Upload
amrram
View
251
Download
8
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
All rights reserved. No part of this handbook may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information or retrieving system without permission in writing from the Arabic and Translation Studies Division, School of Continuing Education, The
American University in Cairo.
© 2007
Arabic & Translation Studies Division
CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR AND STYLISTICS
Student Handbook
This is a first draft of STTI102 “Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics”
Student Handbook (Fall ’13)
ii
iii
Forward
Changes in how professional translators practice their profession have been
recently frequent. They are not only derived by the growth of the young
discipline of translation, which is the success story of the 1980s, but also by
changes in the world around us such globalized societies and economies, the
spread of internet, and the need for intercultural communication, not to mention
the changes in the geography of translation with the move of the multi-million
industry towards the Middle East and the Arabic language. Translation in the
era of globalization requires interdisciplinary approach to translation that
stresses the need for a translator with background knowledge in various fields.
This necessitates training the learners in more than one field of specialization,
and hence a career certificate which focuses on the specializations of legal, UN
and economic translation on the one hand, and a career certificate which
includes journalistic, literary and audio-visual translation on the other hand.
Taking a quick path unto automation and digitalization, the translation
profession nowadays looks into practical techniques to help translators produce
more and waste less. The new course ‘Technology for Translators and
Interpreters’ in the Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting with a
focus on CAT tools and translation software programs does not only train
learners on computer-assisted translation, but takes them directly into the on-
line translation environment. To satisfy a need for the translator as intercultural
communicator, also derived from globalization and the spread of new
technologies, new courses such as literary translation and audiovisual
translation were offered in a Career Certificate in Media and Literary
Translation.
The changes in the translation market have been given due focus in the
advanced courses such as Advanced Translation Problem-Solving Strategies
and Translation Portfolio and Project, which focus on topics such as translation
market and environment, project management in translation, code of ethics etc.
Learners in the Professional Diploma in Translation and the Professional
Diploma in Translation and Interpreting are nourished from day one on the
highest standards of professionalism of translation as an activity in the market
of service, of translation as a translator/client relationship and translation as a
mental process.
Furthermore, the translation diploma at ATS can be viewed as comprising three
stages. The first stage (The Foundation Certificate in Translation and
Interpreting) develops all basic translation skills required to produce an
acceptable translation including command of the language, familiarity with
iv
culture, computer skills and e-tools for translators, background knowledge, and
contrastive and transfer skills between the source and the target languages.
Finishing this stage, a trainee can produce a good translation of a general text
but not necessarily of a specialized text such as legal, UN and journalistic texts.
The second stage (The Career Certificate in Legal and UN Translation and The
Career Certificate in Literary and Audiovisual Translation) focus on the text-
specific features in translation so that a trainee can be able to produce a
translation in a specialized field. After the career certificate, the trainee can
produce a sound translation in a certain specialization, but he may not be aware
of many factors related to the environment of translation such as certain code of
ethics, rates, project management etc. The diploma is the level of
professionalism which makes the trainee ready to go to the market after being
enlightened on many issues related to translation theory and the translation
market.
Dr. Hussein Ali
Director, Arabic and Translation Studies Division
v
The American University in Cairo
School of Continuing Education
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
CURRICULUM DESIGN FORM
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Course Code: STTI102
Course Type (Regular / Customized): Regular/Customized
Number of Continuing Education Units (CEUs): 3.0 1
Target Audience:
Learners who are seeking knowledge on and skills at rendering the functions of grammatical
structures and stylistic devices between English and Arabic; trainees/translators seeking help with
problem-solving techniques at the levels of grammar and stylistics
Course Pre-requisites (if any): 1. None
Course Description:
This course is an exploration of how the differences between English and Arabic grammar and
stylistics are dealt with in translation, an investigation of how professional translators handle the
differences between English and Arabic in translation, and practice of the different techniques of
translation between English and Arabic.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this course, learners will be able to
1. contrast different sentence structures in English and Arabic;
2. translate appropriately different sentence structures in English and Arabic;
3. contrast tense and aspect in English and Arabic;
4. translate appropriately tense and aspect between English and Arabic;
5. contrast passive voice in English and Arabic;
6. translate appropriately passive voice between English and Arabic;
7. contrast punctuation in English and Arabic;
8. render appropriately punctuation between English and Arabic;
9. contrast adverbs and adverbial phrases in English and Arabic;
10. translate appropriately adverbs and adverbial phrases between English and Arabic;
11. contrast adjectives and adjectival phrases in English and Arabic;
12. translate appropriately adjectives and adjectival phrases between Arabic and English;
13. contrast sentence connectors in English and Arabic;
14. translate appropriately sentence connectors between English and Arabic;
15. contrast affixation in English and Arabic; and
16. translate appropriately affixation between Arabic and English.
1 Offered as customized; the number of CEUs depends on client's request.
vi
Instructional Materials:
1. Contrastive Grammar and stylistics. ATS Student Workbook. (Updated Every Term)
2. Baker, M. (1992). In other words. London: Routledge
3. Ghazala, Hasan. (2004). "Stylistic semantic and grammatical functions of punctuation in English
Arabic translation". Babel 50:3. 230-245.
4. Malmkjaer, K. (2005). Linguistics and the language of translation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
Syllabus / Training Outline:
Serial* Title/subtitle Assignment
1 Orientation and theoretical introduction
Tenses and aspects;
Selected readings on
theories of contrastive
analysis and translation
Selected readings on
sentence structures in
English and Arabic
Selected readings on
English and Arabic tense
and aspect
Controlled practice on
translating tense and
aspect.
2 Tenses and aspects;
Conditional
Controlled practice on
translating conditionals in
English and Arabic
3 Voice
Quiz 1
Controlled practice on
translating active and
passive in English and
Arabic
Selected readings on voice
in English and Arabic
4 Affixations and collocations Controlled practice on
translating affixation and
collocations in English
and Arabic
5 Adjectives
Quiz 2
Controlled practice on
translating adjectives in
English and Arabic
* Session: In this course one session equals 2.5 contact hours.
vii
6 Adverbs and adverbial phrases Controlled practice on
translating adverbs and
adverbial phrases in
English and Arabic
Selected readings on
adverbs and adverbial
phrases in English and
Arabic 7 Sentence connectors
Punctuation
Controlled practice on
translating sentence
connectors in English
and Arabic
Selected readings on
sentence connectors in
English and Arabic
Controlled practice on
translating punctuation
devices in English and
Arabic
8 Models and articles
Quiz 3
Controlled practice on
translating modals and
articles in English and
Arabic
9 Thematic organization of information
Controlled practice on
thematic organization of
information
10 Translation at paragraph level
Distribution of the final
Project
11 Translation at paragraph level
12 Discussion of project
viii
Instructional Methods:
Learners will experience interactive, practice and skill-based learning; methods of teaching in this
course also include group work and case studies of published translations.
Assessment of Learning Outcomes
Frequency**
: Three assessments and a project.
Type: Written tests and/or projects.
Classroom assessments should not take more than 30 minutes.
The first two assessments should be recorded in the class folder by session 7.
Learners’ grades are based upon three assessments during the course (70%) and an end-of-term
exam (30%).
Instructors are required to provide learners with appropriate feedback on their performance
throughout the course.
For all written courses, three assessments at least should be conducted as follows:
Session 3 20 points Session 5 25 points Session 8 25 points Project 30 points Total 100 points
For further information or Inquiries: Please see the Assistant Division Director for Regular Programs
in Room 617 SCE, or call 2797-6873, or email [email protected]
**
Exact dates will be announced in class two sessions before the quiz, exam, or project is due.
ix
x
Classroom Guidelines for SCE Learners
CLASSROOM GUIDELINES FOR SCE
LEARNERS المستمرإرشادات خاصة بالدارسين بكلية التعليم
Attendance Policy:
You must attend at least 75% of the class sessions. Failure to do so will result in failing the course, although you will be allowed to attend classes.
سياسة الحضور:
من عدد 57يجب أن تحضر نسبة ال تقل عن %حالة عدم االلتزام بذلك، محاضرات المادة الدراسية. وفي
ستعتبر راسبا في المادة، غير أنه سيسمح لك بحضور المحاضرات.
Punctuality Policy:
You are expected to arrive on time for all scheduled classes and laboratory sessions.
You will be considered late if you enter the class any time after the start of instruction.
You are allowed to be late twice without penalty. All successive instances of tardiness will be counted as absences, although you will be allowed to attend the class.
سياسة االنضباط في المواعيد:
عليك مراعاة الحضور في الموعد المحدد لكل المحاضرات والمعامل وفقا للجدول المحدد.
تعتبر متأخرا إذا دخلت الفصل في أي وقت بعد بدء الدرس.
يسمح لك بالتأخر مرتين دون محاسبة. وسيتم اعتبار كلياب، غير أنه مرات التأخر التالية على أنها حاالت غ
سيسمح لك بحضور المحاضرات.
Grading System:
Learners are assessed throughout the term by tests, quizzes, assignments, projects or other means of evaluation. End-of-term achievement tests measure learners’ overall performance in the course.
The final grade in each course is based on learners’ performance on continual assessment measures and the final test.
Final course grades are NOT based on attendance, since in accordance with SCE’s attendance policy, learners must attend at least 75% of the class sessions in order to be allowed to take the final examination.
At the end of each term, final course grades are posted on the divisional bulletin boards along with learners’ ID numbers, NOT their names. Accordingly, the ID number is necessary to know your course grade.
نظام التقويم والتقديرات:
عن طريق الدورة الدراسيةيتم تقويم الدارسين خاللاالختبارات، أو االمتحانات الموجزة، أو الواجبات، أو
تقيس والمشروعات، أو أي وسائل أخرى للتقويم. اختبارات التحصيل في نهاية الفصل الدراسي األداء العام
ل الدورة.للدارسين خال
يعتمد التقدير النهائي في كل دورة على أداء الدارسين في التقويم المستمر واالختبار النهائي.
"فطبقا ال يعتمد تقدير نهاية الدورة على نسبة "الحضور ،% 57حضور الدارسينيتعين على جميع لسياسة الكلية
لهم بحضوراختبار نهاية يسمح حتىمن عدد المحاضرات الدورة.
في نهاية أي دورة دراسية، تعلن تقديرات الدارسين علىلوحة اإلعالنات الخاصة بكل قسم، مقرونة بأرقام الدارسين، وليس بأسمائهم؛ وعليه فإن رقم الدارس
ضروري لمعرفة نتيجة المادة الدراسية.
Incomplete Grade:
An incomplete grade (I) for any scheduled course may be given at the discretion of the course instructor only to learners who have attended the course, but cannot sit for the final examination or cannot complete course requirements due to circumstances beyond their control.
In order to record the final course grade, all requirements should be completed before the end of the second week of the following term. Failure to change an incomplete grade will result in the final grade being recorded as "F".
رات غير المكتملة:التقدي
مكتمليسمح بمنح تقدير غير (“I”, Incomplete وذلك )
بناء على تقدير مدرس الدورة. وال يتم هذا اإلجراء إال مع الطلبة الذين انتظموا في الدورة لكنهم ال يستطيعون أداء االختبار النهائي أو استكمال متطلبات الدورة لظروف
خارجة عن إرادتهم.
جميع استيفاءأجل تسجيل التقدير النهائي للدورة ينبغي منمتطلبات قبل نهاية األسبوع الثاني من الفصل الدراسي ال
. وفي حالة عدم تغيير تقدير "غير مكتمل" سيتحول التالي التقدير النهائي في التسجيل إلى "راسب".
xi
Learner Evaluation of Instruction:
Learner evaluation of instruction is very important. Based upon your response and comments, changes can be made.
Please take these evaluations seriously and answer all the questions honestly. Remember that instructors are not permitted to see their evaluation results until after your grades are posted.
SCE values your input.
تقويم الدارس لعملية التدريس:
إن تقويم الدارس لعملية التدريس هام للغاية. فبناء على استجابتك وتعليقاتك، يمكن عمل التغييرات الالزمة.
يرجى مراعاة الجدية في عمليات التقويم واإلجابة عن كلر أنه ال يسمح للمدرسين برؤية نتائج األسئلة بأمانة. تذك
التقويم إال بعد إعالن النتائج النهائية للدارسين.
.ر كلية التعليم المستمر مشاركتك في هذا التقويم تقد
Learner Petitions and Grievances:
You may appeal to a division administrator in any aspect pertaining to class instruction, learning environment, or administration processes.
You may seek resolution at higher administrative levels if the matter is not resolved. The decision of the Associate Dean for Instructional Affairs is final.
Anonymous complaints or petitions will be completely disregarded. All petitions are handled with discretion, protecting your best interests.
التماسات الدارسين وتظلماتهم:
من حقك أن تتقدم بشكوى ألحد مديري األقسام تتعلق بأيمن الجوانب الخاصة بالتدريس في الفصل، أو البيئة
اإلدارية. التعليمية أو اإلجراءات
يجوز لك اللجوء إلى مستويات إدارية أعلى إذا لم يتم حلالمشكلة. ويكون قرار العميد المشارك للشئون التعليمية
قرارا نهائيا.
سيتم تجاهل كل الشكاوى أو االلتماسات التي ال تتضمناسم صاحبها، وتعامل كل االلتماسات في إطار من السرية
ين. وبما يخدم مصالح الدارس
Cheating:
Cheating is not acceptable in an institution dedicated to learning. Cheating includes giving or receiving information during an examination, using unauthorized material during an examination, and other acts of academic dishonesty, including plagiarism.
If you are caught cheating on the final examination, your final course grade will be recorded as ‘F’.
The penalty for a second offense is automatic suspension from studying at SCE for one 12-week term and failing the course.
In instances of a third offense, you will be permanently dismissed from SCE.
الغش:
الغش غير مقبول في أي من المؤسسات التي تكرسجهودها للتعليم. ويشمل الغش إعطاء أو تلقي معلومات أثناء االختبار، واستخدام مواد يحظـر استخدامها أثناء
تتصف بعدم األمانة االختبار، وصدور أي أفعال األكاديمية، بما في ذلك سرقة اإلنتاج الفكري.
في حال ضبط الدارس وهو يقوم بالغش في االختبارل درجته النهائية لهذه المادة الدراسية بـ " " Fالنهائي، تسج
)راسبا(.
الغش للمرة الثانية هو إيقاف الدارس تلقائيا من عقابالدراسة في كلية التعليم المستمر لمدة فصل دراسي واحد
أسبوعا والرسوب في المادة الدراسية. 21مدته
وفي حالة تكرار الغش للمرة الثالثة، سيتم فصل الدارس نهائيا من كلية التعليم المستمر.
Harassment:
SCE does not tolerate any form of harassment, including sexual harassment.
Sexual harassment is any conduct of a sexual nature that significantly impairs a person’s ability or opportunity to perform his or her job or educational pursuits.
SCE is committed to providing a secure educational and work environment for its learners, instructors, staff, and administrators.
التحرش:
ال تسمح كلية التعليم المستمر بأي شكل من أشكال التحرش، بما في ذلك التحرش الجنسي.
طبيعة جنسية يفسد التحرش الجنسي هو أي تصرف ذيبدرجة كبيرة قدرة الشخص أو فرصته للقيام بأنشطته
الخاصة بالعمل أو الدراسة.
تلتزم كلية التعليم المستمر بتوفير بيئة آمنة للتعليم والعمل لدارسيها، ومدرسيها، والعاملين بها، ومديريها.
Photocopying:
Photocopying textbooks and original content including computer software is a violation of AUC copyright and photocopying policies and thus will not be allowed in SCE classes.
النسخ:
يعد نسخ كتب المقررات الدراسية والمحتوى األصلي، بمافي ذلك نسخ برامج الحاسب اآللي، مخالفا لسياسات حقوق
الجامعة األمريكية بالقاهرة، وبالتالي غير النشر والنسخ ب مسموح بذلك في فصول كلية التعليم المستمر.
xii
Smoking:
Smoking is not allowed in any SCE building, including classes, lounges, workspaces, single-occupancy offices, balconies, stairwells, open-areas within buildings, and outside the entrance of buildings.
التدخين:
لتعليم غير مسموح بالتدخين في أي مبنى من مباني كلية االمستمر بما في ذلك الفصول، وقاعات االنتظار، واألماكن المخصصة للعمل، وحتى المكاتب التي يشغلها موظف واحد، والشـرفات، وبئر السلم، والمساحات المفتوحة داخل
المباني، وخارج مداخل المباني.
Cellular / Mobile Phone:
SCE prohibits the use of cellular/mobile phones in the classroom and during the administration of entrance and end-of-term testing sessions.
You should turn off your phone during any class time and/or testing session.
استخدام الهاتف المحمول:
التعليم المستمر استخدام الهواتف المحمولة في تمنع كليةالفصل، وأثناء اختبارات القبول، واختبارات نهاية الفصل
الدراسي.
يجب إغالق الهاتف أثناء أي محاضرة أو أثناء االختبارات.
Misconduct:
Acceptable adult behavior is expected of SCE learners in the classroom and on university campuses.
Breach of such behavior will be reported by the instructor to the Division Director, and learners involved will be referred to the Learner Disciplinary Committee.
إساءة التصرف:
من الدارسين بكلية التعليم المستمر التحلي بسلوك يراعى ناضج ومقبول في الفصول وداخل حرم الجامعة ومبانيها.
وسيقوم مدرس الفصل بإبالغ أي سلوك مخالف لمديرويحول الدارسون المشتركون في هذا السلوك إلى القسم،
لجنة تأديب.
xiii
Table of Contents
Session Number: One ............................................................................................................... 2
Tenses .................................................................................................................................... 3
Tenses (PowerPoint) ............................................................................................................ 7
Tenses – Exercises .............................................................................................................. 13
Session Number: Two ............................................................................................................ 16
Conditional in English and Arabic ................................................................................... 17
Session Number: Three .......................................................................................................... 22
Active & Passive ................................................................................................................. 23
Passive & Active (PowerPoint) ......................................................................................... 28
Session Number: Four ............................................................................................................ 30
Affixations ........................................................................................................................... 31
42 ...................................................................................................................................االشتقاق
46 ............................................................................................................................. صيغ المبالغة
Collocations ........................................................................................................................ 49
Exercises on Collocations .................................................................................................. 50
Idioms .................................................................................................................................. 51
What is a Fixed Expression? ............................................................................................. 52
Fixed Expressions Quiz ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Session Number: Five ............................................................................................................ 54
Adjectives ............................................................................................................................ 55
Modifiers ............................................................................................................................. 59
Adjectives PowerPoint ....................................................................................................... 62
Adjectives …. Exercises ..................................................................................................... 65
Session Number: Six .............................................................................................................. 72
Adverbs … Handout ......................................................................................................... 73
Adverbs … Exercises ........................................................................................................ 81
Session Number: Seven .......................................................................................................... 82
PUNCTUATION ................................................................................................................ 83
87 ........................................................................................................................... عالمات الترقيم
Sentence Connectors .......................................................................................................... 91
Connectors .......................................................................................................................... 94
Session Number: Eight ......................................................................................................... 100
Models and Articles ......................................................................................................... 101
Session Number: Nine .......................................................................................................... 110
Session Number: Ten ........................................................................................................... 114
Session Number: Eleven ...................................................................................................... 116
Session Number: Tweleve .................................................................................................... 118
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 1
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 2
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: One
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will explore the differences between English and Arabic
verb tenses, and how professional translators handle the differences. They will also
practice different translation techniques from English into Arabic and vice versa.
The main question that should be asked is “What is the function of the structure and
how should this function be carried out in the target languate?” For example, the
function of the present perfect is to give news of recent events, where as the function
is performed by the use of the past tense in Arabic.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- contrast tense and aspect in English and Arabic; and
- translate appropriately tense and aspect from English into Arabic and vice versa.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Assignments:
- Selected readings on theories of contrastive analysis and translation.
- Selected readings on sentence structures in English and Arabic.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 3
Tenses What is a tense? Tense in English means a system marked by verb inflection or auxiliaries whose
basic use is to locate the situation in time or to express certain time relations.
Present Simple: When we talk about permanent situations, or about things that happen regularly,
repeatedly or all the time (not just around now), we use the simple present tense.
Simple present tense is used to indicate: Facts: Ex. The sun rises in the East.
Habits: Ex. The British drink tea a lot.
Making declarations: By the authority vested in me, I now pronounce you
husband and wife.
Senses: did you hear that?
Mental & Emotional states: think, feel, believe, belong, doubt, know, matter,
mean, prefer, understand, suppose, suspect, want, wish, depend.
Communication of Reactions: agree, astonish, deny, disagree, impress,
please, promise, satisfy, surprise.
With Frequency Adverbs: Ex. He usually practices 90 minutes of yoga
every morning.
Timetabled future:
Ex. The president holds talks with his French counterpart on Wednesday.
The plane arrives at 10 AM.
Present Continuous (Progressive) It indicates contemporary or continuing actions that are going around now. In other
words, it indicates:
Actions that are in progress at the moment: I'm staying in a hotel until I find a suitable apartment.
Complaints and bad habits
You are always telling lies. (Bad habit) الكذب.دوما ما تقول أنت
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 4
Description of change & development
Things are getting worse. األمور سوءا. تزداد
Gradual Change
The status quo in the Arab world is deteriorating.
Note: Present Continuous is sometimes used to indicate future plans:
The prime minister is meeting the new ministers late this afternoon.
Present Perfect This tense indicates:
Giving news of recent events: The government has announced the new
Cabinet.
No time reference: I have visited the Caribbean islands many times.
Up to the present
I have not seen “Romeo and Juliet”. من قبل“ روميو وجولييت” أشاهد لم.
She’s never apologized for anything in her life.
The result at hand (connected with the present): I've broken my leg.
Not distant in time and place (on part of the speaker) I've left my wallet in the car. (Speaker about to return)
Something happened several times up to the present:
I have written six letters since morning. الصباح. منذخطابات قمت بكتابة ستة
Present Perfect Continuous This tense is used mainly to talk about situations that started in the past and are
still going on.
Emphasis of a duration I've been waiting for you all morning. .ظللت فى انتظارك طوال الصباح
A habitual action in a period of time up to the present I've been jogging every morning since I quit my job.
أمارس الهرولة كل صباح منذ ان تركت وظيفتى.
Incomplete action that continued over a period of time I've been ironing this shirt. (I haven’t finished ironing yet.)
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 5
Simple Past Tense It refers to a completed action, state, and habits in the past (with definite time
reference).
Last year I changed my career from a stockbroker into a real estate agent.
Note: simple past is used to when distancing oneself.
I left my wallet in the car. (I'm not near my car.)
Past continuous Actions in progress (often interrupted by other actions)
While we were trying to find a solution to the problem, the CEO suggested a
brilliant idea.
Changing states
Your behavior was getting worse. سوءا. كان سلوكك يزداد
Past Perfect This tense refers to an event in the distant past before another in the past.
When I came back, someone had stolen my wallet. I guess I had forgotten to lock
the locker.
Note: When past events are reported in their order of occurrence, there will be no
need for the past perfect; the need would arise if the events were reported out of
their sequence.
Future with “Will”
We use will to refer to the future in the following situations:
Description of what we suppose to be true:
That will be Jim at the door.
Immediate (spur of the moment) decision:
I'll take this one.
Future with “Be Going to” Intention or plan:
I'm going to do my best to be there on time.
An event whose cause is present:
Look at the tree! It is going to fall.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 6
Decisions referring to a more distant point in the future:
Next year, I'm going to work as a reporter.
Future Continuous: An event that will be continuing at a future point
Come around in the morning, I'll be cooking in the kitchen.
An event that will happen anyway, rather than events we choose to make
happen
I won't fix a time to see you as I'll be calling into the office anyway.
Fixed arrangements:
The band will be performing next spring.
Future Perfect: To express assumptions on the part of the speaker that a particular action will be
finished by a future point
The builders say they’ll have finished the roof by Tuesday.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 7
Tenses (PowerPoint)
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 8
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 9
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 10
I. Translate the following sentences into Arabic showing the function of the tense in
each sentence, and how to convey it into the target language:
1. There is often tension in balancing the “happiness” factor between individuals and
social wants, needs, and desires.
2. We celebrate Halloween every year on October 31.
3. The platform of the Democratic Party stressed the importance of the economic
reform.
4. The manifesto of Al Wafd party includes all their views and motives.
5. The Central Intelligence Agency has concluded that China has recently delivered
important components for missile systems to Iran and Pakistan.
6. EEAA has exerted enormous efforts to conserve environment in Egypt.
7. In 1979 the Conservative party has won the general election making Margaret
Thatecher Britain’s first ever woman prime minister.
8. Previous government attempts to find a consensus on terror laws have failed but
the London bombs appear to have changed that.
9. He observed that the economy had expanded steadily since 1981
10. NASA scientists had thought they'd solved the technical problems which have
dogged the Space Agency.
11. China’s birth control policies have been criticized as draconian, especially the
“one-child” policy.
II. Translate the following into English, showing the function of the tenses included
and how to convey them into English:
لونزا الطيورأعلن مأمور سجن القناطر عن ظهور سبع حاالت مصابة بإنف .1
استقال محافظ البنك المركزى بناء على طلب العاملين بالبنك .2
تحتفل القوات المسلحة الثالثاء القادم بعيد " يوم البحرية" فى ذكرى اغراق المدمرة اإلسرائيلية إيالت فى .3
1691اكتوبر 21
ية؛ لكنها تزيد من اوضح الرئيس ان التعديالت الدستورية الجديدة ال تضيف اى ميزة لرئيس الجمهور .4
المشاركة الشعبية فى اتخاذ القرار
III. Translate the following taking into consideration the function of the tenses
included and the brief:
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 11
Exercise one:
Target group: employees of health services and young managers
Text type : Self reporting questionnaire on teamwork and total quality management
- The first part of the questionnaire asks non-identifying demographic data. The
second part is composed of statements that represent items of teamwork that
may influence TQM. You are requested to mark the best response which
reflects your own beliefs. The third part asks you to respond to open-ended
questions. In this part you can write what you would like to add and believe
was not addressed in the questionnaire items.
- Management Support
Exercise two:
Target group: Same as previous
Text type : Same questionnaire- some items
- Teams are active and their input is appreciated by management
- Management encourages multidisciplinary, multilevel team decisions
- Management gives incentives to promote teamwork.
- Management consults appropriate employees to solve quality issues
- Incentives are given to employee who participates in setting quality plans.
- Management appreciates employee work based only on their performance.
Exercise three:
Brief: academic paper review
Context: workshop
Target group: young researchers
- This section will explore the various ways in which resistance to change has
been unmasked in the literature and the areas that perhaps did not capture much
attention by the researchers in general.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 12
Exercise four: Target: Children with special needs educators
Text type: Book: In Early Childhood Through Middle School: Laying the Foundation
- Scenario: Jacob was born with Down syndrome, severe cognitive delays, and
additional health problems to parents who understood that Jacob would need
special attention. Even before Jacob was born, hospital officials had connected
the family with agencies and resource people who helped them understand how
the family could best help Jacob in his years as an infant. The connections to
agencies and resources continued into his toddler days and through his
transitions into public school.
Exercise five:
Target group: doctors
Text type : Medical report
Brief History:
- Patient is a known case of mitral steno-sis presented in ER with left side
weakness. CT Brain shows right tempero parietal infarc.
- Echo- rheumatic heart with infected endocraditis. As per patient’s condition
improves, trans out to the ward where he developed respiratory distress, heart
failure and aspiration pneumonia. Admitted again to the ICU, intubated and
ventilated.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 13
Tenses – Exercises
ليس بالغ السوء لكنه سيكون أسوأ إذا لم نكن أكثر حرصا على تحقيق األمن أن الوضع الحالى .1
واالستقرار.
شركات أخرى وإن كنت ال أملك فيها سهما واحدا، إال 3كنت رئيسا لشركة وعضوا منتدبا لـ .2
أننى كنت أتعامل وأفكر وأدير بمنطق وعقلية المستثمر.
ها كانت تتضمن اقتراحا باللجوء إلى االقتراض الدولى لسد إن الموازنة العامة للدولة قبل تعديل .3
العجز .
بحلول شهر أغسطس المقبل سنكون قد إنتهينا من وضع اللمسات األخيرة للمشروع. .4
كنت أتمنى لو أنى رأيتها عندما زرتك. .5
.طءأعلن الرئيس األمريكى، باراك أوباما، أن االقتصاد األمريكى مر بأزمة وهو يتعافى منها بب .6
من المقرر أن تعلن الحكومة األسبوع المقبل الخطة الجديدة لمكافحة العجز والبطالة وكيفية دعم .7
.النمو والوظائف
أعلن سيلفا كير، رئيس حكومة جنوب السودان، أنه اختار مدينة القدس مقرا لسفارة بالده في .8
.إسرائيل بدال من تل أبيب
.شامال إلعادة هيكلة قطاع األعمال العام تدرس الحكومة حاليا مشروعا .9
منذ أكثر من أربعة أشهر والعنف يتصاعد يوميا في سوريا بعد أن اتخذ بشار األسر قرارا .11
.استراتيجيا باستئصال الثورة وعدم التفاهم معه
أطلق فريق من شباب الثوار مبادرة مصرية إلكترونية لكسب التأييد العالمي إلسقاط ومبادلة .11
.المصرية لدي الواليات المتحدة األمريكية وغيرها من الدول الديون
. تعيش إسرائيل في حالة من الذعر والترقب في انتظار الموقف المصري من اتفاقية كامب ديفيد .12
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 14
1. The blast Thursday that killed Stephen Everhart, who was working for the U.S.
Agency for International Development, was the second in a week in the Iraqi capital
that targeted embassy personnel.
2. Tunisia, the country where the Arab Spring uprisings began this year, has joined the
International Criminal Court, becoming the first North African country to do so.
3. I was sorry when Jacky moved to America; we had been good friends since university
days.
4. Obama said when I came into office, this economy was in a freefall, and the economy
has stabilized.
5. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights has said more than 2,000 people -- mostly
demonstrators -- have died since the uprising began in mid-March.
6. Movie producer Khoury had planned to make two series for this Ramadan, but the
other had to be postponed until next year because several members of his team were
too busy participating in the revolution to work on it.
7. Egyptian Gabriel Khoury's first foray into television drama "Dawaran Chobra" is
being watched by millions on four channels every night during the holy month of
Ramadan.
8. This year we have tried to break the mold with a good quality series without the big
names.
9. Despite violence and political uncertainty sweeping the country, Syria's production of
Ramadan drama continued largely undisturbed in the capital Damascus.
10. The United Nations' World Food Programme was sending 600 tons of food
commodities for the Red Cross to distribute in Tripoli.
11. A group of University of Kentucky students and staff has been patrolling campus
grounds -- scouting out any student, employee or visitor lighting a cigarette.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 15
12. This year, we've certainly become aware of how social media can coordinate the
activities of protesters and rebels acting against repressive regimes.
13. The Arab Spring was initiated on Facebook pages, orchestrated through Twitter
accounts, and video recorded on cell phones.
14. In a brave and noble move, the United Kingdom's Advertising Standards Agency this
week issued a ban on two makeup advertisements.
15. There has been a string of scientific studies in recent years showing a potential health
benefit from eating chocolate.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 16
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Two
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will explore the differences between the English and Arabic
conditional, and how professional translators handle the differences. They will also
practice different translation techniques from English into Arabic and vice versa.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- contrast the conditional in English and Arabic; and
- translate appropriately the conditional from English into Arabic and vice versa.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Assignments:
- Controlled practice on translating tense and aspect from English into Arabic and vice
versa.
- Controlled practice on translating conditionals from English into Arabic and vice
versa.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 17
Conditional in English and Arabic
Conditional in Arabic is understood at the lexical level, while in English it's
understood at the syntactic level.
Suggest Arabic Translations:
There are four main types of 'if' conditional in English:
CASE ZERO:
- Formation: present simple + present simple
- Usage:
1. It expresses universal fact:
If you heat ice, it melts. (Universal fact)
2. It expresses personal fact:
If I drink coffee, I get a headache. (Personal fact)
3. It is also used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main
clause:
If he phones, tell him I'll be back at 5:00.
CASE I:
- Formation: Present simple + "will + infinitive
- Usage: to express real possibility in the future.
If you study, you will succeed. (Present in form, future in meaning)
CASE II:
- Formation: Past simple + "would + infinitive
- Usage:
1. to express untrue present, unlikely future, probable result
If you studied hard, you would succeed (Past in form but present in
meaning)
If you won the prize, what would you do?
2. Imaginary present
If I were you, I would say the truth.
I was not on that occasion and I'll never be
If I had been you, I would have said the truth.
I was not on that occasion, but I may be in future.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 18
CASE III:
Formation: Past perfect + "would + have + P.P.
Usage: Imaginary past – impossible past
If you had studied hard, you would have succeeded.
If the test had been easier, I'd have had a full mark.
If I had been elected US president, I would have reduced taxes.
Exceptions:
Imaginary Present: “were” replaces “was”
If I were a queen, I would have lived in a palace.
III + II = Present result of a past condition
Past perfect / if clause + would + infinitive / main clause.
If I had accepted that job I would be a millionaire now.
If I had married him I would be happy now.
The time is past in the If-clause & present in the main clause.
Unreal past condition + its probable result in the present.
II + III = Past result of a present or continuing condition
Simple past / If clause + would have + P.P. / main clause.
If I didn't love him I wouldn't have married him.
=
I still love him and that is why I married him.
Unreal present situation + its probable (but unreal) past result.
If I were a good cook, I would have invited them to lunch.
=
I am not a good cook so I can't invite them to lunch.
If I spoke English, I would have got a better job.
If I knew him, I would have said Hello
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 19
ADVICE:
Take 2 days off, if that will help you to recover.
INSISTENCE:
If she will (insists on) smoke so heavily,
it's not surprising she has a disease in the heart.
REQUEST:
If you will just fill in this form, you can hand it in the reception.
INVERSION:
Had he studied hard, he would have entered faculty of engineering. Should you have any questions, do not hesitate to ask me.
UNLESS: is used instead of "if not"
Unless you got an ID, you wouldn't have access to the library.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 20
In Zero case "if" is mostly replaced by "when" (time clause).
If in front position is more emphatic and put a comma.
Request:
ex: It will be nice if you help me. (direct request - Type 1)
ex: It would be nice if you helped me. (more polite request - Type 2)
Type I: Future tense may be used in both clauses. This is particularly
common in polite requests.
ex: If you will marry me, I will love you forever.
(More polite than 'If you marry me…')
ex: If you would marry me, I will love you forever.
(More polite than 'If you will marry me…')
Type I: "be + going to" often replaces "will" to emphasize a certain
result.
ex: If you skip your classes, you are going to fail.
For example:
If she gets good grades, she will go to university.
We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition
and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to
university.
Other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence.
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence. For example:
IF Condition Result Possibility
If she gets
good grades,
she will go to
university.
If the condition is met, then she
definitely will go
If he gets good
grades,
he may go to
university.
He is not sure about going to
university.
If she gets
good grades,
she should go to
university.
The speaker is expressing his or her
opinion, giving advice.
If he gets good
grades,
he can go to
university.
This means that it is possible.
If she gets
good grades,
she could go to
university.
This means that it is possible, but not
that likely.
If he gets good
grades,
he might go to
university.
This means that it is possible, but not
that likely.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 21
من ، ما ، مهما ، متى ، أيان ، أين ، حيثما ، كيفما ، كلماأدوات الشرط:
)من يجتهد ينجح(: اسم شرط للعاقل من
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)ما يزرع المرء يحصد(: اسم شرط لغير العاقل مـا
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)مهما تبذل من جهد فلن تنهى العمل اليوم(لغير العاقل : اسم شرط مهما
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)لوال الهواء ماعاش انسان(: حرف امتناع الجواب لوجود الشرط لوال
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)متى تجتهد يرض هللا عنك(: اسم شرط جازم يفيد الزمان متى
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)أيان تطع هللا يساعدك(: اسم شرط جازم للزمان المستقبل أيان
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)أين تسقط األمطار تخضر األرض(: اسم شرط للمكان أيـن
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)حيثما تذهب تجد أصدقاء( : اسم شرط للمكان حيثما
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)كيفما تعامل اآلخرين يعاملوك(: اسم شرط يدل على الحال كيفما
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
كلما قرأت ازددت معرفة -: تفيد التكرار كلما
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
كلما زارنى أكرمته
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 22
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Three
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will explore the differences between the English and Arabic
active and passive, and how professional translators handle the differences. They
will also practice different translation techniques from English into Arabic and vice
versa. Assessment 1 will be given in this session.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- contrast the active and passive in English and Arabic; and
- translate appropriately the active and passive from English into Arabic and vice
versa.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Assignments:
- Controlled practice on translating simple and continuous aspects.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 23
Active & Passive
Arabic tends to use the actuve more frequently, whereas passive voice is inherent in the
English language structure.
A professional translator should know that not every active vocie case in Arabic is
necessarily translated to active in English; it might be better rendered with the passive
voice.
Likewise, not every passive case in English is necessarily translated into passive voice in
Arabic; it might be better rendered with active vocie.
When is Passive voice is used in English? 1. When the doer of the verb is not known from the text or the situation as a whole.
When they got back from their holiday they found that their home had been
burgled.
2. When the doer is known but is not really important.
The streets are swept every day.
3. When the subject or the doer of the active verb is generic; "people" or the infinite
pronoun ONE; OR the doer can be easily understood from the context,(in this case it
is better to translate the sentence to مبني للمعلوم in Arabic).
French is spoken in France, Switzerland and Belgium.
This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.
4. When we are more interested in the action than the person who does it.
A large amount of the company’s shares were sold last Wednesday.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 24
5. When the doer is known but is of little importance compared to the action. In this
case, the English mentions the doer after "by"
The notes were written by the committee.
(These kind of sentences must be translated in Arabic to the active.Thus it would be
inaccurate to translate the word "by" using "من قبل ")
6. The passive may be used to avoid an awkward or ungrammatical sentence. This is
usually done by avoiding a change of subject.
When their mother got sick, the children were looked after by neighbors.
7. Passive is used with some verbs that collocate or exist with a single known doer: Ex.
arrest, sentence, acquit. (In this case translation of the sentences would be better if
we use the active voice)
He was arrested on charges of spying.
ة القبض عليه بتهمة التجسس. ألقت قوات الشرط
8. Passive is also used when the speaker gets someone to do the act for him.
I got or (had) my car repaired last week
. أصلحت سيارتي في األسبوع الماضي
(Here the translator is dealing with a cultural aspect since it is very unusual in Arabic to
indicate that an (agent) carried out an act for the speaker. Hence the Arabic would tend
to use فعل و فاعل المتحدث)
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 25
Choice between “get” and “be” The action is unexpected, involuntary or possibly unwelcome.
When he picked up the phone we got cut off.
An achievement based on something that has been built up beforehand.
She got elected.
An achievement in the face of difficulty.
I finally got accepted for the job.
GET or HAVE
To describe things we arranged to be done for us.
I got/had my nails polished.
“BY” and “WITH”
''By'' indicates an animate agent. Ex.: by the police.
''With'' indicate an inanimate instrument. Ex.: with a stick.
Compare: I was hit with a branch.
I was hit by a branch.
Verbs not used in the passive Note that:
Not all verbs can have passive forms. Passive forms are impossible with intransitive
verbs which cannot have objects like: die, arrive
Some transitive verbs, too, are seldom used in the passive form. Most of these are
‘stative verbs’ (verbs which refer to states, not actions) such as: fit, have, lack,
resemble, suit.
My summer clothes don’t fit me any more.
Some prepositional verbs are mainly used in the active voice.
Everybody agreed with my opinion.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 26
Passive in modern standard Arabic:
Usages of المبنى للمجهول are restricted to some cases:
يكون الفاعل مجهوال،عندما
مثال: سرقت سيارتى.
المعلوم منها البته : إذا كان الفعل من األفعال الالزمة لصيغة المجهول التي لم يستخدم
توفي، سل ،أغشى عليه ، جن جنونه.
في اللغة اإلنجليزية ولكن هذه الصيغة ال تنصاع في الترجمة ليظل المبنى للمجهول صيغة أحيانا يأخذ الفعل
في اللغة العربية للفعل المطاوعل، وحينئذ يكون اللجوء المعنى مجهوال أيضا في اللغة العربية بدون وجود مفعو
أفضل.
The law was twice amended. ل القانون مرتين(تعدل القانون مرتين )ترجمة أفضل من عد
The meeting was held yesterday. (بدال من عقد االجتماع)انعقد االجتماع أمس.
للمجهول في اللغة االنجليزية: بنيالمأحيانا تترجم جملة الموصول إلي
في حفل العشاء الذي أقامه الرئيس تكريما للرئيس الفرنسي، راح الرئيس يروى طرائف حول رحلته األخيرة
لفرنسا.
At the banquet held by the president in honor of the French president, our president went
on telling anecdotes about his last trip to France.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 27
بعض األساليب فى اللغة العربية:
من المتوقع أن يسافرالرئيس ألمريكا الشهر القادم .1
He is expected to travel to the USA next month.
من المقرر ان يفتتح البنك فرعه الجديد الشهر القادم .2
The bank is to open the new branch next month.
It has been decided that
من الثابت أن .3
It's well established that
من المعروف أن .4
It's well known that
من المفهوم أن .5
It's understood that
من المتفق عليه أن .6
It has been agreed that
من المحتمل أن .7
It is likely that
المزمع عقده فى ............ .8
Is scheduled to take place ……..
يـوصى بـ ..... .9
It is recommended that ……
المرأة أطول عمرا من الرجل. يقال أن .11
It is said that women live longer than men.
لم يكن .... لـ .... .11
..…. V. to be + not meant to ….
لم يخلق ........... لـ .... .12
..…. V. to be + not created to ….
ذكرت مصادر أن الرئيس..... .13
President was reported ……
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 28
Passive & Active (PowerPoint)
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 29
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 30
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Four
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will explore affixations and collocations. They will practice
different translation techniques from English into Arabic and vice versa.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- translate appropriately affixation between Arabic and English; and
- translate appropriately collocations between Arabic and English.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Assignments:
- Controlled practice on translating affixation and collocations.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 31
Affixations
Affixation: formation of a word by means of an affix (Prefix, Suffix or Infix)
- Prefix: a group of letters that is added to the beginning of a word to change
its meaning and form a new word.
- Suffix: a letter or letters added to the end of a word to form a new word.
- Infix: is a morpheme attached in the middle of the word to facilitate pronunciation.
منظمة الوحدة األفريقية .1
Pan-African Unity Organization
All- African Unity Organization (UN)
الخطوط الجوية األمريكية .2
Pan-America Airways
اإلسالميةاألمة .3
The Islamic Nation (according to context … Like the Sudan for example)
The Pan-Muslim Nation
األمة العربية .4
The Arab Nation (according to context)
The Pan-Arab Nation
اللجنة الوزارية بين وزراء الرى فى مصر و السودان و األسكندرية .5
Inter-ministerial committee between the Ministers of Irrigation in Egypt, the Sudan
and Alexandria
قامت اللجنة المكونة من سبع دول بمناقشة مشروع القرار .6
The seven-state inter-governmental committee has discussed the draft resolution.
7. Inter-state commerce laws
القوانين التى تنظم التجارة بين الواليات األمريكية
8. Intra-state commerce laws
القوانين التى تنظم التجارة داخل / فى الواليات األمريكية
9. Inter-governorate taxi
أجرة بين المحافظات سيارة
10. Intra-governorate taxi
سيارة أجرة داخل المحافظة
فرع أجهرة خدمة نزع السالح و إنهاء االستعمار .11
Disarmament and Decolonization Organs Servicing Branch (term)
إمكانية االعتماد على التقسسم الصادر عن أكثر من مقيم .12
Inter-rater reliability
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 32
I) Translate the following sentences into English using the suffix between brackets:
(able-). غير قابلة للكسرإنها مادة -1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(aholic-).مدمنا لإلنترنتلقد أصبح -2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(oid-). بشخصيات آلية تشبه البشرتزخر روايات الخيال العلمى -3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(cide-). إبادة الشعوبجرم القانون الدولى مؤخرا -4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ee-). المستأجرصدر قانون جديد يحدد العالقة ما بين المالك و -5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(fold-). ثالثة أضعافتضاعف سعر السيارة -9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(est-). استخدامابرامج الكمبيوتر أسهلإن برامج الويندوز من -1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(free). تخلو من السكرتلك المأكوالت -8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ic/-ical-)؟ تاريخيةو فرسان المائدة المستديرة شخصيات هل كان الملك آرثر -6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ic/-ical-). التاريخيةكان البن خلدون فضل كبير فى تحديث مناهج الدراسات -11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ic/-ical-)هاما. تاريخيايلقى الرئيس خطابا -11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ish/-like-). الطفولة البريئةتبدو عليه مالمح -12
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ish/-like-). الطفوليةلقد عاب الحاضرون عليه تصرفاته -13
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ic/-ical-). لحرصة الشديد على النقودجمع ثروة طائلة -14
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 33
(ic/-ical-)على أهمية عامل التصدير. االقتصاديةأجمعت الدراسات -15
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(phone-)فى بيروت. الدول الناطقة بالفرنسيةينعقد مؤتمر -19
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
II) Translate the following sentences from Arabic into English using prefixes , paying due
attention to the underlined words and phrases:
[co-, de-, il-, auto-, con-, cross-, im-, demi-, fore-, hypo-, extra-, mal-, anthropo-, by-, all-,
foster-, down-]
للمبدعين. بالسير الذاتيةتعد الدراسات األدبية تحفل كثيرا لم -1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
قرارات رئيس الوزراء األخيرة من وضع االقتصاد المصرى. عززت -2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
إحدى المسرحيات. أن شكسبير شارك فلتشر فى تأليفيقال -3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
مثل هرقل. بأنصاف اآللهةأساطير اإلغريق تحفل -4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
الجروح خطوة هامة على طريق نجاح العمليات الجراحية. تطهيركان -5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
فى نجاة المدينة من هموم األعداء. التحذير المسبقساهم -9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.اآلباء بالتبنىتضع اإلدارة شروطا قاسية ينبغى توافرها فى -1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ثالث مرات فى األسبوع. تحت الجلديتلقى حقنة -8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. يخالف القانونهذا أمر -6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
المارة للجوء للمحال التجارية. األمطار الغزيرةدفعت -11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 34
. بالدراسات المقارنة بين الثقافاتهناك اهتمام كبير -11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
لتنظيم شئون المدينة. القوانين المحليةصدرت -12
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. الصوف الخالصترتدى مالبس من -13
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. و المجتمعات البشرية علم دراسة اإلنسانتخصصت فى -14
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
بحياة عشرات األلوف من األطفال سنويا. سوء التغذية يؤدى -15
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
إلى كوكبنا. مخلوقات من الفضاء الخارجىتتزايد فى أيامنا هذه شائعات حول وصول -19
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. إلزالة الرائحة الكريهةاستخدم عطرا قويا -11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
بسبب نقص رأس المال. للخطرالمشروع تعرض -18
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 35
Translate the following sentences into Arabic heeding the use of affixation in the
underlined words:
1- The efforts of this poet are laudable.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- Aerial imaging advanced the field of geography.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- I have ambivalent feelings towards my cousin.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- Anomalies that occur at child birth are usually incurable.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5- The anterior part of your body is beautiful.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6- The blind rely on their auditory sense.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7- Biophysics is a difficult field of knowledge.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8- Pesticides and herbicides are used by farmers.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9- The Palestinians and the Israelis have failed to coexist in peace.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10- One of the contraindications of this medicine is hypertension.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11- I bought a golden bracelet to match my yellowish scarf.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12- I was greatly saddened by the news.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13- All the shoes we make are of genuine leather not leatherette.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14- The good deed is rewarded by tenfold.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 36
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15- Both ultraviolet and infrared radiations are used in treating certain diseases.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16- Before the rebellion against heaven, Satan was the most important of the archangels,
now he is the archfiend.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17- Farouk was the monarch of Egypt.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18- Archeology is the study of ancient civilizations.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19- Diabetes is a chronic disease.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20- Please indicate your degrees in chronological order.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21- Demography is one of the areas studied in this department.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22- Bigamy is not a crime in Islam.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23- Many congenital diseases are curable.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24- The child has hydrophobia.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25- Beware of dehydration in this heat.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26- This is not logical.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27- I am specialized in astrology.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28- Cairo is a megalopolis.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
29- Microprocessors are part of the computer technology.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 37
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30- This physician is specialized in treating neonatals.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31- Agronomy is the science of managing crops.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
32- This movement is pan-African.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33- I was struck by apathy.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34- I specialized in pathology.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
35- He loves reading English novels, he is an Anglophile.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36- Physical punishment is not a necessary component of pedagogy.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37- Many animals are quadrupeds.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
38- This child is polylingual.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
39- There are many microscopic organisms in the air.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
40- Atheism means the lack of belief in a god.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
41- Iran is ruled by a theocratic regime.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
42- Anemia is a grave disease.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
43- Anarchy can be caused due to the lack of leadership.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
44- The antidote of many poisons is a small dose of the poison itself.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 38
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
45- Antibiotics are prescribed to treat many diseases.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
46- When I was a child I had an appendectomy.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
47- Hypersensitive people are hard to deal with.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48- Insulin injections are hypodermic.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
49- The word "sofa" and "couch" are synonyms.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 39
Translate the following into English using one word for the underlined word:
كانتربرى الحديث مع الصحفيين. كبير أساقفةرفض -1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. وحدة زمنيةالدقيقة -2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. المتوطنة األمراضالبلهارسيا من -3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. بتعدد الزوجاتتشتهر القارة اإلفريقية -4
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. بعلم األنساباهتم العرب -5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
أحد وسائل التداوى. ءالعالج بالمايعد -9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. علم الحيوانتخصصت فى -1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. بجنون العظمةإنه مصاب -8
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. األلفاظ المستحدثةتعد كلمة "الخصخصة" من -6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. الحكم الذاتىتسعى فلسطين للحصول على -11
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
من سمات اإلنسان المرهف. التعاطف مع الغير -11
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
من أهم رسائل الديانات السماوية. حب اإلنسانية -12
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. طبيب األطفالأصطحبت األم طفلها إلى -13
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 40
فى هذه الرواية فى إثرائها. تعدد األصواتأسهم -14
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
من الوسائل الحديثة للعالج. المنظار الجراحى -15
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. التوحيداإلسالم أساسه -19
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. غير نمطىإنه يتصرف بأسلوب -11
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
إحدى التهم التى يهاجم بها اإلسرائيليون أعداءهم. يةمعاداة السام -18
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
إلقاء القبض على المتهمين. مكافحة المخدراتتولت إدارة -16
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. إلستئصال اللوزتيناضطررت -21
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. غريب األطوارإنه -21
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
المفاجئ من العالمات غير الصحية. انخفاض ضغط الدمأو ارتفاع ضغط الدم -22
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
من الرياضات الراقية. التوقيعيةالسباحة -23
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. بالطرق الوديةيحل النزاع -24
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. أزرق بحرىاشتريت عقدا من حجر لونه -25
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. حميدهذا ورم -29
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. بقطع رؤوسهمقتل الثوار الحكام السابقين -21
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 41
الحرب العالمية الثانية سخط الشعوب. مذابحأثارت -28
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
األطفال بعقد نفسية. العقاب الجسدىيصيب -26
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. ال يصدقه عقلهذا حدث خارق -31
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. الكفرحارب اإلسالم -31
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
أسوأ أنواع الفقر. المدقعالفقر -32
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. شريرإنه -33
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 42
االشتقاق
االسم المشتق هو ما أخذ من غيره و دل على شىء موصوف بصفة. فاالشتقاق هو أخذ كلمة من
اللفظ. فكلمة كتب يؤخذ منها كاتب و مكتوب و أخرى مع التناسب بينهما فى المعنى و التغيير فى
كتاب ومكتب الخ ...
والمشتقات سبعة و هى:
اسم الفاعل )و صيغ المبالغة( -1
اسم المفعول -2
الصفة المشبهة باسم الفاعل -3
اسم التفضيل -4
اسم الزمان -5
اسم المكان -6
اسم اآللة -7
صيغ األفعال:
كلمة تدل على حدث و زمن معا، و هى دائما تخبر عن فاعل الحدث و زمان الحدوث. و : الفعل
الفعل يدل على معان وظيفية فرعية أخرى و الزمن حسب الصيغة التى يجئ عليها.
معانى فرعية لبعض الصيغ:
وهى صيغة تستخدم فى أكثر المعانى، فهى ال تختص بمعنى : صيغة فعل -1
أكثر الصيغ استعماال )قرأ، كتب، منع، حشد، وهب، زرع( معين، و هى
:: تستعمل فى بعض المعانى مثلصيغة فعل -2
( )قوى عزمه(هالوصف )سلس قياد -
األعراض )وصف سلبى( سقم، مرض -
نفعال )فرح، غضب(اال -
الخلو )عطش، ظمئ( -
متالء )شيع، روى(اال -
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 43
معانى الغرائز و الطباع و السجايا )صفات جوهرية وتكثر فى : صيغة فعل -3
أو أساسية( أى الصفات المالزمة ألصحابها مثل )الكبر و الصغر و الحسن و
القبح و السهولة و الغلظة و الكرم و البخل(
كبر، صغر، حسن، قبح، سهل، صعب، غلظ -
ال تحتاج إلى مفعول به فهى طباع و سجايا تلزم )وكلها أفعال الزمة أى
أصحابها(
وهى صيغة صاغها العرب من بعض األسماء الدالة على : صيغة فعلل -4
األفعال ألداء بعض المعانى
أى جعله ملويا كالعقرب( ----التشبيه )عقرب األمر -
أى جعله يشبه الكرة( ----)كور العجين
ل إلى صيغة الفعل )فلفلت الطعام( )ملحت الطعام(تحويل المفعو -
سبحل( -حمدل -حوقل -ختصار )بسملاال -
وهى صيغة تجعل الفاعل مفعوال به فتحول الفعل من الالزم : صيغة أفعل -5
إلى متعد.
"خرج الرجل" يصاغ منها "أخرجت الرجل" أو نقول "هو ما أخرج الرجل
عن صمته"
معانيها التشارك و التتابع فنقولوأهم :صيغة فاعل -6
فى التشارك "ماشيت الرجل" و "بارزت الفارس" -
فى المتابعة "تابعت الصوم" -
ل -7 : صيغة فع
طالب وعلمته(التعدية )قومت ال -
اإلزالة )قشرت الفاكهة( -
التكثير )طوف( -
جعل الشئ شبه الشئ )قوس ظهره، عقد( -
نسبت إليه الكفر( النسبة )كفرت الرجل، أى -
تأتى لمعنى واحد وهو المطاوعة، أى النسبة لفاعل آخر : صيغة انفعل -8
نكسراكسرت الكوب، ف -
أطلقت الطائر، فانطلق -
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 44
: صيغة افتعل -9
االجتهاد و الطلب )اكتسب الرجل، إذا اجتهد و طلب الكسب( -
التشارك )اختصم الصديقان و اختلفا( -
أى أظهر العذر(اإلظهار )اعتذر الرجل، -
المبالغة )ارتد، أى بالغ فى الردة( -
)اقتدر، أى بالغ فى القدرة(
ل -11 و تأتى لمعنى واحد و هو قوة اللون أو العيب : صيغة افع
أحمر الورد -
ابيضت عيناه -
اختل عقله -
ل -11 : صيغة تفع
االتخاذ )توسد يده أى جعلها وسادة( -
تكلف الكبر، ترجى أى تكلف الرجاء، تذلل أى تكلف التكلف )تكبر أى -
الذل(
التجنب )تحرج أى تجنب اإلحراج( -
تعلم الدرس أى تدرج فى –التدرج )تجرع الدواء، أى تدرج فى شربه -
علمه(
: صيغة تفاعل -12
تشارك )تجاذب أو تخاصم( -
تظاهر )تناوم أو تضاحك( -
تدرج )تزايد النيل أو تواردت الخواطر( -
م )تقاطرت المياه أو تساقطت األمطار(تراك -
مطاوعة )باعدت الرجل فتباعد( -
:صيغة استفعل -11
الطلب )استغفر( -
الصيرورة )أى االنتقال من حال إلى حال( استحجر الطين -
االعتقاد )استحسن( -
قوة العيب )استهتر أو استكبر( -
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 45
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 46
صيغ المبالغة
صيغ المبالغة:
عند قصد المبالغة أو التكثير تحول صيغة اسم الفاعل إلى صيغ سماعية على خمسة أوزان هى:
مناع، قوام، صوام، تواق ---فعال -
مطعان، مهذار، مفراح، معدام ---مفعال -
غفور، شكور، حقود، صبور ---فعول -
عليم، قدير، سميع، خبير ---فعيل -
حذر، قلق، يقظ، فهم ---فعل -
هذه الصيغ تدل على معنى اسم الفاعل مع إفادة المبالغة. و لهذا فهى تسمى صيغ المبالغة و ال تبنى و
إال من الفعل الثالثى. فمثال نقول عن شخص إنه حاقد، فإذا كان كثير الحقد قلنا إنه حقود، كذلك
نقول عن الجندى إنه طاعن، فإذا كان كثير الطعن قلنا إنه مطعان.
أفهمناهما ما يترتب على هذا الزواج من عواقب و بعد أن -1
And after we made them understand the consequences of marriage.
And after I explained the consequences of marriage
فهم التالميذ الدرس. -2
The students understood the lesson.
أفهم المدرس التالميذ الدرس. -1
The teacher made the students understand the lesson.
فهم المدرس التالميذ الدرس. -4
The teacher made sure the students understood the lesson.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 47
Translate the following verb forms into English:
He understood فهم .1
He made sure someone understand فهم .2
He made someone understand أفهم .3
He showed understanding تفهم .4
He asked to understand/ He requested understanding استفهم .5
… There was a mutual understanding between تفاهم .6
فعيل فعول فعال فاعل فعل
غفر
To forgive
غافر
Forgiver
غفار
The Ever-Forgiving
غفور
The All-Forgiving
----
سمع
To hear
سامع
Hearer
سماع
The Ever-Hearing
سميع ----
The All-Hearing
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 48
I) Translate the following into English, paying due attention to the verb form in the word
underlined:
األمر. استصعبت -1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
الرجل. استأسد -2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
األمور. استفحلت -3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
المؤمن ربه. استغفر -4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
الولد. تمارض -5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
الصبر. انبلج -9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
الرجالن. تمازحا -1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
األخبار. تواردت -8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
أخاه طوال العام. كاتب -6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
طوال العام. تكاتبا -11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
الرجل زوجته. خون -11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
السفاح النساء. قتل -12
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
الطائر. انطلق -13
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
الطائر. اطلق -14
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
مليون من العراقيين عن وطنهم فى العقدين الماضيين. 2 غرب -15
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
مليون من العراقيين عن وطنهم فى العقديين الماضيين. 2 تغرب -19
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
عى. العصا إلى حيه تس انقلبت -11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
II) Translate the following verb forms into English:
فهم .1
مفه .2
أفهم .3
تفهم .4
استفهم .5
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 49
Collocations2
What is a collocation?
A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them
all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". Look at these examples:
Natural English... Unnatural English...
the fast train fast food
the quick train quick food
a quick shower a quick meal
a fast shower a fast meal
2 http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.htm
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 50
Exercises on Collocations
I. Render the following sentences into English paying special attention to the
underlined collocations:
التي تسهم في القضاء على البطالة. المشروعات القوميةكومة العديد من حتنفذ ال .1
، باإلضافة إلى مشكالت تبعات المديونيةو ضطرابات السياسيةاإلتعاني دول القارة األفريقية من .2
و المجاعات و الالجئين. الحروب األهلية
.األجور أقلو يتقاضون أصعب الوظائفيؤدي المدرسون .3
تحاد األوروبي في مع اقتراب موعد انضمام قبرص لإل منعطفا جديدادخلت المشكلة القبرصية .4
سياسية للجزيرة. التوصل إلى تسويةظل جهود
بإحساس بحثا و أفاد الكثير من الكتاب بأن مجتمعنا أصبح مكبال اليأس القوميلقد قتل موضوع .5
.كتئاب الجماعياإلمن عميق
مبدأ الشورى في قوله تعالى: "و أمركم شورى بينكم". الكريمالقرآن أرسى .9
في سجل الحضارة. صفحات رائعةإن شعب مصر يعتز بأنه قد سطر .1
عندما تشتد األعراض إلى درجة تمنعنا من التعايش قلق غير طبيعيإلى القلق الطبيعييتحول .8
مع أنشطة الحياة اليومية ألنها مؤلمة جدا و محزنة.
تدور رحاها أمام أعين المجلس. حرب ضروسجلس صامتا أمام كيف يقف الم .6
الذي ألقى بظالله ألكثر من أربعين انزواء شبح الحرب النوويةإن انتهاء حقبة الحرب الباردة و .11
لما يسمى بالنظام العالمي الجديد. أفسح الطريقعاما،
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 51
Idioms
Idiom: A group of words in a fixed order that have a particular meaning, that is different
from the meanings of each word understood on its own: To “have bitten off more
than you can chew” is an idiom that means you have tried to do something which
is too difficult for you.
وهل يصلح العطار ما أفسده الدهر؟ .1
الطبع يغلب التطبع. .2
كثرة الطباخين تفسد الطهي. .3
عندما وجدت أنني سأواجهه إن عاجال أو آجال استجمعت شجاعتي. .4
وقف شامخا كالطود. .5
للماضي سطوته على اإلنسان المعاصر ألن الماضي هو الجوهر و الحداثة هي المظهر. .9
مصائب قوم عند قوم فوائد. .1
ال جدوى من المراوغة. .8
ج الرياح.ذهبت آماله أدرا .6
الجمال في عين ناظره. .11
يضم السلك القضائي خيرة الناس. .11
ضربت المحكمة العسكرية عرض الحائط بالمبادئ األساسية للقانون المدني. .12
لقد حان الوقت لالستغناء عن األساليب التي عفا عليها الزمن. .13
ر ثانوي.وإنه سعيد بأنه يقوم بد .14
هو محط اإلعجاب. .15
نه يوم سعيد في حياته.إ .19
و تأتي على قدر الكرام المكارم. .11
حماتك بتحبك. .18
الحي أبقى من الميت. .16
خدوا فالكوا من عيالكوا. .21
خيبة األمل راكبة جمل. .21
ذيل الكلب عمره ما يتعدل. .22
الرجل تدب مطرح ما تحب. .23
شيلك.اشيلني و .24
عشمتني بالحلق خرمت أنا وداني. .25
يوم لك ويوم عليك. .29
من خاف سلم .21
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 52
What is a Fixed Expression? 3
To children, non-native English speakers, and anyone who confronts a fixed expression for
the first time, they can be baffling. A fixed expression is a little like a secret code that allows
access to a club that not everyone can enter. It’s a phrase that has a very specific meaning that
can’t be expressed any other way and also can’t be deduced just by considering the sum of its
parts. Some fixed expressions, like “ready, aim, fire” are used so often that the opportunity to
turn them into a joke creates another fixed expression. Others, such as “before you know it”
or “to tell you the truth” have been around for so long that they function almost as a single
word.
Unlike idioms, fixed expressions typically offer neither folk wisdom nor an image. “Two
heads are better than one” creates a bizarre, yet effective, visual idea of one body that
operates with two heads, while the idiom’s meaning is that two people working on a problem
have a better chance of solving it than just a single thinker. Fixed expressions are more often
a collection of words with individual meaning that really have nothing to do with one
another.
A fixed expression 4 in English is a standard form of expression that has taken on a more
specific meaning than the expression itself. It is different from a proverb in that it is used as a
part of a sentence, and is the standard way of expressing a concept or idea.
Examples include:
all of a sudden
come into mind
fall in line
I can assure you
so to speak
surf the web
trinomials (3-word fixed expressions); e.g. "lights, camera, action", "signed, sealed,
delivered".
English uses a number of fixed expressions in everyday conversations and writing.
For example:
I'm going to go come rain or shine. (Come rain or shine: "no matter whether it rains or
the sun shines; in any sort of weather")
To tell you the truth, I don't enjoy going to parties. (To tell you the truth/To tell the truth: "really; actually")
3 http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-fixed-expression.htm
4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_expression
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 53
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Time: 30 minutes
I. The following are some sentences (15 to 50 words) extracted from news
items, websites, books etc. Although the sentences are decontexualized, their
meaning is still unambiguous. The sentences include tenses and aspects
which are problematic in translation into Arabic. Write down the function of
the aspect followed by the appropriate translation of the sentences.
(Suggested time 10 min. Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
II. The following are some sentences (15 to 50 words) extracted from news
items, websites, books etc. Although the sentences are decontexualized, their
meaning is still unambiguous. The sentences include tenses and aspects
which are problematic in translation into English. Write down the function of
the aspect followed by the appropriate translation of the sentences.
(Suggested time 10 min. Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
III. The following are some sentences (15 to 50 words) extracted from news
items, websites, books etc. Although the sentences are decontexualized, their
meaning is still unambiguous. State the function of the conditional, and
translate into Arabic so that the function(s) is conveyed in the target
language.
(Suggested time 10 min. Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 54
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Five
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will explore the differences between the English and Arabic
adjectives, and how professional translators handle the differences. They will also
practice different translation techniques from English into Arabic and vice versa.
Assessment 2 will be given in this session.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
render appropriately adjectives between Arabic and English.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Assignments:
- Controlled practice on translating adjectives between English and Arabic.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 55
Adjectives Handout
Most adjectives and adjectives derived from nouns can be either attributive or predicative.
(a) Attributive: It comes before a noun.
(b) Predicative: It comes as complement after the following:
- Verb to be.
- Linking verbs: seem/ appear/ become.
- Verbs of senses: look/ smell/ taste/ feel.
- Verbs of continuity: keep/ remain/ stay.
- Verbs of opinion: think/ believe/ consider.
- Verbs of change: grow/ turn.
When translating adjectives pay due attention to the following:
N.B. Some attributive adjectives appear after nouns.
N.B. Nouns of measurements occur after nouns.
N.B. Some adjectives can be used as both attributive and predicative, yet with a
difference in meaning.
N.B. Position of participial adjectives may change the meaning.
U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has called on the leaders of Bahrain not to use
violence against civilians and journalists.
دولة البحرين إلى عدم إستخدام العنف ضد دعا السكرتير العام لألمم المتحدة بان كى مون زعماء
المدنيين والصحفيين.
Since Martelly became the President elect back in April, he has fought to put a properly
functioning government.
منذ أن أصبح هو الرئيس المنتخب فى إبريل الماضى ناضل مارتللى من أجل إنشاء حكومة تعمل على
نحو جيد.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 56
ا و نصف.ربعة عشر قدمأيبلغ متوسط عمق البحيرة تقريبا
The average depth of the lake is approximately 14.5 feet deep.
كيلو مترا. 163يبلغ طول قناة السويس
The Suez Canal is 163 kilometers long.
All the present members of the Egyptian parliament attended the session.
قام جميع االعضاء الحاليين بمجلس الشعب المصرى بحضور الجلسة
.
The members present at the board meeting are very few.
جتماع مجلس اإلدارة قليل جداافى عضاء الحاضرين عدد األ
.
Try to translate the following examples
I was certain that she would be the perfect choice for the movie.
There are certain circumstances where deceit is permissible.
This smiling man over there is my boss.
This man smiling over there is my boss.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 57
The Royal Order of Adjectives
Opinion
An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may
not agree with you). Examples:
silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult
Size A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is. Examples:
large, tiny, enormous, little
Age An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. Examples:
ancient, new, young, old
Shape A shape adjective describes the shape of something. Examples:
square, round, flat, rectangular
Colour A colour adjective, of course, describes the colour of something. Examples:
blue, pink, reddish, grey
Origin An origin adjective describes where something comes from. Examples:
French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek
Material A material adjective describes what something is made from. Examples:
wooden, metal, cotton, paper
Purpose
A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjectives often
end with "-ing". Examples:
sleeping (as in "sleeping bag"), roasting (as in "roasting tin")
Try to translate the following examples:
أود شراء سيارة أمريكية زرقاء جديدة و جميلة
بلجيكى عتيق غاية فى الجمال.أهديت زوجتى خاتم ماسى
Genitive with adjective construction:
Ex.: Helen's big car was stolen
)هل السييارة هيي الكبييرة أم هيليين It is ambiguous in Arabic* تعرضت سيارة هيلين الكبيرة للسرقة هي الكبيرة(
.تعرضت السيارة الكبيرة التي تمتلكها هيلين للسرقة
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 58
Verbless adjective clause
An adjective can function as a verbless clause (a part of a sentence without a verb)
Ex.:
Long and untidy, his hair played in the breeze.
تطاير شعره في النسيم وقد بدا طويال غير مصفف وبال عناية. Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.
دعا الرئيس الي التصويت وقد بدا عليه رغبة ملحة في التوصل الي قرار سريع أو
لما كان الرئيس في عجلة من أمره للوصول لقرار سريع, طالب بالتصويت علي تلك المسألة. Numerous adjectives qualifying one noun may pose a difficulty in translation.
The broken lock of the steel safe door drew his attention at once.
The broken lock of the door* القفل المكسور للباب )ركيكة( القفل هو المكسور أم الباب هو المكسور (ambiguous)* قفل الباب المكسور
.* القفل المكسور المثبت في الباب )جذب انتباهه علي الفور القفل المحطم المثبت بباب الخزانة الحديدية
*********
Compound Adjectives
They are made up of two more words, normally with a hyphen between them. They have got
several patterns:
Adj/Adv + Past Participle
Ex. empty-handed, old-fashioned, open-minded, well mannered You can travel to the ends of the earth but you will come back empty-handed.
Adj/Adv/Noun + Present Participle
Ex. good-looking, long-lasting, mouth-watering The banquet we have been invited for was really mouth-watering.
Noun + Past Participle
Ex. sun-dried, tongue-tied While he was addressing the European parliament for the first time, he became
somewhat tongue-tied. Noun + Adjective
Ex. trouble-free, lead-free If you want trouble-free motoring, make sure you use lead-free gas.
Cardinal Number+ Singular Noun
Ex. Three-hour, twenty-page You should finish reading this twenty-page article by the weekend.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 59
Modifiers Definition:
A word, phrase, or clause that limits or qualifies the sense of another word or word group. A
content word that qualifies the meaning of a noun or verb. (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language)
Definition of Compounding:
Any combination of two or more parts, aspects, etc (Collins English Dictionary)
Section (1)
Compound noun:
A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in
English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives.
Compound nouns can also be formed using the following combinations of words:-
Noun + Noun toothpaste
Adjective + Noun monthly ticket
Verb + Noun swimming pool
Preposition + Noun underground
Noun + Verb haircut
Noun + Preposition hanger on
Adjective + Verb dry-cleaning
Preposition + Verb output
www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncompound.htm
Examples:
1. Road Accident Research Center
2. Furniture Factory Pay Cut Riot
3. The Convention Refugee Definition
4. Cambridge University Press Conference
A compound noun is a noun + noun combination characterized by a primary-tertiary stress
pattern in which the second element is the head of the construction and the first element is a
kind of modifier. Hence, contrary to what we may feel the meaning relationship should be
from right to left.
English Teaching Forum, Volume X, May-June, 1972 #3
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 60
Section (2)
The order of adjectives may change the meaning
His last great novel آخر ما كتب من روائع
His great last novel روايته األخيرة العظيمة
Section (3)
If we have a Noun+Noun construction in English, and it is possible to have an adjective
derived from the same noun and both are acceptable, this means that the Noun+Noun has a
singular meaning and the Adj+Noun has a plural meaning.
Division Approval
موافقة القسم
Divisional Approval
موافقة األقسام
Program Funding
تمويل البرنامج
Programmatic Funding
تمويل البرامج
Program Planning
التخطيط للبرنامج )تخطيط البرنامج(
Programmatic Planning
التخطيط للبرامج )تخطيط البرامج(
Institution Development
تنمية المؤسسة
Institutional Development
تنمية المؤسسات
Section (4)
Participles with different meanings
If we have a gerund + noun preceded by the verb to be we have two possible ways for
interpretation:
a) Verb to be may be the main verb, and in this case what follows the verb to be constitutes a
compound noun. The pause will be after the verb to be.
b) The main verb is the gerund, that is used in the progressive form and in this case we can
only have a pause after the –ing form.
1- They are moving vans.
إنها سيارات نقل لألثاث -
إنهم يحركون العربات -
2- They are washing machines.
إنها غساالت -
إنهم يغسلون اآلالت -
3- They are visiting professors.
إنهم أساتذة زائرون -
إنهم يزورون األساتذة -
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 61
Section (5)
Number of modifiers
If we have a noun+noun preceded by an adjective, this construction may be ambiguous.
1- French Language Conference
مؤتمر اللغة الفرنسية -
المؤتمر الفرنسى للغة )للغات( -
2- New Gas Station
المحطة الجديدة للوقود -
ةة الوقود الجديدمحط -
3- Foreign Car Dealers
تجار السيارات المستوردة -
التجار األجانب للسيارات -
4- Economic Planning Council
مجلس التخطيط االقتصادى -
المجلس االقتصادى للتخطيط -
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 62
Adjectives PowerPoint
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 63
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 64
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 65
Adjectives …. Exercises
1. By this marriage, they are attempting to put some form of stability into the most
dysfunctional royal family in the world.
2. The former Egyptian governments failed to provide proper medical care for the seniors.
3. Purifiers have been affected by radiation in Tokyo city proper and 5 suburban districts.
4. They have also done little to change the perception that his family, the Grimaldi dynasty,
is one of the most troubled royal households in Europe.
5. His long-running bachelorhood has been a major cause for concern in Monaco.
6. Early attempts at flight are the subject of much debate.
نجوم ذات السمعة الطيبة، هو طريق مصر لتنمية السياحة. 5ن بناء عدد كبير من الفنادق إ .7
المصريون بعد الثورة أكثر انفتاحا للنقاش. أصبح .8
متر. 8848فرست أعلى قمة جبلية فى العالم ويبلغ ارتفاعها إتعد قمة .9
ستستمر فترة التدريب حتى آخر أسبوعين من شهر أغسطس القادم. .11
بقيمة صفقة أعلنت دايوو للهندسة، رابع أكبر شركة لإلنشاء في كوريا الجنوبية، أنها وقعت على .11
.مليون دوالر لبناء فندق في كوااللمبور 191
هذا الشخص بعينه هو الذى طالما حلمنا به رئيسا لنا. .12
سياسى محنك يتمتع بقدر كبير من الثقافة.تحتاج البالد إلى .13
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 66
Study the following compound and adjective + noun constructions into Arabic:
1 Management Information System
(MIS)
نظام معلومات اإلدارة
2 Divisional Approval موافقة األقسام
3 Institution Development تنمية/ تطوير المؤسسة
4 Time Management تنظيم الوقتالوقت إدارة /
5 Progress Report تقرير سير العمل
6 Core Programs رئيسةبرامج أساسية /
7 Experience Exchange Program برنامج تبادل الخبرات/ الخبرة
8 Change Management إدارة عملية التغيير
9 Concept paper ورقة مفهوم
10 Donor Countries البلدان المانحة
11 Institutional Development تنمية المؤسسات
12 Development agencies )وكاالت تنمية )التى تعمل فى مجال التنمية
13 Needs Assessment Survey مسح تحديد االحتياجات
14 Mother and Child Care رعاية األمومة و الطفولة
15 Community Participation ةمشاركة شعبي
16 Programmatic activities أنشطة البرامج
17 Teaching hospital مستشفى تعليمى
18 Laser Printer User مستخدم الطابعة الليزر
19 Professional Traditions عادات مهنية/ المهنة
20 Inter-Agency Coordination بين مختلف األجهزة / تنسيق بين األجهزة
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 67
1. MOE staff العاملون بوزارة التربية و التعليم
2. Local Community Development
Association
جمعية تنمية المجتمع المحلى
3. Training program تدريبى برنامج التدريب/ برنامج
4. Organizational Development تنمية المنظمات
5. Small Local Voluntary Organizations منظمات تطوعية محلية صغيرة
6. Individual and Organizational
Management
تنظيم شئون األفراد و المؤسسات
7. Practical Operation تشغيل عملى
8. Management Structure هيكل التنظيم/ هيكل اإلدارة
9. Business or Government
Organizations
منظمات تجارية أو حكومية
10. Religious Institution مؤسسة دينية
11. Religion Education التربية الدينية
12. Development Agencies وكاالت تنمية
13. Participatory Planning تخطيط قائم على المشاركة
14. Strategic Management تنظيم ستراتيجى
15. Guidelines إرشادات
16. Decision-making صنع القرار
17. Decision-taking اتخاذ القرار
18. Financial Management تنظيم الشئون المالية
19. Trust Fund صندوق االستئمان
20. Fund-raising جمع األموال
21. Conflict Resolution حل الصراع
22. Community Participation مشاركة شعبية
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 68
23. Staff Development تنمية العاملين
24. Loan Coordinator منسق القروض
25. Time Management إدارة الوقت / تنظيم الوقت
26. Personnel Management تنظيم شئون األفراد/ العاملين
27. Water Project مشروع مياه
28. Problem Solving Exercise التدريب على حل المشكالت
29. Preschool Programs برامج ما قبل المدرسة
30. Program Management Skills مهارات إدارة البرنامج
31. Program Needs احتياجات البرنامج
32. Staff Development تطوير شئون العاملين
33. Proposal and Report Writing كتابة المقترحات و التقارير
34. Programmatic Funding تمويل البرامج
35. Organizational Funding تمويل المنظمات
36. Core Funding تمويل أساسى/ تمويل األساس
37. Administration Costs تكاليف اإلدارة
38. Telephone Calls مكالمات هاتفية
39. Governorate Level مستوى المحافظة
40. Pre-program Systems أنظمة ما قبل البرنامج
41. Monitoring System نظام مراقبة/ متابعة
42. Monthly Health Committee Meetings اجتماعات لجنة الصحة الشهرية
43. Membership Fees Account حساب رسوم العضوية
44. Funding Proposal طلب تمويل
45. Communication System اإلتصاالت نظام
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 69
46. Performance Appraisal
Form/Guidelines
ارشادات/ استمارة تقييم األداء
47. Key Accountabilities مسئوليات رئيسة
48. Key Processes عمليات رئيسة
49. Work Flow تدفق العمل
50. Performance Development Plan خطة تنمية األداء
51. Overall Performance Rating التقدير العام لألداء
تقدير األداء العام
52. Inter-rater Reliability إمكاية اإلعتماد على التقييم الصادر عن أكثر من
مقيم
53. Work Assignments مهام العمل
54. Team-building بناء الفريق
55. Change Management إدارة التغيير
56. Management Change تغيير اإلدارة
57. Village Leadership قادة القرية
58. Committee Members أعضاء اللجنة
59. Professional Organization منظمة مهنية
60. Volunteer Staff العاملين المتطوعين
61. Wider Community Participation مشاركة شعبية أوسع
62. Income Generation Programs برامج توليد الدخل
63. Income Supplementation Programs برامج تدعيم الدخل
64. Strategic management and Planning التنظيم االستراتيجى و التخطيط
65. Financial Management and Funding التنظيم المالى و التمويل
66. Decision-making Structures and
Leadership
هياكل صنع القرار و قيادته
67. Membership Criteria معايير/ شروط العضوية
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 70
68. Current Membership العضوية الحالية
69. Some Fund-raising Successes and
Failures
بعض أمثلة فى نجاحات و إخفاقات فى )عملية(
جمع األموال
70. Job Description/ Analysis تحليل/ وصف الوظيفة
71. A Special Major Business Goal هدف تجارى رئيسى خاص
72. Quality Management Systems
Requirements
متطلبات أنظمة إدارة الجودة
73. Family of Standards مجموعة من المعايير
74. Transition Planning Guidance اإلرشاد عن تخطيط لعملية االنتقال
75. Guidance on the Documentation
Requirements
إرشاد عن متطلبات التوثيق
76. General Information on Structure
and Work Program
معلومات عامة عن البنية )الهيكل( و برنامج العمل
77. Links to related password-protected
and public websites
لمواقع عامة متصلة ببعضها البعض و روابط
محمية بكلمة مرور
78. A list of organizations قائمة بالمنطمات
79. Summary of pages ملخص الصفحات
80. Title Page صفحة العنوان
81. Forward Page )صفحة المقدمة )صفحة كلمة التصدير
82. Water's Project مشروع السيد واتر
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 71
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Time: 40 minutes
I. The following are some sentences (15 to 50 words) extracted from news
items, websites, books etc. Although the sentences are decontexualized, their
meaning is still unambiguous. Translate the following sentences into Arabic
paying attention to affixation.
(Suggested time 10 min. Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
II. Translate the following phrases into English using affixation. (Suggested
time 10 min. Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
III. Translate the following phrases into English using the appropriate
collocations. (Suggested time 10 min. Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
IV. Translate the following sentences into Arabic pay attention to the meaning of
the adjectival phrase(s). (Suggested time 10 min. Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 72
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Six
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will explore the differences between the English and Arabic
adverbs and adverbial phrases, and how professional translators handle the
differences. They will also practice different translation techniques from English
into Arabic and vice versa.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- contrast adverbs and adverbial phrases in English and Arabic; and
- translate appropriately adverbs and adverbial phrases from English into Arabic and
vice versa.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Assignments:
- Controlled practice on translating adverbs and adverbial phrases.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 73
Adverbs … Handout
Adverbs can be translated into Arabic either syntactically or lexically
EX. The wind blew fiercely. عصفت الرياح / هبت الرياح هبوبا عنيفا
How do we translate ''adverbs'' into Arabic?
ظرف الزمان والمكان –المفعول معه –المفعول ألجله –لمفعول المطلق ا –الحال
Adverbs in English
- Manner: How something happens
- Degree: To what extent Ex.: She is totally insane.
- Frequency: How often something happens. Ex.: She occasionally visits her hometown.
- Time: When something happens Ex.: lately, recently.
- Place: Where something happens Ex.: here, there
- Intensifying: Make things stronger or weaker Ex.: I am really sick of indifferent people.
Form
A large number of adverbs are formed by adding -ly to their adjectives.
(Ex.: completely, haphazardly )
There are exceptions such as:
(good → well)
Adverbs whose adjectives end in -ly
(Ex.: friendly, likely, lonely… etc.)
In this case, adverbs can be formed by (in a + adj. + way / manner / fashion).
Some problematic issues when translating Adverbs
1- Some adverbs have different meanings from those of their adjectives:
- U.S. president's speech has been received coldly in Germany.
- The Turkish prime minister welcomed the Egyptian delegation so warmly.
2- Some adverbs have the same form as their adjectives:
- We have never received a straight answer from the Navy regarding his mysterious
disappearance.
- We'll go straight to the jewelry store where I have see a perfect ring for my
engagement.
- Turn right on County Road 130 and follow signs to Eldora.
- You were right when you accused him of treason.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 74
3- Some pairs of adverbs are closely related but have different meanings :
Compare:
- They really worked hard to finish the project on time.
- I hardly know him.
- He hardly ever attends the board meeting.
Position of adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
1. They usually come after the verb
He behaved foolishly.
OR after the object if there is one
She answered him reluctantly
(NEVER put an adverb between verb and object)
2. If we have verb + preposition + object the adverb can occur either before the preposition
or after the object
He looked at me suspiciously. OR He looked suspiciously at me.
Note: If the object is long, the adverb comes before the preposition.
He looked suspiciously at everyone who laughed.
3. With phrases or clauses, the position of the adverb changes the meaning. If it is placed
after the clause or phrase, it is normally considered to modify the verb in that clause or
phrase.
COMPARE:
*They secretly decided to leave the town. (the decision was secret)
*They decided to secretly leave the town. (the departure was secret)
Adverbs of Time
They are usually placed at the very beginning OR the very end of the clause
Eventually, he decided to put an end to his bachelorhood and get married.
OR
He decided to put an end to his bachelorhood and get married eventually.
Adverbs of Frequency
They are normally placed:
After the simple tense of (to be)
He is always in time for dinner.
Before the simple tenses of all other verbs
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 75
They sometimes stay up all night.
With compound tenses, they are placed after the first auxiliary
He will never understand.
Adverbs of Degree
An adverb of degree modifies adjectives or another adverb.
You are absolutely right.
Only modifies verbs. It is placed next to the word to which it applies.
Sign here, only.
Only, sign here.
Just precedes the word it qualifies.
I’ll buy just one .
I’ll just buy one.
Order of adverbs when they occur in the same sentence
Expressions of Manner usually precede expressions of place.
He climbed awkwardly out of the wind.
Note that: (away, back, down, forward, home, in, off, on, out, around, and up) usually
precede adverbs of manner .
He walked away sadly.
Time expressions can follow adverbs of manner and place.
They worked hard in the garden today.
They can also be in the front.
Everyday he queued patiently at the bus stop.
Notice that:
Verbs (go, put, last) need adverbs of manner/ place/ time in this order.
Put it away now (correct)
Put it now away (incorrect)
Let's go to bed early (correct)
Let's go early to bed (incorrect)
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 76
Notice that:
Some words can be used as either adjectives or adverbs. An exception to this is the adverb of
manner ‘well’ which is also used as an adjective meaning ‘healthy’. ‘Well’ here is unrelated
to the adjective ‘good’.
COMPARE:
*I hope you are well (adjective)
.عساك بصحة جيدة / عساك بخير
* He did well on the exam (adverb)
ن.أحسن في أداءه لالمتحا
In the first example, well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun "you". In the
second example, on the other hand it is an adverb of manner modifying the verb "did".
Notice that:
''Perhaps'' occurring initially means 'hope' and not possibility.
Perhaps he has found her.
لعله/ عساه/ أرجو أن يكون قد وجدها
''Perhaps'' occurring in mid position can be understood to mean 'possibly'.
He has perhaps found her.
من المحتمل / قد / ربما يكون وجدها
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 77
An adverb → الحال –ظرف الزمان والمكان –المفعول معه –المفعول ألجله -المفعول المطلق
المفعول المطلق
(We did plough the earth*قد يفيد تأكيد المعنى )حرثنا األرض حرثا
( The clock struck twice مرات حدوث الفعل )دقت الساعة دقتين* وقد يفيد بيان عدد
(Our soldiers fought heroically* وقد يفيد بيان نوع الفعل )قاتل جنودنا قتاال بطوليا
المفعول ألجله
يبين سبب حدوث الفعل
I stood up to honor my father* قمت إكراما ألبي
”Don’t kill your children for fear of poverty“ إمالق"*" وال تقتلوا أوالدكم خشية
المفعول معه
يدل على شئ حدث الفعل بمصاحبته
We left at dawn*سافرنا وطلوع الفجر
I walked along the river* سرت والنهر
ظرف الزمان والمكان
I'll meet you in the evening. ألقاك مساء*
I'll meet you under the tree. ألقاك تحت الشجرة*
الحال
يذكر لبيان هيئة اسم يسبقه
The army returned victorious*عاد الجيش منتصرا
I saw your brother running*رأيت أخاك راكضا
Teach your children while they are still young *علموا أوالدكم صغارا
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 78
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 79
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 80
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 81
Adverbs … Exercises
Adverbs:
1. Wives only go for physical violence when they reach a state of explosion
and can no longer control themselves.
2. The journalists saw a completely destroyed building with a crescent sign at
its entrance.
3. Perhaps the past is better left untold or unwritten.
4. He said the recordings could easily be accessed when the memory card is
inserted in a computer.
5. Doctors, emergency workers and the police are the only people who have a
right to examine the patients and determine if they are dead or not.
6. The only actor to win an Oscar posthumously was Peter Finch.
7. While some patients can be adequately cared for at home, others are best
served by care in a hospital.
8. It was only reluctantly, under pressure from its lower ranks, that the Muslim
Brotherhood participated in last Friday's massive demonstrations.
9. I looked wistfully into the street we had lately quitted, and after a time
directed my steps that way.
10. Applications sent by fax or email or any that arrive late will not be accepted
so always be aware of the deadline!
وزير النقل يزور المترو فجاة ويستمع لشكاوى الركاب. .1
بدا عليها انها تجيب على األسئلة كرها. .2
قاموا بتهديده اما التنحى طواعية او مجبرا. .3
ظل ينظر لنا مندهشا ولم ينطق ببنت شفه. .4
ال: لم يكن خطأى وحدى.نظرت الى وجهه المخيف متوجسا قائ .5
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 82
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Seven
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will explore the differences between the English and Arabic
sentence connectors, and how professional translators handle the differences. They
will also practice rendering punctuation between English and Arabic.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- contrast sentence connectors in English and Arabic; and
- translate appropriately sentence connectors from English into Arabic and vice versa.
- render punctuation appropriately between English and Arabic.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Assignments:
- Controlled practice on translating sentence connectors.
- Controlled practice on translation punctuation devices in English and Arabic.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 83
PUNCTUATION
Punctuation in Arabic is less systematic than punctuation in English. Ahmad Zaki Pasha was
the one to introduce punctuation marks to Arabic in 1913. Traditionally Arabic had no
punctuation whatsoever. Even where punctuation exists, the conventions for Arabic are less
standardized than those of English. The basic punctuation marks such as the comma, period,
question and exclamation marks are deleted or substituted by Arabic lexical insertions.
Hence, in such cases when translating Arabic texts into English one has to realign meaning
and supply the missing punctuation marks.
The Comma (,):
* It is used to separate items in a series. In British English, it is not usually used with
'and' between the last two items unless these are long.
e.g. Lunch consisted of pasta, Greek salad, and steak.
* It is used before and after a phrase in apposition or contrasting expressions.
e.g. Jean, Tom's sister, left for the UK.
e.g. He changed his style, not his ethics.
* It is used to mark off non-restrictive modifiers, which are not absolutely necessary to
the main idea of the sentence. However, if the modifiers are internally punctuated or
cause an abrupt break in the rhythm of the sentence, they are usually set off by
dashes or parentheses. It can never be used before 'that' since 'that' always denotes
essential elements.
e.g. The girl, who has just come in, is my new neighbor.
e.g. Three boats-one with an outboard and two with inboard motors- were tied to the
dock.
* It is used to separate coordinate adjectives when the conjunction is omitted. To
determine whether or not the adjectives are coordinate, a conjunction 'and'/'but' could
be inserted between the words in question. If the construction sounds right (e.g. calm
and clear water) a comma is needed. On the other hand, if the construction sounds
awkward (e.g. the hot midday sun) a comma is not required.
e.g. The boy was young, eager, and restless.
*It is used to set off long numbers, names, and items in dates.
e.g. On Sunday, June 23, 1940, he was wounded.
e.g. Number 10 Downing Street, London, is famous.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 84
e.g. Shreveport, Louisiana, is the site of a large air base.
* It is used to separate two independent clauses joined by: 'for', 'and', 'nor', 'or', 'but',
'yet', and 'so'. However, a comma is not used if the subject is omitted in the second
independent clause.
e.g. She likes cheese cake, but her husband prefers Brownies.
e.g. I will call the plumber or fix it myself.
The Semicolon (;) :
* It is used to link independent clause not joined by a coordinating conjunction.
However, it is not used if the relationship between the clauses may not be easily
inferred.
e.g. He went to Paris; it delighted me.
* It is used to separate items in a series if they are unusually long, or internally
punctuated.
e.g. Members of the crew were Tom, a geologist; Hector, a draftsman; and Jan; a
student.
* It is used to link independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs (thus, hence,
however, therefore, furthermore, moreover, consequently, nevertheless, etc.)
e.g. Speeding is illegal; furthermore, it is dangerous.
The Colon (:) :
* It is used to introduce a clause or phrase that explains, amplifies, illustrates, or
restates what has gone before.
e.g. The sentence was poorly constructed: it lacked both cohesion and coherence.
* It directs attention to an appositive.
e.g. He had only one pleasure: eating.
* It is used to introduce a series.
e.g. Your essay will be judged according to three criteria: spelling, grammar, and
style.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 85
* It used when the introductory clause ends in the expressions 'the following' or 'as
follows'. But it is not used when the clause ends in expressions such as 'including',
'like', 'such as', consists of', etc.
e.g. The contestants prepared the following kinds of dishes: pizza, pasta, and
goulash.
e.g. The contestants prepared various dishes such as pizza, pasta, and goulash.
* It is used to emphasize a point that merits attention.
e.g. A poor homeless child was arrested: he was merely watching the demonstrators.
The Dash (_-_):
* It is stronger than a comma, less formal than a colon, and more relaxed than
parentheses.
* It is used to give extra emphasis.
e.g. The only thing can do _ if he can do anything at all _ is yell out.
* It is used to mark an abrupt change or break in the continuity of a sentence or clause.
e.g. But_ But you did_ wait, what? Stammered Jane.
* It is used to introduce a summary statement that follows a series of words or phrases.
e.g. Jane, Allen, and I _ were all taken by surprise.
Parentheses ():
* They are used other than the dash or comma to enclose words or figures that clarify
showing that what is enclosed is of less importance or emphasis.
e.g. He finally answered (after taking a few minutes to think) that he did not hear the
question.
* They are used at first mention of an organization when both its abbreviation and
spelled out form are enclosed.
e.g. Palo Alto Research Centre (better known as PARC) is doing a great job.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 86
Brackets []:
* They are used to include explanatory words or phrases.
e.g. Messi, the soccer player [a team member of Barcelona] is a great front striker.
* They are used to clarify a reference when quoting a sentence with a pronoun
referring to a word in another non-quoted sentence. The pronoun is to be deleted in
this case.
e.g. Elephants bark, snort, trumpet, and rumble. "According to Payne, many
[elephant rumbles] are below the human range of hearing".
The Hyphen (-):
* It is used to join two or more words serving as a single adjective before a noun.
e.g. It is a well-built house.
* It is used to avoid awkward or misleading combinations of letters or syllables with
prefixes and suffixes.
e.g. Semi-retired/ runner-up
* It is used to suspend the first part of a hyphenated compound when used with another
hyphenated compound.
e.g. good-for-nothing/ know-it-all.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 87
عالمات الترقيم
ليست أصيلة في اللغة العربية؛ بل قام بإدخالها أحمد ذكي باشا الملقب بشيخ العروبة 5عالمات الترقيم
أنه أخذها نقال عن أرسطو؛ ومن ثم فال عجب أن نجد خالفا كبيرا على مستوى . ويقول1913عام االستخدام بين المحررين والكتاب في شأن االصطالح على مواضعها، وكيفية استخدام هذه العالمات وإدراجها بين ثنايا النص. ويتمثل الهدف في استخدام هذه العالمات في تمثيل الطبيعة الصوتية للنص
توب حتى يتمكن القارئ من قراءته على نحو سليم، فيستطيع القارئ أن يحدد متى يقف وقفة لطيفة؛ المكومتى يأخذ نفسا عميقا؛ وأين يعلو بنبرة الصوت؛ وأين يخفضها؛ ليس هذا فحسب؛ بل ماذا عطف على
ى مقصد الكالم ماذا؟ وأين بداية الجملة وأين خاتمتها؟ وهي من ثم تمثل أهمية كبيرة في الوقوف علومعناه ورفع اللبس، وهى ذات أهمية للمحررين في محطات البث اإلذاعي والتلفزيوني، حتى يتمكن قارئ النشرة أو التحليل اإلخباري من اإلتيان بالقراءة المهنية الدقيقة. وفيما يلي عالمات الترقيم وشرح
6الستخداماتها:
:7وأشهر عالمات الترقيم هي
).( النقطة .1
وتعبر عن وقف طويل، وتوضع في نهاية الفقرة أو المقطع . نهاية الجملة التامة المعنى وتوضع في وكما توضع في نهاية البحث أو الموضوع المكتوب.
تكتب الهمزة في آخر الكلمة منفردة إذا جاءت بعد ساكن . -
الفاصلة أو الشولة )،( .2
تدل على وقف قصير، بين معاني الجملة لتمييز أجزاء الكالم بعضه عن بعض، وهي أكثر عالمات الترقيم استعماال في الكتابة ، ومن مواضعها:
*بين الجمل المترابطة وأشباه الجمل، مثل:
تاذه، ويالزمه ويخدمه . كان لبعض األطباء تلميذ ذكي، يحبه كثيرا، وكان التلميذ يحب اس -
* بين الشرط والجواب، مثل:
إن كانوا قليال، فأنت أوثقهم، وإن كانوا واحدا، فأنت هو. -
بعد المنادى، مثل: *
يا سامر، سر على رصيف الشارع. -
يارة، ال تسرع. - يا سائق الس
يا أبي، عد إلينا. -
5 ، دار األهرام للنشر والترجمة والتوزيع 2111رير لمحمود حامد الشريف، النحرير في صناعة التح
6 http://www.alazhar.gov.eg/forum.aspx?g=posts&t=3603
7 http://www.schoolarabia.net/arabic/punctuation/punctuation_1.htm
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 88
أنواع الشيء وأقسامه، مثل: * بين
المؤمنون ثالثة: واحد مشغول بآخرته، وآخر مشغول بدنياه، وثالث جمع بين الدنيا واآلخرة. - للقائل على السامع ثالث: جمع البال، والكتمان، وبسط العذر.
. الفصلة المنقوطة )؛(1
هذه العالمة في الغالب بين ويقف القارئ عندها وقفة أطول من وقفته على الفاصلة بقليل، وتجيءجملتين تكون إحداهما سببا في األخرى، أو بين الجمل الطويلة التي يتألف من مجموعها كالم مفيد،
وذلك ليتمكن القارئ من االستراحة والتنفس بين هذه الجمل.
لم، ويجيب قبل أن يفهم إياك والعجلة، فإن العرب تكنيها أم الندامة؛ ألن صاحبها يقول قبل أن يع -
ه مهمل. - فصل الموظف من عمله؛ ألن
النقطتان العموديتان ):( .4
وهي عالمة وقف متوسط، التي توضح فكرة أو قاعدة وتوضعان بعد القول، وقبل األمثلة تستعمل في التوضيح، لتمييز ما بعدهما عما قبلهما وتوضع النقطتان الرأسيتان:
فعل القول بعد *
قال حكيم: اإلتحاد قوة. -
* عند إعراب الجمل.
مثل: العمل مقدس
مبتدأ مرفوع بالضمة العمل:
مقدس : خبر مرفوع بالضمة
* بين الشيء وأقسامه )التفصيل بعد اإلجمال(
أصابع اليد خمس: اإلبهام، والسبابة، والوسطى، والبنصر، والخنصر. -
الكلمة ثالثة أقسام: اسم، وفعل، وحرف. -
* للداللة على عالقة النسبة والتناسب - 3:6
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 89
. عالمة التعجب )!(5
توضع بعد كل جملة مثيرة للدهشة والتعجب وتسمى عالمة التأثر وهي عالمة وقف طويل، تستعمل ب، أو فرح، أو خوف، أو استغاثة. بعد تعج
حر! لباما أجمل -
! أهال بمدرستي -
واأسفاه ! -
ويل للظالم ! -
عالمات االستفهام )؟(. 6 من عالمات الوقف الطويل، وتوضع في نهاية الجمل المستفهم بها عن شيء. هى
كم هو عمرك؟ -
هل فهمت الدرس؟ -
ماذا تفضل؟ - -
. الشرطة المائلة )/(7هذه العالمة غالبا للفصل بين عناصر التاريخ سواء الهجري أو الميالدي في حالة عدم ذكر تستخدم
األشهر بالحروف م 2111/ 12/ 11 -
(-الشرطة ) .8 تستخدم لإلشارة إلى:
بند جديد من بنود القائمة
):( بداية العناصر الدرجة أسفل النقطتان
في ترقيم الحوار إذ تشير إلى أحد أطراف الحوار
الجمل االعتراضية قد توضع بين فصلتين أو بين شرطتين
،توضع للفصل بين متالزمين، مثل المبتدأ والخبر، أو بين ركني الجملة إذا طال الركن األول فيها
أو بين العدد والمعدود إذا كانا في أول السطر
(- -الشرطتان). 8
االعتراضية وألفاظ التفسير ان للجملةوتوضع
ع - عمره وثروته –هداه هللا –ضي
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 90
( )القوسان. 9
االعتراضيةأحيانا يستخدم القوسان لتوضع بينهما مجموعة من العناصر وأحيانا الجمل
القاهرة )حرسها هللا( أكبر مدينة في أفريقيا -
«. إنما األعمال بالنيات»قال رسول هللا )صلى هللا عليه وسلم(: -
» «التنصيص . 11
ويوضع بين قوسيها المزدوجين كل كالم مقتبس بنصه
«كل فتاة بأبيها معجبة»تحب الفتاة أباها ، وتعجب به ، وقديما قالوا: -
الحذف واإلضمار ... نقط. 11
وتأتي دائما ، كره إما ألن به خدشا للحياء أو ألنه تكرار مملذأن يتوضع مكان الكالم لم يشأ الكاتب وتستخدم كذلك عند اقتباس نص من أحد المصادر وحذف بعض السطور من هذا . قبل كلمة إلخ
النص المقتبس فمن األمانة التأكيد للقارئ أن هناك كالما محذوفا
. النقطتان المتجاورتان ..12
ترد أحيانا في العناوين الصحفية وغرضها أن تحل محل الفصلة المحظور استخدامها في العناوين الصحفية
السلطات السودانية تعتقل الترابي .. وتصادر الصحيفة الناطقة بلسان حزبه )جريدة المصري اليوم( -
] [وفانق. القوسان المركنان أو المع12
وتوضع بينهما زيادة قد يدخلها الكاتب على النص المقتبس أو يثبت بينهما عبارة من عنده يراها ساقطة من النص الذي يحققه، أو يكتمل بوجودها هذا النص.
. عالمة يتبع )=(11
توضع هذه العالمة في نهاية الحاشية في نهاية الصفحة لإلشارة إلى القارئ إلى أن بقية الحاشية الصفحة التالية. في
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 91
Sentence Connectors
Sentence Connectors
Sentence connectors are words and phrases used to link ideas from one sentence to the next
and to give paragraphs coherence. They are also known as linking language.
Functions of Sentence connectors They are used to indicate similarity, contrast, result, addition, and listing, time,
exemplification, particularization, explanation, emphasis, reformulation, transition, negative
condition, and summation/conclusion.
I. Similarity
Likewise similarly correspondingly by the same token in the same way
Examples:
1. Men must wear a jacket and a tie; similarly women must wear a skirt or a dress, not
trousers.
2. You can’t teach navigation in the middle of a storm. Likewise, you can’t build a
system of values in the current educational climate.
II. Contrast
On the other hand, in contrast, conversely, however, yet, still, nevertheless,
nonetheless, even so, in spite of this, despite of this/ that
Examples
A. Direct Opposition
1. Ali worked hard. On the other hand, Okan hardly did any work at all.
2. Metin is lazy. However, his brother is quite diligent.
3. Extroverts love crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.
4. Six is more than five; conversely, five is less than six.
5. Denial of Expectation( Unexpected result)
6. She studied diligently for several months. Nevertheless, she failed.
7. George is very handsome. Yet, he is not popular with girls.
8. My uncle is 70 years old now. Nonetheless, he maintains his interest in legal
matters.
9. It’s raining. Even so, we must go out.
III. Result
As a consequence, accordingly, for this/ that reason, therefore, as a result, consequently,
hence, thus, because of that/ this
Examples
1. He passed his exams. Therefore, he had some good news to tell his parents.
2. Professor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence, he is highly respected.
3. He has been studying hard for a long time. Thus, he has made considerable progress.
4. He lacks self-confidence. As a consequence, he is unlikely to be successful.
5. The demand has increased sharply. Accordingly, the prices are higher now.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 92
IV. Addition and listing
Also, beside, further, moreover, furthermore, in addition, first (firstly, first of all, to
begin with, in the first place, for another thing), thirdly (third, in the third place), finally
lastly, last of all.4
Examples:
1. To prepare his homework, Jack went through various history books. Furthermore, he
took notes from several encyclopedias.
2. During her spare time, jenny practices the piano; in addition, she plays the violin.
3. Owning a car has some advantages. First (first of all/ firstly/ to begin with), it gives
you comfort. Secondly, it saves you a lot of time. Thirdly, it gives you great freedom
of movement.
V. Time
At first, afterwards, later, then, in the meantime, meanwhile
Examples:
1. I read the morning papers for a while. Afterwards, I took a shower.
2. First pick up the receiver and then insert a coin into the coin-box.
3. At first, I had great difficulty with grammar later. However, I was able to overcome
these difficulties by studying hard.
4. The party is Tuesday, but in the meantime I have to shop and prepare the food.
5. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.
VI. Exemplification
For instance, for example, to illustrate
Examples
1. Women generally live longer than men. For instance, in the United States life
expectancy for women is 75, while it is 73 for men.
2. Earthquakes can be highly destructive. To illustrate, the earthquake which occurred in
Erzinacn in 1939 devastated the whole town, killing more than 35,000 people.
VII. Particularization
In particular, particularly, specifically
Examples:
1. Shopping in small markets is quite advantageous. In particular, one can find
specially items that larger stores do not contain.
2. We still needed to arrange several details for the trip. Specifically, we had to
make plane and train reservations as well as decide on the final itinerary.
VIII. Explanation:
That is, namely, in other words, that is to say
Examples:
1. The brochure dealt with travelling in Morocco. Namely, it discussed
transportation, currency, and language.
2. Good readers should be able to read between the lines; in other word, they should
be able to make inferences about information that is conveyed indirectly or given
only partially.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 93
3. As a child grows up, he learns how to behave in ways which are appropriate to the
society into which he is born. That is to say, he acquires the patterns of behavior
which accepted as normal in his society.
IX. Emphasis
In fact, indeed, as a matter of fact, actually
Examples:
1. He is quite wealthy. In fact, he is one of the richest men in Turkey.
2. I like reading. As a matter of fact, it is my favorite pastime
3. Mural is a highly talented musician. Indeed, he has an extraordinary gift for
music.
X. Refutation:
On the contrary
Examples:
1. She is not ugly. On the contrary, she is a good-looking girl.
2. I don’t hate classical music. On the contrary, I’m very fond of it.
XI. Reformulation:
In other words, to put it in a different way, put differently
Examples:
1. He is a conservative. In other words, he favors the preservation of old institutions
in their original form
2. Is there a cheaper solution? In other words, can you make a cheaper device?
XII. Transition:
As for, as to, with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as far as X is concerned
Examples:
1. Both Orkun and Ozkan are my friends. Orkun studies law at Ankara University.
As for Ozkan, he studies mechanical engineering at METU.
2. As far as comfort is concerned, a car is definitely much better than a bicycle.
3. METU and ITU are similar in several respects.
XIII. Negative condition:
Or else, otherwise
Examples:
1. I must leave now, or else I’ll be late.
2. You must study hard. Otherwise, you may fail
XIV. Summation/ Conclusion
In summary, in brief, in short, in conclusion, to be brief, to sum up, all in all
Examples:
1. This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat ever; in short; it is a fiasco.
2. The system lacked originality, efficiency and ingenuity. In conclusion, it was a
complete failure.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 94
Connectors
In a text, propositions group together into larger and larger units. It is the idea of
“GROUPIING” that is important. Certain relations connect these propositions, such as
(Reason-Effect) , (Condition- Consequence), (Means-Result), (Purpose-Means), (Concession-
Contra-expectation), (Grounds-Result), (Grounds-Exhortation) . Sometimes a proposition can
be a (Delimitation) or a (Description). It can also be a (Parentheses) or a (Comment).
Relations can be (Sequential) or (Simultaneous). In English, the Sequential relation is
indicated by such words such as First, After that, And then, Next, And, and other forms.
Simultaneous relation is indicated by such words as Meanwhile, At the same time, While,
And, etc.
Coordinating Conjunctions:
To Add: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too,
next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.),
To Compare: whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the
contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but,
although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true
To Prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover,
besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is
To Show Exception: yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes
To Show Time: immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly,
first (second, etc.), next, hence, thence, henceforth and then
To Repeat: in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted
To Emphasize: definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively,
naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically,
unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation
To Show Sequence: first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at this
time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously,
before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 95
To Give an Example: for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation,
take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate
To Summarize or Conclude: in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have
said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the whole
Subordinating Conjunctions:
Cause:
as, because, in order that, since, so that
Concession and comparison:
although, as, as though ,even though, just as, though, whereas, while
Condition:
even if, if, in case, provided that, unless
Place:
where, wherever
Time:
after, as soon as, before, once, still, till, until, whenever, while
Correlative Conjunctions:
Both … and, not only … but also, not … but, either… or, neither…nor, whether… or, as
… as
Conjunctive Adverbs:
however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, as a result
Connectives and Conjunctions in Arabic:
- Wa-و
It is of the highest frequency of all Arabic connectives to signal additive relationships.
Sentences within expository texts are often initiated with (wa) as well. It can also
function as an additive term within sentences to link clauses, phrases, and words.
- Fa-ف
It can have sequential meaning' and then'; a resultative meaning 'and so'; a contrastive
meaning 'yet', or 'but'; a slight shift in topic 'and also', or 'moreover'; or a conclusive
meaning 'and therefore', or 'in conclusion'. It may also start a sentence in a text, or knit
elements together within a sentence.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 96
- Bal-بل
It introduces a clause whose content conveys the idea of something additional but also
different from the main clause.
- Ith- ذإ
It introduces a clause providing a rationale or reason meaning 'since' or 'as much as'.
- Ithan- إذن
It initiates a clause or question that comes as a result or conclusion from a previous
statement meaning 'thus',' therefore', 'then', 'so', and 'in that case'.
- Hatta حتى + past tense: until
It introduces a clause that follows the consequence or result of the previous clause,
referring to an event or action in the past.
- Adverbial Conjunction of place:
- Haythu 'حيث': where
It denotes the concept of 'where' or 'in which'.
- Adverbial Conjunction of time:
- Bayn-a- maa بينما 'while', 'whereas'
It has both a temporal meaning 'during the time that', and also a contrastive meaning
of 'whereas'.
- Ba'd-a-maa بعدما 'after'
It is usually followed directly by a past tense verb. It is necessary to use it before a
clause beginning with a verb.
- Ba'd-a-'an بعد أن 'after'
It means essentially the same as ba'd-a-ma when describing a situation that has taken
place in the past.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 97
- Ba'd-a-idhin بعدئذ 'after that'; 'then'; 'subsequently'
It is equivalent in most situations to the adverbial conjunction ثم.
- Hin-a-maa حينما and Hinn-a حين 'when'; 'at the time when'
- 'Ind-a-maa عندما 'when'; 'at the time when'
- Ind-a-idhin عندئذ 'then'; 'at that point in time'; 'at that time'
- Qabl-a'an قبل أن + subjunctive 'before'
It refers to an action anterior to the action in the main clause even if the verb
occurring after it is past tense.
- Thumm-a ثم 'then';'and then'; 'subsequently'
It indicates a sequential action, coming later in time than the action in the preceding
sentence or clause.
- Disjunctions:
- Aw أو 'or '
It indicates an option between two or more elements, but that option is inclusive, that
is, it may include one, both, or all elements.
- 'Am أم 'or'
It indicates an exclusive option; one or the other, but not both or all.
- 'Immaa…'aw اما.… أو; 'immaa…wa-'immaa اما…واما'either…or'
It conveys the idea of an exclusive choice: one or the other, but not both.
Relative Clauses:
- Restrictive (Defining) Clauses:
They are clauses without which the sentence will make no sense.
They are used with: who, whose, whom, which, and that.
There are no commas in restrictive clauses.
The relative pronoun can be omitted
- Non-Restrictive (Non-defining) Clauses:
They are clauses that give extra information about something or someone already
mentioned.
(That) can not be used in such clauses
The relative pronoun can not be omitted
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 98
e.g. Compare the following:
My son, who is a doctor, came to visit me yesterday
My son who is a doctor came to visit me yesterday
On translating relative clauses into Arabic, the main difficulty lies in differentiating between
restrictive and non-restrictive clauses in rendering. Restrictive clauses could be translated into
Arabic by a relative clause qualifying a defined noun (i.e. اسم معرفة +اسم موصول + جملة :For instance .(الصلة
*What is the name of the tall man who has just come in?
ما اسم الرجل الطويل الذى حضر للتو
There is another method to provide a relative clause qualifying an unidentified noun in
Arabic. For instance:
*Have you got something that will get ink out of a carpet?
ن السجاد ؟( هل لديكم أية مادة تزيل الحبر من السجاد ؟ )هل لديكم ما يزيل الحبر م
Non-restrictive relative clauses could be rendered by ( العطف واو + a clause with a defined
noun). For instance:
*My mother, who now lives alone, does the Times crosswords every day.
لمتقاطعة بجريدة التايمز يوميا.إن والدتى و التى تقطن بمفردها اآلن تقوم بحل الكلمات ا
One technique that could be used to translate non-restrictive relative clauses is through
introducing the main piece of information in accordance with the logic of Arabic, then
providing extra information hereafter. Another technique could be used as well; it is
providing an idiomatic combination in Arabic with the relative clause introduced by (مما) /
:For instance .(األمر الذي)
*The Egyptian champion won, which was a surprise to everybody.
الجميع. فاز البطل المصرى األمر الذى أدهش
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 99
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 100
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Eight
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will explore the differences between modals and articles in
English and Arabic, and how professional translators handle the differences. They
will also practice different translation techniques from English into Arabic and vice
versa. Assessment 3 will be given in this session.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- contrast articles in English and Arabic; and
- translate appropriately modals from English into Arabic and vice versa.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Assignments:
- Controlled practice on translating modals and articles.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 101
Models and Articles
Definite Article8 "The":
1. Particular Things
- Have you seen the spider in the living room?
2. Class
- The poor are modest.
3. National groups
- The Irish have their own language.
4. Titles/ places + of
- The President of the States is to be elected soon.
5. Geographical Places (with exceptions)
- My wife likes the sea but I prefer the mountains.
6. Unique things
- The earth revolves around axis.
7. Emphasis
- A Laundromat is the place where we have our clothes washed.
8. Musical Instruments and other devices
- She plays the piano.
- The cat is on the T.V.
9. Parts of the body
- He was shot in the leg.
10. Newspaper names
- The Times, the Washington Post …etc.
11. Superlative
- This is the most expensive hotel in town.
12. All forms of entertainment (with exceptions)
- It is great to go to the cinema on weekends.
8 Adapted from Practical English Usage and the Contrastive Analysis Study Guide
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 102
Indefinite Articles "a/ an":
1. General things with countable nouns
- A spider has eight legs.
2. Unknown people
- A Mr. Smith showed me the way.
3- Something belonging to someone
- A Michael Angelo hangs in their room (painting).
4. Expressing (a type) or (a portion of) a noun with uncountable nouns (an exception)
- Have you got a cream for oily skin?
5. Jobs
- She is a dentist.
6. Measuring (per)
- I go walking three hours a week.
7. Illnesses
- I have got a horrible cold
(Exception: appendicitis- toothache takes Zero article)
Zero Articles:
1. Generalization with uncountable and plural nouns
- Doctors work for long hours.
- I love cheese.
2- Names and Proper Nouns
- Michael Angelo is one of my favorite artists.
3. Unique Organizations
- UN, UNESCO. …etc.
4. Days, months or seasons coming after or before the mentioned time
- See you on Thursday.
5. Means of transportation
- Let's go by train.
6. Forms of entertainment (as an exception)
- What's on T.V. tonight?
7- Some institutions as art forms or professions
- Cinema is different from theatre in many ways.
- He worked as an engineer in T.V.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 103
Definite and Zero Articles
THE DEFINITE ARTICLES:
THE ZERO ARTICLES:
1. Rivers
2. Seas
3. Oceans
4. Plural Countries (U.S.A – The
Netherlands – The British
Kingdom)
5. Series of Mountains (The Alps)
6. Deserts
7. Hotels
8. Museums
9. News
10. Acronyms AND Abbreviations
1. Countries (except group countries
and THE SUDAN)
2. Lakes
3. Continents
4. Single Mountains ( SUMMITS)
5. Universities
6. Airport
7. Meals
8. Sports
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 104
التعريف والتنكير
االسم النكرة: ما لم يدل على معين من أفراد جنسه فهو نكرة
مثال: رجل، بلد، أمير، شقيق
الرجل أم لم يقبلها مثل ذو، ما الشرطية –سواء قبل التعريف بال مثل رجل
االسم المعرفة: كل اسم دل على معين من أفراد جنسه فهو معرفة
مثال: أنت، خالد، بيروت، هذا، األمير، شقيقى، رجل البيت
** المعارف سبعة: الضمير و العلم و اسم اإلشارة و االسم الموصول و المعرف بال و المضاف إلى معرفة و النكرة
المقصودة بالنداء
التنكير والتعريف فى اللغة العربية
ما يندرج تحته أفراد كثيرون ال نختص به واحدا و يدل على الشيوع العموم. : اسم شاع لدى الناس أىالنكرة
مثال:
طالب/ كتاب/ شجرة
: اسم وضع ليدل على ما هو محدد و معين المعرفة
أسماء المعارف:
ابن عبد المطالب أناالنبى ال كذب ... أنا: الضمائر -1
طالب ذكى على: اسم العلم -2
لقرآ ن يهدى الكافرين ا هذا: إن أسماء اإلشارة -3
يتدرجون فى العلم يلهجون احسنه الذين: إن االسم الموصول -4
الشعراء أمير: شوقى المعرف باإلضافة -5
اإلحسانعبد اإلنسان: المعرف بال -9
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 105
Translate the following Arabic sentences into English, paying due attention to the differences
between the defined and undefined nouns in the source language and the definite, indefinite and zero
articles in the target language:
إنه ولد عنيد. -1
يعزف على آلة الكمان. -2
يعد الحوت األبيض حيوان مهدد باإلنقراض. -3
تتسم الحياة بالبساطة. -4
ركل الولد زميله فى ساقه. -5
األمريكية الفرنسية متوترة.إن العالقات -6
تتميز الجبال بطبيعة خالبة. -7
ذهبت فى رحلة إلى الجبال مع بعض األصدقاء. -8
تطل هذه البلدة على بحيرة جنيف. -9
سافرت إلى الفلبين و مكثت بها بضعة أيام. -11
تستطيع السفن أن تبحر من البحر المتوسط إلى البحر األحمر من خالل قناة السويس. -11
لمصرى إلى العديد من البلدان.يصدر القطن ا -12
شربت قهوة بعد اإلفطار. -13
إن القهوة و الشاى مشروبات ال يناسبان األطفال. -14
معظم القصص التى يرددها الناس عن األيرلنديين ليست حقيقية. -15
إنه لشرف لى أن أدعوك لتقابل مثل هذا الرجل المرموق. -16
إن الماء و الدفء عنصران ضروريان للحياة. -17
لسياسيون عزمهم على مواصلة المفاوضات. يؤكد ا -18
عاد الطفل إلى البيت. -19
إنها تعانى من مرض فى القلب. -21
إنها تعانى من نوبة قلبية. -21
سنذهب إلى المدرسة سيرا على األقدام. -22
تناولت طعام الغداء بالشوكة و السكين. -23
. تناولت الملكة إليزابيث العشاء مع رئيس الواليات المتحدة األمريكية -24
تناولت الملكة العشاء مع الرئيس. -25
إن لبن األم أكثر فائدة من اللبن الصناعى. -26
سوف يمكث اللص فى السجن لمدة سبع سنوات. -27
إن االبن األكبر موضع اهتمام والديه. -28
رب فقير ودود خير من غنى فظ. -29
يعد نهر النيل أطول أنهار العالم. -31
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 106
Exercise:
Compare the following sentences then translate them into Arabic paying due attention to
the use of defined and undefined nouns in Arabic:
1. I have been to the doctor.
A doctor must like people.
2. Could you pass me the salt?
Salt comes from the sea.
3. Have you fed the dogs?
Do you like dogs?
4. My brother is going out with a French girl.
My brother is going out with the French girl.
5. Jane is hospital.
Jane is in the hospital.
I left my coat in the hospital when I was visiting Jane.
6. I met her at college.
I will meet you at the college.
7. Who smokes in class?
Who smokes in the class?
8. Man and woman were created equally.
A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle.
The man who stole your car is in jail.
9. What is on T.V?
What is on the television?
10. Cinema is different from theatre.
It was a great treat to go to the cinema or the theatre when I was a child.
The following English Sentences have definite, indefinite and zero article cases. Translate
these sentences into Arabic, paying due attention to the use of defined and undefined
nouns in Arabic:
1- The English are very conservative.
2- You don't know the Andersons, do you?
3- My wife likes the seaside but I prefer the mountains.
4- Have you seen the Alps.
5- The history of Egypt is full of immortal figures.
6- I have stopped reading the newspapers because they are too depressing.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 107
7- A child needs love.
8- A doctor must be patient.
9- Is there a post office near here?
10- It is interesting to read a Charles Dickens.
11- A Mr. Jones called you while you were out.
12- Have you got a shampoo for dry hair?
13- I do aerobics three times a week.
14- She is a nice person.
15- I have a terrible cold.
16- We are having terrible weather these days.
17- She speaks very good English.
18- Oil has nearly doubled in price.
19- Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
20- She is afraid of rats.
21- I am interested in the 1960's novels.
22- How long does this trip take by bus?
23- Man and woman are created equal.
24- She is in hospital.
25- Mom went to the hospital to visit a friend.
26- I met her at college.
27- Let's meet in front of the college.
28- He has worked in radio all his life.
29- I usually listen to the radio while I am driving.
30- He is a stubborn boy.
31- He is playing the violin.
32- The white whale is endangered.
33- Life is simple.
34- We studied the life of Taha Hussein.
35- The boy kicked his colleague in the leg.
36- US-French relations are tense.
37- This town is on Lake Geneva.
38- The River Nile is the longest river in the world.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 108
39- The Thames River is in Britain.
40- Italy overlooks the Mediterranean.
41- The ship sank in the Pacific Ocean.
42- We spent the holiday at Lake Michigan.
43- Lake Michigan is in the United States of America.
44- Egypt is in Africa.
45- Brazil is known for coffee beans.
46- Violence prevails in the Middle East.
47- The United Kingdom comprises Britain and Ireland.
48- Holland is known for its windmills.
49- The Alps is in Europe.
50- Mount Everest is the highest summit on earth.
51- The Sahara separates Egypt from Libya.
52- Oxford University is one of the most famous universities in the world.
53- I will go to Cairo Airport.
54- I will stay in the Sheraton.
55- I went to the British Museum.
56- I read the times everyday.
57- Do you have a car?
58- I washed the car yesterday.
59- I watch T.V. everyday.
60- Please, put this clock on the T.V.
61- He decided to be an engineer.
62- My sister is a dentist.
63- Where is the cheese?
64- I love cheese.
65- The wife of the president of the USA is known as the first lady.
66- The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean.
67- Hong Kong used to be part of the British Empire.
68- Slovakia is part of the European Community.
69- The Amazon rain forest covers several countries in South America.
70- A friend of mine, who lives in Crete, has never left the island.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 109
71- A recent report predicted that all sea water will be polluted by 2040.
72- On the news today, there were reports of two plane crashes.
73- The weather tomorrow will be the same as today.
74- Fruits and vegetables contain vitamins.
75- Honesty is the best policy.
76- When I was at school, I used to love mathematics.
77- Power stations produce energy.
III) Translate the following text paying due attention to the use of definite, indefinite and
zero articles in English and the use of defined and undefined articles in Arabic:
Spanish is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is spoken all over South
America except for Brazil. Like Italian and Portuguese, the Spanish language is related to
Latin. A recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the United States of
America will be higher than the number of English speakers by the year 2090. As a result of
this, nearly all North American schools teach Spanish. The language with the most speakers
in the world is Mandarin Chinese.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 110
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Nine
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will explore the different places where the components of a
sentence can be placed. They will also practice different translation techniques from
English into Arabic and vice versa.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- shift components of a sentence in different places appropriately.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 111
Thematic Organization of Information
The order of words in sentences indicates the order of meanings. Languages differ in this
respect. Some languages have relatively restricted word order. Such languages express
semantically what is expressed by inflection in languages of relatively free word order. Each
language has its own share of flexibility. Words take their characters when they are
sequenced in a sentence. For this reason it's not only important to know what to say, but it is
also important to know how to say it. thesis/5171602.pdf-http://scholar.najah.edu/sites/default/files/all
Exercise
"The meaning or content of a sentence is conveyed by its deep structure, while the form of
a sentence is given by its surface structure." Bearing this in mind, provide a
methodological rendering of the following utterances into Arabic.
1. Never have I heard such a thing.
______________________________________________________________
2. Only when he is here, does he speak English.
______________________________________________________________
3. Little help will you get from him.
______________________________________________________________
4. No thought did you give to my distress.
______________________________________________________________
5. Up went the window and out popped a head.
______________________________________________________________
6. Into the room came the boy I wanted.
______________________________________________________________
8. Had I met you before, we might have been friends.
______________________________________________________________
9. There is no one less suited for the work than he.
______________________________________________________________
10. Here is the house I am going to buy.
______________________________________________________________
11. Thus should you act and not otherwise.
______________________________________________________________
12. He stupidly refused to speak.
______________________________________________________________
13. He refused to speak stupidly.
______________________________________________________________
14. I told her the story.
______________________________________________________________
15. I told the story to her.
______________________________________________________________
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 112
16. They never do come in time.
______________________________________________________________
17. Rarely does he come to see me now.
______________________________________________________________
18. Out in the street ran the weeping girl.
______________________________________________________________
"The meaning or content of a sentence is conveyed by its deep structure, while the form of
a sentence is given by its surface structure." Bearing this in mind, provide a
methodological rendering of the following utterances into English.
أو التصوير قتراب. ممنوع اال1
______________________________________________________________
. ممنوع التدخين 2
______________________________________________________________
. "إياك نعبد وإياك نستعين" 3
______________________________________________________________
. الشعب يريد الحرية والعدل والمساواة 4
______________________________________________________________
. ما يرد الشعب إال الحرية والعدل والمساواة 5
______________________________________________________________
يجوز التصريح بالتغطية اإلعالمية إال للصحفيين المصريين المقيدين نه الأنتخابات الرئاسية إلى وأشارت لجنة اإل. 6بنقابة الصحفيين واإلعالميين التابعين التحاد اإلذاعة والتليفزيون والقنوات الفضائية المصرية المرخص لها واإلعالميين
الدوليين المعتمدين لدى الهيئة العامة لالستعالمات.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
االشتراكى العربى إال ياها بانتخابى رئيسا لالتحادإ به إليكم ردا على الثقة الغالية التى أوليتمونى ليس أمامى ما أتوجه. 7قادها جمال نفس فى حياتى الستكمال المسيرة التى ما تعهدت به من قبل، وهو أن أعطى كل جهدى وكل إخالصى بل كل
وإننى ألرجو أن أجد فى ذلك كل العون من مؤتمركم )المؤتمر القومي( الذى هو والوحدة عبد الناصر على طريق الحرية . سياسية فى البالد أعلى سلطة
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 113
Arabic and Translation Studies Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Time: 40 minutes
I. The following paragraph (100-120 words from …) depends heavily
on sentence connectors to achieve coherence. Translate the
paragraph into Arabic conveying the function of the connectors
appropriately. (Suggested time 10 min. Points 5)
II. Translate the following sentences into Arabic pay attention to the
meaning of the adverbial phrase(s). (Suggested time 10 min. Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
III. State the function(s) of the punctuation marks in the following
sentences and translate them appropriately: (Suggested time 10 min.
Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
IV. The following are some sentences (15 to 50 words) extracted from news
items, websites, books etc. Although the sentences are decontexualized,
their meaning is still unambiguous. Translate with focus on appropriate
rendering of the relative clauses. (Suggested time 10 min. Points 5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 114
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Ten
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will practice translation at the paragraph level from English
into Arabic, and vice versa. The final project will be distributed in this session.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- translate a paragraph from English into Arabic and vice versa.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 115
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 116
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Eleven
Description of Session and Main Activities:
In this session, students will practice translation at the paragraph level from English
into Arabic, and vice versa.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- translate a paragraph from English into Arabic and vice versa.
Material:
Material developed at ATS
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 117
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 118
Certificate Title: The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Session Number: Tweleve
Description of the session and main activities:
Discission of the projects.
Description of the final project:
- In session 10, students will take a translation project.
- Students send the projects by email by session 11.
- The instructor returns the corrected projects by email 2 days before session 12.
- On session 12, each student will be asked to comment on one of the project
items, explaining pitfalls and points of difficulty.
- The grade is out of 30: 20 marks for the written part, and 10 marks for the
presentation.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 119
Arabic and Translation Studies Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics
Time: 120 minutes
I. The following are some sentences (15 to 50 words) extracted from news items,
websites, books etc. Although the sentences are decontexualized, their meaning is
still unambiguous. State the function of the underlined structures, and translate
into English so that the function(s) is conveyed in the target language.
The question should cover (tense&aspect, voice, connectors, relative clauses,
models, and articles)
(Suggested time 30 min. Points 10)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
II. The following are some sentences (15 to 50 words) extracted from news items,
websites, books etc. Although the sentences are decontexualized, their meaning is
still unambiguous. State the function of the underlined structures, and translate
into Arabic so that the function(s) is conveyed in the target language.
(Suggested time 30 min. Points 10)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Contrastive Grammar and Stylistics Page 120
III. The following paragraph (about 100-120 words, from Source) depends heavily
on sentence connectors and punctuation to achieve coherence. Translate the
paragraph into Arabic with focus on conveying the function(s) of the connectors
and punctuation appropriately, rendering the thematic organization of the
paragraph appropriately, and paying attention to stylistic features such as the
translation of collocation, affixation etc. (Suggested time 30 min. Points 10)
IV. The following paragraph (about 100-120 words, from Source) is coherent
although it lacks sentence connectors and punctuation marks. Translate the
paragraph into English with focus on conveying coherence appropriately,
rendering the thematic organization of the paragraph appropriately, and paying
attention to stylistic features such as the translation of collocation, affixation etc.
. (Suggested time 30 min. Points 10)
…
…