Contours of Communalism in India

All-India Religious Population by Caste Categories

Religion SC's ST's BC's Others All

Hindu 22.2 9.1 42.8 26.0 100.0

Muslim 0.8 0.5 39.2 59.5 100.0

Christian 9.0 32.8 24.8 33.3 100.0

Sikhs 30.7 0.9 22.4 46.1 100.0

Buddhists 89.5 7.4 0.4 2.7 100.0

Jains 2.6 3.0 94.3 100.0

Zorastrians 15.9 13.7 70.4 100.0

Others 2.6 82.5 6.2 8.7 100.0

Total 19.7 8.5 41.1 30.8 100.0

Source: Sachar (2006 :7)

Rural Annual Household Expenditure in Rupees

Hindu Muslim Muslim/Hindu (%)

MPCE

HH

Size

HH

expenditure MPCE

HH

Size

HH

expenditure

HH

expenditure MPCE

All India 568 4.9 33705 553 5.6 37051 110 97

West Bengal 610 4.7 34586 501 5.2 31146 90 82

Kerala 970 4.1 47549 968 5.3 61082 128 100

Uttar Pradesh 544 6 38951 509 6.3 38337 98 94

Bihar 448 5.4 29155 426 5.4 27570 95 95

Assam 615 4.9 36446 511 5.6 34045 93 83

Jammu & Kashmir 840 5 50706 776 6.1 57046 113 92

Jharkhand 448 5.2 27728 423 5.8 29276 106 94

Karnataka 526 4.7 29860 532 5.1 32398 108 101

Uttaranchal 652 5 38787 600 5.9 42336 109 92

Delhi 1023 4.4 53963 1696 1 20352 38 166

Maharashtra 603 4.8 35011 576 5.5 38360 110 96

Andhra Pradesh 604 4 29307 610 4.5 33258 113 101

Gujarat 644 5 38272 668 5.5 44453 116 104

Rajasthan 593 5.6 39819 611 6.3 46436 117 103

Madhya Pradesh 458 5.5 30175 475 5.9 33368 111 104

Haryana 913 5.4 59700 605 6.8 49285 83 66

Tamil Nadu 597 3.8 27561 724 4.1 35981 131 121

Orissa 424 4.9 24811 447 6.3 33628 136 105

Himachal Pradesh 834 4.8 47640 798 6.3 60561 127 96

Chattisgarh 445 5.3 28401 473 5.9 33677 119 106

Punjab 852 5 51423 777 5.7 53075 103 91 Sources: (1) Sachar (2006: 365) and (2) NSSO (2007: 36-37)

Urban Annual Household Expenditure in Rupees

Hindu Muslim Muslim/ Hindu (%)

States MPCE

HH

Size

HH

expenditure MPCE

HH

Size

HH

expenditure

HH

expenditure MPCE

All India 1139 4.4 59575 804 5.4 51832 87 71

West Bengal 1214 4.1 59908 748 4.7 41865 70 62

Kerala 1363 4.4 71214 1081 5.3 68139 96 79

Uttar Pradesh 976 5.2 60439 662 6.2 49285 82 68

Bihar 768 5.1 46961 559 5.7 38273 81 73

Assam 1113 4.2 55748 1199 4.9 70366 126 108

J &K 1323 4.5 71423 991 5.2 61615 86 75

Jharkhand 1038 4.8 59801 727 5.5 48102 80 70

Karnataka 1201 4.1 58412 837 5.2 52668 90 70

Uttaranchal 1033 4.6 56439 753 5 44800 79 73

Delhi 1423 4.1 69571 1051 4.3 54745 79 74

Maharashtra 1278 4.4 66776 921 5.4 59857 90 72

Andhra Pradesh 1134 4 54104 803 5.2 50048 93 71

Gujarat 1227 4.6 67049 875 5.2 54771 82 71

Rajasthan 979 4.8 56588 685 5.9 48679 86 70

Madhya Pradesh 902 4.9 53429 669 6.1 48867 91 74

Haryana 1155 4.7 65551 1105 5.3 70720 108 96

Tamil Nadu 1166 3.7 51777 1020 4.1 50212 97 87

Orissa 795 4.5 43250 785 4.6 43795 101 99

Himachal Pradesh 1487 3.7 65175 869 3.2 33601 52 58

Chattisgarh 956 4.5 51958 590 5.9 41514 80 62

Punjab 1241 4.7 70372 811 4.4 42655 61 65 Sources: (1) Sachar, 2006: 364) and (2) NSSO, 2007: 36-37).

All India Household Age Profile

FEMALES MALES

RURAL URBAN RURAL URBAN

Hindus Muslims Hindus Muslims Hindus Muslims Hindus Muslims

Below 15

years 341 394 273 356 359 428 276 357

15-54 560 530 616 559 539 493 628 568

55 and Above 99 76 110 85 102 79 97 77

Total 1000 1000 999 1000 1000 1000 1001 1002

Source: NSSO, 2007: A-7, A-8, A-10, A-11) Data consolidated here.

Proportion of persons (per 1000) employed according to usual principal and subsidiary status

RURAL URBAN

Male Female Male Female

States Hindu Muslim Hindu Muslim Hindu Muslim Hindu Muslim

All India 553 495 344 178 555 526 174 121

West Bengal 591 541 194 131 593 599 155 152

Kerala 596 448 302 124 574 464 247 81

Uttar Pradesh 504 450 249 190 534 506 104 147

Bihar 487 413 150 74 443 503 64 77

Assam 561 535 252 131 549 571 118 56

J& K 580 538 395 202 520 532 117 108

Jharkhand 552 440 302 267 467 502 127 93

Karnataka 625 600 470 348 584 553 200 119

Uttaranchal 524 520 445 148 508 570 136 46

Delhi 489 1000 49 0 535 604 96 11

Maharashtra 572 476 480 280 570 533 202 126

Andhra Pradesh 609 538 490 397 567 539 246 108

Gujarat 590 619 436 322 585 531 168 82

Rajasthan 509 481 411 236 505 482 189 126

Madhya Pradesh 544 535 370 279 520 517 159 142

Haryana 524 471 321 277 511 534 130 14

Tamil Nadu 605 460 475 141 606 499 254 120

Orissa 587 477 319 254 507 465 149 42

Himachal Pradesh 555 590 505 516 627 811 240 48

Chattisgarh 563 600 459 75 531 564 188 114

Punjab 544 606 202 472 582 641 122 118 Source: NSSO, 2007: 50-51, 53 -54)

Average Annual Household Income in MCD's 2007-08 (Rupees)

Serial District State % Muslim Hindu Muslim % M/H

1 Bahraich UP 34.8 30153 28224 94

2 Balrampur UP 36.7 46333 41341 89

3 Barabanki UP 22.0 32195 26306 82

4 Muzzaf’nagar UP 38.1 43665 37975 87

5 Bijnor UP 41.7 30948 25994 84

6 Baduan UP 21.3 23737 26341 111

7 Bagpat UP 24.7 44735 30498 68

8 Saharanpur UP 39.1 61017 66457 109

9 Bulandshar UP 21.1 52985 35482 67

10 Lucknow UP 20.5 34068 45557 134

11 Moradabad UP 45.5 40625 41637 102

12 Siddh’nagar UP 29.4 31712 39406 124

13 JP Nagar UP 39.4 50987 50842 100

14 Lashmipur K UP 19.1 30970 24730 80

15 Shrawasti UP 21.6 41876 37107 89

16 Bareilly UP 33.9 27534 25278 92

17 Rampur UP 49.1 42940 45699 106

18 Hardwar UTK 37.7 42840 37636 88

19 USingh Nagar UTK 16.2 84796 43985 52

20 Dharbhanga Bihar 22.3 33174 32149 97

21 PChamaparan Bihar 21.7 25148 33398 133

Serial District State % Muslim Hindu Muslim % M/H

22 Kishangunj Bihar 74.1 34291 38020 111

23 Katihar Bihar 44.8 26065 27966 107

24 Araria Bihar 41.4 32065 31012 97

25 Purnia Bihar 38.1 32055 28891 90

26 Sitamarhi Bihar 21.4 32804 29951 91

27 Gumla JH 3.6 18996 29004 153

28 Pakur JH 32.7 29070 38438 132

29 Ranchi JH 10.2 33565 33426 100

30 Sahibganj JH 32.4 33051 35216 107

31 Parbhani MHA 6.6 52013 32002 62

32 Hingoli MHA 6.1 62503 37864 61

33 Washim MHA 6.5 55461 48445 87

34 Bhuldana MHA 9.1 50898 32876 65

35 Sirsa HAR negl 86375 44063 51

36 Mewat HAR 74.2 34798 48580 140

37 Leh J&K 12.9 83079 76527 92

38 Bidar KAR 12.2 48324 43539 90

39 Gulbarga KAR 11.6 49150 40251 82

40 Mamit MIZO 1.8 58006 33627 58

41 Lawngtlai MIZO 0.3 51203 35254 69

42 Wynad Kerala 26.5 44446 56802 128

Rural Urban

All Hindu All Muslim All Hindu All Muslim

MPCE H

Size H

Income MPCE H Size

H Income

MPCE H

Size H Income MPCE H Size

H Income

2004-05 178.2 4.95 882.09 173.2 5.59 968.188 336.9 4.36 1468.884 237.9 5.37 1277.523

2009-10 190.1 4.5 855.45 178.4 4.9 874.16 382.2 4.0 1528.8 264.8 4.8 1271.04

2011-12 218.8 4.4 962.72 207.9 5.0 1039.5 429.9 3.9 1676.61 297.6 5.0 1488.0

Kundu Report (2014)

Kundu Report (2014)

Monthly Incomes

Per Capita Family

Rural Urban Rural Urban

M/H M/H M/H M/H

2004-05 0.97 0.71 1.10 0.87

2009-10 0.94 0.69 1.02 0.83

2011-12 0.95 0.69 1.08 0.89

Hindu Muslim All

Rural 4.5 5.4 4.8

Urban 4.6 5.5 5.2

All 4.6 5.5 5.0

Telangana

Average Household Size

Source: Sudhir (2016) Table 2.2

Location Gender Hindu Muslim All

Rural

Male 80 75 79

Female 65 47 63

Urban

Male 76 69 74

Female 25 8 21

Telangana

Work Participation Ratios (15-64 Years) 2012-13 (%)

Source: Sudhir (2016) Table 2.2

Location Income Expenditure

Hindu Muslim Hindu Muslim

Rural 10887 10372 4400 5295

Urban 12938 13742 5838 7086

All 11587 12848 4892 6615

GHMC 14198 14474 6570 7738

NON-GHMC 11342 11785 4734 5880

Telangana

Hindu Muslim Monthly Household Income and

Expenditure

Source: Sudhir (2016), Tables A 5.14 and A 5.15

Figure 2. Three scenarios for differences between means

Distribution of Per capita consumption

Yastu = That is Sarvani = Every

Bhootani = Beings with and without souls Aatmaanyeva = Not different from his own Self

Anupasyati = Realizes Sarva = Every

Bhootescu = All the beings Aatmanam = In his own Self

Tato = Thereby Na = Does not

Vijupsate = Hate

“The wise One, who realizes all beings as not different from his own Self; and his own self as the Self of all beings –

thereby does not hate anyone.” Isa Upanishad v.6

Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, speaks thus: Dhamma is good, but what constitutes Dhamma? (It includes) little evil, much good, kindness, generosity,

truthfulness and purity. And it consists of this: proper behavior towards servants

and employees, respect for mother and father, generosity to friends, companions, relations, Brahmans

and ascetics, and not killing living beings. Therefore a father, a son, a brother, a master, a friend, a companion or a neighbor should say: "This is good, this should be

done." One benefits in this world and gains great merit in the next by giving the gift of the Dhamma.

2nd and 11th ROCK EDICT AT GIRNAR (300 BC)

"Who knows for certain? Who shall here declare it? Whence was it born, whence came creation? The gods are later than this world's formation; Who then can know the origins of the world? None knows whence creation arose; And whether He has or has not made it; He who surveys it from the lofty skies, Only He knows- or perhaps He knows not." - The Rig Veda (X:129)