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Contrasting modes of inheritance (A) sexual and (B) asexual
(A) Hennig’s depiction of the demarcation between three relationships. (B) Placement of
species in the delineation between tokogenetic and phylogenetic relationships. (C) A species
derived from hybridization
(A) Hennig’s depiction of the demarcation between three relationships.
(B) Placement of species in the delineation between tokogenetic and phylogenetic relationships.
(C) A species derived from hybridization, Rana esculenta
R. lessonae X R. ridibunda=R. esculenta
Representative species concepts summarized according to their utility
Beak depth in populations of Darwin’s finches on different islands of the Galápagos
Speciation as an extended process of splitting of one ancestral lineage into two
distinct evolutionary lineages
Speciation
• Mechanisms of Genetic Differentiation– Mutation– Genetic Drift
• Bottleneck • Founder Effect
– Natural Selection– Gene Flow
Geographic variation in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, is indicated by the subdivision of the species into 50 formally recognized subspecies
Distribution of karyotypic races of burrowing rodents in the Palestine mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi species
complex
Morphological differentiation of the yarrow, Achillea millefolium, along an elevational gradient, common garden experiment
Divergence of populations of the monarch flycatcher on the Solomon Islands east of New
Guinea, founder effect
Divergence of populations of the monarch flycatcher on the Solomon Islands east of New Guinea (Part 1)
Typical dorsal pelage color variation across the geographic distributions of the rock pocket mouse, Chaetodipus intermedius
An example of a latitudinal cline in clutch size in breeding birds
An illustration of the process of allopatric speciation mode I,
and resulting phylogenetic
patterns
Molecular phylogeny for subfamilies of the
anuran family Ranidae
Illustration allopatric speciation mode II, and resulting phylogenetic patterns
Proposed phylogeographic history of Galápagos tortoises on the larger islands
Number=order of colonizationSolid line=naturaldashed line=human?
Adaptive radiation in Galápagos
finches based on
mitochondrial DNA analysis
Adaptive radiation in Galápagos finches
based on mitochondrial DNA
analysis (Part 2)
Adaptive radiation in Galápagos
finches based on mitochondrial DNA
analysis (Part 1)
Illustration of sympatric and parapatric speciation
Variety of head shapes, mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from adaptive
radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi
Variety of head shapes,
mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from
adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in
Lake Malawi
Variety of head shapes,
mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from
adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in
Lake Malawi
Variety of head shapes,
mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from
adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in
Lake Malawi
Variety of head shapes,
mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from
adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in
Lake Malawi
Morphology and divergence of feeding behaviors in six forms of pupfishes in Lago Chichancanab on the Yucatán Peninsula
Morphology and divergence of feeding behaviors in six forms of pupfishes in Lago Chichancanab on the Yucatán Peninsula
Morphology and divergence of feeding behaviors in six forms of pupfishes in Lago Chichancanab on the Yucatán Peninsula
Ranges of different chromosomal forms of the morabine grasshopper (Vandiemenella spp.) in southern Australia
1)
Ranges of different chromosomal forms of the morabine grasshopper (Vandiemenella spp.) in southern Australia
Figure 7.21 Regional-scale (A) and local-scale (B) distribution of two species of Plethodon salamanders
Regional-scale (A) and local-scale (B) distribution of two species of Plethodon salamanders
Proposed model of radiation of Lake Malawi cichlids
Variety of beak shapes resulting from adaptive
radiation of a selection of the diverse Hawaiian
honeycreepers
Adaptive radiation in the phlox family, showing diversity of flower form reflecting different modes of pollination
Model showing how estimated time to extinction depends on equilibrial population size, (K), and the ratio of birth rate (b) to death rate (d)
A summary of Holocene extinctions of pikas in the Great Basin, USA
Reconstructions of the ancient seabed in southern China (A) before and (B) after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction
“Punctuated” equilibrium in the evolution of fossil mollusks in Lake Turkana Basin in eastern Africa
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Extinction Episodes—Families of Marine Animals
Diversity Through Time
Extinction episodes—marine animals
Figure 7.28 Reconstructions of the ancient seabed in southern China (A) before and (B) after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction
The Late Cretaceous Extinctions
• No vertebrate larger than 23 kg (50 lbs) survived the Cretaceous
• Collision Theory
– Meteor impact
– Iridium and shocked quartz
(Adapted from Fox.)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Extinction Episodes—Tetrapods
Relationship between mode of larval dispersal, extent of geographic range, and survival time in the fossil record of Late Cretaceous mollusks on the east coast of North America
The relatively gradual radiation of angiosperms as illustrated by changing composition of fossil floras representing past communities
The “replacement,” over a 600 million year period, of brachiopods by clams