Contralínea 474

8/20/2019 Contralínea 474

1/68

Kûl ;= • Jóifrl =7= • $45

Mfb 1 kb ;= mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

HTTJ3 ;006-;0>0

^FPHT]K TFIKJKB


2/68


3/68

www.dljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix 4

JVFT]^LT BFD]L^FT LUHJHÔJ

MH^FD]L ̂Ihgufb NkmhbblldhlmfpkpfbEykall.dli.ixTVNMH^FD]L ̂ Clsè ^èyfz crfyfzEdljtrk bhjfk .dli.ix

DLL^MHJKML^FT

HJ@LÎKDHÔJ Sôshil Dkikdal zlshilEdljtrk bhjfk .dli.ix

FMHDHÔJ Jkjdy @blrfsjkjdyEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ixDLJ]^KBÉJFK ]P Èrhok ^kiérfzfslfihEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix WFN Gljzkbl Iljtfrrlskhj`lEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix FDLJLIÉK Ikrdls DaëvfzikrdlsEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix K^]F Dfdhbhk IkrtéjfzdfdhbhkEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix MHTFÛL Ihgufb IhjfrlihihgkEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix UVNBHDHMKM Ckjft t Kbnk ckjft tEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix U^LMVDDHÔJ Buhs OukjprlmuddhljEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix

^FUL^]F^LT

Fbvk IfjmlzkfbvkEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix Kxfb UbkskkxfbEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix Ikurhdhl ^lifrlikurhdhlEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix

MF@FJTL^ MFB UF^HLMHT]K Ëbvkrl Dfpfmk JfrhdfpfmkjfrhEprlmhgy.jft.ix MF@FJTL^ MFB BFD]L^

Clrgf Ifbfjmfz Urfdhkml ckifbfjmfzEprlmhgy.jft.ix FMH]L^HKBHT]KT

@knhl Nkrnlsk`knhlnkrnlskdkjlEgikhb.dli

Ihgufb Dljdak IkblfmudkdhljEmfrfdalsauikjls.lrg.ix Ikrtéj Fspkrzk gkrrksbfl0Eykall. dli.ix Fmgkr Gljzëbfz ûhzfmgkrgrEprlmhgy.jft.ix ^lnfrtl Gkbhjml gkbfljmfbsurEaltikh b.dliTkiufb Bkrk PhbbkskiufbbkrkvhbbkEgikhb.dliUknbl Ildtfzuik NkrrkgëjpknblildtfzuikEaltikhb.dliKrhfb JlylbkjlylbkrkEgikhb.dliKmrhëj ^kiérfzprfshmfjdhk.bhifmmaEgikhb.dli

KTHT]FJ]F WFN Krikjml Dlvkrrunhks

HBVT]^KML^FT

Ihgufb GkbhjmlihgkbhjmlpEgikhb.dliMkvhm IkjrhqufikjrhqufEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix

^FMKDDHÔJ 666=-8;8=UVNBHDHMKM 666=-8;84TVTD^HUDHLJFTX PFJ]K MF BHN^LT 666=-8;8>

Kv. ̂ él Daurunusdl 685, dlbljhk Mfb Dkrifj,mfbfgkdhôj Dlylkdëj, DU 5=;55, Ièxhdl, M@

Tu Tkjthmkm @rkjdhsdl,iëxhil cfrkrdk mf bk HgbfshkKplstôbhdk y ^likjk? cf`fmf Fstkml mf bk Dhumkm mfbPkthdkjl3

Bks lrgkjhzkdhljfsrikjtfs quf trknkckilsfj Ièxhdl jls mhrhghils kustfm dlj fb j mf slbhdhtkrbfrfspftulskifjtf quf fjbls fjdufjtrls ldhkbfs mfsu prôxhik vhshtk kb pkés sf

rffrk k bk kbkrikjtf shtuk-dhôj plr bk quf ktrkvhfskIèxhdl fj iktfrhk mf mfrf-dals auikjls.

Fb kûl pkskml, fb KbtlDlihshljkml mf JkdhljfsVjhmks pkrk bls MfrfdalsAuikjls y bk DlihshôjHjtfrkifrhdkjk mf Mfrf-dals Auikjls rfkbhzkrlj vhshtks hj bldl kb pkés. Kinlslrgkjhsils hjtfrjkdhljkbfsdljstktkrlj bk grkvf drhshsmf mfrfdals auikjls quf

vhvf Ièxhdl y dlhjdhmhfrljfj quf bk shtukdhôj fxtrfikmf hjsfgurhmkm, vhlbfjdhk fhipujhmkm, y bks kbkrikjtfsdh`rks mf pfrsljks ksfshjk-mks, mfskpkrfdhmks, mfspbk-zkmks y tlrturkmks, pkrk ujpkés quf jl sf fjdufjtrkfj ifmhl mf uj dljhdtlkrikml rfdljldhml, rfsubtkhipkdtkjtf.

]kj sôbl mf mhdhfinrfmf >550 k mhdhfinrf mf>5;= sf rfghstrkrlj = ihb 66

mfjujdhks plr tlrturk kjtfbk Urldurkmurék Gfjfrkb mfbk ^fpónbhdk? mf bks dukbfs,; ihb >74 dlrrfspljmfj kmfjujdhks dljtrk ihbhtkrfs.Mf hgukb `lrik, sf thfjfjldhkbifjtf dljtknhbhzkmls>7 ihb 041 dksls mf mfsk-pkrhdhôj mf pfrsljks, iu-dals mf bls dukbfs akj shml

dlifthmls plr ùjdhljkrhlspónbhdls fj fb dljtfxtl mf bkkdtukb plbéthdk mf sfgurhmkm.K fstls dksls rfdhfjtfs sfmfnfj suikr bls 787 dkslsmlduifjtkmls mf mfskpk-rhdhôj `lrzkmk murkjtf bkbbkikmk Gufrrk Tudhk qufjl akj shml fsdbkrfdhmls jhskjdhljkmls.

Kshihsil, fj bl quf vk mf bk prfsfjtf kmihjhs-

trkdhôj, sôbl plr jlinrkrkbgujls fcfipbls, >> pfrsl-jks ùfrlj fcfdutkmks krnh-trkrhkifjtf plr fbfifjtlsihbhtkrfs fj fb Fstkml mfIèxhdl? =4 côvfjfs fstu-mhkjtfs fj fb fstkml mf Guf-rrfrl ùfrlj mfskpkrfdhmls`lrzkmkifjtf shj quf k bk`fdak sf dufjtf dlj hjvfs-thgkdhljfs dljdbuyfjtfs jhskths`kdtlrhks slnrf bk sufrtf y pkrkmfrl mf bks védthiksjh, iudal ifjls, slnrf bk

rfspljsknhbhmkm pfjkb mf blsrfspljsknbfs? ;7 pfrhlmhstksakj shml ksfshjkmls plr subknlr pfrhlmésthdk y fb kûlpkskml Ièxhdl ldupô fbsfgujml bugkr fj KièrhdkBkthjk plr dréifjfs mf lmhlplr alil`lnhk kb rfghstrkr; ihb >;1 ksfshjktls alil-`ônhdls fjtrf ;886 y >5;=,aknhèjmlsf rfghstrkml >=7alihdhmhls dljtrk pfrsljksmf bk dliujhmkm bèsnhdl,gky, nhsfxukb, trkjsfxukb,

trkvfsth y trkjsgèjfrl fjbl quf vk mfb sfxfjhl. Mfikjfrk prfldupkjtf, dhjdliujhdhphls mfb pkés sf fj-dufjtrkj mfjtrl mf bks 65dhumkmfs iës vhlbfjtks plralihdhmhls k jhvfb hjtfrjk-dhljkb.

Fj Ihdalkdëj, fjthmkmquf ustfm tfjmrë lplrtu-

jhmkm mf vhshtkr, tkj sôbl fbkûl pkskml ùfrlj ksfsh-jkmls kb ifjls 65 dhvhbfs kikjls mf bk Ulbhdék @fmfrkbfj bls iujhdhphls mf Kpkt-zhjgëj y ]kjauktl, y ujjhûl mf ;> kûls ùf krnhtrk-rhkifjtf prhvkml mf su vhmkplr fbfifjtls ihbhtkrfs fjbk bldkbhmkm mf Lstubk fj ujfj`rfjtkihfjtl krikml.

Fj fb Fstkml mf Iè-

xhdl, fjthmkm quf tkinhèj vhshtkrë, sf akj rfghstrkmljhvfbfs kbkrikjtfs mf vhl-bfjdhk dljtrk bks iucfrfs.Ufsf k bk `kbtk mf dh`rksfspfdédks mhspljhnbfs slnrfbk vhlbfjdhk quf pkmfdfjbks iucfrfs fj bk fjthmkm,fj >5;= sf rfghstrkrlj >7`fihjhdhmhls fj ljdf iujh-dhphls mfb fstkml y fj >5;6,akstk fb ifs mf kglstl, sfrfghstrkrlj ;8. Fj Fdktf-pfd, ujl mf bls iujhdhphls

dlj bls éjmhdfs mf vhlbfjdhkiës prfldupkjtfs, fj >5;=sf fjdljtrkrlj 7 ihb rfstlsôsfls fj uj dkjkb mf kprlxh-ikmkifjtf ;8 ohbôiftrls?;0 dkmëvfrfs dlrrfspljmhf-rlj k iucfrfs.

Mf ikjfrk shihbkr, fjDahaukauk, ujl mf bls fs-tkmls quf iës ak rfsubtkmlk`fdtkml plr bk vhlbfjdhk gf-jfrkmk plr bk gufrrk dljtrkbks mrlgks, > ihb 40; iucfrfs akj shml védthiks mf

`fihjhdhmhl fj bls óbthils>5 kûls. Akstk fb ilifjtl,jl fxhstfj sfjtfjdhks shgjh-dkthvks quf fjvéfj uj ifj-skcf k bk sldhfmkm quf fslsmfbhtls jl slj kdfptknbfs fjIèxhdl. Kshihsil, sf akjafdal fvhmfjtfs mfspbkzk-ihfjtls `lrzkmls mf `kihbhksfjtfrks lnbhgkmks k auhr mf

]FIKT FJ BK KGFJMK MFB

UKUK FJ IÈQHDL

MF^FDALT AVIKJLT X PÉD]HIKT


4/68

= 1 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

sus algkrfs mf lrhgfj. Fj Dhu-mkm Cuërfz y sus kbrfmfmlrfs, sffsthik quf >6= ihb =>0 pfrsl-jks mfckrlj sus algkrfs k dkuskmf bk vhlbfjdhk fj fb pfrhlml mf>557 k >5;;? fb =; plr dhfjtlmf fbbks druzkrlj akdhk FstkmlsVjhmls. Ufsf k bk `kbtk mf ujkdukjthdkdhôj y mhifjshôj plrpkrtf mfb Fstkml ifxhdkjl mffstk trkgfmhk mf dkrëdtfr au-ikjhtkrhl, fj fb trkjsdursl mfb>5;6 sf rfghstrkrlj fj fb fstkmltrfs fvfjtls mf mfspbkzkihfjtl`lrzkml mf kb ifjls 605 `kih-bhks quf mfdhmhfrlj knkjmljkrsus algkrfs k dkusk mf bk ùfrtfprfvkbfjdhk mf mfbhtls dlilalihdhmhls, fxtlrshljfs, sfdufs-trls, ksé dlil mf vhlbkdhljfs kmfrfdals auikjls.

Fb mfspbkzkihfjtl hjtfrjl`lrzkml k dkusk mf bk vhlbfjdhkfs uj prlnbfik quf k`fdtk mfikjfrk prfldupkjtf k tlml fbpkés, dlj ujk fsthikdhôj mf >17ihb 461 pfrsljks mfspbkzkmkskb hjtfrhlr mf bk ^fpónbhdk, shjquf fxhstk plbéthdk l hjsthtudhôjkbgujk quf mè rfspufstk k bks védthiks pkrk gkrkjthzkr mfikjfrk hjtfgrkb sus mfrfdalsauikjls.

Fj Dahkpks, mfsmf fb dlj-hdtl krikml hjtfrjl fj fb fstk-

ml fj ;88=, sf fsthik quf kb mékmf aly, iës mf 45 ihb pfrsljkssf fjdufjtrkj fj dljmhdhôj mfmfspbkzkihfjtl hjtfrjl `lrzkmlprlbljgkml. Kujkml k fstl, blskbtls éjmhdfs mf fxtrfik plnrf-zk y ikrghjkdhôj fj bk fjthmkm,akj shml uthbhzkmls dlil ujhjstruifjtl mf rfprfshôj yikjhpubkdhôj plr pkrtf mfbglnhfrjl mfb fstkml, fb dukb, shjujk plbéthdk pónbhdk hjtfgrkb, akhipbfifjtkml ifmhmks pkbhkth- vks pkrk budrkr dlj bk plnrfzk

mf bk plnbkdhôj f hjdfjthvkrfstrudturks dbhfjtfbkrfs y sfrvhbfsk `kvlr mf su pkrthml plbéthdl.

Kshihsil, dlil pkrtf mfbls mhëblgls quf slstfjmrë fjfjdufjtrls ldhkbfs fj rfbkdhôjkb duhmkml mfb ifmhl kinhfj-tf, bk pkz y bk sfgurhmkm, bfhjvhtkils k quf fj su kgfjmkjl sf lihtkj bls mfrfdals

fdljôihdls, sldhkbfs, dubturk-bfs y kinhfjtkbfs, hjdbuyfjmlbls mfrfdals dlbfdthvls mf blspufnbls hjmégfjks k bk thfrrk, fbtfrrhtlrhl, rfdursls jkturkbfs, ksédlil k mfdhmhr slnrf sus `lriksmf lrgkjhzkdhôj. Tf trktk mfmfrfdals quf slj shstfiëthdk-ifjtf vubjfrkmls fj bks fjthmk-mfs quf vhshtkrë, y quf k bl bkrgl y kjdal mfb pkés k`fdtk k dhfjtlsmf dliujhmkmfs, prlmudtl mfujk plbéthdk fdljôihdk nkskmkfj fb fxtrkdthvhsil quf sf ak vhstl iktfrhkbhzkmk fj bks bbkik-mks ‒rf`lriks fstrudturkbfs’ mfbprfshmfjtf Fjrhquf Ufûk Jhftl.Bls ifgkprlyfdtls nkskmlsfj bk ihjfrék, kgrlhjmustrhk,rfprfsks, fjtrf ltrls, suikmlsk bk dlrrupdhôj fjmèihdk fj

bk quf sf prhlrhzkj bls jfgldhlsmf bls glnfrjkjtfs y sus kbhkmlsfiprfskrhkbfs, akj hipubskmlfstrktfghks mf mfsplcl, ksé dlilmf hjthihmkdhôj y drhihjkbhzk-dhôj dljtrk bks dliujhmkmfs ybks pfrsljks quf bks mffjmfj.

Ulr ltrl bkml, bk plnbkdhôjihgrkjtf fj trëjshtl y slbhdhtkj-tf mf kshbl ak shml plr mfiës vubjfrkmk fj sus mfrfdals plrpkrtf mf kutlrhmkmfs y ùjdhl-jkrhls quf pkrthdhpkj fj fvfj-tls mf mftfjdhôj l plr pkrtf mf

grupls mfb drhifj lrgkjhzkmlfj dlipbhdhmkm dlj bks kutl-rhmkmfs. Bks mfjujdhks quflrgkjhzkdhljfs mf ihgrkjtfs vfjékj akdhfjml mfsmf fb >55=,dubihjkrlj dlj bk ikskdrf mf7> pfrsljks fj Tkj @frjkjml,]kikubhpks, fj fb >5;5, sfguhmkmf bk kpkrhdhôj mf `lsks dbkjmfs-thjks fj bls fstkmls mf ]kikubh-pks y Murkjgl fj knrhb mfb >5;; y plstfrhlrifjtf fb akbbkzgl mf=8 tlrsls mf dufrpls auikjlsfj fb iujhdhphl mf Dkmfrfytk,

Jufvl Bfôj. Fstl, suikml kbls iës mf >5 ihb dksls mf sf-dufstrl mlduifjtkmls plr ;5kbnfrgufs mf ihgrkjtfs fj >558fj dljcujtl dlj bk DlihshôjJkdhljkb mf bls Mfrfdals Au-ikjls.

Ufsf k mhvfrsls sfûkbk-ihfjtls fj bls óbthils 0 kûlsplr pkrtf mf lrgkjhsils hj-

tfrjkdhljkbfs slnrf fb dkrëdtfrgfjfrkbhzkml mf bk vhlbfjdhk fhipujhmkm y bk `kbtk mf gkrkj-téks pkrk bk fxhghnhbhmkm mf blsmfrfdals fdljôihdls, sldhkbfs,dubturkbfs y kinhfjtkbfs, bkplsturk mfb glnhfrjl ifxhdkjl,pkrthdubkrifjtf fj bk prfsfjtfkmihjhstrkdhôj, ak dljshsthmlfj ihjhihzkr y sfûkbkr bls dkslsmf grkvfs vhlbkdhljfs k mfrfdalsauikjls dlil afdals khsbkmls.Kmfiës, sf akj fiprfjmhmll tlbfrkml dkipkûks mf mfs-prfsthghl fj dljtrk mf bks y blsthtubkrfs mf ifdkjhsils hjtfr-jkdhljkbfs mf mfrfdals auik-jls, dlil sf ahzl fj dljtrk mfb^fbktlr Fspfdhkb mf JkdhljfsVjhmks slnrf tlrturk, fb sfûlr Cukj Ièjmfz, quhfj fvhmfjdhô

fb dkrëdtfr gfjfrkbhzkml mf bktlrturk fj Ièxhdl, mfb Dlihtèmf Jkdhljfs Vjhmks fj dljtrkbk Mfskpkrhdhôj @lrzkmk mfUfrsljks l fj dljtrk mfb GruplHjtfrmhsdhpbhjkrhl mf FxpfrtlHjmfpfjmhfjtfs (GHFH) mfshgjk-ml plr bk Dlihshôj Hjtfrkif-rhdkjk mf Mfrfdals Auikjlspkrk fb dksl mf Kyltzhjkpk,fb dukb, plr sh ùfrk pldl, akkuxhbhkml k fjmfrfzkr fb ruinlmf bks hjvfsthgkdhljfs mf bk Url-durkmurék Gfjfrkb mf bk ^fpó-

nbhdk fj tlrjl k bk mfskpkrhdhôjmf bls =4 côvfjfs fstumhkjtfs mfGufrrfrl.

Kshihsil, bk plbéthdk mfhjvhtkdhôj knhfrtk y pfrikjfjtfk ifdkjhsils hjtfrjkdhljkbfsmf mfrfdals auikjls quf ak-nék ikjtfjhml Ièxhdl, fstë fj`rkjdl rftrldfsl kjtf bk fvhmfj-tf mhbkdhôj y `kbtk mf rfspufstkmf bk Tfdrftkrék mf ^fbkdhljfsFxtfrhlrfs pkrk dljrikr bks`fdaks mf bks vhshtks kb pkés mfbls ^fbktlrfs mf bk shtukdhôj mf

bks y bls mf`fjslrfs mf mfrfdalsauikjls y mf mfspbkzkihfjtlhjtfrjl `lrzkml, kinls mf bkLrgkjhzkdhôj mf bks JkdhljfsVjhmks.

Mf hgukb ikjfrk, ustfmmfnf tfjfr prfsfjtf quf fb Fstk-ml ifxhdkjl sf jhfgk k kdfptkrbk rfspljsknhbhmkm quf akjtfjhml fb Fcèrdhtl y bk Ikrhjk

fj bk dlihshôj mf grkvfs vhl-bkdhljfs k mfrfdals auikjls.Ulr fb dljtrkrhl, sf ak `lrtkbfdh-ml bk prfsfjdhk mf bks @ufrzksKrikmks mfb pkés fj tkrfks mfsfgurhmkm pónbhdk, ùjdhljfsprlphks mf bk plbhdék dhvhb tkbdlil bl lrmfjk bk DljsthtudhôjIfxhdkjk.

Ukrk jlsltrks fs iuy hi-plrtkjtf, mkml fb kbtéshil jó-ifrl mf védthiks mf vhlbkdhljfsk mfrfdals auikjls, quf bkkgfjmk mf su vhshtk dljshmfrfk fsks védthiks, iudaks mf bksdukbfs rfquhfrfj mfb rfdljldh-ihfjtl y rfspkbml hjtfrjkdhljkbkjtf bk knslbutk hjmlbfjdhk mfbFstkml ifxhdkjl.

Bks lrgkjhzkdhljfs qufsusdrhnhils fstk dkrtk, rfdljl-

dfils bk bknlr mf bk Tkjtk Tfmffj bk prlildhôj mfb mfrfdalauikjhtkrhl hjtfrjkdhljkb,ksé dlil plr bk mf`fjsk mfbk mhgjhmkm auikjk murkjtfbls dljhdtls krikmls y fjthfipls mf pkz, plr bl qufdljkils fj quf, jl slbl suifjskcf fsphrhtukb, shjl su slbh-mkrhmkm hjtfrjkdhljkb akdhk bks védthiks, kyumkrë k quf jl sfphfrmk `f fj bk pkz y bk custhdhkfj jufstrl pkés.

Kgrkmfdfils mf kjtfikjl

su kiknbf ktfjdhôj y kprlvf-dakils pkrk fxprfskrbf jufs-trks iës kbtks y mhsthjguhmksdljshmfrkdhljfs.

Ktfjtkifjtf,Kshstfjdhk Bfgkb plr bls

Mfrfdals Auikjls, KD?Ksldhkdhôj mf @kihbhkrfs mfMftfjhmls Mfskpkrfdhmls yPédthiks mf Phlbkdhljfs k bls

Mfrfdals Auikjls fj IèxhdlK`kmfi-@fmf`ki? Dksk mfb

Ihgrkjtf mf Tkbthbbl @rljtfrkdlj Custhdhk, KD? Dktôbhdks plr fb

Mfrfdal k Mfdhmhr? Dfjtrl mfMfrfdals Auikjls @rky @rkj-dhsdl mf Phtlrhk LU, KD? Dfjtrlmf Mfrfdals Auikjls IhgufbKgustéj Url Cuërfz? Dfjtrl mf

Mfrfdals Auikjls mf bksIucfrfs? Dfjtrl mf MfrfdalsAuikjls @rky Nkrtlbliè mf

Bks Dksks, KD? Dfjtrl mf Mfrf-dals Auikjls Uksl mfb Jlrtf?

JVFT]^LT BFD]L^FTLUHJHÔJ


5/68

www.dljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix 6

JVFT]^LT BFD]L^FT LUHJHÔJ

Dfjtrl mf Mfrfdals AuikjlsSf`frhjl Bkmrhbbfrl? Dfjtrl mf

Custhdhk pkrk bk Ukz y fb Mfskrrl-bbl, KD? Dfjtrl Mhldfskjl pkrk

bls Mfrfdals Auikjls @rky Cukj mf Bkrhls, KD? Dfjtrl Ifxh-dkjl mf Mfrfdal Kinhfjtkb, KD(Dfimk)? Dhumkmkjls fj Kplyl

k bls Mfrfdals Auikjls, KD(DKMAKD)? Dlbfdthvl Dljtrkbk ]lrturk y bk Hipujhmkm? Dl-

ihshôj Dhumkmkjk mf MfrfdalsAuikjls mfb Jlrlfstf, KD?Dlihshôj Hjmfpfjmhfjtf mf

Mfrfdals Auikjls mf Ilrf-bls, KD? Dlihshôj Ifxhdkjk mf

Mf`fjsk y Urlildhôj mf blsMfrfdals Auikjls? Dlihtèmf Mf`fjsk Hjtfgrkb mf Mfrf-dals Auikjls Glnhxak, KD?

Mfskrrlbbl, Fmudkdhôj y DubturkKutlgfsthljkrhls Fquhpl Uufnbl,KD? Hjhdhkthvks pkrk fb Mfskrrlbblmf bk Iucfr Lkxkqufûk? Mldu-ifjtk, Kjëbhshs y Kddhôj pkrk bk

Custhdhk Tldhkb, KD? F[VHT Custhdhkpkrk bks Iucfrfs? @rffmli Alu-

sf? @ujmkr, Dfjtrl mf Kjëbhshs fHjvfsthgkdhôj, KD? Hmafks, BhthghlFstrktèghdl fj Mfrfdals Au-

ikjls, KD? Hjmhgjkdhôj? HjhdhkthvkDhumkmkjk y Mfskrrlbbl Tldhkb?

Hjsthtutl mf Custhdhk UrldfskUfjkb? Hjsthtutl Ifxhdkjl mf

Mfrfdals Auikjls y Mfil-

drkdhk, KD? ^fm Ifsk mf Iucfrfsmf Dhumkm Cuërfz, KD? Tfrvhdhls

y Ksfslrék pkrk bk Ukz, KD (Tfrk-pkz)? Thj @rljtfrks, HKU? Tfrvhdhlspkrk ujk Fmudkdhôj Kbtfrjkthvk,

KD? y ^fm Jkdhljkb mf Lrgkjhs-ils Dhvhbfs mf Mfrfdals Au-

ikjls ]lmls bls Mfrfdals pkrk]lmks y ]lmls (dlj`lrikmk plr78 lrgkjhzkdhljfs fj >; fstkmls

mf bk ^fpónbhdk ifxhdkjk)

Dlipbhdhmkmfs

trksktbëjthdksHjtfrfskjtf fb krtédubl ‒Bkmlnbf custhdhk ifxhdkjk’.Hjtfrdkinhl mf hipujhmkmfs3kbbë fj Fspkûk krrlpkj kbdërtfb prhéstk y kdë k bk fiprfskLAB y mfiës. Bhjmk custh-dhk…

Xkihb Uhjfmk

Cuhdhls bknlrkbfs,vhkdrudhs pkrktrknkckmlrfs

@fbhdhtl plr fb krtédubl ‒^f`lr-ik bknlrkb k = kûls, jhjgój

nfjfdhl k trknkckmlrfs’. Téfxhstf dlrrupdhôj fj tlmks bks cujtks mf Dljdhbhkdhôj y Krnh-trkcf mf Ièxhdl.

Fb ilifjtl dbkvf mf bk dl-rrupdhôj fj uj cuhdhl bknlrkbfs dukjml fb pktrôj ihfjtf fjbk kumhfjdhk mf l`rfdhihfjtl y kmihshôj mf prufnks. Mfsmfkqué pkrtf f hjhdhk bk jfgbhgfj-dhk y bk dlrrupdhôj mfjtrl mfuj cuhdhl bknlrkb.

Fb jl kpfrdhnhr k bks pkrtfsfj uj cuhdhl fs bk dkusk mf quf

bls cuhdhls murfj 6 l 7 kûls? yfstl fs hjcustl pkrk uj trknkck-mlr quf prfsfjtô ujk mfikjmkbknlrkb fj `lrik custk y bfgkbslbhdhtkjml fb kuxhbhl mf ujkkutlrhmkm. X bufgl, pkrk qufrfsubtf quf fstk ihsik kutlrh-mkm sf dlrrlipk y sf sliftk kbks `kbsfmkmfs, bks ifjthrks y blshjtfrfsfs dlrruptls mfb pktrôj.

Bks mfikjmks bknlrkbfstkinhèj mfnfj mf akdfrsfnkcl prltfstk mf mfdhr vfrmkm.Fb quf jl quhfrk kdtukr dlj

trkjspkrfjdhk fj uj cuhdlbknlrkb fs plrquf rfkbifjtfquhfrf kdtukr hbfgkbifjtf pkrkdkuskr mkûls y pfrcuhdhls. Fbquf ihfjtf fj uj cuhdhl mfnfrfspljmfr plr sus ifjthrks yrfpkrkr fb mkûl quf dkusô.

Ikrtéj Blpf

Jl k ujk jufvkDljsthtudhôj shjl qufsf kpbhquf bk mf aly

Iuy hjtfrfskjtf fb krtédubl ‒K88 kûls, bk Dljsthtudhôj akiufrtl’. If pkrfdf ujk grkjhjdljgrufjdhk mf bls plbéthdls(bfghsbkmlrfs, glnfrjkjtfs,ftdètfrk) quf sfkj fbbls bls qufhipubskj tlmks y dkmk ujk mfbks rf`lriks y slj bls prhifrlquf prftfjmfj quf bk Dljsth-tudhôj mfcf mf tfjfr kpbhdkdhôj

y vhgfjdhk fj bls afdals. Jl fsujk jufvk Dljsthtudhôj fb if-séks mf bls prlnbfiks sldhkbfs ybk mfdkmfjdhk mfb shstfik plbé-thdl? mfnfrék sfr bk mfskpkrhdhôjmf bls plbéthdls finfbfskmlsdlj fb plmfr, bk dlrrupdhôj, bkhipujhmkm. Bk Dljsthtudhôjpfrihtf y lnbhgk k fbbl. Tfjfdfshtk uj kpkrktl mfb ihsiltkikûl quf fb mf bls plbéthdlsmf fstf pkés, pfrl mf pfrsljksquf sfkj prl`fshljhstks y prl-`fshljkbfs mfb hrrfstrhdtl kpfgl y duipbhihfjtl mf bk JlrikTuprfik. Dbkrl fstë, tkinhèjmfnfrék fxhsthr fb shihbkr mfbôrgkjl mf rfprfshôj, pfrl jlpkrk fb glnfrjkml shjl pkrkfb prlphl ôrgkjl rfprfslr mfbFstkml (`ufrzks mf sfgurhmkm),pkrk fstkr fj hgukbmkm mf dhr-dujstkjdhks pkrk dljtrkrrfstkrdlrrupdhôj, hipujhmkm, mfs-hgukbmkm sldhkb, ftdètfrk.

Fj ltrks pkbknrks, bk Dljs-thtudhôj pufmf y mfnf sfr kpbh-dkmk, dlil `ufjtf mfb fstkmlmf mfrfdal, k tlmls plr hgukb,quf plbéthdls y glnfrjkjtfsjl sf fsdkpfj mf su kbdkjdf,quf sfkj quhfjfs rfspljmkj kbpufnbl plr sus afdals y kns-tfjdhljfs y jl quhfjfs cuzgufjkb pufnbl plr sus pfthdhljfs mf

custhdhk, sfgurhmkm, vhvhfjmk,mfskrrlbbl sldhkb.

Ukrk fbbl, urgf ujk jufvkdkikmk mf prl`fshljhstks yprl`fshljkbfs dlj skjgrf mfpktrhltks aljlrknbfs y aljfstlsquf fstèj hjvfsthmls mf kutljl-iék, plmfr mf hjvfsthgkdhôj ydlfrdhôj, pktrhiljhl, ksé dlilkbdkjdf k tlmks bks fs`frks sl-dhkbfs y plbéthdks.

Grkdhks plr fb fspkdhl pkrklphjkr.

Vnkbml Dlrtès

¼^fgrfsk fb plmfrplbéthdl k bk cfrkrquékrfbhghlsk<

If prfldupk bl quf sf sfûkbkfj fb krtédubl ‒K 88 kûls, bkDljsthtudhôj ak iufrtl’. Tf

if akdf iuy trudubfjtl. Tl-bkifjtf fstumhè bk fmudkdhôjprhikrhk, plr fbbl rfdljlzdlquf if `kbtkj iudals dljl-dhihfjtls. Ufrl sh drfl quf,dlil mhdf fb prhjdhphl mfbkrtédubl, ‒sf ak prlsthtuhmlkb dhumkmkjl’. Bk ikylrékjl afils kprfjmhml k sfrdhumkmkjls. X plr fsl knu-skj mf jlsltrls. Bl quf ifpkrfdf iuy grkvf fs quf plrbks dhrdujstkjdhks quf fstkilspkskjml bk Hgbfshk Dktôbhdkfstè tlikjml uj bugkr quffb ihsil Fstkml mfnf fvhtkr.X, phfjsl, bl akdf dlj pbfjkdljsdhfjdhk mfb rfsubtkml quffstf fcfrdhdhl pumhfrk tfjfr. Jlfjdufjtrl rkzôj bôghdk pkrkquf dksh, dksh, bf fjtrfgufj fbikjml y fb plmfr mf mfdhshôj.¼Duëb pufmf sfr fb cufgl< ¼Mf vfrmkm slils uj pufnbl mftljtls< ¼Tlils tkj hinèdhbfsquf jls trkgkils fb dufjtlmf quf bls iuûfdls quf sfkmlrkj fj bk hgbfshk, slj ihbk-grlsls< ¼Môjmf qufmk jufstrkahstlrhk kb rfspfdtl< Kgrkmf-dfrè quf if pumhfrkj kyumkrk dliprfjmfr fstl. Iudaksgrkdhks.

Ëjgfb Ukvôj Ukbkdhls

Vj pkés mf `kjtksékfj fb mhsdursl mfbls plbéthdls

Iuy nufjl fb krtédubl ‒Kjtfbk drhshs, shguf fb trhuj`kbhsilgunfrjkifjtkb’. Fb guhlj mfbls aknhtkjtfs mf Bls Uhjls jldkinhk3 uj pkés mf ikrkvhbbksquf sôbl fxhstf fj sus ifjtfsmhstlrshljkmks y fipkdakmksplr fb plmfr plbéthdl y fdljô-ihdl fj quf jkmkj fstls prf-

shmfjtfs quf afils pkmfdhmlmfsmf akdf vkrhls sfxfjhls.Jls aknbkj mf pkésfs mf `kj-tksék quf sôbl fxhstfj fj susifjtfs dkbfjturhfjtks, ksé vkilspkskjml mf bkjmhk fj bkjmhk pkrk vhvhr kdtukbifjtf fj fstk pfûkbkjmhk quf jls kalgk k blsmf k phf.

Bfljkrml Ildtfzuik


6/68

0 1 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

DLJ]FJHML

>0 U L ^

] K M K

Fb glnhfrjl mf Ufûk Jhftl ak gkstkml iësmf > ihb ihbbljfs mf môbkrfs fj krikifjtlihbhtkr dliprkml k Fstkmls Vjhmls. Afbhdôp- tfrls, kvhljfs y vfaédubls tlml tfrrfjl, fjtrf bks kmquhshdhljfs

GKT]KJ > IHB IHBBLJFTMF MÔBK^FT FJ F[VHULIHBH]K^

LUHJHÔJ

JVFT]^LT BFD]L^FT

L@HDHL MF UKUFB FB DHJHTIL MF BLT UK^]HMLT

Ihgufb Nkmhbbl

MF@FJTL ̂MFB UF ĤLMHT]K V^GF VJ JVFPL U^FTHMFJDHKBHTIL

UK^K FJ@^FJ]K ̂BK D ĤTHT GFJF^KB Ëbvkrl Dfpfmk Jfrh

SLJK DF^L FB MLDVIFJ]L L@HDHKB IËT TFD^F]L MF BK

TFMFJK Sôshil Dkikdal

KGFJMK MF BK DL^^VUDHÔJ UG^ X DHTFJ3 IHB 61>

TLBHDH]VMFT UK^K FTUHK^ DLIVJHDKDHLJFT Jkjdy @blrfsK^]ÉDVBLT

BK ]^KHDHÔJ K IÈQHDL Tkiufb Bkrk Phbbk

FB UKÉT MFT]^LSKML X JKMHF FT DVBUKNBF Clrgf Ifbèjmfz Urfdhkm

JVFPL ̂ FGBKIFJ]L MF ]^ËJTH]L3 U^HPK]HSKDHÔJ MFB

FCF^DHDHL MF GLNHF^JL ^lnfrtl F Gkbhjml

THJ KINKGFT, ̂ VTHK X FT]KMLT VJHMLT XK TF PFJ DLIL ‒FB

FJFIHGL’ Kmrhëj Ikd Bhikj/DDT

NKT]K MF ‒KXVMK AVIKJH]K^HK’, FQHGHILT CVT]HDHK TLDHKB

Clsè Dkrbls Gkrdék @kckrml/DDT

4

1

;5

;>

;=

;0

;1

>5

>>

>=

DLJ]^KBÉJFK. UF^HLMHTIL MF HJPFT]HGKDHÔJ -kûl ;=, jóif-rl =7=, mfb 1 kb ;= mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0- fs ujk punbhdkdhôj sfik-jkb fmhtkmk plr Fmhtlrhkb Bhnfrtkm y Fxprfshôj, TK mf DP? Kvfjhmk^él Daurunusdl 685, dlbljhk Mfb Dkr ifj, mfbfgkdhôj Dlylkdëj, DU5=;55, Ièxhdl, M@? tfbè`ljls3 66 6= 8; 84 y 66 6= 8; 8=? www.dlj-trkbhjfk.dli.ix, hj`lEdljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix. Fmhtlr rfspljsknbf3 Kgus-

téj Ihguf b Nkmhbb l Druz . Jóifrl mf rfsfrv k kb tétubl mf mfrfdal mfkutlr3 5= ->55;-;>50;0=15= 55 -;5>. Jóifrl mf dfrthdk ml mf bhdh-

tum mf tétubl3 ;>>0=, y mf dljtfjhml3 18;1. HTTJ3 ;006-;0>0. Fstf jó-ifrl sf tfrihjô mf hiprhihr fb 6 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0. Mhstrhnuhmkplr bk Vjhôj mf Pldfkmlrfs mf Ièxhdl, mfspkdal mf Gblrhk Tkjth-bbëj, Hgjkdhl Ikrhsdkb ==, dlb. ]knkdkbfrk, DU 50545, Ièxhdl, M@, tf-bè`ljl 66 8> 51 8;.

DLJ]^KBÉJFK

rfdljldf fb mfnfr mf vfrkdhmkm y bk dbëusubk mf dlj-dhfjdhk mf rfplrtfrls y krthdubhstks. Bls tfxtls slj rfspljsknhbhmkm mfsus kutlrfs. Bks lphjhljfs fxprfskmks plr bls kutlrfs jl jfdfsk-rhkifjtf rffckj bk plsturk mfb fmhtlr mf bk punbhdkdhôj. [ufmk tltkb-

ifjtf prlahnhmk bk rfprlmuddhôj tltkb l pkrdhkb mf bls dljtfjhmls lhiëgfjfs mf bk punbhdkdhôj shj prfvhk kutlrhzkdhôj mf Fmhtlrhkb Bhnfr-

tkm y Fxprfshôj, TK mf DP.

Dhrdubkdhôj dfrthdkmk plr ^liky

Afrihmk y Dék, TD, `lbhl3 555;5-^AX


7/68

www.dljtrkbhjfk.dli.ix

DLJ]FJHML

KJËBHTHT

FDLJÔIHDL Ièxhdl, fj fb dkls fdljôihdl Ikrdls Daëvfz

TLDHKB Fstkml Hsbëihdl y L]KJ, mls dkrks mf bk ihsik iljfmk fj Thrhk Ihdakfb

Cknkrk Dkrbfy/^fm Plbtkhrf

65

61

HJPFT]HGKDHÔJ

UL^]KMK Gkstk iës Ufûk quf Dkbmfrôj fj krikifjtl

Kxfb Ubksk

DLJ]^KGLBUF Ikjthfjfj hrrfgubkrhmkmfs fj dlrrhmks fj bk Ubkzk Ièxhdl Ikurhdhl

^lifrl

>0

40

IHTDFBËJFL

FQ BHN^HT Clsfpa ̂ lta3 pfrhlmhstk, jlvfbhstk, drljhstk… y kutlr mf dhfjtls mf

dkrtks Ëbvkrl Dfpfmk Jfrh

TLDHFMKM NF]K Fb hjtfrjft mf bks dlsks Gljzkbl Iljtfrrlsk

UKTL K MFTJHPFB Ikb sufûl Ihgufb Gkbhjml

0=

06

00

Hbustrkdhôj mf plrtkmk3 Dfdhbhk Ikrtéjfz y ;>4^@

65

6140


8/68

1 1 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

L@HDHL MF UKUFBLUHJHÔJ

K bls bémfrfs mf bls pkrthmls y tlml su sèquh-tl mf kyumkjtfs jl bfs nkstkj bls ihbfs mfihbbljfs mf pfsls quf dljsuifj mfb mhjfrlpónbhdl quf skbf mf bls nlbshbbls mf bls dljtrhnuyfj-tfs, fj ujk shiubkdhôj mfildrëthdk quf skbf iuydkrk k bls ifxhdkjls y quf jujdk ak plmhml gkrkj-thzkr uj dliplrtkihfjtl aljfstl y trkjspkrfjtffj fb prldfsls fbfdtlrkbfs, kalrk quhfrfj rfspljsk-nhbhzkr kb Ihjhstfrhl Uónbhdl @fmfrkb mf sus dlrrup-tls y mfbhjdufjtfs dkjmhmktls quf fj dkmk fbfddhôjprlpljfj pkrk ldupkr dkrgls plpubkrfs.

K bk prldurkmlrk gfjfrkb mf bk ̂ fpónbhdk, KrfbyGôifz, sôbl bf kbdkjzô pkrk mfdhr quf sf jfdfshtkqufrfbbk l mfjujdhk prfvhk pkrk hjvfsthgkr y pfrsf-guhr mfbhtls `fmfrkbfs, dlj bl dukb trktk mf ktkckr bkmfsdknfbbkmk prlpufstk mf bls bémfrfs mf bls pkrthmlsKddhôj Jkdhljkb (UKJ) y mf bk ^fvlbudhôj Mfil-

drëthdk (U^M) —quf fj bls óbthils kûls cujtl dljfb Ukrthml ^fvlbudhljkrhl Hjsthtudhljkb (U^H) sfakj vhstl fjvufbtls fj fsdëjmkbls mf dlrrupdhôj yjkrdltrëdl plr kbgujls mf sus glnfrjkmlrfs, kb-dkbmfs y bfghsbkmlrfs quf akj mfshgjkml— mf pfmhr kbk Urldurkmurék Gfjfrkb mf bk ^fpónbhdk (UG^), kbDfjtrl mf Hjvfsthgkdhôj y Tfgurhmkm Jkdhljkb (Dh-sfj) y k bk Tfdrftkrék Glnfrjkdhôj quf dkbhqufj

sus bhstks mf ksphrkjtfs k pufstls mf fbfddhôj y dljfbbl plmfr rfspljsknhbhzkr kb glnhfrjl ̀ fmfrkb dukj-ml sf vufbvk k mfsdunrhr quf iudals mf fbbls thfjfjjfxls dlj bk mfbhjdufjdhk lrgkjhzkmk.

Bls déjhdls mhrhgfjtfs pkrthmhstks akj shml hj-dkpkdfs dlj tkjtls ihbfs mf ihbbljfs mf pfsls qufikjfckj, mf fstknbfdfr dljtrlbfs hjtfrjls, dlilbfs dlrrfspljmf, pkrk hjvfsthgkr k sus prlphls ih-bhtkjtfs quf mfshgjkj k ldupkr dkrgls pónbhdls, yprftfjmfj quf sfkj bks kutlrhmkmfs `fmfrkbfs bksquf akgkj su trknkcl y ksé custhdkr bk dlrrupdhôj y

dlipbhdhmkm mfbhjdufjdhkb mf sus ihfinrls.Ulr supufstl quf jh bk UG^, jh Glnfrjkdhôj

l fb Dhsfj pufmfj pkblifkr l mkr dkrtks mf nufjkdljmudtk k bls plbéthdls quf ihbhtkj fj bls pkrthmls,shipbfifjtf plrquf jl mfnfj rfvfbkr bks hjvfsth-gkdhljfs quf fstèj dursl plr mfbhtls grkvfs dliljkrdltrëdl, bkvkml mf mhjfrl, `rkumfs jkjdhfrls lmfsvéls mf rfdursls pónbhdls, fjtrf iudals ltrls,quf tkj mf ilmk fstëj fjtrf bk dbksf plbéthdk ifxh-dkjk. X sh bl akdf bk prldurkmlrk l fb sfdrftkrhl mfGlnfrjkdhôj fj ujl mf sus krrkjqufs plr qufmkrnhfj dlj bls pkrthmls plbéthdls, fstkrékj vhlbkjml fbmfnhml prldfsl. Kmfiës, sfrék dlil kvhskrbf k blsplbéthdls-mfbhjdufjtfs quf akj shml mfsdunhfrtls yquf slj hjvfsthgkmls plr sus kdthvhmkmfs hbédhtks, blquf bfs mkrék thfipl pkrk auhr l fsdljmfr ifclr sus`lrtujks kduiubkmks hbédhtkifjtf.

K bk bhstk mf dlrplrkdhljfs gunfrjkifjtkbfsquf rfkbhzkj hjvfsthgkdhljfs y quf plr kalrk jkmhfak sfûkbkml, y quf fs mf suik hiplrtkjtf, fstëj bkVjhmkm mf Hjtfbhgfjdhk @hjkjdhfrk y fb prlphl Tfrvh-dhl mf Kmihjhstrkdhôj ]rhnutkrhk, mfpfjmhfjtfs mfbsfdrftkrhl mf Akdhfjmk, Buhs Phmfgkrky, bls dukbfsthfjfj kddfsl k bks dufjtks jkjdhfrks y bls nhfjfs

mf tlmls bls ifxhdkjls y plr fbbl akj fstknbfdhmlujk bhstk mf bl quf sf dljldf dlil pfrsljks plbéth-dkifjtf fxpufstks (UUF), quhfjfs plr su fjdkrgl lmfsfipfûl pufmfj sfr vubjfrknbfs k vfrsf vhjdubk-mks dlj ikks l fj kdtls mf shipbf dlrrupdhôj, plr

bl quf slj rfvhskmks pfrikjfjtf fj sus hjgrfsls yfgrfsls, fj sus nhfjfs, sfgurls y dufjtks nkjdkrhksfj Ièxhdl y fj fb fxtrkjcfrl, y sh bfs mfsdunrfj kbglhrrfgubkr prfsfjtkj bks mfjujdhks rfspfdthvks fj bkUrldurkmurék @hsdkb l fj bk UG^.

Bl quf mfnfrékj dljshmfrkr fb Dljgrfsl y fbUlmfr Fcfduthvl fs rfmudhr bks vlbuihjlsks pkrthmks

FB DHJHTIL

MF BLT UK^]HMLT

IHGVFB NKMHBBL


9/68


L@HDHL MF UKUFB LUHJHÔJ

prfsupufstkbfs quf sf mfsthjkj k bls pkrthmls plbéth-dls fj uj pkés fj mljmf bk ikylrék mf bk plnbkdhôjsf mfnktf fj bk ihsfrhk fxtrfik y dlj prlnbfiksgrkvfs mf skbum, kbhifjtkdhôj, vhvhfjmk y fmudkdhôj.

Vj jkb hj`fbhz fj

Pfrkdruz

]lml akdf supljfr quf fb glnhfrjl mfb vfrk-druzkjl Ckvhfr Mukrtf tfjmrë uj jkb hj`fbhz. Jls

mhdfj quf bk Kumhtlrék Tupfrhlr mf bk @fmfrkdhôj(KT@), bk Vjhmkm mf Hjtfbhgfjdhk @hjkjdhfrk (VH@),fb Tfrvhdhl mf Kmihjhstrkdhôj ]rhnutkrhk (TK]) yakstk bk prlphk Urldurkmurék Gfjfrkb mf bk ^fpó-nbhdk (UG^) thfjfj fxpfmhfjtfs fj dljtrk mf ùj-dhljkrhls y plbéthdls mf fsf fstkml quf knuskrlj mfsus fjdkrgls pónbhdls y, plr bl ifjls, mfsvhkrljrfdursls ̀ fmfrkbfs.

Ukrk bk KT@ fb fstkml dlj iës grkvfs prlnbfiksfj fb ikjfcl mf bks jkjzks pónbhdks fs Pfrkdruz,

ihfjtrks quf hj`lrifs mf bls ôrgkjls mf vhghbkjdhk ymfb sdl mf bk Tfdrftkrék mf Akdhfjmk lrmfjkrlj uj

rkstrfl ihjudhlsl mf bks dufjtks nkjdkrhks, hjvfrshl-jfs jkjdhfrks, jfgldhls y prlphfmkmfs mf bls ùj-dhljkrhls fstktkbfs, kb prfsuihrsf quf pumhfrkj fstkrhipbhdkmls fj fb mfsvél y ikbvfrskdhôj mf rfdursls`fmfrkbhzkmls. Ukrk bl dukb sf rfvhskj bks kdtukdhljfs

mf bk kmihjhstrkdhôj prhéstk mfsmf >5;5 k bk ̀ fdak y fbërfk quf bbfvk k dknl bks hjvfsthgkdhljfs fs bk Mhrfd-dhôj Kmcujtk mf Kjëbhshs @hjkjdhfrl mf bk VH@, supfr-vhskmk iuy mf dfrdk plr su thtubkr Kbnfrtl Nkznkz.

Akdf ujls méks bk prfjsk punbhdô mfjujdhks mfsupufstls jfxls mfb mhputkml vfrkdruzkjl Kjtljhb]krfo Knmkbk Tkkm, quhfj tkinhèj sf aknék mfs-fipfûkml dlil tfslrfrl mfb glnhfrjl mf Mukrtf,

y plr supufstl quf fb bfghsbkmlr jhfgk dukbquhfr rf-bkdhôj dlj fb drhifj lrgkjhzkml.

Bl quf sé krikj ùfjtfs jkjdhfrks fs quf sf

hjvfsthgkj trfs fiprfsks dlj bks dukbfs tfjmrék kbgu-jk rfbkdhôj ]krfo Knmkbë Tkkm3 Pfhjthldal Dljs-truddhljfs, TK mf DP? Thftf Dkihjls, TK mf DP, yTafnk Dljstrudtlrk f Hjilnhbhkrhk, TK mf DP.

Fb TK] rfkbhzk tkinhèj uj iljhtlrfl y drudfmf mktls mf bk shtukdhôj sdkb mf ùjdhljkrhls, fi-prfskrhls vhjdubkmls fj jfgldhls dlj fb glnhfrjl mfMukrtf y mhvfrsks dlipkûéks quf pumhfrkj aknfr

shml uthbhzkmks pkrk bkvkr mhjfrl prlmudtl mf `rku-mfs, mfsvéls mf rfdursls, fjrhqufdhihfjtls hbédhtls,pfdubkml, lpfrkdhljfs dlj rfdursls mf prldfmfjdhkhbédhtk y fvkshôj sdkb.

Fj bls rfsubtkmls mf bks kumhtlréks prkdthdkmks

plr bk KT@, sf rfvfbk quf fj fb dksl mf Pfrkdruzsf fjdljtrkrlj mfsvél mf rfdursls, sunfcfrdhdhls,mhjfrl `fmfrkb fipbfkml pkrk jfs mhsthjtls k bls

fthquftkmls, ksé dlil gkstls quf jl nfjfdhkrlj

mhrfdtkifjtf k bk plnbkdhôj quf sf fjdufjtrk fjdljmhdhljfs mf rfzkgl sldhkb y plnrfzk fxtrfik.

Uujtls suspfjshvls... Ihfjtrks fj bk tlrrf mfUftrôbfls Ifxhdkjls (Ufifx) su mhrfdtlr gfjfrkb,Fihbhl Blzlyk, pusl fj ikrdak bk sfikjk pkskmkuj Urlgrkik mf Èthdk f Hjtfgrhmkm Dlrplrkthvk,quf ‒hjdlrplrk bls iës kbtls fstëjmkrfs y prëdthdkshjtfrjkdhljkbfs fj iktfrhk mf èthdk, hjtfgrhmkm, fs-trktfghks kjthdlrrupdhôj, dljmudtk y vkblrfs hjsthtu-dhljkbfs’, fj Bls Uhjls sf dlifjtk quf bk sufrtf mfbùjdhljkrhl aknrék tfrihjkml y quf yk sf thfjf ksu susthtutl. Vjl mf bls quf ksphrkj k mhrhghr bl qufqufmk mfb mfskstrf pftrlbfrl fs fb sfjkmlr ahmkb-gufjsf Mkvhm Ufjdayjk, quhfj jl pldks vfdfs akikjh`fstkml su ksphrkdhôj pkrk susthtuhr k Blzlykfj fb dkrgl? y dlil fb sfdrftkrhl Lslrhl Daljg blmfcô ùfrk mf bk dljthfjmk fbfdtlrkb pkrk bk gunfr-jkturk plr Ahmkbgl, plmrékj mkrbf dlil prfihlmf dljslbkdhôj bl quf ùf bk prhjdhpkb fiprfsk mfb

Fstkml... Fj ujk `ltlgrk`ék quf sunhô k su dufjtkmf @kdfnllo fb ihbhtkjtf mf Ilrfjk Gustkvl UfmrlDlrtès, quhfj nusdk plr sfxtk vfz sfr mhputkml bldkbfj Murkjgl (bl ak shml plr ltrls pkrthmls), kpkrfdfknrkzkml dlj Clsè ^kiôj Bôpfz Nfbtrëj, ahcl mfKjmrès Ikjufb Bôpfz Lnrkmlr, y fjtrf ltrls ihbh-tkjtfs mfb pkrthml mf hzquhfrmk quf plskrlj pkrk bk`ltl fj bks ldhjks mf KIBL fj bk Dhumkm mf Iè-xhdl fstë Tkjmrk Kjgèbhdk Pëzqufz Ukrrk, quhfjak shml Ihjhstfrhl Uónbhdl, vhdfsdkb y dkjmhmktk

k mhputkmk plr fb prhifr mhstrhtl `fmfrkb fbfdtlrkb,unhdkml fj bl quf sf dljldf dlil fb trhëjgubl ml-rkml mfb jkrdltrëdl, y quhfj ̀ uf fsplsk akstk akdf

ujls duktrl kûls mf Ikrhl Ikrtéjfz Ëbvkrfz, fx-dlikjmkjtf mf bk Ulbhdék Ihjhstfrhkb mf Murkjgl,hjvfsthgkml y dfskml plr supufstls véjdubls dlj fbjkrdltrkdkjtf Krturl Afrjëjmfz Gljzëbfz, kbhks

fb Dakoy, nrkzl krikml mfb dkrtfb mf Cuërfz, sfgójrfplrtfs mf bk prfjsk bldkb.


10/68

DLJ]^KULMF^

;5 1 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

LUHJHÔJ

Murkjtf bls 85 ihjutls mf dakrbk quf

tuvl fb ahstlrhkmlr Fjrhquf Orkuzf

fj bk @frhk Hjtfrjkdhljkb mfb Bhnrl, fj

Gukmkbkckrk ( ^f`lrik, 4 mf mhdhfinrf mf >5;6),

mfdbkrô quf jl quhfrf ‒quf akyk ujk rfvlbudhôj

vhlbfjtk, pfrl sé quhfrl quf akyk dkinhls pkdé-

dls y rëphmls pkrk Ièxhdl’. X fs quf jfgkr bk

drhshs gfjfrkb mf bk jkdhôj fj tlmls sus `rfjtfs

y jl ktfjmfrbk dukjtl kjtfs fs dksh uj suhdhmhl?

pufs jl aky thfipl, l kpfjks bl aky pkrk hi-

pbkjtkr bl quf fj ltrls pkésfs sf bbkik hjstkbkr

uj ‒gknhjftf mf drhshs’ (Nfrjkrm Tdawkrtz, Bls

plmfrfs mfb glnhfrjl? vlbuifj HH3 Bls plmfrfs mfb prf-

shmfjtf, fmhtkml plr bk @kdubtkm mf Mfrfdal mf bk

Vjhvfrshmkm Jkdhljkb

Kutôjlik mf Ièxh-

dl? y mf Akrlbm Shjo, Bls shstfiks tfiplrëjfls

mf glnhfrjl, Bhnrfrls

Ifxhdkjls Vjhmls).

Fj fb shstfik prf-

shmfjdhkb ifxhdkjl jl

tfjfils bl quf sf bbkif uj gknhjftf, shjl sfdrf-

tkrhls mfb mfspkdal prfshmfjdhkb, bufgl fjtlj-

dfs urgf dljsthtuhr… ¡pfrl jl dlj bls ihsils

fjdkrgkmls mf fsls mfspkdals!, uj jufvl prf-

shmfjdhkbhsil pkrk fj`rfjtkr bks drhshs fdljôih-

dk, sldhkb, plbéthdk, mf sfgurhmkm y mfb kipbhl

fspfdtrl, hjdbuyfjml fb hjtfrjkdhljkb dlj bk

dkémk mfb prfdhl mfb pftrôbfl y bk ifrik mf bks

mhvhsks quf akj ktrkpkml, jl kb ; plr dhfjtl quf

fjdknfzk Dkrbls Tbhi, shjl kb 88 plr dhfjtl mf

bls ifxhdkjls fj bk iës vhb mf bks plnrfzks,

fb mfskipkrl mfb mfsfipbfl y bks ; ihb y ujk

drhihjkbhmkmfs3 sfdufstrls, `fihjhdhmhls, mfs-

kpkrhdhljfs `lrzkmks (fjdknfzkmks plr bls =4

jlrikbhstks mf Kyltzhjkpk) y, ltrk vfz fj fstf

sfxfjhl, dhfjtls mf ihbfs mf alihdhmhls.

Ak pkskml mfskpfrdhnhmk bk kmvfrtfjdhk-mf-

sfl mfb ahstlrhkmlr, plr dhfrtl mf hmflblgék plbéth-

dk y dubturkb mf mfrfdak, pkrk quf jkmhf sf fquh-

vlquf kduskjml kb rfstl mfb fspfdtrl plbéthdl, mf

quf bl quf tfjfils fj`rfjtf ‒jl fs bk kbnlrkmk

mfb fstél, shjl ujk jldaf plbkr mf ujk murfzk

y ujk lsdurhmkm afbkmks, dukbfsquhfrk quf sfkj

bls grupls quf kalrk trhuj`fj’ (Ikx Wfnfr

fj su fjskyl vhgfjtf Fb plbéthdl ). Fb ; plr dhfjtl

mf bls ;45 ihbbljfs mf ifxhdkjls fstëj k skb-

vl, dlil ikgjédkifjtf pujtukbhzk Clsfpa F

Tthgbhtz3 Bk grkj nrfdak.

[uè akdfr dlj bks sldhfmk-

mfs mfshgukbfs (]kurus,fmhtlrfs). Fs fb rfstl3

fb 88 plr dhfjtl? fs

mfdhr, slj dksh ;>5 ih-

bbljfs mf ifxhdkjls

quf yk fj fb béihtf mfb

ikb glnhfrjl plr bk hjdlipftfjdhk, hjfdkdhk

f hjfdhfjdhk mf Fjrhquf Ufûk y sus sfdrftkrhls

mfb mfspkdal prfshmfjdhkb, jfdfshtkj rfspufstks

k bk kduiubkdhôj mf prlnbfiks k mljmf vlbtff

ujl, fj shtukdhôj fxpblshvk fjtrf uj fstkbbhml rf-

vlbudhljkrhl l kutèjthdks rf`lriks sldhkbfs pkrk

rfslbvfr fj vfrmkm fb fiplnrfdhihfjtl y bks trf-

ifjmks mfshgukbmkmfs, ihfjtrks sf fjrhqufdfj

bls Tbhi y dlipkûék (¡dlil fb mf bk ifmkbbk

Nfbhskrhl Mliéjgufz, quf kjmk dkdkrkqufkjml fb

Tfjkml!) y fb pufnbl-jkdhôj yk dkyô kb `ljml

mf bk mfsfspfrkdhôj mljmf bks mfbhjdufjdhks sf

kprlvfdakj mf bk drhshs gfjfrkb.

V^GF VJ JVFPL U^FTHMFJDHKBHTIL

UK^K FJ@^FJ]K^ BK

D^HTHT GFJF^KB

ËBPK^L DFUFMK JF^H

Tlj ;>5 ihbbljfs mf ifxhdkjls bls qufjfdfshtkj rfspufstks k sus prlnbfiks,pufs fstëj fjtrf fb fstkbbhml l kutèjthdksrf`lriks quf rfvhfrtkj bk plnrfzk


11/68


DLJ]^KULMF^ LUHJHÔJ

Bk dkusk grkvf pkrk bk rfjujdhk mfb prfshmfj-

tf fstë mkmk, mfspuès mf 4 kûls dlj bk jkvf fstktkb

mhrhghèjmlsf kb jku`rkghl, ihfjtrks bls mfsglnfr-

jkmlrfs —bls quf kdknkj mf hrsf dlil bls quf fs-

tëj— thfjfj bls mhjfrls mfb pufnbl dlil nltéj,

pkrk plr bk bhnrf l bk dljsthtudhljkb kpujtkrsfpkrk bk sudfshôj prfshmfjdhkb. Tf akj afdal ‒hj-

mhgjls mf glnfrjkr’, dlil fsdrhnhô ]ldqufvhbbf

k ujls méks mf bk ^fvlbudhôj mf ;1=1. Bk jufs-

trk, bk mf ;8;5, hjdljdbusk (Lrbkjml @kbs Nlrmk,

Bks rfvlbudhljfs hjdljdbusks mf Kièrhdk bkthjk3 ;158-

;801 , fmhtlrhkb Thgbl QQH) plr bk dljtrkrrfvlbu-

dhôj mfb prfshmfjdhkbhsil (dlj sus fxdfpdhljfs3

Bëzkrl Dërmf-

jks, quhzë kjtfs

U bu tkrdl Fb éks

Dk bb fs ) y, kal-

rk ihsil, plr

bk hipbkjtkdhôj

akstk sus óbthiks

dljsfdufjdhks

mfb jflbhnfrkbhs-

il fdljôihdl y

fb kutlrhtkrhsil

plbéthdl hjvfsthml

mf uj ihbhtkrhs-

il pfbhgrlsk-

ifjtf glbphstk sh

jl aky uj jufvlprfshmfjdhkbhsil

pkrk rfslbvfr bk

drhshs gfjfrkb mfb

pkés. Bl ójhdl

quf aky slj if-

mhmks rfdfjtrkbh-

zkmlrks afdaks

slnrf bks rlmhbbks pkrk hr ifrikjml kb Fstkml `f-

mfrkb, dlj ikjmls ójhdls y ikjls bhnrfs k bls

mfsglnfrjkmlrfs kpkmrhjkmls plr pkrthmls usurfrls

mf vltls pkrk rfpkrthrsf fb nltéj mf bks urjks.

Vrgf, pufs, uj rfjlvkrsf l fb fstkbbkihfjtl

mf ujk rfvlbudhôj. Aky yk iudals `ldls, hjdfj-

mhls y afdals quf kjujdhkj uj bfvkjtkihfjtl

sldhkb mhrhghml plr bks ihjlréks (vkrhls kutlrfs,

Fstkml, prltfstk y ilvhihfjtls sldhkbfs? vkrhls kutl-

rfs, Bls béihtfs mf bk dlafshôj sldhkb ). Fstëj mkmks bks

dljmhdhljfs pkrk fb fj`rfjtkihfjtl, k pfskr mf

bl fxprfskml plr fb `kj`krrôj y iubthihbbljkrhl

Wkrrfj Nuftt, kdfrdk mf quf bk budak mf dbk-

sfs bk vkj gkjkjml bls rhdls? fstëj yk bks dljmh-

dhljfs sldhkbfs pkrk bk gufrrk fjtrf bls plnrfs y

bls rhdls-ihbbljkrhls-iubthihbbljkrhls quf mhrhgf

Tbhi. Aky akinrf, fj`frifmkmfs, plnrfzk,mfsfipbfl y nkcéshil dljsuil —plr bl dukb bk

hjkdhôj fstë k bk nkck—? hjcusthdhks y alihdhmhls

(]kjkbés Ukmhbbk, Mfspuès mf Skpktk )? y fb sfrvhbhs-

il mf bk Tuprfik Dlrtf mf fj ujk pkvlrlsk dl-

rrupdhôj mf bls shstfiks cumhdhkbfs quf sôbl lrgk-

jhzkj uj mfnktf plr bk ikrhgukjk, y jl dljsub-

tks plpubkrfs pkrk bls dljsfjsls quf rfspljmkj

k bk drhshs.

Kujkml k

fstl fstëj bks

dlipljfjmks mfb

Dljgrfsl mf bk

Vjhôj, mljmf bls

bfghsbkmlrfs yk

jl rfprfsfjtkj k

bk Jkdhôj, shjl k

bls hjtfrfsfs mfb

prfshmfjdhkbhsil

pfûhstk quf jl

thfjf ltrk kbtfr-

jkthvk quf rf-

jujdhkr plr dku-

sk grkvf3 hjdli-pftfjdhk, hjfdk-

dhk f hjfdhfjdhk?

l dljstruhr uj

prfshmfjdhkbhsil

pkrk fj`rfjtkr

y rfslbvfr bk drh-

shs. Jl pufmf

fspfrkr bk jkdhôj 4 kûls mf iës mf bl ihsil,

pufs fjtljdfs sé quf bls fstkbbhmls kalrk khsbk-

mls dfrrkrëj fb dhrduhtl pkrk bk fxpblshôj rfvl-

budhljkrhk plr akinrf y plnrfzk. ‒Bls dkinhls

pkdédls y rëphmls pkrk Ièxhdl’, dlil kmvhfrtf

y rfdlihfjmk bk mfrfdak ifxhdkjk kbhkmk mfb ;

plr dhfjtl, pfrl quf vhsbuinrk bl quf quhfrf fb

88 plr dhfjtl mf bk plnbkdhôj, pkrk quhfjfs jl fs

sudhfjtf fb dhrdl ̀ utnlbfrl, fb lnsfquhl mf bks tf-

bfvhslrks jh bks ifjthrks mfb pfûhsil quf pkrfdf

jl fjtfjmfr quf aky ujk drhshs gfjfrkb fjdhik.

I H G V F B G K B H J M L


12/68

;> 1 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

SLJK DF^LLUHJHÔJ

Fj fb Dkipl Ihbhtkr Jóifrl ;, y mfjtrl

mf ujk dkck ùfrtf duyk dlinhjkdhôj sôbl

dljldfj kbgujls hjtfgrkjtfs mfb Fstkml

Ikylr, bk Tfdrftkrék mf bk Mf`fjsk Jkdhljkb (Tf-

mfjk) gukrmk uj fxpfmhfjtf. ]kb mlduifjtl fs

prltfghml dlj bks iës fstrhdtks ifmhmks mf sfgu-

rhmkm. Fstë prlahnhml, hjdbusl, quf sfk fxtrkéml mf

su rfdhjtl. Tf trktk mfb Ubkj Ihbhtkr mf Mf`fjsk

Jkdhljkb Dljcujtl.

Bk prhifrk vfrshôj mfb mlduifjtl sf fbknlrô

fj ;86; y sf ikjtuvl vhgfjtf akstk >5;4. Dbkrl,

dlj ‒kdtukbhzkdhljfs’ y kjfxls quf bbfgkrlj k su-

ikr >>. Ksé, kb hjhdhl mfb sfxfjhl mf Fjrhquf Ufûk

Jhftl frk uj prltldlbl quf dljstknk mf 44 `lcks

lrhghjkbfs y quf, dlj sus kjfxls, suiknk ; ihb 167

pëghjks.

Vjk mf bks prhifrks ôrmfjfs mfb kikjtf gl-nhfrjl mf Fjrhquf Ufûk Jhftl k bks @ufrzks Kr-

ikmks Ifxhdkjks ùf bk mf rfvhskr y kdtukbhzkr fb

fxpfmhfjtf. Fjtljdfs bk kdtukbhzkdhôj iës rfdhfj-

tf mf fsf mlduifjtl mktknk mf ifmhkmls mfb gl-

nhfrjl mf Phdfjtf @lx3 >55=.

Bk ‒kdtukbhzkdhôj’ quf lrmfjô fb ikjml su-

prfil mf bks @ufrzks Krikmks jkmk tuvl quf vfr

dlj bks kjtfrhlrfs, fj bks quf sôbl sf hjtfgrknkj,

dlil kjfxls, kbgujks lnsfrvkdhljfs fspfdé`dks.

Bl quf kalrk sf hipusl ùf ujk rfvhshôj prlùj-

mk quf hipbhdô ujk rffsdrhturk fj bk ikylr pkrtf

mf sus kpkrtkmls y fj bk quf sf hjvlbudrkrlj bls

ikjmls supfrhlrfs mf bks trfs @ufrzks Krikmks

Ufrikjfjtfs mf Ièxhdl3 fb Fcèrdhtl Ifxhdkjl, bk

@ufrzk Kèrfk Ifxhdkjk y bk Krikmk mf Ièxhdl.

Fs mf mfstkdkrsf bk hjdlrplrkdhôj mf bk Kr-

ikmk fj bk fbknlrkdhôj mf fstf Ubkj, pufs jujdk

kjtfs fstk mfpfjmfjdhk tuvl dljldhihfjtl shquhf-

rk mf su fxhstfjdhk. Tf trktknk mf uj pktrhiljhl

fxdbushvl mf bks mls @ufrzks Krikmks lrgkjhzk-

mks y kmihjhstrkmks plr bk Tfmfjk3 fb Fcèrdhtl y bk

@ufrzk Kèrfk. ]kb vfz plr fbbl sôbl sf bf dljldék

dlil Ubkj Ihbhtkr mf Mf`fjsk Jkdhljkb. Kb jufvl

sf bf kgrfgô bk pkbknrk ‒Dljcujtl’ fj su jlinrf

prlphl. Ksé, bk Krikmk, bk ùfrzk quf lrgkjhzk y

kmihjhstrk bk Tfdrftkrék mf Ikrhjk (Tfikr) fstë

pbfjkifjtf hjtfgrkmk fj fb mlduifjtl.

Bk lrmfj sf fihthô fb ;6 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;4.

Ukrk fbbl, fb prfshmfjtf mf bk ^fpónbhdk dhtô fj

Ukbkdhl Jkdhljkb k bls kbtls ikjmls mf bks trfs

@ufrzks Krikmks, fjdknfzkmls plr fb gfjfrkb mf

mhvhshôj mhpblikml mf fstkml ikylr Tkbvkmlr

Dhfjùfgls Sfpfmk, thtubkr mf bk Tfmfjk, y fb kbih-

rkjtf mhpblikml mf fstkml ikylr Phmkb @rkjdhsdl

Tlnfrôj Tkjz, thtubkr mf bk Tfikr. Fj fb pkthl dfj-trkb, mfspuès mf aknfr rfkbhzkml aljlrfs kb bënkrl

pktrhl, Fjrhquf Ufûk Jhftl bfs hjstruyô ‒fbknlrkr

y prlpljfr ujk plbéthdk mf mf`fjsk jkdhljkb, ksé

dlil rfvhskr y kdtukbhzkr fb Ubkj Ihbhtkr mf Mf-

`fjsk Jkdhljkb Dljcujtl pkrk quf krthdubfj bks

dkpkdhmkmfs mf bk Krikmk, fb Fcèrdhtl y bk @ufrzk

Kèrfk mf Ièxhdl’.

Bls trknkcls hjhdhkrlj fb >5 mf `fnrfrl y dlj-

dbuyfrlj fb 45 mf cubhl mf fsf kûl. @ufrlj 6 ifsfs

y ;5 méks mf rfvhshôj, kdtukbhzkdhôj y rffsdrhturk.

Fb mlduifjtl sf mfpurô3 aly dljstk mf 05 `lcks y

ldal kjfxls, dlj bls dukbfs suik uj tltkb mf >=1

pëghjks.

Fb mlduifjtl fstë mhvhmhml fj trfs grkjmfs ru-

nrls3 ;. Mf`fjmfr bk hjtfgrhmkm, hjmfpfjmfjdhk y

slnfrkjék mf bk jkdhôj? >. Gkrkjthzkr bk sfgurhmkm

hjtfrhlr, y 4. Kuxhbhkr k bk plnbkdhôj dhvhb fj dksls

mf mfskstrfs.

SÔTHIL DKIKDAL

FB MLDVIFJ]L L@HDHKB

IËT TFD^F]L MF BK TFMFJK


13/68


SLJK DF^L LUHJHÔJ

Bk prlphk Tfmfjk fxpbhdk quf ‒bls runrls quf

bl dlj`lrikj dljthfjfj bk hj`lrikdhôj mf bk pbk-

jfkdhôj gfjfrkb mf plbéthdks quf rfspljmfj k bks

kifjkzks hjtfrjks y fxtfrjks quf k`fdtkj k bk sf-

gurhmkm y mf`fjsk jkdhljkbfs’.

Tf trktk mfb mlduifjtl rfdtlr mf sfgurhmkm y mf`fjsk jkdhljkbfs. Ak shml rfsfrvkml plr bk

Tfmfjk. Fb Hjsthtutl Jkdhljkb mf ]rkjspkrfjdhk,

Kddfsl k bk Hj`lrikdhôj y Urltfddhôj mf Mktls

pfrsljkbfs ak rkth`dkml bk rfsfrvk.

‒Fb mlduifjtl dljthfjf bks fstrktfghks y dlj-

tfjhml pkrk plmfr mkr fj fcfdudhôj k bks ihshljfs

mfb Fcèrdhtl Ifxhdkjl, tkinhèj sf pbkjtfkj ahpô-

tfshs fj `ujdhôj mf bks kifjkzks prfvhshnbfs quf

pufmk su`rhr fb pkés, dljthfjf bls pbkjfs mf gufrrk,

fstl fs, dôil rfspljmf-

rék fb pkés dlj sus mhsthj-

tls rfdursls pkrk plmfr

ktfjmfr uj supufstl mf

kgrfshôj’ ( shd ).

Bls ójhdls kpkrtkmls

k bls quf afils tfjhml

kddfsl —plr ifmhl mf bk

Bfy Gfjfrkb mf ]rkjspk-

rfjdhk y Kddfsl k bk Hj-

`lrikdhôj Uónbhdk3 slbh-

dhtumfs 5555755544>;4,

5555755>565;6 y 5555

755>56;;6 k bk Tfmfjk, y 555;455;5>=;6 k bk

Tfikr? kmfiës mfb rf-

dursl mf rfvhshôj ^MK

;466/;4 prfsfjtkml fj

dljtrk mf bk Tfmfjk— slj fb ‒HH. Ikrdl Curémhdl’,

dlj su sfddhljfs K, N y D, y fb ‒HHH. Ikrdl Dlj-

dfptukb y Mldtrhjkrhl’, dlj sus sfddhljfs K, N, D,

F, @ y G.

Fj fb Ikrdl Curémhdl sf fjbhstkj bks mhsplshdhl-

jfs curémhdks quf bf mkj sustfjtl kb mlduifjtl,

mfsmf fb Krtédubl 18 mf bk Dljsthtudhôj Ulbéthdk mf

bls Fstkmls Vjhmls Ifxhdkjls akstk bk Bfy Lrgë-

jhdk mfb Fcèrdhtl y @ufrzk Kèrfk Ifxhdkjls (kr-

tédubl ;), kmfiës mf sfhs curhsprumfjdhks fstknbf-

dhmks plr fb Ulmfr Cumhdhkb mf bk @fmfrkdhôj fj fb

kûl >555. Mfstkdkils bk curhsprumfjdhk 47/>5553

‒Fcèrdhtl, @ufrzk Kèrfk y Krikmk pufmfj kdtukr

kdktkjml ôrmfjfs mfb prfshmfjtf, dlj fstrhdtl rfs-

pftl k bks gkrkjtéks hjmhvhmukbfs, dukjml shj bbf-

gkrsf k shtukdhljfs quf rfquhfrkj bk suspfjshôj mf

kqufbbks, akgkj tfifr, `ujmkmkifjtf, quf mf jl

fj`rfjtkrsf mf hjifmhktl sfrék hjihjfjtf dkfr fj

dljmhdhljfs grkvfs quf lnbhgkrékj k mfdrftkrbk’

( shd ).Fj fb Ikrdl Dljdfptukb y Mldtrhjkrhl sf mf-

`jf k bk sfgurhmkm jkdhljkb dlil ‒bk dljmhdhôj

mf pkz, bhnfrtkm y custhdhk sldhkb y fdljôihdk quf

prldurk fb Fstkml ifxhdkjl k trkvès mf ujk pl-

béthdk mf mfskrrlbbl hjtfgrkb slstfjhnbf y sustfjtk-

nbf, mfjtrl mf uj ikrdl mf mfrfdal, kpbhdkjml fb

plmfr jkdhljkb pkrk kbdkjzkr y ikjtfjfr bls ln-

cfthvls jkdhljkbfs, gkrkjthzkjml bk hjtfgrhmkm, sl-

nfrkjék f hjmfpfjmfjdhk pfsf k bls kjtkgljhsils

hjtfrjls y fxtfrjls’.

]kinhèj sf l`rfdf

ujk mf`jhdhôj mf bk mf-

`fjsk jkdhljkb3 ‒bk sfrhf

mf ifmhmks quf mhspljf

y kmlptk uj Fstkml pkrk

mf`fjmfrsf mf kgrfshljfs

duyls f`fdtls trkstlrjkj

fb mfskrrlbbl jlrikb,

pljhfjml fj kddhôj su

kpkrktl ihbhtkr pkrk fj-

`rfjtkr y fbhihjkr dlj

bls rfdursls mfb plmfr

jkdhljkb k bk kifjkzk’.Ltrl kspfdtl k mfs-

tkdkrsf mfsmf fb pujtl

mf vhstk mldtrhjkrhl fs

bk vldkdhôj pkdh`stk mf

Ièxhdl, fj bk quf sf dljshmfrk quf ‒tlml dljhd-

tl hjtfrjkdhljkb pufmf y mfnf rfslbvfrsf plr if-

mhls pkdé`dls’. Tunshstf fb prhjdhphl mf quf ‒ujk

gufrrk pkrk Ièxhdl sôbl plmrë sfr fj mf`fjsk mf

jufstrl prlphl tfrrhtlrhl f hipufstk plr uj dksl

mf kgrfshôj’.

Ifjdhôj kpkrtf ifrfdf su pkrthdhpkdhôj mfj-

trl mf bk sfgurhmkm hjtfrjk3 fb Fcèrdhtl y @ufrzk

Kèrfk ‒akdfj `rfjtf k shtukdhljfs mf rhfsgl quf

ktfjtfj dljtrk fb fstkml mf mfrfdal y bk sfgurhmkm

hjtfrhlr mf bk jkdhôj, dlil fb dlinktf kb jkrdl-

trë`dl? fb trë`dl hbédhtl mf kriks? fb tfrrlrhsil

hjtfrjkdhljkb y kb kdltkihfjtl mf grupls krik-

mls’.

D F D H B H K

I K ^ ] É J F S


14/68

;= 1 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

KGFJMK MF BK DL^^VUDHÔJLUHJHÔJ

UG^ X DHTFJ

IHB 61> TLBHDH]VMFT UK^K

FTUHK^ DLIVJHDKDHLJFT

JKJDX @BL^FT

Bk hjtfrvfjdhôj mf dliujhdkdhljfs fs dkmk

vfz iës rfdurrhmk plr fb Dfjtrl mf Hjvfs-

thgkdhôj y Tfgurhmkm Jkdhljkb (Dhsfj) y

bk Urldurkmurék Gfjfrkb mf bk ^fpónbhdk (UG^),

pkrk bk supufstk hjvfsthgkdhôj mf mfbhtls rfbkdhl-

jkmls dlj bk mfbhjdufjdhk lrgkjhzkmk y bks ‒kif-

jkzks’ k bk sfgurhmkm jkdhljkb.

Fstk hjtfrvfjdhôj jl sôbl sf rfmudf kb fsphl-

jkcf tfbf`ôjhdl, shjl quf knkrdk tlml thpl mf dl-

iujhdkdhljfs, hjdbusl kqufbbks quf fstëj dh`rkmks3

dlrrfls fbfdtrôjhdls, ifjskcfs mf tfxtl, dakts tkj-

tl mf dlrrfls dlil mf rfmfs sldhkbfs (@kdfnllo,

]whttfr), dljvfrskdhljfs fstknbfdhmks plr ifmhl

mf kpbhdkdhljfs (Toypf,

Waktskpp, NNI, @k-

dfthif, ]kjgl, @rhjg,]fbfgrki), ftdètfrk.

Ukrk fcfrdfr fj `lr-

ik bfgkb fstf rfdursl,

quf fs kbtkifjtf hjvk-

shvl y vhlbkmlr mfb mfrf-

dal k bk prhvkdhmkm, bls

kgfjtfs mfb Dhsfj y bk UG^ rfquhfrfj, kmfiës mf

bk slspfdak, ujk kutlrhzkdhôj cumhdhkb.

Fj >5;6, bls Cuzgkmls @fmfrkbfs Ufjkbfs Fspf-

dhkbhzkmls fj Dktfls, Krrkhgls f Hjtfrvfjdhôj mf

Dliujhdkdhljfs rfdhnhfrlj ; ihb 61> slbhdhtumfs

mf hjtfrvfjdhôj mf dliujhdkdhljfs, rfvfbk fb Hj-

`lrif kjukb mf bknlrfs >5;6 mfb Dljsfcl mf bk Cumhdk-

turk @fmfrkb, shj fspfdh`dkr bk kutlrhmkm k bk quf

dlrrfspljmfj.

Bks fsdudaks tfbf`ôjhdks y mfiës hjtfrvfjdhl-

jfs jl `ufrlj bls ójhdls rfdursls quf bls ‒fspéks’

mfb glnhfrjl ifxhdkjl tuvhfrlj k bk ikjl pkrk

hjvfsthgkr k bls supufstls mfbhjdufjtfs y k quhfjfs

—sfgój fbbls — kifjkzkj bk sfgurhmkm jkdhljkb. Mf

kdufrml dlj fb Dljsfcl mf bk Cumhdkturk, fsls cuz-

gkmls fspfdhkbhzkmls rfdhnhfrlj >7 pfthdhljfs ‒rf-

bkthvks k bk kutlrhzkdhôj pkrk slbhdhtkr hj`lrikdhôj

k bks fiprfsks mf tfbfdliujhdkdhljfs’.

Fstks slbhdhtumfs sf rf`frfj kb ilifjtl fj quf,

plr lrmfj cumhdhkb, bks dlipkûéks prhvkmks dlil

]fbifx, Ikxdli, Kxtfb, ]fbdfb, Hzzh, K]&], ftdè-

tfrk, sf vfj lnbhgkmks k dlbknlrkr dlj bks hjvfsth-

gkdhljfs? fs mfdhr, k fjtrfgkr tlmk bk hj`lrikdhôj

quf plsfkj slnrf sus dbhfjtfs quf slj hjvfsthgkmls.

Fb ‒Kjfxl mlduifjtkb’ mfb Hj`lrif, fj su kpkr-

tkml ‒Kddfsl k shstfiks

fbfdtrôjhdls pkrk fb trë-

ihtf mf bls ksujtls’,mftkbbk quf bks ‒kutlrh-

mkmfs hjvfsthgkmlrks’

hjgrfskrlj, fj tltkb, 4

ihb 7;> slbhdhtumfs mf

ifmhmks dkutfbkrfs k

bls Cuzgkmls @fmfrkbfs

Ufjkbfs Fspfdhkbhzkmls fj Dktfls, Krrkhgls f Hj-

tfrvfjdhôj mf Dliujhdkdhljfs. Mf èstks, > ihb >7

fstuvhfrlj rfbkdhljkmks dlj dktfls y 70 dlj krrkh-

gls.

Bls Cuzgkmls @fmfrkbfs Ufjkbfs Fspfdhkbhzkmls

sf drfkrlj dlj nksf fj fb Kdufrml K/76/>551,

mfb Ubfjl mfb Dljsfcl mf bk Cumhdkturk @fmfrkb,

punbhdkml fj fb Mhkrhl Ldhkb mf bk @fmfrkdhôj fb =

mf mhdhfinrf mf >551. Tu lncfthvl fs mkr dui-

pbhihfjtl k bl fstknbfdhml fj fb krtédubl ;0 mf

bk Dljsthtudhôj Ulbéthdk mf bls Fstkmls Vjhmls

Ifxhdkjls y fb krtédubl 65 mf bk Bfy Lrgëjhdk mfb

Fj >5;6 sf rfghstrkrlj ; ihb 61> sl-bhdhtumfs mf hjtfrvfjdhôj mf dliujhdk-dhljfs y >7 pkrk pfmhr hj`lrikdhôj kbks fiprfsks mf tfbfdliujhdkdhljfs

fs


15/68


KGFJMK MF BK DL^^VUDHÔJ LUHJHÔJ

D F D H B H K

I K ^ ] É J

F S

Ulmfr Cumhdhkb mf bk @fmfrkdhôj,

rfbkthvls k bks slbhdhtumfs mf ku-

tlrhzkdhôj mf ôrmfjfs mf dktfl,

krrkhgl f hjtfrvfjdhôj mf dl-

iujhdkdhljfs.

Hjtfrvfjdhljfs

kutlrhzkmks

^fspfdtl kb fsphljkcf, bks

fstkmésthdks mf bk UG^ rfvfbkj

quf bk ikylrék mf bks slbhdhtumfs

pkrk hjtfrvfjhr dliujhdkdhljfs

bf slj kutlrhzkmks. Ulr fcfi-

pbl, fj bk rfspufstk k bk slbhdh-

tum mf hj`lrikdhôj dhumkmkjk

555;755;4>7;6, bk Urldurkmu-

rék hjmhdk quf mf fjfrl k ikrzl

mf >5;6 rfkbhzô ;>5 slbhdhtumfs mf

fstf thpl, mf bks dukbfs bf `ufrlj

dljdfmhmks ;;7.

Fb mlduifjtl l`dhkb mftkbbk

quf, fj >5;=, bk UG^ phmhô 7;7

kutlrhzkdhljfs pkrk hjtfrvfjhr dliujhdkdhljfs,

mf bks dukbfs bf dljdfmhfrlj 010. Fstl fs fb 86.0

plr dhfjtl mfb tltkb.

Fj fb dksl mfb Dhsfj, mf fjfrl k cubhl mf >5;6

fcfdutô >>6 kddhljfs mf hjtfrvfjdhôj bfgkb mf dl-iujhdkdhljfs pkrk hjvfsthgkdhljfs mf hjtfbhgfjdhk

rfbkdhljkmks dlj kifjkzks k bk sfgurhmkm jkdhl-

jkb, rfdljldhô fj rfspufstk k bk slbhdhtum dhumkmk-

jk mf hj`lrikdhôj 5=;55555;7>;6 ( Fb Fdljlihs-

tk, >7 mf cubhl mf >5;6).

Gflbldkbhzkdhôj mf

‒mfbhjdufjtfs’

Kmfiës mfb fsphljkcf mf bks dliujhdkdhljfs,

bls kgfjtfs mfb Dhsfj y bk UG^ rfdurrfj k bk bbk-

ikmk gflbldkbhzkdhôj fj dljtrk mf bks pfrsljks

quf dljshmfrkj slspfdalsks mf fstkr rfbkdhljk-

mks dlj fb drhifj lrgkjhzkml y dlj bks kifjkzks

k bk sfgurhmkm jkdhljkb.

Fj fstf dksl sf trktk mf bk bldkbhzkdhôj gflgrë-

`dk mf bls slspfdalsls fj thfipl rfkb plr ifmhl

mf sus mhsplshthvls fbfdtrôjhdls, kprlnkmk fj ikr-

zl mf >5;> plr fb Dljgrfsl.

Kb rfspfdtl, bk rfspufstk k bk slbhdhtum mf hj-

`lrikdhôj dhumkmkjk 555;755461>;6 mfsdunrf

quf, mf fjfrl k ldtunrf mf >5;6, bk MhrfddhôjGfjfrkb mf Dufrpl ]èdjhdl mf Dljtrlb, kmsdrhtk

k bk Tunprldurkmurék Fspfdhkbhzkmk fj Hjvfsthgk-

dhôj fj Mfbhjdufjdhk Lrgkjhzkmk, ak lpfrkml fj

dllrmhjkdhôj dlj bks dljdfshljkrhks mf rfmfs pó-

nbhdks mf tfbfdliujhdkdhljfs ; ihb 6=7 slbhdhtumfs

mf bldkbhzkdhôj gflgrë`dk fj thfipl rfkb.

Knrhb ̀ uf fb ifs fj fb quf sf rfkbhzkrlj iës gfl-

bldkbhzkdhljfs3 >>4. Tfguhml plr ikrzl, dlj >;4?

cubhl, dlj ;88? cujhl, dlj ;8>? ldtunrf, dlj ;6;?

`fnrfrl, dlj ;44? sfpthfinrf, dlj ;>8? ikyl, dlj

;;7? kglstl, dlj ;;=? y `jkbifjtf fjfrl, dlj 70.

Dlj fb `j mf ‒fvhtkr’ su knusl, fstls rfdur-

sls mfnfj dljtkr dlj bk vfjhk mfb Ulmfr Cumhdhkb.

Jl lnstkjtf, pkrk slbhdhtkr bk kutlrhzkdhôj nkstk

dlj quf bls kgfjtfs mfb Dhsfj y bk UG^ —kuj shj

prufnks— slspfdafj mf kbguhfj. Ulr tkjtl, tlmls

plmrékils fstkr kbgujk vfz fj bk ihrk mf fstls fs-

péks.


16/68


K^]ÉDVBLLUHJHÔJ

Bls prhifrls 4 kûls mfb sfxfjhl mf FjrhqufUfûk Jhftl, bks @ufrzks Krikmks Ifxh-dkjks, fspfdhkbifjtf fb Fcèrdhtl Ifxhdk-jl, sf gkjkrlj bk mfsdljkjzk y fb mfsprfdhl

mfb pufnbl. Tf fdaô plr bk nlrmk dksh ; shgbl mfifrfdfr fb dkrhûl mf bks dbksfs plpubkrfs —fj bksdukbfs, kmfiës, fstë su prlphl lrhgfj— k pkrthrmf bk ^fvlbudhôj Ifxhdkjk mf ;8;5, prliub-gkmk fb 6 mf `fnrfrl mf ;8;7 mfspuès mf mf-rrltkr mls vfdfs dljsfduthvks kb Fcèrdhtl @fmfrkbmfb gfjfrkb Ulrrhl Mékz dljvfrthml fj thrkjl k

bl bkrgl mf 45 kûls mf glnhfrjl, kplykml plr

bks nkyljftks mf bk trlpk rfdbutkmk mf bfvk, quf

frk dljmudhmk plr gfjfrkbfs krhstldrëthdls prl-vfjhfjtfs mf bk dbksf glnfrjkjtf dlipufstk plrbkthùjmhstks, pktrljfs

fxpbltkmlrfs, fb dbfrl`kjkthzkmlr y fiprf-

skrhls fxtrkjcfrls quffsdbkvhzkrlj k bls hj-mégfjks y k bls plnrfs

mf bk jkdhôj.Bls slbmkmls `fmf-

rkbfs ùfrlj rfdbutkmls mf bfvk, mf bks dërdfbfs,fnrhls mftfjhmls plr bk plbhdék y bks rfmkmks mfb

Fcèrdhtl fj tlmks bks rfghljfs mfb pkés, lnbhgk-

mls k ujh`lrikrsf y `lrikrsf dlj fsk trlpk.

Ulr fb dljtrkrhl, bls slbmkmls rfvlbudhljkrhlsùfrlj vlbujtkrhls fj bk budak plr skdumhrsf bkfxpbltkdhôj, bk hjcusthdhk, pkrk sfr prlphftkrhlsmf bks thfrrks quf dubthvknkj pkrk bls pktrljfs,ikrdakr dljtrk fb dbfrl fxpbltkmlr plr ifmhlmfb mhfzil y dljtrk bls fxtrkjcfrls quf fxpbl-

tknkj bks ihjks y fb pftrôbfl, kb grhtl mf ‒¡bl

quf fstë fj Ièxhdl fs mf bls ifxhdkjls!’.

Fj fsk hjsurrfddhôj bls aèrlfs ùfrlj @rkj-dhsdl Phbbk, Fihbhkjl Skpktk, bls afrikjls @bl-rfs Ikgôj, @rkjdhsdl C Ióghdk, Ëbvkrl Lnrf-gôj, Ubutkrdl Fbéks Dkbbfs y tkjtls ltrls quf

sfrék prlbhcl fjuifrkr pkrk fb lncftl mf fstf

rfplrtf? pfrl fs hiplrtkjtf jl mfckr mf ifj-dhljkr kb gfjfrkb @fbhpf Ëjgfbfs, quhfj shfjmlsuikifjtf mfstkdkml fj fb Fcèrdhtl @fmfrkb y

slnrfskbhfjtf fj dursls mf krthbbfrék y mf Fstk-

ml Ikylr rfkbhzkmls fj @rkjdhk, sf suiô k bks

ùfrzks mfb pufnbl fj kriks quf budaknk plr bkbhnfrtkm y dljmucl nktkbbks ifilrknbfs —dlil

bk tlik mf Skdktfdks— dlj bks trlpks mf UkjdalPhbbk, kdknkjml pkrk shfiprf dlj bks ùfrzks`fmfrkbfs.

Fstks rfihjhsdfj-

dhks, hjfvhtknbfs, shr-vfj pkrk quf jufs-trls kdtukbfs slbmkmls

—dukbquhfrk quf sfk sushtukdhôj kdtukb, kdthvlsl rfthrkmls— rfdufr-mfj quf vlbujtkrhkifj-

tf dkuskrlj kbtk fj fb Fcèrdhtl mf bk ^fvlbudhôjIfxhdkjk, quf su lrhgfj fs fb pufnbl ihsil?dlil hgukbifjtf mfnfj sfr bls gfjfrkbfs, cf`fs

y ldhkbfs quf bls ikjmkj pkrk quf duipbkj

bks bfyfs.

Urfgójtfjbfs y prfgójtfjsf ustfmfs ihs-

ils, ¼duëb ùf bk dkusk, fb ilthvl l fb plmfrquf ahzl lbvhmkr k bls kbtls ikjmls mfb Fcèr-dhtl y @ufrzk Kèrfk, ksé dlil mf bk Krikmk,

fb curkifjtl prljujdhkml kb dkuskr kbtk fj -

bks rfhtfrkml dkmk vfz quf sf akdékj dkrgl mf

jufvk rfspljsknhbhmkm kjtf fb bënkrl pktrhl y

TKIVFB BK^K PHBBK, GFJF^KB N^HGKMHF^ ̂ F]H^KML? U^FTHMFJ]F MF BK @FMF^KDHÔJMF IHBH]K^FT ̂ F]H^KMLT GFJF^KB @^KJDHTDL C IÓGHDK, KD

Bls kbtls ikjmls mf bks @ufrzks Kr-ikmks Ifxhdkjks mfnfj fxpbhdkr plrquè trkhdhljkrlj su curkifjtl y slbkpkjbk vhlbkdhôj mf bk Dljsthtudhôj Ulbéthdk

B

BK ]^KHDHÔJ K IÈQHDL


17/68


K^]ÉDVBL LUHJHÔJ

bk trlpk `lrikmk< ]èjgkjbl prfsfjtf3 ‒¡Dui-pbhr y akdfr duipbhr bk Dljsthtudhôj Ulbéthdk mf

bls Fstkmls Vjhmls Ifxhdkjls y bks bfyfs quf

mf fbbk fikjfj!’. ‒¡Té prltfstl!’, dljtfstkrlj

fjèrghdkifjtf.Ulrquf akstk aly jl fxhstf rkzôj —k ifjls

quf sfk dlipbhdhmkm— pkrk quf akykj hjstkbkml

fj bk Urfshmfjdhk mf bk ^fpónbhdk kb prlmudtlmf uj `rkumf fbfdtlrkb quf tlml fb iujml vhl…¼Ifjls fbbls< Bl bbfvkrlj bufgl k bk Dëikrk

mf Mhputkmls fj afbhdôptfrl k quf rfdhnhfrk

bk Urfshmfjdhk mf bk ^fpónbhdk hjtrlmudhèjml-bl plr bk pufrtk trksfrk y mf bk ihsik `lrik

tuvl quf rfthrkrsf kb tèrihjl mfb kdtl. Jl `ufdkpkz mf akdfr `rfjtf kb pufnbl hjmhgjkml? plrbk ihsik rkzôj dukjml kpkrfdf fj pónbhdl, bks`ufrzks krikmks bl fsdlbtkj kpkrktlskifjtf rl-mfkml mf trlpk krikmk. Fb Fcfduthvl `fmfrkb sf

gkjk fb rfpumhl mf bk gfjtf plrquf sôbl glnhfr-jk pkrk bls rhdls. Dkmk vfz fs iës jltlrhl. Fj

fsf ikrdl, bls kbtls ikjmls dljmucfrlj k bks@ufrzks Krikmks Ifxhdkjks k bk auihbbkdhôj,fb rfpumhl, bk mfsdljkjzk y bk nurbk mfb puf-nbl? ikb trktl mfb quf fs lncftl fb pfrsljkb mftrlpk, k skbvl qufmkj bls quf fcfrdfj fb ikjmlmfsmf sus ldhjks.

Dlil ifxhdkjls, prhifrl, y dlil slbmkmls

quf kprfjmhils mf ustfmfs, bls kbtls ikjmls, kmkr bk vhmk plr bk pktrhk, kikr kb bënkrl pktrhl,k duipbhr bk pkbknrk mf aljlr y jls rfdufrmkj k

dkmk pksl quf slils fb ihsil pufnbl, mfikj-mkils fxpbhqufj k bk jkdhôj ifxhdkjk fb plr-què mf bk trkhdhôj k su curkifjtl, slbkpkjml lkdlipkûkjml alinrl dlj alinrl k bls plbéthdlsdlrruptls, kjthpktrhltks y fjtrfguhstks, k vhlbkr

bk Dljsthtudhôj ifxhdkjk.

I H G V F B G K B H J M L


18/68


K^]ÉDVBLLUHJHÔJ

¼Ulr què sf dkyfrlj dhfjtls mf fmhdhlsfj ;816 y aunl ihbfs mf védthiks, hj-dbuhmls jhûls< ¼[uhèj mk bls pfrihslsihjfrls y plshnhbhtk bk mfprfmkdhôj mf thfrrks, bkfxpbltkdhôj ikyósdubk mf rfsfrvks y quf trknkck-mlrfs iufrkj plr bks pèshiks dljmhdhljfs mljmfbknlrkj< ¼Duëbfs ùfrlj bks ikjls quf pfrihthf-rlj bks dljstruddhljfs mf fmhdhls fj Tkjtk @f,

bls dukbfs slj ujk nlink mf thfipl quf kpfjks fi-phfzk< ¼[uè hjmhvhmuls akj afdal su kglstl pkrkquf bls altfbfrls fj Kdkpubdl, bk ^hvhfrk Ikyk,Hxtkpk, Bls Dknls, Auktubdl y Dkjdój akgkj mfbks suyks dljtkihjkjml fb ikr, kprlphëjmlsfmf pbkyks quf dljvhfrtfj fj prhvkmks y mf`lrfstfjihbfs mf afdtërfks<

Bks prfgujtks fj

iudals tfrrfjls sfpufmfj fxtfjmfr, pfrl`kbtkrék fspkdhl. Bkrfkbhmkm fs quf kjtfdukbquhfr hjcusthdhk ytrkhdhôj k bk pktrhk jk-mhf fs dubpknbf. Bls plbéthdls, dksh tlmls, sf tkpkjujls k ltrls l sf fdakj bk dubpk pkrk hjtfjtkrmfilstrkr quf ltrls slj ujls ikbvkmls y fbblsnbkjdks pkbliks. Kbgl quf vfils jufvkifjtf fj]kckikr, [uhjtkjk ^ll.

@fbhpf Dkbmfrôj, quhfj kutlrhzô quf sf trkjs-

`lrikrk uj ikjgbkr mf 65 afdtërfks, mhdf qufèb jl ùf. Phdfjtf @lx, quhfj hjhdhô bk lpfrkdhôj,

fstë iuml plrquf dknhbmfk fj bks rfujhljfs qufsf mhsdutf bk plshnhbhmkm mf uthbhzkr bk iltk pkrkusls ifmhdhjkbfs. ^k`kfb Ukddahkjl, fb thtubkr mfbk Tfdrftkrék mf Ifmhl Kinhfjtf y ^fdursls Jk-

turkbfs (Tfikrjkt), ak mhdal quf fb dubpknbf fs

Dkbmfrôj, quhfj jl sôbl ltlrgô fb dfrthdkml shjl

hjdbusl fj >558 prlrrlgô fb pfrihsl y quf, plrtkjtl, fbbls jl pufmfj akdfr jkmk pkrk mftfjfruj jfgldhl hjilnhbhkrhl (shd quf dufjtk nhbbftfs vfrmfs ).

Fb @ljml Jkdhljkb mf @lifjtl kb ]urhsil

(@ljktur) y bk Urldurkmurék @fmfrkb mf Urltfddhôj

Kinhfjtkb (Url`fpk) kdtukrlj vkrhls méks mfspuès

quf uj grupl mf lrgkjhzkdhljfs dhvhbfs sf pbkj-tkrlj fj ]kckikr y mfskkrlj k bks kutlrhmkmfs?

ltrls dlipkûfrls suyls ahdhfrlj ikjh`fstkdhljfshjdbusl dfrdk mf Bls Uhjls —zljk hjkddfshnbf k bkplnbkdhôj— y knlgkmls y krthstks skbhfrlj k mf`fj-mfr jl sôbl fb prfsfjtf shjl fb ùturl mf bk jkdhôj.

Fb ksujtl mf fstf fdldhmhl ùf kbfrtkml plrbk rfplrtfrk IhrfykDuèbbkr fj mhdhfinrf

mf >55= fj Bk Clrjkmk,sfgój rfdufrmk Dkrbls@frjëjmfz Pfgk ( Bk

Clrjkmk, >0 mf fjfrlmf >5;6). [uhfj riô

hjhdhkbifjtf fb pfrih-sl ltlrgkml plr @ljktur ùf fb nhôblgl ^hdkrml

Cuërfz Ukbkdhls, mhrfdtlr mf Hipkdtl y ^hfsglKinhfjtkb mf @ljktur, ksfgurkjml quf jl fxhs-

ték ikjgbkr fj ]kckikr? kalrk sknfils quf

slj, dukjml ifjls, >= afdtërfks mf ikjgbkr y;4 mf ikjgbkr prhikrhl. ]kjtks knfrrkdhljfs yjfgldhls ahzl fstf ikb Cuërfz quf bl mfsphmhfrlj

y qufrékj fjcuhdhkrbl, pfrl yk sknfils quf bk cus-thdhk fs dhfgk pkrk bls quf skbphdkj mf mhjfrl k blssupfrhlrfs.

Ièxhdl, plr dhfrtl, fs fb sfxtl pkés mf ikjgbk-rfs fj fb iujml, pfrl dkmk kûl phfrmf =.6 afd-tërfks plr bls ikb bbkikmls mfskrrlbbls turésthdls

CL^GF IFBÈJMFS U^FDHKML

Fj fb pfrihsl hjhdhkb pkrk mfstruhr ]k- ckikr sf ksfgurô quf jl fxhsték ikjgbkr?kalrk sf sknf quf slj >= afdtërfks mfikjgbkr y ;4 mf ikjgbkr prhikrhl

FB UKÉT MFT]^LSKML

X JKMHF FT DVBUKNBF


19/68


K^]ÉDVBL LUHJHÔJ

(¼què mhrë bk sfûlrk Dbkumhk ûhz Iksshfu, alydufsthljkmk fj ̂ fbkdhljfs Fxtfrhlrfs (mhôxhml mf dkrnljl) y ksé ‒sf dljtrhnu- yf k fvhtkr fb dkbfjtkihfjtl gblnkb’? prfsfrvkr bk

`kujk y bk lrk fs hiplrtkjtf, yk quf iudaks mf

bks fspfdhfs mf kjhikbfs ‒sf kbhifjtkj mf hjsfdtlsquf pufmfj dljsthtuhr pbkgks’ y, plr sh kbgl `kbtk-rk, bls auifmkbfs jl sljpkrk mfskrrlbbkr zljks ur-nkjks, yk quf sf hjujmkjplr fb thpl mf sunsufbl y bkdljstruddhôj thfjf uj kbtldlstl. ¼Fjtfjmfrëj fsksdufsthljfs bls ùjdhljk-rhls l quhfjfs phfjskj fjbk gkjkjdhk rëphmk<

Ukrk bk fspfdhkbhstk Ih-rfyk Éikz, mfb UrlgrkikVjhvfrshtkrhl mf Fstrktf-ghks pkrk bk Tustfjtknhbh-

mkm (UVFT), akdf mèdk-mks quf bls mfskrrlbbls fjiudaks pkrtfs mfb pkés,fspfdhkbifjtf fj bugkrfsdfrdkjls k bks pbkyks, akjshml mfprfmkmlrfs shj mkrsf dufjtk quf jls fs-tkils suhdhmkjml. Vj dksl tfrrhnbf fs Dkjdój ybk `kbtk mf krfjk fj bks pbkyks (prlgrkik Urhifr

Ilvhihfjtl, ^kmhl VJKI, >0 mf fjfrl).

Kbgujls ihfinrls mfb iuy mfsprfsthghkml Ukr-thml Pfrmf Fdlblghstk Ifxhdkjl (shd duëmrupbf qufknrf bk iëquhjk rfghstrkmlrk ), mf mljmf surghô Ukddahk-jl, trktkrlj mf fjdknfzkr bk prltfstk y akdfrsf mfkbgój prfsthghl, kujquf ùfrlj dlrrhmls plr bls ak-nhtkjtfs quhjtkjkrrlfjsfs, pufs sknfj nhfj bk dbksfmf sucftls quf slj fsls bbkikmls vfrmfs.

Bl ihsil ldurrhô dlj ùjdhljkrhls quf hjtfj-tkrlj kdkbbkr bk prltfstk, dliprkr k bls hjmhgjk-mls aknhtkjtfs l hjdbusl iftfrbfs tfilr mf quf

bls rfprhihrékj. @rfjtf k fbbl, krrfdhkrlj bks vldfs

y sf dljslbhmô fb ilvhihfjtl quf dljthjók fj phfmf budak y kb quf sf mfnf kplykr y prltfgfr, fj fs-pfdhkb k bk kdtrhz Tl`ék Thsjhfgk, quhfj ak rfdhnhml

mhvfrsks kifjkzks mf iufrtf.

Bls knlgkmls Bfljkrml Ouiub y ^kób @fr-jëjmfz mf Bfôj yk ahdhfrlj ujk mfjujdhk kjtfbk Dlihshôj Hjtfrkifrhdkjk mf Mfrfdals Auik-jls (DHMA) plr bl ldurrhml y bl quf vhfjf, kbgl

quf mfckrë k Fjrhquf Ufûk Jhftl ikb pkrkml,

pufs sus mfdbkrkdhljfs k `kvlr mfb ifmhl ki-nhfjtf daldkj dlj bk alrrhnbf rfkbhmkm. Hjdbuslfj Dakjgf.lrg yk vkj iës mf ;55 ihb rikjtfs

pkrk quf sf bf rfthrf k Ièxhdl bk sfmf mf bk dui-nrf DLU ;4 mf bk Lrgkjhzkdhôj mf bks Jkdhljfs

Vjhmks (LJV), fj bk dukb

sf mfnkthrë kdfrdk mf bkMhvfrshmkm Nhlbôghdk (shd dlj dldlmrhbls, kvfs y kjhikbfs

iufrtls ).

Ukrk fb dhtkml @frjëj-mfz Pfgk, ujl mf bls quffstëj ifthmls, k `ljml, fjfb jfgldhl hjilnhbhkrhldlj bk fiprfsk Glb` ^f-slrts fs jh iës jh ifjlsquf Cfrfy @kstbhdat, fb

sufgrl mf Fihbhl Kzdërrk-

gk Cfkj, fb mufûl mf bk alyfiprlnbfikmk ]fbfvhsk.Èstk sfgurkifjtf fs ujkmf bks rkzljfs plr bks qufjl sf mè ikrdak ktrës fj

uj ksujtl ikblbhfjtf.X ltrl dlipkûfrl mf tfdbks, Tkbvkmlr Gkrdék

Tltl ( Fb Vjhvfrskb , >0 mf fjfrl), jls rfdufrmk quf

@fbhpf Dkbmfrôj Ahjlclsk prlphdhô fj Ièxhdl bk

rfujhôj pkrk fb dkinhl dbhiëthdl, lrgkjhzkmk plrbk LJV fj >5;5 (Dkjdój). Bufgl mf fbbl, sf bf

dljshmfrô ‒bémfr fj mfskrrlbbl sustfjtknbf’. Mfs-puès `lriô ujk lrgkjhzkdhôj jl gunfrjkifjtkbdlj fsls kpkrfjtfs prlpôshtls pkrk dljsfguhr mh-jfrl, pksfkrsf plr fb iujml y mhdtkr dëtfmrk mfbl quf jl ahzl. Ulr fsl kalrk sf hjtfjtk mfsbhjmkrmf ujk kddhôj nkstkjtf jf`kstk, dlil ltrks qufrfkbhzô fj su sfxfjhl y quf sus bfkbfs y pkrhfjtfslbvhmkj.

D F D H B H K

I K ^ ] É J F S


20/68

>5 1 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

K^]ÉDVBLLUHJHÔJ

Ikjfckr fj bk Dhumkm mf Ièxhdl fs ujkdufsthôj budrkthvk pkrk ujk fiprf-sk prhvkmk, mfsmf quf Ihgufb Ëjgfb

Ikjdfrk hjstruifjtô fb Jufvl ^fgbkifjtlmf ]rëjshtl (J^]) fb ;6 mf mhdhfinrf mf >5;6. [uf, fj dksl mf jl sfr rfspftkml, hipbhdk fbpkgl mf fbfvkmks suiks mf mhjfrl plr hj`rkd-dhljfs, duyl iljtl `uf fxdfshvkifjtf hjdrf-ifjtkml. Ksé dlil plr ltrks jufvks hgukbifjtfljfrlsks. Fb mlduifjtl `uf prlplrdhljkml grk-tuhtkifjtf y sf pufmf dljsubtkr fj béjfk ( www.dljsfcfrhk.m`.gln.ix/plrtkb\lbm/upblkms/gkdftks/5m`f-

5`>d>7>1mk;5=f7>`>087=m>km>4.pm` ) pkrk quf, kb

sfr iubtkml, jl fxhstk qufck mfb dhumkmkjl plr`kbtk mf kvhsls kb rfspfdtl. Hjdbusl, fb nfjhgjl gl-nhfrjl, kjtf bk hjdlj`lrihmkm mf bls dkphtkbhjls,ak ltlrgkml uj pfrhlml mf prufnk quf jl fstk-nk prfvhstl dukjml sf hjstruifjtô fb J^] y qufvfjdf fb ;6 mf `fnrfrl prôxhil. Bkpsl fj qufbls hj`rkddhljkmls plr prhifrk vfz, slnrf tlmlfj bl rf`frfjtf k bks tfihnbfs ‒`ltliubtks’, bfs sfrëdljmljkmk bk kiljfstkdhôj. Hjdbusl k bls quf

yk pkgkrlj su prhifr iubtk kjtfs mf bk fifr-gfjtf dljshmfrkdhôj.

]hfjf rkzôj fb glnhfrjl kb qufrfr kriljhzkrfb mfspbkzkihfjtl vfahdubkr fj ujk dhumkm mftrëjshtl dkôthdl, dljmudtlrfs hjtrèphmls, fglés-tks, vfbldfs —dukjml plmékj— y bfjtls f hrksdh-nbfs fj bls finltfbbkihfjtls. Tlnrf tlml bls mfbks kjtfs bbkikmks véks rëphmks y quf fj rfkbhmkmjl bl frkj k bks alrks mf grkj kufjdhk vfahdu-bkr, dlil fb Kjhbbl Ufrh`èrhdl, fb Phkmudtl y fb

Dhrduhtl Hjtfrhlr. Krtfrhks mljmf aly jl sf puf-mfj supfrkr bls 15 ohbôiftrls plr alrk. Urljtlsf lbvhmkrëj bks ikmrugkmks mf rëphmls vhkcfsfj bk dhumkm l bls bkjdfs pkrështls trks bks kinu-bkjdhks. Ufrl iës kbbë mf jlstkbghks kb vlbkjtf ymf bl quf mhgk fb glnhfrjl slnrf fb J^], èstfhjhdhô ikb dlil mlduifjtl ldhkb pkrk akdfr

rfspftkr bks jlriks mf trëjshtl y uj hjstruifjtlfmudkthvl fj fb kspfdtl vhkb. Fs uj tfxtl quf akrltl yk ltrks jlriks, slnrf tlml fj fsdrhturk,ikb fmudkjml fj fstf runrl kb dhumkmkjl. Bhnrlmfb quf sf pufmfj sfûkbkr juifrlsls frrlrfs lr-tlgrëdls y mf rfmkddhôj, mf bls quf sôbl dhtl

trfs3 pëghjk 4 fj fb krtédubl ;, sfgujml përrk`l,rfjgbôj tfrdfrl ‒…tfrrhtlrhl mfbk Dhumkm…’(shd )? pëghjk ;> fj fb krtédubl 0, sfddhôj HHH, hj-dhsl (d), rfjgbôj prhifrl ‒]rkjshtfj fj dlihth-

vks lrgkjhzkmks,prldfshljfs l bks…’ ( shd )? y fjbk ihsik pëghjk y krtédubl, sfddhôj P, rfjgbôjprhifrl3 ‒Urhlrhmkm mf usl fj bks dkbbfs mf prhl-rhmkm pfktljkb, môjmf bls pfktljfs…’ (shd ). Fjujk nurmk ̀ kbtk mf rfspftl k bk sldhfmkm. Ufrl iëskbbë mf `kbtks fj fsdrhturk, fb J^] fs fj pkrtf hj-dljgrufjtf fj su kpbhdkdhôj, prhjdhpkbifjtf fjbl quf sf rffrf k bls béihtfs mf vfbldhmkm.

Bk vfbldhmkm béihtf mf mfspbkzkihfjtl mf =5,65 y 15 ohbôiftrls plr alrk —bls mf >5 y 45 ohbô-iftrls plr alrk fj fsdufbks, alsphtkbfs y kddfslsl skbhmks slj kdfrtkmls kb jl hipbhdkr bkrgls rf-dlrrhmls— fs uj mfskthjl pkrk bk grkj dhumkm. Ulrfcfipbl, mf bk dksftk mf pfkcf k Dufrjkvkdk kbKfrlpufrtl Hjtfrjkdhljkb aky >= ohbôiftrls fj

^LNF^]L F GKBHJML MLIÉJGVFS, IKFT]^L FJ DHFJDHKT FJ FQUBL^KDHÔJ X GFL@ÉTH-DK IK^HJK, BHDFJDHKML FJ K^[VFLBLGÉK FTUFDHKBHSKML FJ DLJ]FQ]LT TVIF^GH-

MLT X NVSL U^L@FTHLJKB? BHDFJDHKML FJ BF]^KT AHTUËJHDKT

JVFPL ^FGBKIFJ]L MF ]^ËJTH]L

U^HPK]HSKDHÔJ MFB FCF^DHDHL

MF GLNHF^JL


21/68


K^]ÉDVBL LUHJHÔJ

béjfk rfdtk. ]rkyfdtl quf shj sfië`lrls y dljhd-

tls vhkbfs hipbhdk uj thfipl mf ;1 ihjutls k 15ohbôiftrls plr alrk y >8 ihjutls k 65 ohbôiftrlsplr alrk pkrk bls vfaédubls pkrthdubkrfs. Ufrlquf fj rfkbhmkm y fj dukbquhfr rutk plshnbf, duyk

mhstkjdhk fs ikylr, pufmf hipbhdkr vkrhks alrks.Bk vfbldhmkm pfrihthmk fs kmfiës uj mfsprl-pôshtl pkrk bks ujhmkmfs mf thpl fstëjmkr fj fbbéihtf mf bls =5 ohbôiftrls plr alrk, yk quf k fskrkphmfz sf mfnf akdfr dkinhl mf sfgujmk k tfr-dfrk vfbldhmkm fj iudals vfaédubls. Fstl trkf-rë pkrk fsls kutliltlrfs ikylr mfsgkstf y iësdljsuil mf dlinusthnbf. Fj tlml dksl, pkrk jl`lrzkr bks iëquhjks sf mfnfrë dljmudhr k if-jlr vfbldhmkm, bl quf hjdrfifjtkrë fb thfiplmf vhkcf, dljmfjkjml k bks ujhmkmfs mf dkrgk ypkskcfrls k ifjls mf =5 ohbôiftrls plr alrk fjdksh tlmks bks vhkbhmkmfs, k fxdfpdhôj mf ]bkbpkj(15 ohbôiftrls plr alrk) y kbgujls fcfs, dlil fb4 Lrhfjtf (65 ohbôiftrls plr alrk). Bls mfspbk-zkihfjtls vfahdubkrfsfrkj yk bfjtls mfnhmlk bk dkrgk vfahdubkr, bkhjfdkz trkzk urnkjk,

bls nkdafs, bks ikjh-`fstkdhljfs y bks lnrksvhkbfs quf bk kutlrhmkmshguf fipbkzkjml mf

mék. ]rksbkmls quf aly slj kój iës dkbilsls.Bk kpbhdkdhôj mfb J^] y su tfdjlblgék ik-jhpubkmk rfiltkifjtf y/l ikjukbifjtf —fjmhvfrsks krtfrhks, dlil ]bkbpkj, aky lpfrkmlrfsmf rkmkrfs iôvhbfs pkrkpftkmls mftrës mf bks pk-rkmks mfb trkjsplrtf pónbhdl, hjdbusl fj ërfks shjbk sfûkbhzkdhôj dlrrfspljmhfjtf— fs pkrk ‒fmu-dkr’ k bls dljmudtlrfs. Ufrl fstk kddhôj tkinhèjak afdal ldhkb bl quf frk fvhmfjtf, bk hjfdk-

dhk mf bk dlrplrkdhôj mf trëjshtl pkrk kpbhdkrbk rfgbkifjtkdhôj pfrthjfjtf fj bl quf pkrfdfiës ujk lpfrkdhôj rfdkumktlrhk mf hipufstlsfj bk `lrik mf iubtks. Bl quf pufmf mfnfrsf kbks jfdfshmkmfs iljftkrhks mfb glnhfrjl dkphtk-bhjl, hjdbusl dukjml bk dlipkûék lpfrkmlrk mfrkmkrfs y dëikrks rfdhnf iës mfb =5 plr dhfjtlmf bl hjgrfskml plr dkmk iubtk. Fb shstfik tfdjl-bôghdl bf rfplrtkrë kb glnhfrjl iës iubtks qufbks lntfjhmks plr bk kgrupkdhôj mf trëjshtl. X

jl fs quf kjtfs jl sf hj`rhjghfrk fb rfgbkifjtl.Kb dljtrkrhl, frk vhlbkml dksh shstfiëthdkifjtfplr bk ikylrék mf bls dljmudtlrfs. Bl quf pk-sknk fs quf, sh bls kgfjtfs kpbhdknkj mf hjhdhlfb rfgbkifjtl dlrrfdtkifjtf —y jl fj ujk mhs-

tlrshljkmk hjtfrprftkdhôj mfb ihsil—, mfspuèsbks hj`rkddhljfs rkrk vfz sf iktfrhkbhzknkj y fjdkinhl tfjékj uj jkb `fbhz fjtrf ldhkb f hj`rkd-tlr, quf dlifjzknk dlj bk slbhdhtum mfb prhifrlmf ujk ilrmhmk mhs`rkzkmk mf kyumk pkrk fb sf-gujml l dlj fb dbëshdl3 ‒¼Jl bl plmfils krrf-gbkr mf ltrk ikjfrk


22/68

>> 1 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

K^]ÉDVBLLUHJHÔJ

Mf ahpôdrhtks thbmkrlj kbgujls ifmhls mf

dliujhdkdhôj mf Furlpk lrhfjtkb bks

pkbknrks mf Pbkmhihr Uuthj, kb k`rikr

èstf quf ‒ûshk jl tfjék hjtfjdhôj mf sfr ujk

supfrpltfjdhk iujmhkb’. Hjóthb rfdlrmkr quf bk

@fmfrkdhôj ûsk, afrfmfrk mf bk fxthjtk Vjhôj

mf ^fpónbhdks Tldhkbhstks Tlvhèthdks (V^TT), sh-

guf shfjml ujk mf bks jkdhljfs iës plmfrlsks

mf bk ]hfrrk.

Bks mfdbkrkdhljfs mf Uuthj, rfdlghmks plr

fb rltkthvl kbfiëj Nhbm Sfhtujg fj bk prhifrk sf-

ikjk mf fjfrl, dlhjdhmékj fxtrkûkifjtf dlj bk

punbhdkdhôj mf bk jufvk Fstrktfghk mf Tfgurhmkm

mf ûshk, uj mlduifjtl quf dljthfjf ujk sfrhf

mf kmvfrtfjdhks mhrh-

ghmks kb fstknbhsaifjt mf Wksahjgtlj y mf

bk Kbhkjzk Ktbëjthdk

f hjmhdk uj hjjfgknbf

dkinhl mf ruinl fj

bk plbéthdk mf mf`fjsk

mf Ilsdó.

Fj f`fdtl, tkjtl fb tljl dlil bk krguifj-

tkdhôj akj dkinhkml mfb ltrl bkml mf bk prh-

ifrk béjfk mfb `rfjtf. Fb Orfibhj slsthfjf quf

fb fstkdhljkihfjtl mf jufvls f`fdthvls mf bk

Kbhkjzk fj bls dlj`jfs mf ûshk rffck fb mf-

sfl mf Wksahjgtlj mf fcfrdfr su mlihjkdhôj

k fsdkbk pbkjftkrhk, quf dljbbfvk, fj fstf dksl

dljdrftl, k ujk sfrhf mf prfshljfs plbéthdks,

fdljôihdks y ihbhtkrfs dljtrk fb kjthgul hipf-

rhl mf bls zkrfs.

Tfûkbk fb mlduifjtl quf bk fxpkjshôj mfb

pltfjdhkb mf bk Lrgkjhzkdhôj mfb ]rktkml

mfb Ktbëjthdl Jlrtf (L]KJ), ksé dlil fb drf-

dhfjtf prltkgljhsil mf bk Kbhkjzk k jhvfb iuj-

mhkb vhlbkj fb fspérhtu mfb ]rktkml quf rhgf bks

rfbkdhljfs fjtrf bk L]KJ y Ilsdó. Iës kój?

bk rfdhfjtf kdthvkdhôj mf bk fstrudturk ihbhtkr mfb

nblquf prfsupljf ujk kifjkzk mhrfdtk pkrk bk

sfgurhmkm jkdhljkb mfb pkés.

Kb pkskr rfvhstk k bks lpdhljfs gflplbéthdks

mf Fstkmls Vjhmls, fb mlduifjtl akdf fspfdhkb

ahjdkphè fj fb trksbkml akdhk bk rfghôj `rljtfrh-

zk mf bknlrktlrhls nhlbôghdls mfsthjkmls k `jfs

ihbhtkrfs. Fxhstf uj grkj pfbhgrl mf prlbh`frkdhôj

y uthbhzkdhôj mf kriks quéihdks, quf kbhifjtk

bk hjdfrthmuinrf kdfrdk mf bk prfsfjdhk mf kr-

iks nhlbôghdks y/l bk

dkpkdhmkm mf kbgujlspkésfs mf prlmudhrbls,

fsthikj bls fstrktfgks

ilsdlvhtks.

Bk jufvk fstrktf-

ghk mfb Orfibhj pkrfdf

ujk rfspufstk k bks

skjdhljfs hipufstks plr Wksahjgtlj y Nrusf-

bks dljtrk ûshk trks bk kjfxhôj, fj >5;=, mf

bk Ufjéjsubk mf Drhifk. Vjks skjdhljfs quf,

mf pksl sfk mhdal, akj gfjfrkml iës pèrmhmks

k bks fdljliéks mf bk Vjhôj Furlpfk —kbrfmf-

mlr mf 85 ihb ihbbljfs mf furls murkjtf fb pf-

rhlml >5;=->5;6— quf k bk fdljliék rusk —>6

ihb ihbbljfs—. Thj finkrgl, fb hj`lrif sunrkyk

bk jfdfshmkm mf ksfgurkr bk hjmfpfjmfjdhk kbh-

ifjtkrhk mf ûshk.

]kinhèj dljtfipbk bk jufvk Fstrktfghk uj

jltknbf hjdrfifjtl mfb plmfrél ihbhtkr y jkvkb

THJ KINKGFT, ^VTHK X FT]KMLT VJHMLT

XK TF PFJ DLIL ‒FB FJFIHGL’

KM^HËJ IKD BHIKJ, KJKBHT]K ULBÉ]HDL HJ]F^JKDHLJKB/DFJ]^L MF DLBKNL^KDHL-

JFT TLBHMK^HKT

Bk jufvk Fstrktfghk mf Tfgurhmkmmf ûshk kmvhfrtf quf Fstkmls Vjhmlstrksbkmk k bk rfghôj `rljtfrhzk bknlrk-tlrhls nhlbôghdls dlj jfs ihbhtkrfs

fs


23/68


K^]ÉDVBL LUHJHÔJ

mf bk @fmfrkdhôj ûsk. K pkrthr mf >5;1, bk Ik-

rhjk ihbhtkr sfrë mltkmk mf jufvls suifrghnbfs

quf mhspljfj mf ilmfrjéshils shstfiks mf dlj-

trlb y dliujhdkdhljfs, mh`édhbifjtf mftfdtknbfs

plr bls sfrvhdhls mf vhghbkjdhk mf bk L]KJ. ]ki-

pldl plmrëj bldkbhzkr bls rkmkrfs uthbhzkmls plr

fb Fcèrdhtl mf bls Fstkmls Vjhmls bls jufvls

kvhljfs mf dlinktf Tucly UKO @K l ]-65, dk-

pkdfs mf mfspfgkr mfsmf bk dunhfrtk mf bls plr-

tkkvhljfs.

Ltrk mf bks prhlrhmkmfs sfrék fb rf`lrzkihfjtl

mfb pkpfb mfsfipfûkml plr bls sfrvhdhls mf hjtf-

bhgfjdhk. Fbbl hipbhdk, sfgój bls fstrktfgks, bk dk-

pkdhmkm mf hjdhmhr mf ikjfrk

f`dkz fj plbéthdks pbkjftkrhks.

Bl quf mf vfrmkm prfldupk

kb Orfibhj slj bks bbkikmks rf-

vlbudhljfs mf dlblrfs, quf rfprfsfj-

tkj uj pfbhgrl pkrk bk sfgurhmkmjkdhljkb. Kbushôj lnvhk k bk rf-

vlbudhôj mf Ikhmkj y fb mfrrl-

dkihfjtl mfb prfshmfjtf udrkjhl

Pédtlr Xkjóolvhda, lnbhgkml k

knkjmljkr fb pkés trks bks prf-

shljfs fcfrdhmks, iuy mfildrëth-

dkifjtf, plr Wksahjgtlj y Nfr-

béj.

Ukrk Ilsdó, fb dljhdtl mf

Vdrkjhk sf ak tlrjkml fj ujk

kutèjthdk pfskmhbbk.

‒Bk dljslbhmkdhôj mf ujk

hmflblgék jkdhljkbhstk mf fx-

trfik mfrfdak, bls fsùfrzls

mfbhnfrkmls mf l`rfdfr ujk hik-

gfj pónbhdk mf ûshk —fjfihgl

pltfjdhkb — dljvhfrtf k Vdrkjhk

fj ujk ùfjtf mf hjfstknhbhmkm

furlpfk k bkrgl pbkzl’, sfûkbk

fb hj`lrif.

Kmfiës mf tfifr plr fb

mfsifinrkihfjtl mf bk @f-

mfrkdhôj, bls plshnbfs ktkqufsdljtrk bk ujhmkm y bk hjtfgrh-

mkm tfrrhtlrhkb mfb pkés, bk Fs-

trktfghk mfjujdhk bls fsùfrzls

mf Lddhmfjtf mf lnstkdubhzkr

bk drfkdhôj mf bk Vjhôj Furlk-

shëthdk, fspkdhl plbéthdl-fdljôihdl prlilvhml

plr fb Orfibhj dlj ihrks k dljtrkrrfstkr fb pfsl

mf bk Vjhôj Furlpfk. Mhdals fsùfrzls, sfûkbk

fb mlduifjtl, k`fdtkj mf ikjfrk jfgkthvk bls

hjtfrfsfs jkdhljkbfs rusls.

@hjkbifjtf, kb knlrmkr fb tfik mf bls rfù-

ghkmls, bls kutlrfs mf bk Fstrktfghk akdfj ahjdk-

phè fj bk vubjfrknhbhmkm mfb shstfik mf sfgurhmkm

mf bk rfghôj furl-ktbëjthdk, dljtrlbkmk plr bk

L]KJ y bk Vjhôj Furlpfk.

Fj rfsuihmks dufjtks, fb dliój mfjlihjk-

mlr mf bks jufvks fstrktfghks mf sfgurhmkm plmrék

rfsuihrsf fj ujk slbk pkbknrk3 fjfihgl.

D F D H B H K I

K ^ ] É J F S


24/68

K^]ÉDVBL

>= 1 mf `fnrfrl mf >5;0

LUHJHÔJ

[ uhzë akyk bbfgkml fb ilifjtl mf ak-nbkr ifjls mf ‒kyumk auikjhtkrhk’

y mfjujdhkr bks dlrrupdhljfs y knuslsplr pkrtf mf bls plmfrlsls mfb Jlrtf sldhlbôgh-dl fj dljjhvfjdhk dlj mhrhgfjtfs vfjkbfs mf fslspufnbls fiplnrfdhmls mfb Tur, mf Lrhfjtf If-mhl y mf tkjtks ltrks bkthtumfs. Aky quf bbkikrk bks dlsks plr su jlinrf y jl qufmkrjls fjrfkddhljfs vhsdfrkbfs dukjml sf trktk mf ktkckrbls ikbfs fj sus rkédfs.

Th sf pkgkrk fb prfdhl custl plr bks iktfrhksprhiks quf sf bfs fxplbhk lnbhgëjmlbls k iljl-dubthvls hjtfjshvls quf mfsfrthzkj bks thfrrks? sh sf

hipushfrk uj finkrglknslbutl fj bk vfjtk mfkriks mf ikjfrk qufjhjgój pkés ihfinrlmf bk Lrgkjhzkdhôjmf bks Jkdhljfs Vjh-mks (LJV) pumhfrkvfjmfr kriks k fslsFstkmls nkcl kifjkzk mf bks iës sfvfrks skj-dhljfs? sh sf mftuvhfrk bk prlbh`frkdhôj mf `ënrh-dks sudurskbfs mfb Jlrtf quf sf hjstkbkj fj fslspkésfs pkrk fxpbltkr bk ikjl mf lnrk nkrktk yshj dljmhdhljfs mf sfgurhmkm sldhkb kbgujk? sh sfrfdljldhfrk quf bk mfumk fxtfrjk yk fstë pkgk-mk dlj drfdfs y quf iudals pkésfs jfdfshtkj fb05 plr dhfjtl mf su rfjtk jkdhljkb pkrk pkgkr blshjtfrfsfs mf bk ihsik? sh jl sf hjvkmhfrkj susifrdkmls dlj bls fxdfmfjtfs mf prlmuddhôjmf bks hjmustrhks mfb Jlrtf drfëjmlbfs jufvks

jfdfshmkmfs y mfpfjmfjdhks plr ifmhl mf bkhiplshdhôj mfb ilmfbl mf mfskrrlbbl jflbhnf-rkb, fbfvkml k bk dktfglrék mf pkrkmhgik, y qufsf ak rfvfbkml dlil fdkz sôbl mljmf ak aknh-

ml plshnhbhmkm mf fxpbltkr bks iktfrhks prhiks ybk ikjl mf lnrk nkrktk mf ltrls pufnbls dlil‒rfdursls’? sh sf bbfvkrk k bls trhnujkbfs pfjkbfshjtfrjkdhljkbfs k bks iubthjkdhljkbfs pfrvfrsks ypltfjdhks dlrruptlrks ksé dlil k bls mhrhgfjtfsvfjkbfs mf fsls pkésfs? y sh sf dllpfrkrk fj shtuk-dhôj mf hgukbmkm dlj fsls pufnbls pkrk kyumkrfj uj mfskrrlbbl fjmôgfjl, slstfjhnbf, fquhbhnrk-ml y gblnkb —mf kdufrml dlj sus hmhlshjdrkshks,

dubturks y dkrkdtfrésth-dks prlphks—, sf fstkrékdljtrhnuyfjml k ujkvfrmkmfrk kdthtum au-ikjk y custk quf vkiës kbbë mf ujk kyumkfdljôihdk fsplrëmhdk

y shfiprf mf kdufrmldlj bls hjtfrfsfs mf bls pkésfs mljkjtfs.

Akdf kûls, fb fjtljdfs sfdrftkrhl gfjfrkb mfbk LJV, Ol Kjjkj, mfjujdhô k bls pkésfs rhdls

plr rfmudhr fj uj >= plr dhfjtl bk kyumk auik-jhtkrhk y ksfgurô quf fb akinrf akdék pfbhgrkrfb `uturl mf >5 ihbbljfs mf pfrsljks fj Ë`rh-dk. Kjjkj slbhdhtô uj fs`ufrzl fspfdhkb dukjml

bk ktfjdhôj iujmhkb aknék vufbtl sus lcls y sumhjfrl k ltrks drhshs. Tus pkbknrks jl shrvhfrljpkrk ilvhbhzkr k bk dliujhmkm hjtfrjkdhljkb

y sfguhils bkifjtëjmljls mf quf ihbbljfs mf

NKT]K MF ‒KXVMK AVIKJH]K^HK’

FQHGHILT CVT]HDHK TLDHKB

CLTÈ DK^BLT GK^DÉK @KCK^ML, U^L@FTL^ FIÈ^H]L MF BK VJHPF^THMKM DLIUBV]FJTFMF IKM^HM? MH^FD]L^ MFB DFJ]^L MF DLBKNL^KDHLJFT TLBHMK^HKT

Tf mfnf rfdljldfr quf bk mfumk fx-tfrjk yk fstë pkgkmk dlj drfdfs y qufiudals pkésfs jfdfshtkj fb 05% mf surfjtk jkdhljkb pkrk pkgkr bls hjtfrfsfs

f


25/68


K^]ÉDVBL LUHJHÔJ

sfrfs auikjls fstèj kifjkzk-mls plr fb akinrf, bks gufrrks

y rfvlbudhljfs dukjml sf plmékaknfr kdtukml dlj kjtfbkdhôj.

^fdljldfils fsk tfrrhnbf

shtukdhôj pfrl mfnfils prf-gujtkrjls plr bks dkusks mffsks akinrujks —mfnhmks jlsôbl k bk sfquék shjl k bk hipl-shnhbhmkm mf dubthvkr bls dki-pls— mf fsks gufrrks, mf fslsmfspbkzkihfjtls auikjls.

Xk fstë nhfj mf fxpbltkdhôj,mf ifjthrks y mf `kbsls prlnbf-iks. Ë`rhdk fs uj dljthjfjtfrhdl fj pufnbls, dubturks y dh-vhbhzkdhljfs, rhdl fj iktfrhksprhiks, fj thfrrks rfgkmks yfj nlsqufs. Fs bk ikylr rfsfr-vk mfb iujml fj tlmk dbksf mfihjfrkbfs. [uhzë plr fsl jlsphmkj ‒kyumk auikjhtkrhk’ fjbugkr mf custhdhk y mf slbhmkrh-mkm. Fb fxprfshmfjtf mf ]kj-zkjhk Cubhus Jyfrfrf mhcl k ujkdlihshôj mf mljkjtfs mf pkésfsmfb Jlrtf3 ‒Ulr `kvlr, jl jlsfdafj ujk ikjl, quétfjjls fb

phf mf fjdhik’. Fb bémfr dljl-dhml dlil bk Dljdhfjdhk mf Ë`rh-dk pfmék rfbkdhljfs mf custhdhk.Dlil Clil Ofjykttk, prhifrprfshmfjtf mf Ofjhk, mfdék mfbls hjgbfsfs3 ‒Dukjml vhjhfrlj,fbbls tfjékj bk Nhnbhk y jlsltrlsbks thfrrks? kalrk, fbbls plsffj bks thfrrks y k jl-sltrls jls mfckrlj bk Nhnbhk’.

^fdlrmfils fsks plshnhbhmkmfs mf kyumk plrpkrtf mf bk dliujhmkm hjtfrjkdhljkb, quf puf-mfj sljkr utôphdks, pfrl quf bks ksuihils fj fbsfjthml mf quf ‒utlpék fs bl quf jl fxhstf fj jhj-gój bugkr… tlmkvék’. Ulrquf jl mfnfils slûkrdlj uj ahpltèthdl Ubkj Ikrsakbb quf plmrék bbf-vkr k ujk mfpfjmfjdhk tlmkvék ikylr rfspfdtlmf bks fdljliéks mf bls pkésfs mfb Jlrtf.

Dhfrtl quf dknf ujk kyumk, kujquf sôbl sfkplr bk vék mf bk rfpkrkdhôj —fj fstrhdtk fquh-

mkm y custhdhk—, pfrl pumhfrk sfr quf bk ifclrikjfrk mf kyumkrbfs `ufrk rfthrëjmljls y rf-dljldhfjml su ikylrék mf fmkm y bk dkpkdhmkmpkrk rfbkdhljkrsf dlj ltrls pkésfs y dlj ltrlsilmfbls mf mfskrrlbbl fdljôihdls mhsthjtls fjtèrihjls mf hgukbmkm.

Fb iës tfrrhnbf kzltf mf bls pufnbls fj dlj-hdtls ilthvkmls plr fb `kjkthsil dlil rfkd-dhôj k bk fxpbltkdhôj mf sus rhqufzks jkturkbfsjl fs fb akinrf jh bks fphmfihks, shjl bls hjtfrf-sfs fdljôihdls fxtrkjcfrls, sus mhrhgfjtfs y bks`ufrzks ihbhtkrfs l pkrkihbhtkrfs.

D F D H B H K

I K ^ ]

É J F S


26/68


HJPFT]HGKDHÔJ UL^]KMK



GKT]KIËT UFÛK[VF DKBMF^ÔJ

FJ K^IKIFJ]L


27/68


HJPFT]HGKDHÔJUL^]KMK

Fb glnhfrjl mf UfûkJhftl ak gkstkml iës mf

> ihb ihbbljfs mf môbkrfs

fj krikifjtl ihbhtkr

dliprkml k Fstkmls

Vjhmls. Afbhdôptfrls,

kvhljfs y vfaédubls tlml tfrrfjl, fjtrf bks

kmquhshdhljfs

Fj bl quf vk mfb sfxfjhl mf Fjrhquf UfûkJhftl, Ièxhdl ak frlgkml > ihb 46 ihbbljfs

1>> ihb môbkrfs fj krikifjtl y fquhpl ih-bhtkr kmquhrhml k Fstkmls Vjhmls. Kb thpl mf dki-nhl kdtukb, fb iljtl sfrék fquhvkbfjtf k >1 ihb 605ihbbljfs 47 ihb 0;4 pfsls. Fjtrf bks kmquhshdhljfssf fjdufjtrkj afbhdôptfrls, kvhljfs y vfaédublstlml tfrrfjl.

Bk Kgfjdhk mf Mf`fjsk, Tfgurhmkm y Dllpf-rkdhôj (MTDK, plr su shgbk fj hjgbès), quf plr bfyfstë lnbhgkmk k hj`lrikr mf bks dliprks mf kriks yfquhpl ihbhtkr rfkbhzkmks fj Fstkmls Vjhmls, dufj-tk dlj bls rfplrtfs mf bks kmquhshdhljfs quf mfs-

mf >558 y akstk bk `fdak ak f`fdtukml fb glnhfrjlifxhdkjl.Fb ;> mf ikrzl mf >5;6, fb kbihrkjtf Whbbhki

F Glrtjfy, dlikjmkjtf mf bk Ikrhjk mf FstkmlsVjhmls, yk kmfbkjtknk kbgl kb rfspfdtl. Mhcl kjtf bkDlihshôj mf Tfrvhdhls Krikmls mfb Tfjkml fstk-mujhmfjsf quf ‒Ièxhdl tliô fb mfdhshvl pksl mfkdfrdkrsf kb Mfpkrtkifjtl mf Mf`fjsk slnrf bks D

V K ^ ] L T D V ^ L

KQFB UBKTK, Ekxfb\dljtrk


28/68



kmquhshdhljfs fj fquhpl ihbhtkr mf Fstkmls Vjh-mls k trkvès mfb prlgrkik mf bks Pfjtks IhbhtkrfsFxtfrhlrfs _@lrfhgj Ihbhtkry Tkbfs UrlgrkiY, ujpkquftf mf afbhdôptfrls VA-05 y vfaédubls mf kbtk

ilvhbhmkm plbhvkbfjtf mf mlnbf trkddhôj _Aui- vffsY vkblrkmls plr fjdhik mf ; ihb ihbbljfs mfmôbkrfs _…Y’.

Fj fjtrfvhstk dlj Dljtrkbéjfk , Kmlb`l Krrfl-bk —ikfstrl fj fstumhls Ièxhdl-Fstkmls Vjhmlsplr bk Vjhvfrshmkm Jkdhljkb Kutôjlik mf Ièxhdlf hjvfsthgkmlr kmsdrhtl k bk Vjhvfrshmkm KjëaukdIèxhdl Jlrtf— krik quf bk dkjthmkm mf iktfrhkbihbhtkr quf sf dliprô fjtrf >551 y >5;6 ak dl-bldkml k bk jkdhôj dlil fb prhifr dliprkmlr mfkriks bkthjlkifrhdkjl.

Fb hj`lrif Bk hjmustrhk mf bk mf`fjsk y sfgurhmkmfj Kièrhdk Bkthjk >5;=->5;6 , fbknlrkml plr KjkPhdtlrhk Tuërfz Chièjfz, ifjdhljk fj fb kpkrtkmlrfbkthvl k Ièxhdl quf fj fb pkés ‒_…Y kbgujks mfsus hjsthtudhljfs vhjdubkmks k bk mf`fjsk y sfgurh-mkm akstk trhpbhdkrlj fb prfsupufstl fb pkskml kûl_>5;=Y. Dljdrftkifjtf, bk Tfdrftkrék mf Glnfr-jkdhôj sf dljvhrthô fb kûl pkskml fj fb lrgkjhsil

fstktkb iës plmfrlsl fj iktfrhk mf sfgurhmkm dlj-dfjtrkjml ujk mf bks ikylrfs plrdhljfs mfb prfsu-pufstl gfjfrkb ifxhdkjl, dlj 6 ihb =01 ihbbljfs855 ihb môbkrfs, supfrkjml hjdbusl k bk Tfdrftkrék

mf bk Mf`fjsk Jkdhljkb (Tfmfjk), quf hjdbuyf kbFcèrdhtl Ifxhdkjl y k bk @ufrzk Kèrfk Ifxhdkjk’.Fj fsf kûl, bk Tfmfjk aknék mfsthjkml pkrk fb ihs-il runrl = ihb 8>> ihbbljfs >55 ihb môbkrfs. Ulrsu pkrtf, bk Tfdrftkrék mf Ikrhjk (Tfikr) frlgô fjfb ihsil pfrhlml ; ihb 11= ihbbljfs mf môbkrfs.

Kmquhshdhljfs mfDkbmfrôj y Ufûk

Murkjtf fb sfgujml trhfjhl mf @fbhpf Dkbmf-rôj (>558->5;>), fb Fcfduthvl `fmfrkb kmquhrhô fjikrzl mf >558 dhjdl afbhdôptfrls N =;> FU mfbk fiprfsk Nfbb, kmfiës mf ‒pkrtfs mf rfpufstl yrfpkrkdhôj, fquhpl mf slplrtf, sfrvhdhl mf trkjs-nlrmkmlr, punbhdkdhljfs y mktls tèdjhdls’, sfgój fbdliujhdkml 58-;1 mf bk MTDK, plr uj dlstl tltkbmf 84 ihbbljfs mf môbkrfs, fquhvkbfjtfs k ; ihb >66

H T K K D F T [ V H P F B / D V K ^ ] L T D V ^ L

Murkjtf fb sfgujml

trhfjhl mf Dkbmfrôj,

fb glnhfrjl kmquhrhô

dhjdl afbhdôptfrls N

=;> FU


29/68

www.dljtr

Documents

Contralínea 474