n-cludes convncng mny eole o engge ndfeen eveydy cces nd convncng


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journalists to reer to voices rom outside

the conerence halls and of cial science. It

implies politicians who are willing to break

with the dogma o competitiveness and pol-

itics as a power game among elites and ittakes seriously changes in institutions such

as private and public rms, schools and uni-

versities. This movement is a broad proc-

ess o social transormation and its core and

catalyst is the collective thinking and action

that is currently taking place within the cli-

mate justice movement.

This issue oCritical Currents was a collec-

tive undertaking. First o all, we would like

to thank the authors contributing to the

dossier. We are grateul or the many con-

tributions we received rom activists and

scholars rom dierent continents and social

contexts, with knowledge o varying elds

o international climate and energy politics,

and with very diverse perspectives. The

common ground is that we are all preoc-

cupied with, and critical o, the direction inwhich international climate politics are and

have been heading or a long time.

Three o the editors want to warmly thank

the ourth, Tadzio Mueller, who had by ar

the heaviest workload and who is in many

ways responsible or getting this issue done.

We are grateul or the generous nancial

support or his and other work that came

rom Focus on the Global South, Sabine

Nuss at the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation in

Berlin, as well as the Institute o Political

Science at Vienna University. Special thanks

go to the Dag Hammarskjld Foundation

and its director, Henning Melber, or givingus the prestigious intellectual and political

space oCritical Currents and or sharing our

political concerns over dominant develop-

ments and our desires to change the world.

Our thanks also go to the good people as-

sociated with the Foundation who did such

a wonderul job on language editing, layout

and other essential tasks: Peter Colenbrand-

er, Mattias Lasson and Karim Kerrou. As

usual, all remaining aws are entirely our

responsibility.

We hope that this publication can contrib-

ute to shaping a uture climate and energy

politics that wi ll prove capable o solving the

multiple crises that climate change is part o,

and which humanity is acing in the second

decade o the 21st century.


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A emns cque o he clme chnge

dscouse. Fom boolcs o necoolcs?

Ewa Charkiewicz

Globl ecology nd globl mkes necn numbe o wys, o he on h now-

dys he wo e muully ndsngush-ble. On he one hnd, he globl exnsono mkes nceses demnd o esoucesnd us moe essue on he negy oecosysems, one esul beng globl clmechnge. On he ohe hnd, mesues o d-dess clme chnge ely on mke nsu-mens o envonmenl olcy. C-nd-de mesues conbue o he ceon o

new vul nncl mkes. Tody, heneoclsscl model o he mke s lso o-eed s comellng conceul model ohnkng bou soluons o he oblems oenvonmenl degdon.

Close o hl cenuy go, Fench h-losohe Mchel Foucul coned he con-ce o boolcs o on o he oblemo how human lie s mnged o dmns-

eed. Foucul undesood boolcs s hsoclly conngen mode o he muulmlcon o owe nd knowledge henbled he dfeenl djusmen o hu-mn bodes o new oms o cl ccu-mulon (Foucul 1990). Le, neo-lbelboolcs would exnd he noon o heeconomc o nclude he socl (Foucul2004). Domns o govenmen such s so-

Ew Chkiwiczis an activist and

researcher with an interest in critical

globalisation studies, as well as feminism

and ecology as new social critiques. She

lives in the Netherlands and is currently

involved with Feminist Tink ank, Poland.

cl secuy sysems nd ohe ublc omso socl ovsonng, o nsnce, educ-

on o helhce, s well s ublc dmn-son (he se sel) e eognsed nems o economc only. The m be-comes eguloy del, beuy queen,o se, school o hosl. Envonmenlolcy, oo, hs been subsumed unde hseconomc only.

The wy necons beween mkes ndhe envonmen e govened hs -ech-

ng consequences o humn nd non-humnle. The combnon o envonmenl ndhumn esouces hs been nely cued byTees Bennn (2000) s lvng nue. Hewok exemles new emns socl c-que, whch hs develoed some neesnggumens bou he elonshs beweeneole, nue nd cl. These elon-shs, s n ll socl nsuons, e und-


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men n Johnnesbug (WSSD), whee heble o Noh-Souh del on envon-men nd develomen, nd o keengAgend 21nc, ws los. In Johnnesbug,

he queson o he ecologcl nd socl lm-s o economc gowh ws dslced omhe summ gend. In he nl documenso Ro+10, ovey ws no longe n ssueenng o ccess (o he lck heeo) osusnble lvelhoods. Women smly ds-eed om nl documen (wh womno exceons). Susnble develomenmohed no globl envonmenl mn-gemen, he heds o whch wee ledy

o be ound n Agend 21. To quoe omeUN Secey Genel Ko Annn (2001)dung he eons o he Ro+10 con-eence n 2002, we hve o mke globls-on wok o susnble develomen.1 Inc, ws he ohe wy ound: susnbledevelomen ws eooled o wok o neo-lbel globl govennce.

Now he soluon o nelnked globl c-ses no longe ly n undmenlly chng-ng consumon nd oducon ens,bu n lbelsng globl de nd nves-men ows. Tde s he new sn nd henew svou o develomen ws suosedo se ll bos. Accodng o he sco ee mke deology, he lbelsono nvesmen ows ws men o geneeunds o envonmenl movemens nd

o educe ovey. Wh he hel o sclolcy ncenves, envonmenl mnge-men nd new echnologes, he envon-menl mess would somehow be clened u.O couse, hese olces desgned o seedu cl ows nd unove uhe nen-

1 Annn, K. (2001), Imlemenng Agend 21. Reoom he Sece y Genel o he ECOSOC, www.

johnnesbugsumm.og

sed essues on he envonmen. Ion-clly, n lgh oman-mde clme chnge,he esusve neo-lbel meho o l-ng ll bos lelly comes ue.

Cucl n he move owds neo-lbelboolcs ws he elocon o envon-menl olcy o he domn o vul -nncl mkes. Ths move ws consold-ed on globl scle wh he Kyoo Poocol.Polluon ws no longe somehng h ol-cy-mkng sough o ve, nd s me-ly ws bnshed o he subex. Insed,envonmenl olcy sel becme mens

o ceng vul mkes, such s loclmkes o olluon ems o globl c-nd-de mesues. Wh Ro+10 dd osusnble develomen, he Kyoo Poo-col dd o clme chnge dscouse, n efechnessng globl ecology n he sevce ohe exnson o vul nncl mkes.

Fom he esecve o he meles o

eveydy le, educng envonmenl ol-cy o mee echno-mngel xes mkes moe d cul o ve globl ecolog-cl nd clme cses, s he olclly ndechnologclly meded gowh n he vol-ume, scle nd seed-u o oducon ndconsumon hs ouced envonmen-l e cency gns (Sonng 2001). The sho mke-bsed nsumens ehe nsessome o he envonmenl coss o oduc-

on nd consumon o he end use, hs, he consume (wh ooe householdsyng he lges she o cos elve ohe ncome), o cees new vul moneymkes o olluon ems hough glo-bl c-nd-de sysems, wh no efec onhe el economy n ems o educng globlemssons. As oned ou n UN De-men o Economc nd Socl Afs (DESA)


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olcy noe o 2009, he olcy ocus on sclncenves o geen echnologes nd c-nd-de mesues wll o od he coss odelng wh clme chnge on o develo-

ng counes. Jus lke ele end-o-eolces, hese new echno-nncl se-ges do no decoule economc gowh omenvonmenl essues nd connue onse he sks nd coss o ecologcl c-ses on o households. Gven hsocl gendedvsons o lbou nd esonsbly s wells he exgences o bologcl eoducon,women who ovde cng wok n omlo noml mkes o n he households

be he gees buden n mkng u o heenvonmenl nd socl coss o neo-lbelgovennce. The loss o exsenl secuy,nd secclly he loss o mens o lvel-hood, ood secuy nd helh s cuely ex-eenced by ooe households nd oul-ons, s well s he nenscon o woknd clms on me nd hyscl enegy, exeenomous essues on eoles cces o

lve, nd on he ce economy o eoduc-ve economy, n cul n householdsn he globl Souh. No susngly Te-es Bennn (2003) nlysed globlson nems o he eos o eveydy le.

Environmentalism, eminismand neo-liberal revolutionIn he cque o globl envonmenl

mngemen, Ynes Kng (1997) woeh he end o 20h cenuy nvolved:

... mssve enegoon o owe,knowledge, nd he ownesh o leom he molecul o he lney. Fe-ly, lbo, nul esouces cn ll beonlzed nd conolledll ohe mnged nd mngeble bve new

woldnue, nd he unuly msses,cully women o colo n he nohnd souh, e monoed nd mngeds neve beoe.

Cuen mnsem wsdom on clmechnge s h new echnologes nd nn-cl nsumens wll mge he conse-quences, o x he oblem. To be sue, glo-bl emns dscouse hs lso been fecedby he neo-lbel evoluon nd become nvenue o he mkeson o socl m-gnes nd humn necons. Recenly,ee-mke emnsm, lh-gls emnsm

o he emns mngelsm so vsble nhe eoenon o gende mnsemngom womens ghs gends owds o-ml equy nd echncl n-dscm-non olcs hve gned omnence.Anlogous wh he dubous efecs eemke envonmenlsm hs hd n educ-ng he mcs o economc gowh on heenvonmen, emns mngelsm hs

no moved he quly o womens lves,no hs slowed he nenscon o newoms o exloon o bodes, whch ebombded wh oxns, oced o woklong hous n exble nd nsecue lboumkes, whle ll he coss o eoducngeole e evsed o households.

In boh cses, nehe envonmenlss noemnss hve bndoned he des o sus-

nbly, jusce nd ghs, bu o bohgous hs been ncesngly d cul obng hs lnguge no globl olcy e-ns. The old seges o wokng om bohnsde nd ousde wee eemed whenhe dscouse, o nsnce on ovey, sh-ed om meeng bsc needs owds heechncl Mllennum Develomen Gols(MDGs) n he le 1990s. One ossbly


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o segc nevenon s, heeoe, o e-cove old lnguge nd he memoy o shsn conceul mewoks o chllenge heconemoy enclosue o emns nd en-

vonmenl dscouse whn he onl-y o he mke. Thee e vous emnsnd envonmenl skes n chllengng hsonly no only n elon o economccves, bu lso o he exen h mkeshve cued he olcs o ses, whchenoce neo-lbel olces nd ncesnglyoee ccodng o he economc logc ohe enese, whee budgey/mcoeco-nomc olcs s he ls gumen o he

kng, he ultima ratio regum.2

The nnclson o olcs, ncludnghe olcs o eveydy le, enls he e-oducon o chl, gende, clss ndce elons n new guse. All humn n-econs nd nsuons e gendeed ncludng mkes. As Jon Sco (1987) us, gende s my sgne o owe,

nd gende elons e consuve o llowe elons. The s economcs ex-book n hsoy, Xenohons (427-355 BC)Oeconomicus (The Economs), descbes hegood mnge o he oikos (household ndese) s one who knows nue n ode omke he bes use o n ode o enhncehe vlue o ll hs ossessons. The goodmnge nges wokes lke soldes n ble o lough he elds, nd kes ce o

commece whle he nmeless we endso dues unde he household oo, nclud-ng he mngemen o slves. Wh odys seen s economiccvy s bsed on hesme hsoclly esblshed gende dv-son o lbou, me nd money, wh ccesso welh nd money conolled by v-

2 Ths ws he nscon on he guns o Kng Lous XIV.

leged men nd subsequenly deemnedby nonymous cl usung s owneoducon. When he ndusl evolu-ons eloced o donl womens

housewok o he mke (mkng clohes,cookng, helhce, chldce, ec.), wslwys vlued less monely hn woksgned s mle. Wh he modens-on o chy (Pemn 1987), womennow hve ccess o mkes on ems o be-ng eqully exloed wh men, whle heesonsbles o ce e nensed un-less hey cn fod o ousouce o ohewomen n globl ce wok-chns.

Ths mssve enegoon o owe ndknowledge, whle mnnng modensedchl sucues nc n he domn oglobl economc, envonmenl nd soclolcy, concded wh olcl chnges nhe sus o humn subjecs. When mkesbecome he key souce o olcl only(s Foucul gued n hs 1979 lecues on

he bh o boolcs), no only nue bulso humn bengs e emde nd e-ce-gosed, no longe beng subjecs o czens.Fom he esecve o mkes nd ses,we become evenue-geneng esouces,dsosble souces o dsceony ncome obe culved nd omsed o he mke,o nsomed no humn wse. The seno longe legmses sel by kng ce os czens. Resonsbles o socl eo-

ducon e no shed, s hey wee n socl-s o lbel wele ses, bu e elocedo he households. The ssumon s hwomens me s nnely elsc n ovd-ng d nd und wok, unng womenno bufe zone o ses n oducvy,declnng quly o jobs nd o eveyhngelse h s equed n he seeded-u me ohe eoducon o cl.


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Neo-lbel boolcs omses humn sub-jecs s economc uns su cen uno hem-selves, delsng hose who cn fod hebll o ll he needs, ncludng helhce,

chldens educon nd ensons; who hvesu cen dsosble ncome o fod svngs;nd who do no need sysems o muul soclnsunce. Neo-lbel boolcs hs s dkundesde, he olcs o deh o necool-cs, s Achlle Mbembe (2003) u , wheehe oo e le o de o e exloed ohe vege o be exsence n hs new slveeconomy. As he exnson o ced mkeso he sub-me seco (wh ll s eugenc

connoons) shows, he oo e connu-ously ccessed nd ocessed o o. Asndeed s nue, ques h ncludes newees o exeesl esouces, dn-geously couled wh new echno-olclcces o lney enclosue. I s nounlkely h hese ends wll be mledn he uue. Fom he sndon o c-cl socl movemens, hs clls o segc

nevenons n he nme o humn gencynd unvesl ndvsble humn ghs. Thegh o helhy envonmen hs now be-come he gh o lve. To even he slno necoolcs, he uue o he esen

wh s dfeenl le chnces o useulneo-lbel subjecs nd o humn wse,nd new scenos o he uue whee hescesh eh s bndoned o o needso be nseed no he socl mgny. En-

vonmenlss nd emnss hve o ke uhe ole o Cssnds who chllenge neo-lbel olcs o uh, ee mke Muzknd nhlsm, wh cle ccouns o wheehs couse s heenng o ke us s hu-mn communes. Fo oo long, whle u-sung he seges o chnge om nsde,NGOs hve enly gued h desoynghe envonmen o excludng women om

he mke s no good o busness. Now weneed o gue h hs knd o busness s nogood o eole.

Ls bu no les, one o he slen eueso neo-lbelsm s he so-clled gmcsh om dscussng cuses o socl ndenvonmenl msey nd edcmens oocusng nsed on delng wh he e-ecs (eemng he oon o delng whhe cuses). An exmle o hs s he bn-donmen o ny debe on chnges n con-sumon nd oducon ens h wseceved s cenl o ddessng he cuses

o he globl envonmenl css bck nhe dys o Ro (che 4 o Agend 21).All he lk o emsson volumes, emssoneducon scenos, esmes o mgoncoss, ocuses he clme chnge dscouseon efecs, whle he n-deh cuses o cl-me chnge e emoved om he gend.Anlogous o ele end-o-e olces,new echno-scl seges do no decou-

le economc gowh om envonmenlessues nd connue o nse he sksnd coss o ecologcl cses o households,whle he benes o economc gowh ndncome om mkes ncesngly ccue o smll vleged gou wh economc ndolcl esouces.

When lookng he clme css omhe esecve o envonmenl negy

nd socl eoducon, he mjo souceo msey s eveled o be he unelennggowh o essues on boh nue nd hu-mn bodes. Peole need nue nd nuueo lve, nd o lve hey hve o oduce ndo consume. In cls socey, he ne-cons beween nue nd eole e me-ded by money. The cuenly ulng omo money (nncl cl) s dven by he


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comulson o eoduce sel. As TeesBennn (2000) ons ou n he heoy oenegecs, he me o eoducon o lv-ng nue (humn nd non-humn) s on

collson couse wh he me o eoduc-on o cl. Followng nd ewokng hegumens o Kl Mx, she gues h heccumulon o cl eques he nuo lvng nue (humn nd non-humn)no oducs nd sevces. As w me-ls, nue nd humn lbou e souces oenegy nd souces o sulus vlue. Both la-bour and nature give more than they cost. Cldoes no y he coss o he eoducon

o eole, bu nses hese coss o house-holds (o he ce economy, s some em-nss would sy). No does cl y o heeoducon o nue (unde subsuonlws), unless oced o do so.

The el coss o nue e lwys de-eed...Seed o cquson nd slexnson ncese essues on lvng

nue...In he even h nul oc-esses o eoducon cnno be seededu, he cos o nul eoducon hso be educed o mke u o he dg onexchnge-vlue. (Bennn 2003: 128)

Fom hs esecve, nd kng clmechnge seously, wh s ske s osh he lnguge o he debe om e-ecs (emssons) o cuses (he wy vul

nd oducve economes e unconngnow), nd o eognse mkes, n cu-l o slow down he ow o money houghhe economy. Wh he nscon me oglobl money mkes now educed o ml-lseconds, mke gowh deenden on suhe seed-u nd exnson hs dss-ous consequences, s he ecen nnclcss shows. To chllenge hese oweulends, we need o soclse nd geen m-

kes. Mkes hve lwys exsed s omo exchnge. The oblem s how mkese consuced nd eguled, n cu-l n he cuen lehl eguloy om oneo-lbel govennce whee ll socl ndecologcl coss e exenlsed o house-holds, wh dssous efecs o he wekessocl gous. Soclsng mkes mlesecung he noon o he mke s

om o exchnge, whee coss o humnnd envonmenl eoducon e shed.Ths s whee emns gends o secunghe negy o socl eoducon nd en-vonmenl gends o envonmenl sus-nbly colesce.


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Literature

Bkke, I. (2004), Govennce nd Re-vzon o Socl Reoducon: Socl

Povsonng nd Shng Gende O-des, n Bkke. I. nd S. Gll (eds), Power,Production and Social Reproduction. HumanInsecurity in the Global Political Economy.New Yok: Plgve.Bennn, T. (2000), Exhausting Moder-nity. Ground or a New Economy. London:Rouledge.

Bennn, T. (2003), Globalization and Ter-rors o Everyday Lie in the West. London:Rouledge.

Elson, D. (1994), Gende nd Mco, Mez-zo, Mco Levels o Economcs Anlyss, nBkke, I. (ed.), The Strategic Silence. Genderand Economic Policy. London: Zed.

Foucul, M. (1990 [1976]), The History oSexuality. Volume I. London: Pengun.

Foucul, M. (2004),Society Must Be Deend-ed: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-76.London: Pengun.

Kng, Y. (1997), Mngel Envonmen-lsm, Poulon Conol nd he New

Nonl Insecuy: Towds FemnsCque, Political Environments, Vol. 5,Fll.

Mbembe, A. (2003), Necoolcs, PublicCulture, Vol. 15, No. 1, .11-40.

Pemn, C. (1989), Fenl Socl Con-c, n Pemen, C., Disorder o Women.Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory.Cmbdge: Poly Pess.

Sco, W. J. (1987), Gende s UseulCegoy o Hsocl Anlyss,AmericanHistorical Review, Vol. 91, No. 5, .1053-75.

Sonng, V. (2000), Susnbly n Lgho Comeveness, Ecological Economics,Vol. 34, .101-13.

UN Demen o Economc nd SoclAfs (2009), Achevng Susnble De-velomen n n Age o Clme Chnge.Polcy Noe. Uned Nons.


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Kyoos exble mechnsms ndhe gh o ollue he 1

Achim Brunnengrber

The cuen nncl nd economc csese geneng essues owds he egul-on o he globl cls economy, bu hemuch-helded seges o eom emnmee ecewok nd seem o hve eched

he lms long beoe he css hs un scouse. Ae ll, he my ocus s onhe evlson o he bnkng nd desecos, no on globl envonmenl ssues.The else sufeed by Angel Mekel once hled s he clme chncello, nowconsdeed once gn un-o-he-mll cnd ndusy chncello shows h dung css, he envonmen hs no lobby. To

be sue, envonmenl ognsons, geen(wngs o) es, engged scenss ndnenonl envonmenl nd develo-men NGOs ssue egul emndes bouhe Uned Nons Fmewok Convenonon Clme Chnge (UNFCCC) nd heKyoo Poocol. Bu h, oo, s symom-c o he oblem: he css hs no led o cque o mke-bsed nsumens, buhe o n eve moe desee em o

clng o hem, n se o ll he wekness-es, o beyond hem hee seems o be noh-ng bu olcl wldeness. Ths mkes cque o he olcl economy o clmechnge ll he moe mon.1

1 Fo moe deled exoson o hs gumen c.,Bunnengbe (2009), Die politische konomie desKlimawandels.

Achim Bnnngbis at theOtto Suhr Institute of Political Science,

Free University, Berlin. His research

areas are environmental governance,

energy policy, climate change policy and

politics, vulnerability and adaptation.


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The Kyoo Poocol s se o olcl uleso he economc mngemen o clscss henomenon, whch hd ledy beenon he gend long beoe he nncl css

les snce he UN Coneence on En-vonmen nd Develomen n Ro de J-neo n 1992. The hd Coneence o hePes (COP) o he UNFCCC n Kyoo n1997 geed on h owds he egul-on o he css. Ecologcl necesses suchs educng he use o ossl uels, he exn-son o enewble eneges, s well s newconces o mobly nd new lesyles weelgely gnoed. Poweul economc neess

wee ushng o mke-bsed nsumensnd nssed h hese should no neeewh gowh ges o economc come-veness. As esul, he mechnsms con-ned n he Kyoo Poocol wll no mke ossble o educe emssons moe qucklyhn he hyhm o economc gowh wouldllow, gues Enque Lef (2002: 102).

A he sme me, he Kyoo Poocol wslso he sng on o he emegence on nenonl egme o esouce mn-gemen h would soon oen u newbusness oounes. Whn he conexo nenonl clme govennce, eco-nomc ocesses hve ken on l e o heown nd now ech beyond he oocols such. The css s seen no s sysemccss o clsm, bu s n oouny:

Geen New Del o Globl GeenRecovey (Edenhoe/Sen 2009; c., lsoFedmn 2008) s men o cee jobs,eenegse he globl economc sysem andoec he clme. A geen clsm sseen s sgncn souce o oenl ech-nologcl nnovons, only govenmens

ge he ncenves gh.2 We e wnessnghe emegence o clme neo-lbelsm,whch my vey well enegse some nonleconomes, bu wll cenly no oec

he clme.

Climate change andglobal constitutionalismA he nenonl level, govenmens hvewved such oons s xes, mosng bnson cen subsnces o educng ecolog-clly dmgng subsdes. Domnn coswhn hese govenmens, s well s ve

busnesses nd nenonl NGOs (c-ng n he ocess n knd o conc-ul cooeon) hve lgely enoced heuse o economc nsumens n he nen-onl govennce o clme chnge. Whengovenmens gunee ghs o ollue byemng CO

2, hey develo secc see-

ng mechnsm by mens o whch hey ce-e he mewok o economc cos o

egule hemselves. By dong so, hey bd-ce he esonsbly o he genel goodnd, n hs cse, o he envonmen. Gov-enmens only on he sel-egulng m-kes n one cul decon, mlyn ode o secue he le suvellnce ndconol o newly nsuonlsed oeyghs, heeby educng nscon coss. Inhe conex o globl consuonlsm (Gll2000), he concul nenonl egul-

on o ghs o ollue s hus he econd-on o he ceon o new mkes.Fo comnes, hs mles he emegence o

2 Accodng o Hns-Jochm Schellnhube o he Pos-dme Insu Klmolgenoschung, oecnghe clme wl l led o hd ndusl evoluondue o he echnologcl nnovons wll nduce(Frankurter Rundschau, 8 Novembe 2005).


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new ce o comeveness, whch feche condons o he vloson o cl,he nvesmen nd nnovon segesnd he choce o locon nd echnol-

ogy. The econdon o hs s he blyo ende he nul envonmen n mon-ey vlues. Nue he wy h we eceve does no exs e se, bu s subodnedo he domnn socoeconomc only.Ths only lso shes he olcs o cl-me chnge: he hn ehcl quesons, s quesons bou he coss o clme chngend o nsumens o comnes, ses ndsocees h deemne he domnn ds-

couse. I we do no ke ny ses o o-ec he clme, sys Clud Keme o heDeusches Insu Wschsolk, by2100 we wll be ced wh globl clmechnge-eled dmges o u o 20 llonUS$ (2005: 1). Nchols Sen, ome cheeconoms he Wold Bnk, hs clcu-led h uhe ncese n geenhousegs (GHG) emssons could led o u o 20

e cen beng loed of he globl GDP by2050. These knds o clculons e m-ly nended o mke envonmenl ob-lems no economc dscouses.

A he sme me, he nsumens n heKyoo Poocol cemen he seon onenonl clme chnge olcs omohe nenonl nsuons nd ogn-sons. In mny wys, he ees mng o

economc gowh nd he lbelson ode n goods nd sevces conned whnhe Wold Tde Ognzon (WTO) con-dc he gol o he Kyoo Poocol. Thedscusve-deologcl s well s nsuonlseon o global climate problem ndos-sil uel (in-)security encs (emoy) -ochemen beween he economy nd heenvonmen (Alve 2008). Bu becuse

undmenl ly he condcons cnno beexcsed, he govennce o clme chngeemns gle consuc (Bunnengbe2007).

Carbon trading, or thevalorisation o natureThe ceon o mke o dble CO

2

emssons s seen s sgncn se owdshe soluon o he globl clme css. Byvue o beng dble, CO

2ceces

e men o conbue o he educono geenhouse gs emssons n he lces

whee such educons e chees. Thecap h lms he moun o ceces snended o conbue o he elson ogeenhouse gs educon ges. Ths den emsson ghs ollows n economc logch s undmenlly nd wdely cceed.Howeve, so exeences wh hs n-sumen, boh n Gemny nd he wdeEU, hve been he sobeng, even he

mcs o cbon dng hve no beenonly negve o Gemn ndusy. Al-hough emsson ghs wee gven wy oee n he s dng eod, enegy com-nes smly dded hetheoreticalcoss ohe ce o enegy (windall prots). Accod-ng o he Gemn mnsy o he envon-men, n 2005 hs cce esuled n hecomnes kng n os o beween 6nd 8 bllon he exense o he cus-

omes (Tagesspiegel, 16 My 2006).

In he EU, some 9,400 enegy oduces ndndusl cles eque cece oech on o CO

2emed. Howeve, gven

h he EUs membe ses wee hegeneous n he dsbuon o bou 1,829mllon ons o emsson ghs, ndusysel equemens wee exceeded by 44 ml-


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lon ons n 2005. In My 2006, he ce ohese emsson ghs ccodngly collsedom 30 e on o less hn 10, n em-bssng success o he envonmen,

Gemn newse commened (die taz, 16My 2006). Fom 2008 o 2009, he ceo ceces h he KFW Bnkenguecould sell o he Gemn govenmen hdcshed by 60 e cen. A EXX, he enegyexchnge n Lezg, hey wee emo-ly vlble o less hn 8 (c., www.exx.com o n evluon o he s dng e-od c., DEHS 2009). In he second d-ng eod (2008-12), he numbe o CO

2

ceces h wee dsbued ws some-wh educed s esul o essue om heEuoen Commsson. Now, howeve, heeconomc css nd he ensung educonn he CO

2emssons o mny comnes

e ledng o do n demnd o he ce-ces, whch n un educes he ce.

Bu he mechnsm he he o he Kyoo

Poocol cn only wok e cenly ce-ces e scce nd heeoe exensve. Ihey e oo che, hey do no geneeessue owds educng emssons ndhe seeng efec emns lmed (c.,Bouns/W 2008). In ddon, ces oceces hve been exemely volle,hghly deenden on he us nd downs ohe busness cycle nd he vges o secu-lon. So , he ec movemens o he

ce o ceces hve moe o less neg-ed he hoed-o eguloy efecs (Holln2009). Cbon dng s hus n nsumeno dubous vlue h cnno gunee e-ducon n geenhouse gs emssons. In c, s even doubul whehe he cecesh e beng ded on he exchnges cu-lly sll eesen el emssons, o whehehey hve become mee objecs o secul-

on whose mel (hyscl-chemcl) e-ec on he moshee becomes obscued.

Poecng he clme hus becomes

me o seculos who sve oens nd os om nncl nsc-ons, whle no beng ll neesed nclme chnge (Alve 2008: 154).

Anohe oblem s he con o heCenl nd Esen Euoen (CEE) coun-es n he emssons dng sysem. Thegeemen n Kyoo ws h Russ ndUkne would, by 2012, meely hve o s-

blse he emssons s mesued gns hebselne o 1990. Bu he bekdown o heeconomes geneed mssve el educonsn geenhouse gs emssons, such h odyboh counes cn sell he sulus emssonghs on he uue mke o ceces.Even n he bsence o ny uhe mesueso cheve educons, Russs emssons n2020 would mos lkely sll be some 20 e

cen lowe hn hose o 1990. The CEEcounes wll hus be ble o sell sgncnmouns o excess emsson ghs on hemke, lhough hese ceces wll nobe bsed on ny el emsson educons.Mny descbe he ossbly h goven-mens nd comnes wll use hese ce-ces o efecvely buy hemselves ou ohe esonsbly o educe emssons s heoducon o ho . The oblem mgh

only deeen once he develong nd new-ly nduslsed counes ce n heglobl cbon-dng mke. Fo esons o

jusce, hese counes e gned he gho ncese emssons n ode o close gs neconomc develomen nd ogess (c., hecle n hs jounl by Edudo Gudyns).The qundy s h he emsson llownceshey e gned cn be unelsclly hgh.


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A educon o bsolue emssons n he n-duslsed counes, s omuled n heKyoo Poocol, seems hdly elsc gnshs bckdo snce ddonl emsson ce-

ces e so esy o come by. Even heGemn Bundesvebnd Emssonshndelund Klmschuz hs o dm h he den CO

2ceces hs so nhbed he

hn senghened he nsomon o heenegy seco owds sucues h e lessdeenden on emssons. Renewble enegeshve no beneed om he emssons deehe. I s no meely eehng oblems he evenng n n-osslsc nsom-

on, bu olcl nd economc consns,neess nd owe elons. The emssonsde uncons s ceve om o CO

2c-

counng h smly llows busness s usulo connue. Ths mgh exln he unec-edened lck o cque vs--vs he und-menl ws o emssons de, s VlennHolln us (2009: 25).

Flexibility through loopholes: TheClean Development MechanismThe Clen Develomen Mechnsm (CDM)oens ye nohe wy o he govenmensnd comnes o nduslsed couneso mee he emsson educon ges byeducng emssons no n he own bu ndevelong nd newly nduslsed coun-es. The CDM efecvely llows CO

2

educons o be exoed o he globlSouh, whle emssons n he nduslsednons emn consn o even ncese,deendng on how mny CERs (CeedEmssons Reducons) e ed no domescsysems. Common exmles nclude eo-eson ojecs o he consucon o wndubnes nd owe lns. The emssonssved o cued by such ojecs e hen

ceded owds he nvesng govenmeno comny nd deduced om he e-secve emsson educon ges. The -gumen s h, om globl on o vew,

s elevn whee excly geenhouse gsemssons e educed. Thus, oecng heclme s mde ossble no only chelynd e cenly bu lso obly.

Gowh osecs o CDM ojecs e sg-ncn. In June 2006, 190 ojecs wee eg-seed nd 860 wee n eon. By ely2009, 1,400 ojecs hd been egseed nd4,600 ojecs wee n eon (see h://

cd4cdm.og o cuen numbes). The e-quenly hgh execons o CDM ojecswee oen dsoned, howeve. In o-de o nvesmens n emsson educonso quly s CDM ojecs, hey hve noonly o mke conbuon o susnbledevelomen bu lso ull he ceon oadditionality. In ode o quly o he CDM,ojecs hve o ove h hey would ndeed

genee additional emssons educons nhe hos couny. Mesues h would lsohve been ken n he bsence o he CDM(such s he consucon o hydoeleccowe son h ws lnned beoe heexsence o he CDM) e no elgble undehe Kyoo geemen. One cul gol oCDM s lso o suo hos counes onhe h o moe susnble (clene) devel-omen by wy o echnology nse.

Pmly, howeve, CDM hels ndusl-sed nons nd he comnes o vodhvng o elly educe he emssons home. The cul on o he nsumen so educe he coss o oecng he clmeby mlemenng mesues whee exensese low nd os hgh (W/Moz 2008).The ddonly nd cul conbuon o


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susnble develomen h mny CDMojecs mke s lso n queson. One sudyevels h 40 e cen o he CDM ojecsegseed beoe summe 2007 dd no mee

he ceon o ddonly (Schnede2007). Ths mens h lse cecesech he EU, evenully ledng o glo-bl increasen CO

2emssons. A cully

song cque s deced owds ojecso elmne o dsose o ly hlogen-ed hydocbons (HFCs) nd lughnggs (N

2O) n Chn, Ind nd Bzl. Moe

hn one-hd o he dble cecesdeve om hese so-clled end-o-e

echnologes. The gs h oms s esduen he oducon o coolns hs vey hghglobl wmng oenl nd s n exemeclme klle. By bunng , emsson ce-ces cn be ened s nd low cos.

The CDM s bsed n vou o lgeojecs nd ends o gnoe smlle oneswh elvely hghe coss. Ove 90 e

cen o he CERs come om Ind, Chn,Souh Koe nd Bzl. Howeve, ese-clly Les Develoed Counes (LDCs)oen lck he nsuonl nsucueo CDM ojecs. Lkewse, ew CDMnvesmens ech ul es. The lsngnsomon o enegy sysems nd heexenson o decenlsed enewble sulysysems e gols o he CDM only on -e. Mke-bsed mechnsms nves whee

s chees. Cosle efos o oec heclme efos h demnd song nves-men n susnble echnologes e ne-gleced (CDMWch 2004).

Peanuts or adjustment measures

When comes o clme oecon nddjusmen mesues, he LDCs commonly

demnd suo om nduslsed n-ons. The le should cy he new ndddonl coss3. Thee globl nnclunds hve been esblshed o mee hese

demnds: 1) The so-clled Secl ClmeChnge Fund (SCCF) wh he gol oomong develomen n he enegy ndnso secos. By Mch 2008, he undhd eceved bou US$ 90 mllon n volun-y conbuons (GEF 2008); 2) he LesDeveloed Counes Fund (LDCF) o-vdes nncl d o he mlemenono he mos mon djusmen mesuesnd seves only LDCs. Alogehe, US$ 170

mllon hd been d volunly no heund by Mch 2008; nd 3) he AdonFund (AF), whose m s o senghenconcee djusmen mesues nd ojecs.Ths und s nnced by mndoy 2 ecen f on ech CER geneed by CDMojecs. Mesued gns cuen smulusckges, hese sums e hdly moe hnenus. Fuhemoe, he ojecs mos

lkely o be unded e hose h oen unew mke oounes o he echnolo-ges oduced by ndusl sed counes.

The counes mos feced by clme chngee hose o he globl Souh counes he exemely oo by socoeconomc snd-ds. The consequences o clme chngewll swn nd nensy concs ove ccesso esouces such s we o ble lnd (Un-

mg/Cme 2008, WBGU 2007). Con-sdeng he djusmen mesues nd nnc-ng ogmmes emloyed so , hee exssesonble concen h hese e no bsedon he needs o he mos vulneble oul-ons, bu he deemned by ohe ne-

3 A . 4.3. nd 4.4., UNFCCC, Uned Nons(1992).


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ess. Ths would seem o be conmed by heexcluson o locl cos om he lnnngsges o nonl djusmen seges ndby he en economc nd echnologcl

osons (Dez/Scholz 2008).

Hot investment climate

In nduslsed counes, clme chngehs long been o economc monce. In-enonl egulons cee boomngmke o unoeseen ossbles. Consul-ng ms e ounded h dvse he ndusyn s och o emssons dng, whle

bnks nd bokege houses cee he ownbods o mnge he de. On he sockmke, new yes o nncl nsumene develoed h ke no ccoun com-nes efos o educe he clme oon.Menwhle, comnes develo ogmmesh llow ofseng emssons cused by n-enonl vel by wy o secl xes. Theuchse o emsson ceces o ndvdu-

ls s mnged by nves lke MyClmeo clmene (www.myclme.og, www.clmene.com). Evluon sevces s-sess comnes CO

2emssons nd counsel

on educon ossbles. Inenonl gen-ces dec clme oecon ogmmesowds develong counes, nd nenems ofe emsson-ee communconloms. In ddon, hee e he eosnd suveys om he eld o economcs h

sulemen nd onlse he ocess.4Clme chnge hs been on he gendo ensunce comnes such s MunchRe nd Swss Re snce he 1970s. They emnly feced by he ncesng coss onul csohes. Ely on, he mn

4 C. Zum Gesch m de Ewmung, Der Spiegel32/2005, nd Ds Pol zum Emssonshndel undKlmschuz, www.co2-hndel.de.

concens wee dmges o objecs o sev-ces ledy nsued. The key queson wssk ssessmen. The coss lkely o be cusedby clme chnge wee coed no og-

noses o esmed uue dmges. The e-nsunce comnes wee mong he veyew lyes n he ve seco o demnd-echng educons n geenhouse gsemssons nd don mesues s soons clme chnge olcs becme n ne-nonl ssue. They hve lso dded heown sudes o elevn dscussons.

Recenly, he mke oounes ceed

by he clme chnge debe hve becomeeve moe obvous. Insues ofe come-hensve olces, om coveng you ownhome gns som oods o coveng eneous egons gns oenl ncome losss consequence o clme chnge. Tke,o exmle, he cse o col ee blechng.Ens Ruch wes:

As concenons o clme gses so, sodo he demnds uon he nsunce ndus-y: whou deque my nsuncees, sble ensunce ccy wll nolonge be ossble. The soluon les n sky

jon venues beween my nd sec-ondy nsunce comnes nd he clmke. (www.munche.com, downloded15 Seembe 2006)

Conclusion: multiple crises?

Desucve modes o oducon s wells esouce-nensve consume hbs ndmobly needs e beng deended. Neo-lbel olces would no be successul hey wee no ble o nsom he clmechnge debe no new mke ooun-es. The exble mechnsms e nehe


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med educng gowh no owds en-egy o develomen olces. No mesuese noduced h ncese he oducono enewble eneges, o conbue o he

decenlson o enegy sucues. Theocus les nsed on he socel use nd vl-oson o nue, s well s on he eno-mous nnovon oenl o he clmechnge lbel o he economy. The egul-on o clme govennce by he mke she esul o secl nees lobbysm, con-bung o he sblson o hegemonccls sucues nd exlong clmeoecon o os mde n newly ceed

(nncl) mkes. The emclly evdend cules o dmnseng he mechnsmso he Kyoo Poocol hus om vel be-hnd whch he consoldon o politicaleconomy o climate changend he economisationo natureoceed ce.

Ths ses he queson o whehe he n-enonl clme egme s n c he gh

nsuon o comb clme chngeTwelve yes e sgnng he Kyoo gee-men (1997) nd 17 yes e sgnng heFmewok Convenon on Clme Chnge(1992), should be obvous h he efecso hese olces e no only ncedblyslow, bu lso h hey hve no chevedhe desed oucomes. Pesenly, he nn-cl css nd economc ecesson mke lowenegy ces, he esevon o jobs nd

nonl comeveness moe monhn he educon o emssons cused byoducon nd consumon. Ths goes oll counes: nduslsed, newly ndus-

lsed, develong. We cn hdly execucomng negoons nd coneences onclme chnge o chnge hs.

The conce o Geen New Del does osome degee esond o ccsm o he cl-me olces we hve seen o de, bu emns vey vgue s s uue mes-ues e concened. So , no esonse ohe eve-ncesng desucve consum-on o esouces hs been ound. The deo susnbly, celebed n 1992, hsled (Pk e l. 2008). Technologcl -oches, nsunce olces nd djusmen

mesues smoohly no he mbons ogowh nd mke e cency. They ollowhe sme logc h hs been esonsble ohe desucve ecologcl efecs o ndus-lson. In he end, s lwys ese oove economc smulus ckges hcosmeclly mody exsng sucueshn sve o undmenl nsomonsh chllenge dgm o gowh whch

s boh ecologclly unsusnble nd so-clly unjus.

Translated rom Germanby Gabriel Kuhn.


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Alve, E.(2008), Kohlensofzyklus undKlkeslu ene Tgde de A-

moshe, n Alve, E., nd A. Bun-nengbe (eds),Ablasshandel gegen Klimawan-del? Marktbasierte Instrumente in der globalenKlimapolitik und ihre Alternativen. Hmbug:VSA, S.149-168.

Bouns, B., nd U. W (2008), Klms-chuz ls Geldduckmschne, n Alve,E., nd A. Bunnengbe (eds),Ablasshandel

gegen Klimawandel? Marktbasierte Instrumente

in der globalen Klimapolitik und ihre Alterna-tiven. Hmbug: VSA, S.67-87.

Bunnengbe, A. (2007), Mul-LevelClme Govennce: Segsche Sele-kven n de nenonlen Polk,n Bunnengbe, A., nd H. Wlk (eds),Multi-Level-Governance. Umwelt-, Klima- undSozialpolitik in einer interdependenten Welt,

Schen zu Govennce-Foschung desWssenschszenums Beln (WZB), Bnd9. Bden-Bden: Nomos, S.207-228.

Bunnengbe, A. (2009), Die politischekonomie des Klimawandels. EgebnsseSozl-kologsche Foschung, Bnd 11,Mnchen: oekom .E.

CDMWch (2004), Mke Flue. Why

he Clen Develomen Mechnsm wonPomoe Clen Develomen: h://www.cdmwch.og/ les/mke-lue-2004.d (downloded 26 Mch 2006).

DEHS (2009): Emssonshndel: Auswe-ung de esen Hndelseode 2005-2007:h://www.dehs.de/cln_099/nn_476194/ShedDocs/Downlods/Publkonen/

Ausweung__1__Hndelseode,emleId=w,oey=ublconFle.d/

Ausweung_1_Hndelseode.d (down-loded 14 My 2009).

Dez, K., nd I. Scholz (2008), Ans-sung n den Klmwndel. Ene neueQul von Mul-Level-Govennce mNod-Sd-Konex? n Bunnengbe,A., H-J. Buchd, nd C. Gg (eds), Mitmehr Ebenen zu mehr Gestaltung? Multi-Level-Governance in der transnationalen Sozial- und

Umweltpolitik, Schen zu Govennce-Foschung, Bnd 11. Bden-Bden: Nomos,S.183-206.

Edenhoe, O., nd N. Sen (2009), To-wds Globl Geen Recovey. Recom-mendons o Immede G20 Acon.Reo Peed on behl o he GemnFoegn O ce, Beln.

Fedmn, T.L. (2008), Hot, Flat and Crowd-ed. Why the World Needs a Green Revolution- and How We Can Renew Our Global Future.New Yok: F, Sus & Goux.

Gll, S. (2000), Theoesche Gundlgenene neo-gmscnschen Anlyse deeuoschen Inegon, n Belng, H-J.,nd J. Senhlbe (eds), Die Konguration

Europas. Dimensionen einer kritischen Integra-tionstheorie. Mnse: Weslsches Dm-boo, S.23-50.

Holln, V. (2009), Gue Alenven zumEmssonshndel, n Solarzeitalter(01): S. 25-26.

Keme, C.(2005), Weltweiter Klimaschutz - so-ortiges Handeln spart hohe Kosten. Beln: DIW.


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Lef, E.(2002), De Geoolk nchhlgeEnwcklung. konomseung des Klms,

Ronlseung de Umwel und de ges-ellschlche Wedenegnung de Nu,n Gg, C., nd U. Bnd (eds), Mythen glo-balen Umweltmanagments: Rio + 10 und dieSackgassen nachhaltiger Entwicklung. Mnse:Weslsches Dmboo, S.92-117.

Lohmnn, L. (ed.) (2006), Carbon Trading. ACritical Conversation on Climate Change, Pri-vatisation and Power. Uddevll: Medn.

Pk, J., M. Fnge, nd K. Conc (eds)(2008), The Crisis o Global EnvironmentalGovernance. Towards a New Political Economyo Sustainability. London: Rouledge.

Pk, R. (2008), We en Mk ensehund us Klmmll ene We wd, n Al-ve, E., nd A. Bunnengbe (eds),Ab-

lasshandel gegen Klimawandel? MarktbasierteInstrumente in der globalen Klimapolitik und ihreAlternativen. Hmbug: VSA, S.35-50.

Schnede, L.(2007), Is he CDM ulllngs Envonmenl nd Susnble Devel-

omen Objecves? An Evluon o heCDM nd Oons o Imovemen. Sud-e des ko-Insus m Aug des WWF.Beln.

Uned Nons(1992), United Nations Frame-work Convention on Climate Change. New

Yok: Uned Nons.

Unmg, B., nd S. Cme(2008), Ak

m Klmwndel, Giga Focus. N. 2.

WBGU (2007), Wel m Wndel: Sche-hessko Klmwndel. Sude des Ws-senschlchen Bes de BundesegeungGloble Umwelvendeungen. Beln.

W,U., nd F. Moz(2008), CDM - su-bee Enwcklung und dubose Gesche,

n Alve, E., nd A. Bunnengbe (eds),Ablasshandel gegen Klimawandel? MarktbasierteInstrumente in der globalen Klimapolitik und ihre

Alternativen. Hmbug: VSA, S.88-105.


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Clme chnge nd clsmsecologcl x n Ln Amec

Eduardo Gudynas

The ssue o clme chnge hs ecenly c-qued ge omnence n Souh Amec.I hs eceved consdeble covege n he

mnsem med, been he objec o mnyczen-led cmgns nd hs les beendscusvely cknowledged by govenmensnd some comnes. Ye dese hs gow-ng esence n ublc debe, he quesons whehe he oosls h hve been c-culed so e elly med devsngefecve mesues o ckle clme chnge.

The nlyss n he esen ex shows hhe dscouses o ll Souh Amecn gov-enmens ody, whle no denyng hechllenge o clme chnge, esen n dsoed wy. Clme chnge s hus en-deed s unconl o ocess o com-modcon o nue nd eoenono envonmenl olcy. Even unde le-wng govenmens, Souh Amec s w-nessng he edeloymen o vons on

he heme o h n ogess hough heoon o nue, hus evenng hesubsnve geemens h would be neces-sy o conon clme chnge.

A distorted perspective on climate change

All he govenmens o Souh Amec ewoed bou clme chnge. The esons e

Eddo Gdyns is director of the

Latin American Center on Social Ecology

(CLAES), a think tank on sustainable

development based in Uruguay.

ved, nd nge om ossble losses ngculul oducon, he dsenceo he Anden ce elds, coslne chnges,declnes n ousm o he efecs o n n-cese n nul dsses. The emhses,oo, e vey dvese, om enged seech-yng o he esblshmen o scenc com-mees nd he omoon o cmgns.Concomnly, he convenonl med


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ecycle eos on he subjec, lmos ll owhch, howeve, ogne n nduslsedcounes: he ones h e moe egullyced come om he Nohen hemshee,

nd hus obvously exess he oblems ndoes o che counes.

I s hus h, se by se, cen deo clme chnge hs sed coss SouhAmec, wheen he ollowng elemens ecenl: emhss on he esonsbly o n-duslsed nons s wy o deeng ndvodng commmen; dencon o ems-sons by secos such s ndusy nd ns-

o s he mn culs; nd he vew hSouh Amecn counes would be, bovell, vcms. Howeve much uh hee s nech o hese elemens, he whole se leds odsoed osons, llowng Souh Ame-cn counes o engge n med cmgnswhle vodng boh debe nd concee c-on o ckle he oos o he oblem.

To be sue, much gee esonsbly llson nduslsed counes, cully hequeson s consdeed om hsocl e-secve. Howeve, we mus lso dm hsevel Souhen counes hve become hugegeenhouse gs emes, somemes levelshghe hn develoed nons. Fo nsnce, we consde ol emssons (excludng lnd-use chnges), Bzl nks 7h, hed o coun-es such s Gemny nd Cnd; Mexco s

11h (hed o Ily nd Fnce) nd Agen-n, 25h (hed o The Nehelnds).1

The volume o cuen emssons s some-mes mnmsed, somemes hdden (hsly exlns he delyed esenon o

1 Emsson gues o 2005, bsed on he ClmeAnlyss Indcos Tool CAIT dbse, WoldResouces Insue.

he o cl eos by vous Souh Ame-cn counes), o elvsed ccodng oevluons n ooon o suce o ou-lon. Dese he globl esonsbly,

mny Souhen counes oose cce-ng ny subsnve commmens o educeemssons on he gounds h hey do nown o be ed o educon gols h mghhnde he develomen. Bu hey lso, byemhssng he condon o vcmhood,nss h he gh gns clme chngemus be nnced nd suoed wh ech-nology nses om nduslsed nons.The own esonsbles whch, howeve

dfeened, e globl noneheless ds-e. The own nves emn lmed,nd Souh Amecn counes conbue ohe eenl hose-dng nd bgnng nnenonl negoons concenng hemoney h s execed n ode o nenonl mesues gns clme chnge.

Coesondngly, he wy n whch hese

govenmens hve begun o ke con onclme chnge ccenues ohe deom-ons. Whle ecognsng oblems o vul-nebly, whch e seous nd ugen, hemgon cmgns e ocused on educ-ng emssons n secos such s nso, n-dusy nd eleccy geneon. On heseons, he cons e genelly modes ndnow, nd usully exhus hemselves nogmmes o ose he use o enegy-sv-

ng lgh bulbs, les n some coy chm-neys nd sng hybd cs. Wheve heue e ccy, n he end hese ogmmesme becuse o he suo hey gne nhe om o ublc onon. Besdes, hs kndo nve s n lne wh he domnn mes-sge n he med, whee he sess s lwyson ndusl o nso emssons.


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The oblem s h hs does no coe-sond o Souh Amecn ely. A geeooon o emssons n he enegy sec-o s ycl o ch counes. Fo nsnce,

nso nd ndusy genee bou 90 ecen o geenhouse gs emssons n he EU.I s o hs eson h hese e he secosgeed by such counes.

The suon n Souh Amec, howeve, svey dfeen: he mos subsnl oono geenhouse gs emssons (75.2 e cen)comes om gculue nd lnd-use chng-es. Indusy, nso nd he lke eesen

23.6 e cen o emssons o CO2 equv-lens.2 Agculue, lnd-use chnge ndoesy eesen 83 e cen o ol ems-sons n Bzl, lmos 86 e cen n Peund 91 e cen n Bolv. I s obvous hhs suon s dfeen om wh mny s-sume. Ths suon exoses he condc-ons o, o exmle, Bzl, whch hs be-come ge globl eme, bu esss kng

subsnl mesues, demnds comensonnd nses whle he sme me esen-ng sel s new globl owe.The gves nd mos ugen oblems oclme chnge n Souh Amec ele ogculul olcy, lnd use nd exos ogoods. The gend o olcl debe ndhe mos ugen mesues mus un o hesequesons, nd n cul o ugen ssuessuch s deoeson, lnd eom nd he ex-

nson o exo monoculues such s soy.Ye hs nexus does no eceve he enon deseves om he Souh Amecn ublc:on he cony, s eeedly voded bygovenmens whose mgon lns e n-deque nd whose gols e vgue. Wh smoe, hey ke dvnge o hs dsoonn he debe on clme chnge by ognsng

2 D o he ye 2000. CAIT dbse, Wold Re-souces Insue.

mkeng cmgns ound hemes such slgh bulbs. In hs wy, he mos ugen ndolclly mos cosly hemes, such s g-culul olcy, go undscussed. Ths snce

s, neveheless, nsumenl n senghen-ng he nenonl bgnng osonswhle cyng on wh he esen modelso develomen.

The commodi cation o nature

The essence o convenonl develo-men seges s one o he mn cuses ohe essnce o clme chnge gend n

Souh Amec. The domnn model s sllone bsed on he oon o nue ndon exo-led gowh. Even he so-clledogessve govenmens (Agenn, Bo-lv, Bzl, Chle, Ecudo, Pguy, Uu-guy nd Venezuel) hve been esuecng cul veson o n deology oprogress

ccodng o whch, hese counes ossessenomous nul esouces nd mle oen-

l o ecologcl bufeng, nd so he gov-enmens ke s he mnde o mke hemos o hs welh. The hgh ce o com-modes n ecen yes hs mled hsendency, nd mny govenmens hough essenl o ke dvnge o hese oou-nes n he globl economy o uhe heoegn de. To h end, hey eused, nde sll eusng, ny de o envonmenlcondons o escons, lhough now he

juscon s he globl css h hs neg-vely mced economc exnson.

The dsoon o he clme-chnge gen-d enbles govenmens o evde deeedebe on he cenl des o hs syle odevelomen, whch e cenl n he o-mulon o lnd-use nd gculue ol-ces. Bu hs sme dsoon mens h

some convenonl cons cn be esen-


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ed s hvng n envonmenl uose. Aycl cse s he go-uel ogmme nBzl, geenwshed s gh gns nol-bsed cvlson, when n c con-

sues deeenng o he exnson o soynd sugcne monoculues n suo oexong gbusness, wh seous soclnd envonmenl mcs.

Thus nue s uned no bske o com-modes: envonmenl goods nd sev-ces elce ecosysems, nd nul clcomes o exess he envonmens mon-ey vlue. Ths knd o och s unc-

onl o he de n nul esouces, ndso does no condc he esen veson ohe deology o ogess.

Ths emhss s no new, nd s o hehege o he neo-lbel yes, bu hslso been omoed by Souh Amecn gov-enmens. One should emembe he Ro+10summ n Souh Ac n 2002 whee v-

ous Ln Amecn counes, led by Bzl,nssed on he de o omong he com-meclson o he own bodvesy ndecosysemc uncons s hey wee bu onecommody mong ohes. Ths exlns heesen nssence on he o vous o-gessve govenmens on vng gee-mens on envonmenl goods nd sevces he Wold Tde Ognzon (WTO).

In he mewok o he commodcon onue, he envonmen s boken u nocommodes o be nseed no oducveocesses. As consequence, he comonenso ecosysems s un nd o, o even hegenes, ecologcl cycles, ec. e conveedno commodes h e subjec o de lwsnd cn hve ownes nd n economc vlue.Counes lke Bzl nd Agenn, o ex-

mle, e mong he mos enegec dvo-

ces o he ncooon o envonmenlgoods nd sevces no he WTO egme.

Ohe cos oee n he sme wy. Among

he so-clled consevon BINGOs (bg n-enonl NGOs), o exmle, mke-bsed mechnsms such s cbon dng eseen s key n esondng o he chllenge oclme chnge exendng ll he wy oexeme cses such s Consevon Ine-nonls oosl egdng he Amzon,wheeby oeced es should sel-nncehemselves by wy o he sle o envonmen-l sevces nd goods, o cbon cue, n

globl mkes (Klleen 2007). Ths s n ex-emely essmsc oson, whch ssumesncble ses nd he oskng o ny deo nsomng globl clsm, nd c-ces he desucon o he gee ohe noes, whle l l h s hoed o s oslvge he odd oeced e by ncludng n he vey commecl newoks h cuseenvonmenl desucon.

Along he sme lnes, he ecen ECLAC(Economc Commsson o Ln Amecnd he Cbben) eo on nenonlde, nso s even cknowledges hemonce o clme chnge, lso clls oessnce o geen oms o de oec-onsm. Moe monly, hs oosldemonses ohe secs o hs dso-on, snce nonl o locl envonmenl

oblems vnsh om he gend. Envon-menl mcs h nge om he loss obodvesy o ubn conmnon e nodequely consdeed; he cons o con-on hem e emed o menng; env-onmenl nsuons e even moe g-le; nd hee e mulle oblems whenocemen. Much s sd bou envon-menl quesons, bu om dsoed e-

secve, whle llel wekenng o n-


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onl nd locl envonmenl govenncen Souh Amec kes lce.

The ecological x or capitalism

Ths dsoed esecve on clme chnge,nd he dvncng commodcon o n-ue even n mes o globl css, e dueo he c h we e wnessng so oecologcl x o clsm. Ths new ve-son s dfeen om he ogmme ushedn he mewok o he neo-lbel eomso he 1980 nd 1990s, snce ody hee scknowledgmen o he oblems wh hose

osons, gee ole o he se s env-soned nd socl ogmmes e o emnn lce.

Ye hee hs been no ogess n develo-ng subsnve cque o he economcode, o he excessve emhss on he -oon o nue o he logc o ogessnd economc gowh. The ogessve o

le-wng govenmens o Souh Amechve eced some o he exemes o heold olcs, eseclly n he socl en,nd hs s no smll me. Bu hey hve,neveheless mnned he sme syle odevelomen s nul esouce-exongcounes. Wh s moe, n some o hesegovenmens he se cs o cle henensed use o nul esouces, he ex-o o my commodes nd he c-

on o oegn nvesmen: decly, houghse eneses, such s nonl ol com-nes, s n he cse o Bolv o Venezuel,o ndecly, s n he lns o c lge-scle mnng nvesmen n Ecudo.

Fo he sd govenmens, he monce ohe se s new omoe o he o-on o nue s cle. Fo exmle, he Bo-

lvn esden, Evo Moles, hs ecenlychllenged envonmenl ognsons ndeven locl communes h oose ol ex-loon hus: Wh e we o lve of ? he

sks. Along he sme lnes, suo o -donl syle o mel develomen cnbe ound n old socl movemens, such sde unons wh n ndusl, ubn bse.

In hs conex, he socl olces chc-esc o ogessve govenmens emngeed secc socl gous nd com-ense o he negve efecs o hs veydevelomenls segy o he commod-

con o nue. Envonmenl quesonse engged suce level, usully knghe om o mkeng cmgns, bu he n-ssence s sll h envonmenl egulonwould slow economc gowh nd eesen sk o develomen sel. As esul, only suecl envonmenl gend s cceed,o one h efecvely ncooes consh e unconl o economc gowh nd

elonsh o he globl economy h eleson he exo o my commodes. Thsexlns he dsoons o he debe on cl-me chnge nd he essnce o dscussng,o nsnce, he ole o emssons ognngom gculue nd lnd use.

Snce hs syle o develomen now hs socl nd envonmenl ce, geneeshe lluson o bengn clsm. The

undmenls o s unconng go unques-oned, s do hose o he commodcono nue o he suong ole o soclogmmes. Insed, hee e mesues oeon nd comenson, nd even heccence o nohe knd o globlson,wh gee se egulon ( good exm-le would be he clsm 3.0 oosl oeconoms Dn Rodk).


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Tgeed ovey-llevon ogmmes evey mon n emegency suons, buwhen hey become emnen hey dmenhe mos cue efecs o hs clsm nd

cy socl unes. Govenmens nd ol-cl legmcy nd so even he dscussono he mode o oon o nue ndhe nenonl nseon bsed on nu-l esouces. The exmles bove show howgovenmens, sevel bg NGOs nd sgn-cn secos o cdem e comlc n hs.The degdon o he envonmen s hd-den, mde nvsble. Howeve much ecogn-on o ecologcl efecs hee my be, he -

gumen s h hey e he nevble coss olevng undedevelomen behnd. No onlyh, bu he nenscon o he commod-con o nue s esened s soluon ohe exsng oblems.

Climate change and post-material development

A dcl sh n nenonl negoonson clme chnge eques nohe knd oledesh om Souh Amecn counes.I s necessy o bek wh he deology oogess nd o move owds post-materialdevelopment. To he exen h olcl de-be n Souh Amec s ody che ndmoe dvesed, s ossble o move o-wd wh hs gend. Fo exmle, heoosl o os-ol develomen n Ecu-

do, ncludng mooum on ol dllngn he Ysun egon (Acos e l., 2009), s vey mon nevenon. In he smewy, we need o dscuss ugenly olcesegdng gculue, cle mng ndoesy, nd genelly come u wh newdesgn o ul develomen.

In hs sk, s necessy o u he essence

o conemoy Ln Amecn clsm

sel he cene o he debe, nd cu-lly s gol o chevng economc gowhhough he exo o my commod-es. The soluons h beckon wh he

commodcon o nue e no enougho ckle nonl envonmenl oblems,le lone globl ones. Mesues such s heceon o nenonl cbon mkes emee llusons o suosedly efecve le-nves, when n c hey do nohng buexcebe he oblems. I hee s no d-cl chnge n hs knd o elonsh, eve-yhng ons o he essence o sluggshnenonl negoons h wll ee-

edly vod el commmens o ckle heoo cuses o clme chnge.

Translated rom Spanishby Rodrigo Nunes.

Literature

Acos, A., E. Gudyns, E. Mnez, nd J.H. Vogel (2009), Levng he Ol n heGound: A Polcl, Economc, nd Eco-logcl Inve n he Ecudon Am-zon. Amecs Pogm Polcy Reo.Wshngon, DC: Cene o InenonlPolcy, 13 Augus.

ECLAC (2009), Pnom de l nsecnnenconl de Amc Ln y el Cbe

2008-2009. Sngo de Chle: CEPAL.

Klleen, T.J. (2007), Un Tomen Pe-ec en l Amzon. Desollo y conse-vcn en el conexo de l Incv lInegcn de l Inesucu RegonlSudmecn (IIRSA),Advances in AppliedBiodiversity Science, No. 7, Consevon In-enonl.


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Documents

Contours of Climate Justice - Ideas for Shaping New Climate and Energy Policy