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CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERROGATIVE
SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillments of the
Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)
In English Education Study Program
BY :
NUR ULAYATUNNIDA
11309031
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN) SALATIGA
2013
DECLARATION
بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم
Hereby the writer fully declares that this thesis is made by the writer herself, and it is
not containing materials written or has been published by other people ideas except the
information from the references.
The writer is capable to account her graduating paper if in the future it can be proved
of containing others’ idea or in fact, the writer imitates the others’ graduating paper.
Likewise, this declaration is made by the writer, and she hopes that this declaration
can be understood.
Maslihatul Umami, S. Pd. I., M. A. Salatiga, August 22nd
, 2013
The Lecturer of English and Education Department
State Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES
Case: Nur Ulayatunnida’s Graduating Paper
Dear:
The Head of State Islamic Studies
Institute of Salatiga
Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and correcting Nur Ulayatunnida’s Graduating Paper entitled
“CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF INTEROGATIVE SENTENCE IN ENGLISH AND
INDONESIAN LANGUAGE”. I have decided and would like to propose that if it could be
accepted by educational faculty. I hope it would be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
DEPARTEMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp. (0298) 323433 Fax 323433 Salatiga 50721
Website: www.stainsalatiga.ac.id email: [email protected]
GRADUATING PAPER
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH
AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
WRITTEN BY:
NUR ULAYATUNNIDA
113 09 031
Has been brought to the board of examiners of English Department of
Educational faculty of State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga on
September 19th
2013, and hereby considered to completely fulfill of the requirement
for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S. Pd. I) in English and Education
Department.
DEPARTEMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp. (0298) 323433 Fax 323433 Salatiga 50721
Website: www.stainsalatiga.ac.id email: [email protected]
MOTTO
إن الله لا يغير ما بقىم حتى يغيروا ما بأنفسهم
(AL-QUR’AN, AR RA’D :11)
Verily, God does not change men’s condition unless they change their inner
selves
DEDICATION
To My parent, Abah Munawari & Umi Asiyah.
Who always give me much love and strengthen me.
To Abah Masduqi and Umi Syafa’ah.
Who will fill my life with happiness.
To Abah Wafir Rahman & umi Lathifah.
Who always keep my “enthusiasm”.
To My little brother and sisters (De’ Bikah, De’ Ulil, Ndu’ Uum) who always teach
me to be a good sister.
To My little brothers and sisters (De’ Amri – De’ Asih, De’Lina, De’ Anaz and my
little princess”Lubna”) who will teach me about a happiness .
To My beloved friends ( TBI B 2009, CEC, JQH, KKN Team in Wates , PPL Team
and Al Manshur club).
Special thanks to My “ABI” who always support me and will accompany my life
eternally with much love.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the Al Mighty who has give us the mercy and blessing so the
the writer can finish this graduating paper as one of requirement for Sarjana Pendidikan
Islam at English Department of Educational Faculity of State Islamic Studies (STAIN)
Salatiga 2013.
Secondly, may peace and bounty be our prophet Muhammad peace be upon Him, who
preached Islam and Al qur’an as the way of life and the source of knowledges.
This graduating paper would not finish succesfully without supports, guidances,
advices and helps from others. I want to present the deepest gratitude for :
1. Dr. Imam Sutomo, M. Ag, the head of State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN)
Salatiga.
2. Suwardi, M. Pd, as the chief of educational Department.
3. Maslihatul Umami, S. Pd. I., M. A., as the chief of English Education Study Program
of Educational department, and as the writer’s counselor who has supported,
educated, and given the best guidances, suggestions, and directions from the
beginning untill the end of this graduating paper.
4. All the lecturers of All departments at State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN)
Salatiga and all the staff who helped the writers’ administration to finish this
graduating paper.
Finally, this graduating paper is expected to give contributions and informations for
the readers.
Salatiga, July 29, 2013
The Writer
Nur Ulayatunnida
NIM : 11309031
ABSTRACT
Ulayatunnida, Nur. 2013 . Contrastive Analysis of Interrogative Sentences in English and
Indonesian Language. A Graduating Paper, Educational Department, English
Department, State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga. Counselor:
Maslihatul Umami, S. Pd. I., M. A.
Keywords : Contrastive Analysis, Interrogative sentences, English Language, Indonesian
Language.
Human beings are social creatures. They need a language for communication. A human being
who came from different country has different language for communication. Although the
languages are different, those have some similarities. The similarities of languages make the
students easy to learn the languages as second or foreign languages. However, the
differences of languages cause students face some difficulties to learn other languages. This
research has analyzed some differences and similarities of interrogative sentences in English
and Indonesian language in order to contribute positively in language learning and
teaching.This research uses a method to know the differences between two languages. The
method is contrastive analysis. Contrastive Analysis is a method of language analysis that
popular in linguistic study in middle of 20th
century. This method is used to contrast between
two languages that have differences and similarities. Through this method, linguists or
language learners find the differences which make them find the difficulties and similarities
of languages which make them find the conveniences in learning. Interrogative sentences that
has been analyzed in this research, are sentences have essensial roles in communications and
learning language process too. Through this sentences, questioners obtain some informations
from respondens and teachers also invite the students’ idea. Before analyze the differences
and similarities between two languages,this research presents the data presentation that
explains the kinds of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language clearly.
Then, researcher contrast two languages to find out differences and similarities of them. The
differences between two languages are found, such as in placing of question words, the use of
“who”, taq questions. The similarities of two languages are found in kinds of interrogative
sentences, taq questions, the functions of questions words. Based on this analysis can be
known that interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language have brief differences
and similarities. The research findings have been found based on the stuctures and the uses of
sentences.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ............................................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. ii
ATTENTIVE CONSELOR NOTE................................................................................... iii
CERTIFICATION PAGE ................................................................................................. iv
MOTTO ............................................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. .................................................................................................................. Backg
round of Problem .................................................................................................. 1
B. .................................................................................................................. State
ment of Problem .................................................................................................... 5
C. .................................................................................................................. Object
ive of Study ........................................................................................................... 5
D. .................................................................................................................. Benefi
t of Study ............................................................................................................... 6
E. ................................................................................................................... Resear
ch Methodology .................................................................................................... 7
F. ................................................................................................................... Thesis
Organization .......................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. .................................................................................................................. Contra
stive Analysis
1. ........................................................................................................ The
Nature of Contrastive Analysis ................................................................. 10
2. ........................................................................................................ The
Function of Contrastive Analysis.............................................................. 13
B. .................................................................................................................. Interro
gative Sentences
1. ........................................................................................................ Interro
gative Sentences in English ...................................................................... 14
2. ........................................................................................................ Interro
gative Sentences in Indonesian ................................................................. 17
CHAPTER III DATA PRESENTATION
A. .................................................................................................................. Interro
gative Sentences in English .................................................................................. 20
1. ........................................................................................................ Yes –
No Questions ............................................................................................. 20
2. ........................................................................................................ Interro
gative – Word Questions ........................................................................... 25
3. ........................................................................................................ Tag
Questions................................................................................................... 28
B. .................................................................................................................. Interro
gative Sentences in Indonesian ............................................................................. 32
1. ........................................................................................................ Kalim
at Tanya Total (Total Questions) .............................................................. 33
2. ........................................................................................................ Kalim
at Tanya Parsial (Partial Questions)......................................................... 34
3. ........................................................................................................ Kalim
at Tanya Retoris (Rhetorical Question) .................................................... 37
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 38
A. .................................................................................................................. The
similarities of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language ......... 38
1. ........................................................................................................ The
Kinds of Interrogative Sentences .............................................................. 38
2. ........................................................................................................ The
Function of Question Words ..................................................................... 40
3. ........................................................................................................ Tag
Questions................................................................................................... 41
4. ........................................................................................................ The
Function of Interrogative words questions ............................................... 42
B. .................................................................................................................. The
differences of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language ......... 43
1. ........................................................................................................ The
Place of Question Words .......................................................................... 43
2. ........................................................................................................ The
Use of “who”............................................................................................. 44
3. ........................................................................................................ The
Form of Interrogative ................................................................................ 45
4. ........................................................................................................ Tag
Questions................................................................................................... 46
C. .................................................................................................................. The
Discussion of Research Findings .......................................................................... 46
CHAPTER V CLOSURE ............................................................................................... 60
A. .................................................................................................................. Concl
usion ...................................................................................................................... 60
B. .................................................................................................................. Sugge
stion ....................................................................................................................... 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CURRICULUM VITAE
.
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Example of Yes or No Questions with
auxiliary verb, to be, modals in Sentences 20
Table 3.2 Examples of Using Expletives “There” and “It” in sentences 22
Table 3.3 Example of Negative Yes or No Questions in Sentences 23
Table 3.4 Example of Interrogative – Word Questions in sentences 24
Table 3.5 Example of Tag Questions in Affirmative- Negative’s form 28
Table 3.6 Example of Tag Questions in Negative-Affirmative’s form 29
Table 3.7 Example of Tag Questions in equal tenses 29
Table 3.8 Example of Tag Questions with to be “am” in affirmative form 30
Table 3.9 The example of Tag Questions with to be “am” in negative form 30
Table 3.10 Example of using “Let’s” in tag Questions 31
Table 3.11 Example of imperative in Tag Questions 31
Table 3.12 Example of using “Question Words” in sentences 33
Table 4.1 Example of similarities of kind of interrogative sentences in English and
Indonesian 36
Table 4.2 Example of similarities of Interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian in
functions of two languages. 37
Table 4.3 Examples of similarities of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian in
Tag Question 46
Table 4.4 Examples of similarities of Interrogative sentences’ function in English and
Indonesian language 47
Table 4.5 Examples of the differences of placing the question words in interrogative
sentences 48
Table 4.6 Examples of the differences of using “who” and “siapa”(who) in interrogative
sentences 48
Table 4.7 Examples of the differences of interrogative’s form in English and Indonesian
language 49
Table 4.8 Examples of the differences of Tag Questions’ form in English and Indonesian
50
Table 4.9 The examples of verb with no auxiliaries in sentences 60
Table 4.10 The examples of verb with auxiliaries in sentences 61
Table 4.11 The example of change of declarative to interrogative sentences 61
Table 4.12 The examples of English’s Tag Questions 62
Table 4.13 The examples of Indonesian’s Tag Questions 63
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter focuses an introductory of research. It presents background of
research that discussed the importances of interrogative sentences in English and
Indonesian Language in communication usages.
A. Background of Problem
Human beings as social creatures that can not live without others. To make a
good relationship among them, they need a language for communication. Gorys Keraf
(1991: 2) says “Fungsi bahasa yang paling umum adalah sebagai alat komunikasi.
Jika bahasa sebagai komunikasi, bahasa mempunyai beberapa fungsi. Yaitu sebagai
fungsi informasi, ekspresi, adaptasi, sosial kontrol” (The most common function of
language is as tool for communication. A language as communication, it has some
functions. They are for information, expression, adaptation, and social control). Based
on the explanation above, it can be concluded that language has many functions. From
this common functions,It can be identified as special functions such as, a tool to run
the administration,a unifier of ethnic group in Indonesia that has different languages
and an acceptor of cultures. Lado(1964:11) states “Language is intimately tied to
man’s feeling and activity. It is bound up with nationality, religion, and feeling of
self”. Through language, human can express happiness, love and sadness to others.
English is an international language. In Indonesia, English as a foreign
language has significant revolve in learning process. Indonesian students have been
expected to master English in order to apply it for communication to native speaker.
Lado (1964:38) states “Learning a second language is defined as acquiring the ability
to use its structure within a general vocabulary under essentially the conditions of
normal communication among native speakers at conversational speed”. Second
language learning becomes one of the main assesments for students in formal school
curriculum. Alhough English is a foreign language, the goverment has made English
as an obligation lesson in school system of Indonesia. Therefore, English has an
essensial function for Indonesian students.
Indonesian Language (Bahasa) is national language and first language for
Indonesian that is used to communication. Iskandarwassid (2008:264) says “Jumlah
dari penutur bahasa Indonesia, jika diukur dari jumlah penduduk Indonesia,yaitu ada
pada urutan keempat di dunia” (the number of indonesian speakers measured by the
populations is placed in the fourth level in the world). Moreover, it is strong power for
indonesian language’s placement among other language. It has fundamental role as
the means of communication among people throughout Indonesia. Therefore, the
Indonesian grammar teaching is the essensial for Indonesian students to understand
comprehensively their own national language.
The role of grammatical learning is important because it is a device to make
good sentences, communication and acquisition. Ressult Tabbert (2007:38) says that
grammar teaching could enrich the content of English students learning. He states that
grammatical teaching could make the children construct an English basic sentence.
Children who do not learn grammar theories can not identify part of speech.
Moreover, grammar teaching is the main function in English language teaching. It has
close influence in writing skill. If a student writes a sentence or a paragraph without
any knowledge in good English grammar, they cannot construct a good sentences or a
paragraph. Readers will be able to understand a sentence if the writers are able to
deliver the message of the text through a good grammatical construction.
Most students face many issues in English learning, especially in learning
grammar. The first issue in grammatical teaching and learning is “what grammar
should we teach”. It occurs because there are many grammar theories that can be
thought in language learning. Rod Ellis (2006:85) states that grammatical teaching
and learning can be limited based on the learner’s condition and requirement. Through
this phase, language learners will be easy in grammar learning.
For Language usage in communication, dialogue has main purpose. Servic
(1975) states “A dialogue as an interaction function can do in three ways, giving a
question, a direction and statements”. To open the dialogue, it usually uses
interrogative sentences or questions. Humans can obtain some informations through
apply interrogative sentences in conversation. Allen (1978) says “interrogative
sentences can be used to ask information, permition, confirmation, explanation and
expanded the dialogue”. Interrogative sentence or question is one part of speaking
skill and has essensial function in dialogues. Abdul Rani (2006:230) says “Dalam
interaksi sosial, tujuan dari sebuah percakapan tidak hanya untuk memberikan
informasi tetapi juga untuk menunjukkan posisi seseorang di lingkungannya tersebut”
(in social interaction, the goal of conversation is not only for transfering the
information but also to show the human position in their environment).
In language learning, interrogative sentence is one part of grammatical
learning for English and Bahasa and have been taught as the basic grammatical
learning. Lado (1964:12) says “Each language has a restricted number of patterns of
sentences. These patterns of expression are associated with sentence meanings such as
question, report, and call”. Each kind of sentence has different pattern based on the
purpose of sentense.
Interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian are somehow different in
some ways. To know the differences, the researcher will use the contrastive analysis.
Brown (2007:273) says “A contrastive analysis is a language approach that contrast
between two languages. Contrastive Analysis Hypotesis (CAH) state that the
obstruction of second language acquisition is interference of the first language system
and the second language system”. In this research, writer will contrast interrogative
sentences between Indonesian as first language and English as foreign language.
Moreover, the language learners cuold understand the differences of interrogative
sentences in English and Indonesian language clearly. They will know how to
construct good interrogative sentence in both of languages that have main advantage
in communication.
Based on some problems have been mentioned above, the researcher decide to
analyze the differences of interrogative sentences under the title “A CONTRASTIVE
ANALYSIS OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND
INDONESIAN LANGUAGE”
B. Statement of Problem
There are some fundamental questions that have to be answered by the research.
1. What are the kinds of interrogative sentences in English?
2. What are the kinds of interrogative sentences in Indonesian?
3. In what ways English and Indonesian interrogative are different?
C. Objective of Study
After knowing the research questions, the objective of research are:
1. To find out kinds of interrogative sentences in English.
2. To find out kinds of interrogative sentences in Indonesian.
3. To find out the differences of interrogative sentences in English and
Indonesian language.
D. Benefit of Study
The reseacher expects that this study will contribute positively for language
teaching and learning as follows:
1. For Students
a. To be more understand of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian.
b. To know the differences of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian.
c. To overcome the learners problems in grammar patterns in English as a
foreign language that comparing with Indonesian as a first language.
2. For Teacher
a. To contribute the learning method in grammatical teaching in language
learning process based on contrastive analysis.
b. To overcome the problems of teaching grammar in clasroom.
c. To hand over two languages undersanding of interrogative sentences in one
educating.
3. For Researcher
a. To allow the creative learning method in grammar understanding for language
teaching.
b. To give an easy method for students and teachers to differ the first and foreign
languages construction.
E. Research Methodology
In research methodology, there are some brief points about research design,
technique of data collection and data analysis.
1. Research Design
The research is aimed to know the contrastive of interrogative
sentences in English and Indonesian language. A research approach is a
qualitative research. Robert K. Yin (2011:9) says “qualitative research strive
to collect, integrate, and present data from a variety sources of evidence as
part of any given study”. The data will be collected is the data that is needed
in research.
2. Data Sources
In this research, data sources are collected from books,e-books,
journals both english and indonesian and other sources that are needed in
research, such as:
a. Betty Schramfer Azar, Fundamental of English Grammar, New Jersey,
Prentice Hall Internasional, 1941.
b. Raymond Murphy, English Grammar in Use, English Grammar in Use,
New York, Cambridge University Press,1985.
c. A.J Thompson and A. V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, New
York, Oxford University Press, 1986.
d. Gorys Keraf, Tata Bahasa Rujukan Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta,
Grasindo, 1991.
e. Catarina Sri Hastuti and Murdiwiyono, Cara Baru Belajar Cerdas
Bahasa Indonesia untuk SMA, Jakarta, Erlangga, 2009.
f. Prof. Dr. Iskandarwassid, M.Pd. and Dr. H. Dadang Sunendar,
M.Hum., Strategi Pembelajaran Bahasa, Jakarta, Erlangga, 2009.
3. Data Analysis
The data that has been gained from the literature references, then it is
categorized and analyzed based on research’s necessity. The steps of data
analysis that will be done in this research as follows:
a. First, the researcher finds out the sources that is needed by research.
b. Second, the researcher reads the sources precisely and concern the
interrogative sentences.
c. Third, the researcher analyzes the form of interrogative sentences in
the sources.
d. Fourth, the researcher collects the data of interrogative sentences in
English and Indonesian language.
e. Finally, the researcher analyzes the differences of interrogative
sentences and takes the conclusion.
H. Thesis Organization
This research is divided into five chapters: Introduction, Theoretical
Framework, Data Presentation of Interrogative Sentences in English and Indonesian
language, Analysis of Interrogative Sentences in English and Indonesian Language
and Closure.
The first chapter is Introduction. This chapter consists of backgroud of
problem, which defines the reasons why the researcher remove the contrastive
analysis of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian Language. This chapter
also critiques the limitation of problem, statement of problem, the objective and the
benefit of study, research methodology and thesis organization.
The second chapter is Theoretical Framework. This chapter examines about
the nature of contrastive analysis, the function of contrastive analysis, the definition
and the kinds of sentences and interrogative sentences.
The third chapter, Data Presentation of Interrogative Sentences in English and
Indonesian Language, explains the kinds of interrogative sentences in English and
Indonesian language and the basic pattern of sentences.
The fourth chapter is Analysis of Interrogative Sentences in English and
Indonesian Language that discusses about the differences of interrogative sentences
deeply.
The fifth chapter, closure. It states conclusion and suggestion of the research
and the last allocation is bibliography.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Contrastive Analysis
1. The Nature of Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis is a method of language analysis. It is a popular
attempt in linguistic study in middle of 20th
century. Ali Boori
(http://aaboori.mshdiau.ac.ir/FavouriteSubjects/contrastive_analysis_and_tran
sla.htm) states “contrastive analysis is a relatively modern discipline,
emerging as a major linguistic tool during and after World War Two,
particularly in the United States in the context of second and foreign language
teaching, but it has antecedents”. Based on this statement, it can be indicated
that contrastive analysis has used for long time ago in language learning.
The contrastive analysis is a study to find out the differences of two
languages. Paul (1972: 269) states “contrastive analysis is meant the analysis
of the similarities and the differences between two or more
languages”.Through this analysis, a learner will find out the difficulties in the
foreign language acquisition. The difficulties occurs because learners tend to
transfer their native language to the language they are learning that have
different features or words.
Brown (2007:272) says that “Contrastive analysis hypothesis state that
the main obstruction of second language acquisition is the interferences
system of first languge and second language”. This theory can conduct the
using of contrastive analysis in Indonesia for English language learning as a
foreign language. The interferences occurs because there are some similiraties
and differences both of them. Based on (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-
contrastive-analysis.htm) states “the idea of contrastive analysis grew out of
observing students learning a second language. Each student or group of
students tended to repeat the same linguistic mistakes as previous groups. This
turned into an assumption that the mistakes were caused by the student’s first
language interfering with the second”. In case learners or linguists find a
similarities in first and second or foreign language system, it will make them
easier to learn afterwards. However, if they find some brief differences, it will
makes some difficulties in language learning
Clifford Prator (1967) states that there is a difficulty hierarchy that is
experienced in foreign language acquisition process. Prator (1967) divided to
be six categories.
a. Level 0 – Transfer
No difference that state in first or foreign language. A learner or
linguist can transfer the word totality. For example: the word
“bank” have same meaning in English or Indonesian languages that has
meaning “a place to save money”.
b. Level 1 – integration
First difficulty level, if two items of first language integrate be one
item in target language. In this case, a learner can transfer directly to
target language. For example: an indonesian student who learn English
as a target language will translate “ menjinjing” and “membawa” in
one word “bring”.
c. Level 2 - Subdiference
One item in first language is not available in target languge. For
example: an English learner who learns spanish language can not use
word “some” for uncountable nouns or “do” for as a time sign.
d. Level 3 – Reinterpretation
There is an adding in one item of target language from first language.
For example: In Indonesian language, if we will say “Dia Cantik”, we
will not add “to be” after subject. We can put adjective directly.
However, in English we will say “ She is beautiful” because after
subject, we have to put “to be” before adjective.
e. Level 4 – Overdiference
Actually one item in target language is a new word totally, it is just
alike if there is a same word in first language.
f. Level 5 – Fission
One item in first language will be two or more item in target language.
For example: An Indonesian student who learns English has to learn
more meaning from word “apakah”. It can means what, do, does or
did in interrogative sentences.
The difficulties that have been explained above are arranged based on
the interference level in language learning. Contrastive learners must compare
the two of languages that are contrasted in order to make them easier after
finding out the differences and solve the interference in foreign language
learning.
2. The Function of Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis can give some contributions in language learning.
The contributions that are given as follow:
a. Contrastive analysis could be used to find out the difficulties of students
in target or foreign language acquisition. (Brown, 2007:272)
b. Contrastive analysis can reduce the interference between first and
foreign language acquisition. (Brown, 2007:272)
c. Contrastive analysis can find out similarities that will make students be
easy to analyze the differences that will make students find difficulty
accurately. (Lado, 1957: 1-2)
d. Contrastive analysis ia a modern method in language learning
process.(http://aaboori.mshdiau.ac.ir/FavouriteSubjects/contrastive_anal
ysis_and_transla.htm).
B. Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative sentences are part of language grammar. Through
interrogative sentences , we can get informations that are needed. Keraf
(1991:204) says “Interrogative sentence is a sentence for asking an
information about something”. Interrogative sentences can be termed question
sentences. In language learning process or daily conversations, interrogative
sentence has fundamental functions. It has some categories that will
distinguish it to other sentences in English or Indonesian language. The
definition of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language as
follows:
1. Interrogative Sentences In English
In English, interrogative sentences have many types. The characteristics of
interrogative sentences in English as follows:
a. With a rise in pitch
b. Use question mark (?).
c. For asking something or some informations.
Frank (1972:88) states that interrogative sentences or questions in English
are divided to 3 kinds, as follows:
a. Yes / No Questions
Frank (1972:88) states “These are simple questions elicting the
answer yes or no only”. This sentence is started by auxiliary verb. For
examples :
1) Can you come here?
Yes, I can or No, I can not
2) Would you like to bring your books for me?
Yes, I would or No, I would not
3) Are you reading a novel?
Yes, I am or No, I am not
4) Was your brother go to movie yesterday?
Yes, he was or No, he was not
5) Do you have a car?
Yes, I have or No, I have not
6) Does Ann write an article?
Yes, she does or No, she does not
7) Did you pass the test?
Yes, I did or No, I did not
8) Have you bought a car?
Yes, I have or No, I have not
9) Had Daniel bought a bag?
Yes, he had or No, he had not
b. Interrogative-Words Questions
Azar (1941: 128) says “An information question is a question
that asks for information by using question words”. Commonly, it is
named information question. The question usually is formed by
question word such as: what, where, why, who, which, When, whom,
whose, how. For examples:
1) Where do you come from? I come from Paris.
2) Why do you cry? My friend was died
3) What is your father ? My father is a doctor
4) When your husband came? He will come two hours later
5) Who is your mother? She is a housewife
6) How are You? I am fine
7) How many car do you have? I have 3 cars
c. Tag questions
Taq questions are questions attached or tagged onto the ending
of a declarative statement. Elan (2005:139) says that tag questions are
questions that are added by tobe and auxiliary verbs in the end of the
sentences. They transform declarative sentences into interrogative
sentences. The function of tag question is for give an asserting to
listeners. For examples:
1) You live in the city, don’t you?
2) John has a class,doesn’t he?
3) Sila went to Jakarta, didn’t she?
4) He is working, isn’t he?
5) I am listening the radio,aren’t I?
6) Anni were not reading a news, were she?
7) John has not repaired his motorcycle, has he?
8) Fiki had not written an article,had he?
9) Let’s go to market, shall we?
2. Interrogative Sentences In Indonesian Language
Interrogative sentences or questions in Indonesian language have many
types too. The characteristics of Interrogative sentences in Indonesian
language are as follows:
a. With a rise in pitch
b. Use question mark (?)
c. Use partikel-kah (suffix-kah) or apakah (what)
d. Asking an information
Keraf (1991:204) says that interrogative sentences are divided to 3 kinds, as
follows:
a. Kalimat Tanya Total (Total Questions)
Keraf (1991:204) states “Pertanyaan total adalah kalimat
tanya yang meminta informasi mengenai isi seluruh pertanyaan
itu”.(Total Questions are interrogative sentences or questions that ask
complete informations). This sentences are answered by “Ya” (Yes) or
“Tidak”(No) and usually use question word “apakah”(what) or “partikel
–kah”(suffix-kah). For examples:
1) Anda suka bermain piano? (Do you like playing a piano?)
Ya. (Yes, I do)
2) Apakah anda suka bermain gitar? (Do you like playing a guitar?)
Tidak. (No, I do not)
3) Sudahkah saudara membaca buku ini? (Have you read this book)
Ya. (Yes, I have)
b. Kalimat Tanya Parsial (Partial Questions)
Murdiwiyono (2009:90) says “ Kalimat tanya parsial adalah
kalimat yang jawabannya ditentukan oleh kata tanyanya”. (Partial
Questions are interrogative sentences or questions that are answered
based on the question words). This sentences usually use question words,
such as siapa (who), berapa (how much/many), kapan (when), dimana
(where), bagaimana (how), apa (what), mengapa (why). For examples:
1) Kapan anda datang kesini? (When do you come here?)
Saya datang tadi malam (I came last night)
2) Darimana anda berasal? (Where do you come from?)
Saya datang dari Semarang (I come from Semarang)
3) Siapakah ayah anda? (What is your father?)
Ayahku seorang guru (My father is a teacher)
c. Kalimat tanya retoris (Rhetorical questions)
Keraf (1991:205) says that kalimat tanya retoris adalah kalimat
tanya yang tidak memerlukan jawaban. (Rhetorical Questions are
questions or interrogative sentences are not required answers). This
sentences usually use in language style and speechs or conversations that
listeners have known the answers of the questions. For example:
1) Maukah seekor singa memakan rumput?
( May a lion eats the grass?)
2) Akankah seorang koruptor menjadi pahlawan?
( Will a corrupter be a patriot?)
CHAPTER III
DATA PRESENTATION
A. Interrogative Sentences in English Language
Interrogative sentences are essensial part in English grammar. These
have fundamental roles in dialogues because the sentences have some
functions. Everyone usually opens the dialogues and asks some informations
with interrogative sentences. These sentences have some categories that can
distinguish it to others, such as: it uses question mark (?), with rise in pitch
and for ask some informations.
According to Frank (1972:88) states “ There are three kinds of
questions in English: Yes - No Questions, Interrogative – Word Questions,
and Tag Questions”. The definition of interrogative sentences in English are as
follows:
1. Yes - No Questions
Azar (1941:124) states “Yes or No Questions are questions or
interrogative sentences are answered by Yes or No (short answers)”. The
questions or interrogative sentences have short answers, and give
complete answers of the questions. In answering of the questions, Yes or
No are followed by auxiliary verbs based on the sentences of questions.
For negative answers, the questions are added by Not in the end of
answers. For example :
Table 3.1 Examples of Yes or No Questions with auxiliary verb
in Sentences
Auxiliary
Verbs
Sentences
Answers
positive Negative
Do Do you have a
book?
Yes, I do No, I do not
Does Does she has a
book?
Yes, she does No,she does
not
Did Did she go to
school?
Yes, she did No, she did not
Has Has Jimmy read
this novel?
Yes, he was No, he was not
Have Have they done
their homeworks?
Yes, they have No, they have
not
Had Had Lubna eaten
this cookies?
Yes, she had No, she had not
To be
Is Is he reading a
book?
Yes, he is No, he is not
Am Am I reading a
book?
Yes, I am No, I am not
Are Are you reading a
book?
Yes, I am
No, I am not
Was Was Bobby
reading a book?
Yes, he was No, he was not
Were Were you reading a
book?
Yes, you were No,you were
not
Modal
Will Will you come
here?
Yes, I will No, I will not
Would Would you like to
come here?
Yes, I would No, I would not
Can Can you come
here?
Yes, I can No, I can not
Could Could you come
here?
Yes, I could No, I could not
Shall Shall we come
here?
Yes, we shall No, we shall
not
May May he come here? Yes, he may No, he may not
Must Must he come
here?
Yes, he must No, he must not
In addition, Frank (1972:89) says “.....the expletives there and
it may also appear in a short answer to yes-no questions”. For example:
Table 3.2 Examples of Using Expletives “There” and “It” in
sentences
Expletives Sentences
Answers
Positive Negative
There
Are there enough
books in library?
Yes, there are No, there are
not
Is there book on the
table?
Yes, there is No, there is
not
It Is it your book? Yes, it is No, it is not
In “Yes or No Questions”, there are “Negative Yes-No
Questions”. Frank (1972:88) states “ in negative questions, not is
constructed with auxiliary that starts the questions. In formal usage, not is
placed in adverbial position right after the reversed auxiliary and subject”.
To make negative questions, it is added by not in sentences. For
examples:
Table 3.3 Examples of Negative Yes or No Questions in
Sentences
Informal Usage
Auxiliary +
not
Sentences
Answers
Positive Negative
Is + not Isn’t Ann going
to school?
Yes, She is No, she is
not
Did + not Didn’t Ann go
to school?
Yes, she did No, she did
not
Has + not Hasn’t Ann
gone to school?
Yes, she has No,she has
not
Formal Usage
Auxiliary
Verb
Sentences
Answer
Positive Negative
Is.....not Is Ann not
going to school?
Yes, she is No, she is
not
Did....not Did Ann not go
to school?
Yes, she is No, she is
not
Has.....not Has Ann not
gone to school?
Yes, she has No, she has
not
2. Interrogative – Word Questions
Interrogative – Word Questions are termed by information
questions. Azar (1941:128) says “An information question is a question that
asks for information by using question words”. The kinds of question
words are : where, when, why, who, what, how, which, whom, whose. In
formal usage, question words are followed by auxiliary verbs. For example:
Table 3.4 Examples of Interrogative – Word Questions in
sentences
Q-Word
Helpi
ng
Verb
Subject Verb Answer Function
Where does she live? She lives in
Semarang
Asking place
or position
When will she come? She will
come at
Sunday
Asking time
Why do you cry? My
grandfather
was died
Asking the
reason
Who is your sister? Ann is my
sister
Asking
people as
subject
What
are you doing? I’m writing
a letter for
my mother
Asking
Information
is your Father? He is a
lecturer
Asking
profession
How
do you come
here?
I come here
by car
Asking a
way to do
something
are you?
-
I am fine Asking a
conditions
Whom do you see? I see
someone
Asking
people as
object
Which do you want? The red
ones
Asking a
preference
Whose is - this
book?
It’s
Nancy’s
Asking
possessing
What...
(for)
did you come
for?
I come for
give her a
gift
Asking
reason
Why
(don’t)
don’t you help
me?
Because I
am so tired
Asking a
reason
More questions with “How”
How Sentences Answers Functions
How far How far is his house
to school?
It is about 1
kilometer
Asking distance
How
long
How long did your
brother cry last night?
He cried for
one hour
Asking length of
time
How
many
How many books do
you have?
I have three
books
Asking the
quantity
(countable
nouns)
How
much
How much money
do you have?
I have ten
thousand
rupiah
Asking the
quantity
(uncoutable
nouns)
How old How old are you? I am ten
years old
Asking for age
How
often
How often do you go
swimming?
Twice in a
week
Asking
frequency
How
many
times
How many times does
she go swimming?
Once in a
week
Asking
frequency
How do
you do
How do you dou? How do you
do?
It is used in
introducing each
other
How + adjective
How tall How tall is he?
He is 185
centimeters
Asking
height
How
well
How well do they speak
English?
Very well
-
How big How big is his house? About ten
feet
-
3. Tag questions
According to, Elan (2005:139) says that tag questions are
questions are added by auxiliary verbs in the end of the sentences. The
function of tag questions is to assert the statement in a sentence. In
English, tag questions have many types. These questions are based on the
main sentences. There are some steps that have to be noticed to make tag
questions. The followings,are the explanations:
a. When the main verb is affirmative, the tag question is negative.
(Azar,1941:156)
Table 3.5 The examples of Tag Questions in Affirmative-
Negative’s form.
Affirmative Negative
You know Mr.John, don’t you?
Smith is reading a news, isn’t he?
Jimmy can come, can’t he?
b. When the main verb is negative, the tag question is affirmative.
(Azar,1941:156)
Table 3.6 The examples of Tag Questions in Negative-
Affirmative’s form
Negative Affirmative
You don’t know Mrs.Jane, do you?
Smith isn’t writing a letter, is he?
Jimmy can’t drive a car, can he?
c. The main verb and tag question have equal tenses.
(Risdiyanto,2010:65)
Table 3.7 The examples of Tag Questions in equal tenses
Tenses Main Sentences Tag questions
Past tense George didn’t study
hard,
did he?
Simple
present tense
She reads a
bookstory,
doesn’t she?
Present
continuous
tense
Jane is cooking a
rice,
isn’t she?
Future tense John will tell me a
story,
won’t he?
Present
Perfect Tense
Jimmy has written a
story,
Hasn’t he?
d. When the main sentences use the subject I, there are two ways to
make tag questions:
1) If the sentences use to be am and affirmative form, the tag
questions use aren’t not am not. (Elan,2005:141)
Table 3.8 The examples of Tag Questions with to be
“am” in affirmative form
Affirmative Negative
I am listening the music, aren’t I?
I am a lecturer, aren’t I?
2) If the sentences use to be am and negative form, the tag
questions use am. (Elan,2005:141)
Table 3.9 The examples of Tag Questions with to be
“am” in negative form
Negative Affirmative
I am not reading a phoem, am I?
I am not a student, am I?
e. When the sentences use let’s...,the tag question are shall we.
(Murphy, 1985: 104)
Table 3.10 The examples of using “Let’s” in tag Questions
Main Sentences Tag Questions
Let’s go to library, shall we?
Let’s do our duties, shall we?
f. After the imperative (do/don’t do something), the tag questions
are will you. (Murphy, 1985:104)
Table 3.11 The examples of imperative in Tag Questions
Main Sentences Tag Questions
Look at the picture, Will you?
Wait a minute, Will you?
g. When “has” or “have” are auxiliary verb in sentences, tag
questions use “has” or “have”. However, if “has” or “have” are
verb, tag questions use “do”, “does” or “did”. (Riyanto, 2010:
151).
Table 3.12 The examples of use “has” or “have” in tag
questions
Main sentences Tag Questions
Susan has a class, Doesn’t she?
John has traveled to Bali, Hasn’t he?
B. Interrogative Sentences in Indonesian Language
Interrogative sentences are sentences that are used in dialogues or daily
conversations and language learning process. For example: teachers ask the
students’ idea with interrogative sentences, students use interrogative
sentences to ask some informations to teacher. Many informations can be
catched by questions or interrogative sentences. Based on the explanation
above, interrogative sentences or questions have essensial functions in
language learning process.
Interrogative sentences in Indonesian language have some categories
that will distinguish it to other sentences. Interrogative sentences always use
question mark (?), With rise in pitch, Use partikel – kah (suffix -kah) or
apakah (what) and ask for informations.
According to Keraf (1991:204) states that interrogative sentences in
Indonesian language are divided to 3 kinds. The definition of interrogative
sentences are as follows:
1. Kalimat Tanya Total ( Total Questions)
Keraf (1991:204) states “kalimat tanya total adalah kalimat
tanya yang meminta informasi mengenai isi seluruh pertanyaan
itu”.(total questions are questions or interrogative sentences that asks the
whole informations of the questions). Total questions are answered by
Ya (yes) or Tidak (no). These are not required clarification of the
answers. Although these questions have short answers, but these have
complete answers of the questions.
Murdiwiyono (2009:90) says that there are some steps to
construct total questions. The steps are as follows:
a. By adding the question word apakah (what).
3) Apakah anda capek? (Are you tired?)
4) Apakah anda seorang dokter? (Are you a doctor?)
5) Apakah anda tahu tentang kebenaran masalah itu? (Do you know
the truth of the problem?)
b. By adding partikel –kah (suffix – kah).
Keraf (1991:115) says that the function of suffix “-kah” is give
emphasizing in sentences. For examples:
1) Capekkah anda? (Are you tired?)
2) Percayakah anda kepada saya? (Do you believe in me?)
3) Bisakah anda pergi keluar? (Can you go out?)
c. By changing the intonation of sentence
1) Anda capek.( You are tired)
2) Anda capek? (Are you tired?)
d. By adding words bukan, ya, belum, tidak.
1) Anda capek,ya? (Are you tired,aren’t you?)
2) Anda seorang dosen, bukan?(You are a lecturer, aren’t you?
2. Kalimat Tanya Parsial (Partial Questions)
Keraf (1991: 205) states “ kalimat tanya parsial adalah kalimat
tanya yang hanya meminta informasi mengenai salah satu bagian dari
pertanyaan itu”. (Partial question are questions or interrogative sentences
ask part informations of the questions). These questions use question
words to contruct partial questions. Partial questions require clarification
of the answers. Based on (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/) says the question
words are used in interrogative sentences have different functions. The
followings, are the functions of question words:
Table 3.12 The examples of using “Question Words” in sentences
Question
Words
Sentences Answers Functions
Siapa, untuk
siapa, kepada
siapa,dari
siapa.
(Who)
Siapakah anda?
(Who are you?)
Saya adalah
saudara Bob.
(I am bob’s
brother)
Menanyakan
tentang
orang
(Asking
people)
Apakah, Apa,
dari apa, untuk
apa, dengan
Apa yang kamu
lakukan?(What
are you doing?)
Saya sedang
membaca (I
am reading )
Menanyakan
benda/hal
(Asking
apa (What) object)
Berapa
(How)
Berapa banyak
buku yang anda
punya?(How
many books do
you have?)
Saya mem-
punyai 3 buku
(I have three
books )
Menanyakan
jumlah
(Asking
quantity)
Dimana,
kemana,
darimana
(Where)
Dari mana anda
berasal?
(Where do you
come from?)
Saya berasal
dari Medan
(I come from
Medan)
Menanyakan
tempat
(Asking
place)
Kapan,
bilamana
Apabila, bila
(when)
Kapan anda
pergi?
(When do you
go?)
Saya pergi
kemarin
malam
(I went last
night)
Menanyakan
waktu
(Asking
time)
Bagaimana
(How)
Bagaimana
kabar anda?
(How are you?)
Saya baik –
baik saja
(I am fine)
Menanyakan
situasi atau
keadaan.
(Asking
situation)
Mengapa
(Why)
Mengapa anda
datang
terlambat?
(Why do you
come late?)
Karena saya
membantu ibu
(Because I
help my
mother )
Menanyakan
sebab
(Asking
reason)
3. Kalimat Tanya Retoris (Rhetorical Questions)
Keraf (1991:205) says “kalimat tanya retoris adalah kalimat tanya yang
tidak memerlukan jawaban”. (Rhetorical Question are questions or
interrogative sentences are not required answers). These questions usually
use in language style and speechs or conversations that listeners have
known the answers of the questions. According to
(http://www.bekamsteriljakarta.com/2012/11/pengertian-dan-contoh-
kalimat-tanya.html#close) states that the caracteristics of rhetorical
questions are as follows:
a. The questions are not require answers.
b. The questions are confirming or interrogative’s form.
c. Sometimes, The questions use question words.
d. The questioners and respondents know the answers of questions.
For examples:
1) Maukah seekor singa memakan rumput?
( May a lion eats the grass?)
2) Akankah seorang koruptor menjadi pahlawan?
( Will a corrupter be a patriot?)
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the writer would like to present the data analysis of the research. It
consists of the similarities and the differences of interrogative sentences in English and
Indonesian language that are studied in this research and the discussion of research finding.
This chapter explains the similarities and differences of interrogative sentences clearly.
A. The similarities of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language
English and Indonesian language come from different countries. These
languages are used by different populations. Although English and Indonesian
language have brief differences, both of them have some similarities are found in this
research. The followings are the similarities:
1. The kinds of interrogative sentences
Interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language have two equal
interrogative types. In English, They are yes-no questions and Interrogative
words questions (Frank, 1972:88). In Indonesian language, these interrogative
sentences are kalimat tanya total (total questions) and kalimat tanya parsial
(partial questions) (Keraf, 1991:204).
Table 4.1 Examples of the similarities of kinds of interrogative sentences
in English and Indonesian language
Questions
that are
answered
by Yes or
No
Languages
Kinds of
interrogative
sentences
Sentences Answers
English Yes-No
Questions
Do you know
that she is a
student?
Yes, I do
Indonesian Kalimat Tanya
Total (Total
Questions)
Apakah
ayahmu
seorang
dosen?
(Is your father
a lecturer?)
Ya
(Yes, He is)
Questions
that use
question
words
English Interrogative
word questions
Who are you? I am a
lecturer
Indonesian Kalimat tanya
parsial
(Parsial
questions)
Kapan kamu
akan pergi?
(When will
you go?)
I will go
next week
2. The functions of Question words
Question words are used for interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian
language have equal functions in sentences. In English, Azar (1941:128) states
that the functions of question words are differents. The functions are for ask
things(what), places(where), times(when), reasons(why), people(who),
conditions or ways to do something(how). In Indonesian language,
(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/) states that question words also have different
fuctions, such as “apa”(what) for ask things, “dimana”(where) for ask places,
”kapan”(when) for ask times.
Table 4.2 Examples of the similarities of question words’ functions in
English and Indonesian language
Question words
Functions
Sentences
English
Indo
Nesian
English Indonesian
What
Apakah
(what)
Asking things
What is it?
Apakah ini buku
anda? (It is your
book?)
Where
Dimana
(where)
Asking place
Where are
you?
Dari mana dia
berasal?(Where
does she come
from?)
When Kapan
(when)
Asking time When do
you study?
Kapan ibumu
pulang?
(When does your
mother go
3. Ta
q
Qu
est
ions
Interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language have equal question
type to assert the statement of sentences. In English, it is termed “ tag
questions” (Elan,2005:139). In Indonesian language, these questions are
indicated by use “bukan” in the end of sentences (Muslich, 1990:135). The
word of “bukan” indicates to give an asserting.
Table 4.3 Examples of similarities of interrogative sentences
in English and Indonesian language in Tag Question
Tag Question
Languages Sentences
English You know Mr.Boby,
home?)
Why Mengapa
(Why)
Asking
reason
Why does
John come
late?
Mengapa
kakakmu pergi?
(Why does your
sister go?)
Who Siapa
(Who)
Asking
person
Who is your
English
teacher?
Siapa teman
dekatmu?
(Who is your
close friend?)
How Bagaima
na
(How)
Asking
condition or
way to do
something
How do you
come here?
Bagaimana dia
tahu rumahku?
(Why does she
know my home?)
don’t you?
Indonesian
Anda bisa datang ke
pesta besok, bukan?
(You can come to the
party tomorrow, can’t
you? )
4. The Function of interrogative-word questions
Interrogative-word questions in English and Indonesian language have equal
function to ask some informations. In English, Frank (1972:88) states that
interrogative word questions (questions use question words) elicit spesific
information. In Indonesian language, Keraf (1991: 205) says that partial
questions (questions use question words) are questions ask informations of part
of questions.
Table 4.4 Examples of similarities of Interrogative sentences’ function in
English and Indonesian language
Interrogative
sentences
Languages Sentences Answers
English Why do you
cry?
My grandmother
was died one
week ago.
Indonesian Dimana kamu
tinggal?
(Where do you
live?)
I live in Tentara
Pelajar street 45
Salatiga.
B. The differences of interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language
English and Indonesian language have brief differences. In interrogative
sentences, both of languages have some differences are found in research. The
followings,are the differences:
1. The place of question words
In English, question words are placed in the beginning of sentences (Azar, 1992:
128). In Indonesian language, the question words can be placed in the beginning
and the end of sentences (Muslich,1990:135).
Table 4.5 Examples of the differences of placing the question words in
interrogative sentences
Interrogative
sentences
Languages Sentences
English When do you study?
Indonesian Kamu mau belajar kapan?
(When do you study?)
2. The use of “Who”
In English, interrogative uses question word of “ who” for subject or object and
“whom” for object only (Martinet, 1986:71). In Indonesian language, There is
only one “siapa” (who) that can be used for subject or object (Depdikbud,
1990:291).
Table 4.6 Examples of the differences of using “who” and “siapa”(who) in
interrogative sentences
Languages Functions Sentences
English
For asking subject (who)
Who are you?
For asking object (who)
(whom)
Who did you see?
Whom do you see?
Indonesian
For asking subject and
object “Siapa”(who)
Siapa nama ayahmu?
(who is your father’s name?
Siapa yang kamu tunggu?
(Whom do you waiting
for?)
3. The form of interrogative
Interrogative sentence in English are formed based on the interrogative pattern.
According to Frank(1941:88) says “the verb in questions is handled differently
depending on whether the verb is or is not accompanied by an auxiliary in
declarative sentences”. Based on this theory, interrogative sentences in English
are formed by interrogative pattern. In Indonesian language, interrogative
sentences can be formed of declarative sentence that is changed by rising pitch of
sentence (Depdikbud, 1988:290).
Table 4.7 Examples of the differences of interrogative’s form in English and
Indonesian language
Interrogative
sentences
Languages Sentences
English Will you go to jakarta today?
Interrogative pattern
Indonesian Anda akan pergi ke jakarta hari ini?
(Will you go to jakarta today?)
Declarative sentences that are
changed to interrogative sentences
4. Tag Questions
In English, tag questions have various patterns based on the tenses of affirmative
sentences’ form (Risdiyanto, 2010:65). In Indonesian language, tag questios just
use “Bukan”, for all of affirmative sentences’ form (Depdikbud, 1988:290).
Table 4.8 Examples of the differences of Tag Questions’ form in English and
Indonesian language
Tag
Questions
Languages Sentences
English
Your mother is cooking, isn’t she?
(Present continuous tense)
My teacher went to Japan, didn’t he?
(simple past tense)
Smith will sing a song, won’t he?
(present future tense)
Indonesian
Ayah sedang bekerja, bukan?
(Father is working, isn’t he?)
C. The Discussion of Research Findings
After writer presents the similarities’ and differences of interrogative
sentences in English and Indonesian language, the discussion of research findings
apparent that both of two languages have brief similarities’ and differences. Through
research findings, the research is expected to give essential contributions for
language learners especially for beginners.
In learning language or dialogues, interrogative sentences have fundamental
roles. A language learner is expected to be able to understand the kinds and the use
of interrogative sentences well. To reach this goal, the language learner need a
learning method that can solve the learner difficulties in language process.
The language learners obtain some difficulties in foreign language learning
because they tend to tranfer their native language to the language they are learning.
Brown (2007:272) says “the main obstruction of second language acquisition is the
interferences system of first languge and second language”. The interferences
between two languages occurs because the languages have similarities and
differences. Through contrastive analysis method, it can present the differences and
the similarities clearly. Paul (1972:269) states “contrastive analysis is meant the
analysis of the similarities and the differences between two or more languages”.
English is foreign language for Indonesian students that has some brief differences to
Indonesian language. Through contrastive analysis, it find the differences or
similarities between English and Indonesian language. Thus, contrastive analysis is
expected to solve learners’ difficulties.
In this research, the similarities’ and the differences of interrogative sentences
are found based on the grammar features and the use of two languages. In this
research, the similarities and differences have been explained clearly. The
followings, are explanations of similarities and differences:
1. The similarities of Interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian
language
a. The kinds of interrogative sentences
In English and Indonesian language have two equal interrogative
sentences. In English, Frank (1972:88) says “There are Yes- No
questions or short answer questions and Interrogative words questions
or information questions”. The kinds of interrogative sentences in
English as follows
1) Yes-No questions are questions are answered by “Yes” or “No”.
These are not required explanation of answers. The questions use
auxiliary verbs in sentences. For example:
Do you know Mr. Rahman? Yes, I do or No, I don’t
2) Interrogative words questions are questions used question words.
These are require explanations of answers completely. For example:
When do you come? I come last week
In Indonesian language, Keraf (1991:204) states that there are kalimat
tanya total (total questions) and kalimat tanya parsial (partial
questions). The kinds of interrogative sentences in Indonesian language
as follows:
3) Kalimat tanya total (total questions) are questions are answered by
“Ya”(Yes) or “Tidak” ( No). These questions use short answers but
it represent the complete answers of questions. For example:
Apakah anda seorang dokter? (Are you a doctor?)
Ya (Yes, I am) or tidak (No, I am not)
4) Kalimat tanya parsial (partial questions) are questions use question
words. These questions ask partial informations of sentences. For
examples:
Siapakah anda? (Who are you?)
Saya adalah seorang dosen (I am a lecturer)
b. The function of Question words
In English and Indonesian language, the question words are used in
interogative sentences have equal functions. In English, Azar
(1941:128) says that question words have different functions. Such as:
“who” for ask people, “why” for ask reasons, “where” for ask places.
The followings, are explanation the function of question words in
English:
1) “What” : to ask things or informations
Sentence : What are you doing?
2) “Where” : to ask places
Sentence : Where do you live?
3) “Why” : to ask reasons
Sentence : Why do you study hard?
4) “Who” : to ask peoples
Sentence : Who is his father?
5) “When” : to ask times
Sentence : When do you write a story?
6) “How” : to ask conditions or ways to do somehing
Sentence : How do you get this book?
In Indonesian language, (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/) states that
question words also have different functions. Such as: Siapa (who) for
ask people, dimana (where) for ask places mengapa (why) for ask
reasons. The followings, are explanation the functions of question
words in Indonesian language:
7) “Apa” (What) : to ask things or informations
Sentence : Apa yang Ibu bawa?
( What does mother bring?)
8) “Dimana” (where) : to ask places
Sentence : Dimana Dina belajar?
(where does Dina study?)
9) “Mengapa” (why) : to ask reason
Sentence : Mengapa Sani menangis?
(why does Sany cry?)
10) “Siapa” (who) : to ask peoples
Sentence : Siapa guru Bahasa Indonesiamu?
(who is your Indonesian’s techer?)
11) “Kapan” (When) : to ask times
Sentence : Kapan kamu bekerja untuk Ina?
(When do you work for Ina?)
12) “Bagaimana”(How) : to ask condition or ways to do
something
Sentence : Bagaimana kamu menjawab
pertanyaan itu? (How do you answer
the question?)
c. Tag Questions
Interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language have equal
question type to assert the statement of sentences. In English, this
questions are named “tag questions”(Elan, 2005:139). To contruct tag
questions, the sentences are added by auxiliaries verbs in the end of
sentences. For examples:
1) Smith is reading a novel, isn’t he?
2) Joni reads a poem, doesn’t he?
In Indonesian language, this questions are indicated by “bukan” in the
end of sentences (Muslich, 1990:135). The word of “bukan” indicates
to give an asserting. For examples:
3) Dia malas belajar, bukan? (He is lazy, isn’t he?)
4) Ratna sudah belajar,bukan? (Ratna has studied, hasn’t she?)
d. The functions of interrogative word questions
In English, Frank (1972:88) states that “interrogative word questions”
(questions use question words) elicit spesific information. In
Indonesian language, Keraf (1991: 205) says that “partial questions”
(questions use question words) are questions ask informations of part
of questions. For examples:
1) Interrogative words questions
How do you solve this problem?
I have discussed it with my father.
2) Partial questions
Berapa lama kamu tinggal di London?
(How long do you live in London?)
I live there for 2 months
2. The differences of Interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian
a. The placing of question words
The placing of question words in English and Indonesian language has
brief difference. In English, question words are placed in the beginning
of sentences (Azar, 1992: 128). For examples:
1) What time is it?
2) Whose car is that?
3) Does his car run well?
In Indonesian language, the question words can be placed in the
beginning and the end of sentences.. Most of the moving of the
question words are not influence to sentences’ constructions, except
“siapa”(who) and “apa”(what). Two of question words (“siapa”(who)
and “apa”(what)) can influence the sentences’ construction. The
transition of sentences’ construction are the active form are changed
the passive and use conjuction of “yang” in sentences
(Muslich,1990:135) . For examples: The moving of question words are
not influence to sentences’ construction (with the question words
except “siapa”(who) and “apa”(what)).
4) Kemana Keluarga Daryanto akan pindah? (where will
Daryanto’s family move?)
5) Keluarga Daryanto akan pindah kemana? (where will
Daryanto’s family move?)
The moving of question words influence to sentences’ construction
(with the question words of “siapa”(who) and “apa”(what)).
6) The question words in the end of sentences. (In active form).
For example: Robert sedang makan apa? (What is Robert
eating?)
7) The question words in the beginning of sentences (It is changed
to passive form and add the conjunction of ”yang”). For
example: Apa yang sedang dimakan Robert? (what is being
eaten by Robert?)
b. The use of “who” and “siapa” (who)
In English, “who” is used as subjects or objects in sentences and
“whom” is used as objects only. When “who” is used as subjects, it is
followed by an affirmative verb (Martinet, 1986:71). For this function,
Azar (1941:132) says “question word order is not used, no form of do
is used”. For examples:
1) Who pays the bills?
2) Who keeps the books?
“who” and “whom” can be used as objects of a verb (martinet,
1986:71). For examples:
3) Who did you see? (Normal English)
4) Whom did you see? (Very formal English)
In formal English, “who” and “whom” are used as objects of
prepositions too , these sentences use Prepotition + whom (Martinet,
1986:72). For examples:
5) With whom do you play?
6) To whom are you working?
But in ordinary English, the preposition usually move to the end of
sentences (Martinet, 1986:72).
7) Who did you go with?
8) Who are you speaking to?
In Indonesian language, “siapa”(who) is used as subjects and objects
(Depdikbud, 1988:291). When as subjects, it is placed in the
beginning of sentences and placed in the end of sentences when it is an
object. For examples:
9) “Siapa”(who) is an object
Dia mencari siapa? (who does he look for?)
10) “Siapa”(who) is used as subjects
Siapa pemenang perlombaan ini ? (who is the winner of this
competition?)
c. The form of interrogative sentences
In English, interrogative sentences are constructed by interrogative
pattern. According to Frank(1941:88) says “the verb in questions is
handled differently depending on whether the verb is or is not
accompanied by an auxiliary in declarative sentences”.
For examples:
1) Verb with no auxiliaries
Table 4.9 The examples of verb with no auxiliaries in
sentences
Declarative sentences Interrogative sentences
Marry worked in the bank
John is late
Did Marry work in the bank?
(Auxiliary added)
Is Jony late?
2) Verb with auxiliaries
Table 4.10 The examples of verb with auxiliaries in
sentences
Declarative sentences Interrogative sentences
Marry is working in the bank
John has arrived late
Is Marry working in the bank?
Has John arrived late?
In Indonesian language, declarative sentences are changed to
interrogative sentences by rise the pitch of sentences without change
the sentences’ construction. (Depdikbud, 1988:290). For examples:
Table 4.11 The example of change of declarative to interrogative
sentences
Declarative sentences Interrogative sentences
Anda kenal Pak Andi.
(You know Mr.Andi).
Anda kenal Pak Andi?
(Do you know Mr. Andi?)
d. Tag questions
Elan (2005:139) says that tag questions are questions are added by
auxiliary verbs in the end of the sentences. The function of tag
questions are to assert the statement in sentences. in English has
various pattern based on the tenses of affirmative sentences’ form.
These are equal tenses between main sentences and tag questions
(Risdiyanto, 2010:65). For examples:
Table 4.12 The examples of English’s Tag Questions
Tenses Main Sentences Tag questions
Past tense George didn’t study
hard,
did he?
Present Tense John studies
everyday,
Doesn’t he?
Present
continuous
tense
Jane is cooking a
rice,
isn’t she?
Future tense John will tell me a
story,
won’t he?
In Indonesian language, this only use “Bukan”, for all of affirmative
sentences’ form. The word of ”bukan” is used to assert of statement in
sentences. (Depdikbud, 1988:290). For examples:
Table 4.13 The examples of Indonesian’s Tag Questions
Tenses Main Sentences Tag questions
Waktu lampau Kamu datang kesini Bukan?
(past tense) kemarin, (You came
here yesterday, )
(didn’t you?)
Waktu
sekarang
(present
continuous
tense)
Ibu sedang
memasak di dapur,
(Mother is cooking
in kitchen,)
Bukan?
(Isn’t she?)
Waktu yang
akan datang
(Future tense)
Marry akan pergi
besok,
(Marry will go
tomorrow,)
Bukan?
(won’t she?)
The explanations above can be known the similarities and differences of
interrogative sentences in English and Indonesian language have shown briefly
through contrastive analysis method.
After language learners know the similarities’ and differences of interrogative
sentences, they distinguish interrogative sentences in English or Indonesian language
clearly. Thus, it can make them easy in language understanding.
CHAPTER V
CLOSURE
A. Conclusion
This chapter presents conclusion based on the data presentation and data
analysis of the research. The conclusion of “Contrastive Analysis of Interrogative
Sentences in English and Indonesian Language” are as follows:
1. Interrogative sentences in English Language
Frank (1972:88) states “There are three kinds of questions in English: Yes
- No Questions, Interrogative – Word Questions and Tag Questions”.
a. Yes-No Questions are questions or interrogative sentences are
answered by “Yes” or “No”.
b. Interrogative word questions are questions that ask informations by
question words in sentences.
c. Tag Questions are question are added by auxiliary verbs in the end of
the sentences to assert the statement of sentences.
2. Interrogative sentences in Indonesian Language
Keraf (1991:204) states that interrogative sentences in Indonesian
language are divided to 3 kinds.
a. Total question
Total questions are question or interrogative sentences that asks the
whole informations of the questions.
b. Partial Questions
Partial question are questions or interrogative sentences asks part
informations of the questions.
c. Rhetorical questions
Rhetorical questions are questions or interrogative sentences are not
require answers.
3. The differences of Interrogative Sentences in English and Indonesian
Language.
The differences between two of languages are as follows:
a. The place of question words
b. The use of “who”
c. The form of interrogative
d. Tag Questions
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusion of the research, the writer proposes some suggestion
are as follows:
4. For Students
d. The students should understand of interrogative sentences in English and
Indonesian well because it has essential role in language learning.
e. The students should know the differences of interrogative sentences in English
and Indonesian in order to they can learn interrogative sentences easily.
f. The students can use contrastive analysis to overcome the learners problems in
grammar patterns in English as foreign language that comparing with
Indonesian as first language.
5. For Teachers
d. The teachers can use the learning method in grammatical teaching in language
learning process based on contrastive analysis.
e. The teachers can teach the interrogative sentences in classroom deeply,
because it has fundamental roles in language learning.
f. The teacher can apply contrastive analysis to hand over two languages
understanding of interrogative sentences in one educating.
6. For Researcher
c. Researcher proposes the creative learning method in grammar understanding
for language teaching based on contrastive analysis.
d. Researcher gives an easy method for students and teachers to differ the first
and foreign languages’ construction based on contrastive analysis.
e. Researcher expects this research findings can give contributions to next
researchs that focus on other perspective.
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