Contribution of Maharana Pratap in Agriculture · This booklet is a compilation of articles on Contribution of Maharana Pratap (r. 1572–1597 CE) in Agricultural Augmentation that

Contribution

of

Maharana Pratapr. 1572 - 1597 CE

54th Custodian of The House of Mewar

in

Agricultural Augmentation

This booklet is a compilation of articles onContribution of Maharana Pratap (r. 1572–1597 CE) inAgricultural Augmentationthat are published in various books and magazines.

Published by:

Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation (MMCF), The City Palace, Udaipur.

Edition: 2017

Source: Maharana Mewar Special Library, Maharana Mewar Research Institute

and Maharana Mewar Historical Publications Trust, The City Palace, Udaipur

Updated as on 14th November 2017

Parmeshwaraji Maharaj Shree Eklingnath jiThe Ruler of Udaipur, Mewar

esokM+ vf/kifr ijes'ojkth egkjkt Jh ,dfyaxukFk th

xtkuua Hkwrx.kkfn lsfora dfiRFk tEcw Qy pk# Hk{k.ke~A meklqra “kksd&fouk”kdkjda uekfe fo?us”oj ikn iadte~AA

Bappa Rawal sets out for Chittor

Bappa Rawal receiving 'Mewar' from his Guru Maharishi Harit Rashi

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Painting depicting Bappa Rawal with Maharishi Harit Rashi. Founding of the State of Mewar

was based on the principle of Guru-Shishya (teacher-pupil) parampara. In this painting

Maharishi Harit Rashi is entrusting the State of Mewar to Bappa Rawal, A.D. 734

HlH Maharana Bhagwat Singh Mewar of Udaipur (r 1955-1984 CE)Founder

Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation

.

xksyksdoklh egkjk.kk Hkxor flag esokM+

egkjk.kk esokM+ pSfjVscy Qkm.Ms'ku

(r. 1955-1984 CE)laLFkkid

v/;{k ,oa izca/k U;klhegkjk.kk esokM+ pSfjVscy Qkm.Ms'ku

Jhth vjfoUn flag esokM+

Shriji Arvind Singh Mewar of UdaipurChairman and Managing Trustee

Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation

izkDdFku

EksokM+ esaÑf"kdeZ vkSj o`{kfo|k dh ijaijk

jktLFkku ds ̂esokM+^ {ks= dh ,d ns'k ds :i esa igpku vkSj izfr"Bk ds ewy esa xqfgyoa'k us tks ;ksxnku fd;k] og foxr lkS o"kksZa ds bfrgkl esa fof'k"V vkSj Lej.kh; gSa A orZeku esa ;g jktLFkku ds nf{k.k HkwHkkx esa gS vkSj bldk HkkSxksfyd Lo:i mn;iqj] jktLkean] HkhyokM+k] fpÙkkSM+x<+ vkSj izrkix<+ ftyksa dh lhekvksa dks feykdj fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSa ;g

ñ mÙkjh v{kka'k ds 23 49^ vkSj 25 28^ rFkk iwohZ ns'kkarj ds 73 1^ vkSj 75 49^ ds chp fo|eku gSaA esokM+ dk HkkSxksfyd foLrkj 48]77]958 gsDVs;j ekuk x;k gSaA gkykafd jktra= ds nkSjku le;≤ ij ;g lhek c<+rh&?kVrh Hkh jghA ;g izns'k Hkkjrh; dqyioZrksa esa fxus x, ikfj;k= vFkok vjkoyh ioZrekyk esa clk gqvk vkSj foU/;kpy ioZrekyk ls yxk gqvk gSA ;g [kkU;ksRikn ds lkFk gh Ñ";ksRikn ls le`) jgk gSA blh dkj.k ;gk¡ ns'k tSlh lEHkkouk,¡ cuhaA bls êsnikV^] ^{khjokV~ vkSj îzkXokV~^ Hkh dgk x;k gSA egkHkkjr esa Ñf"k vkSj [kkuksa ds mRikndrkZ gksus ls bls ̂ okV/kukt^ dgk x;k gSA ¼,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk Hkkx 27] i`"B 222½ LdUniqjk.k esa bl izns'k dk uke ̂ esokM+^ vk;k gS ;gh uke izkÑr xzaFkksa esa feyrk gS fdUrq 10oha lnh ds dfri; vfHkys[kksa esa bldks ̂esnikV^ dgk x;k gSA

ekS;Zdky rd bl izns'k dh le`f) dks igpku fy;k x;k Fkk vkSj rc jkT;dks'k dh vFkZ ls iwfrZ djus okys ^vkgkj^ {ks= ds :i esa bls fpfàr fd;k x;kA v'kksd ekS;Z ds nks f'kykys[kksa esa ;g ladsr fn;k x;kA :iukFk ¼cSjkV o lgljke esa Hkh½ okys ikyh Hkk"kk ds izFke y?kq vfHkys[k esa vk;k gS&^,fruk p o;tusuk ;kord rqid vgkys loj foolssrok;qfrA ^,frek o;tusuk^ ls vk'k; gS vuq'kklu ;k vkKk ds vuqlkj vkSj ^vgkys^ dk vFkZ gS vkgkj ;k vk; dk }kj vFkkZr tgk¡&tgk¡ ls vk; gksrh gksA ¼bf.M;u ,f.VDosjh 1908 bZ-] i`"B 20&23½ bl le`f) ds dkj.k gh ;g ;KHkwfe ds :i esa igpkuk x;k vkSj ;gk¡ v'oes/k ;K ds drkZ ijk'kjhiq= loZrkr~ us okfVdk laj{k.k dh ijEijk Mkyh vkSj ckn esa 225 bZLoh esa ekyoksa us ;gk¡ ,d"kf"Vjk= tSlk oSfnd ;K fd;k tks Hkkjrh; vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa esa lcls cM+s ;K ds :i esa js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA

d`f"k mRiknu ds iqjklk{; %

bl {ks= esa vc rd 115 ,sls iqjkrkfRod LFkyksa dks igpkuk tk pqdk gS] tgk¡ ekuoh; cfLr;k¡ fo|eku Fkha vkSj os fo'ks"k :i ls i'kqikyu vkSj ml ij vk/kkfjr d`f"k rFkk /kkrq mRikn tSls O;olk;kS ls tqMs+ gq, FksA buesa ckxksj] fxywaM vkSj muds e/;orhZ Hkxokuiqjk] Nrjh[ksM+k] ejeh] vkgkM vkSj mlds lehiorhZ ckykFky] egkjkt dh [ksMh]

ñ ñ ñ

1

eksjtkbZ] tks;M+k] meaM] ghjkth dk [ksM+k vkfn ds uke ogk¡ ls izkIr iqjkrkfRod izek.kksa ds fy, Lej.kh; gSA u dsoy csM+p] cukl vkSj xaHkhjh] xkserh vkfn ufn;ksa ds izokg {ks= esa cfLr;k¡ fodflr gqbZ] cfYd Hkhrjh eSnkuh bykdksa esa Hkh ckykFky] dj.kiqj] diklu tSlh cfLr;ksa dk feyuk ogk¡ Ñf"kdeZ ds fodflr :i easa gksus dk ifj.kke gS vFkok /kkrq mRiknu vk/kkfjr thfodk dk ifjpk;d gSA

Nrjh[ksM+k esa fxywaM ds ledkyhu izek.k feys gSa A ogk¡ pwYgksa vkSj HkfV~V;ksa ds vusd vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSa tks ogk¡ Ñf"k ds midj.k cukus okys leqnk; ds cls gksus dh vksj ladsr djrs gSaA ckykFky xkao unh ds izokg {ks= dh vis{kk eSnkuh bykds esa clh laLd`fr dk ifjpk;d gS vkSj ogka mRiknksa dh lqj{kk ds fygkt ls fdlh fdys dk fuekZ.k gksus dk er fn;k x;k gSA esokM+ esa 4000 ls 600 bZlkiwoZ rd ds izek.kksa dks [kkstk x;k gS vkSj ;s dbZ Lrjksa ij feys gSaA ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd Ñf"k] feV~Vh vkSj vU; vkStkjksa rFkk f[kykSuksa dh dYiuk igys ;gha ls tkxh FkhA ftu fnuksa fo'o esa tuthou dh fuf'pr xfrfof/k;ksa dk fBdkuk ugha Fkk] rc esokM+ esa ,d fodflr lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr vfLrRo esa FkhA ;gk¡ eq[; cLrh ds vklikl micfLr;ksa dks clkus dk izpyu FkkA ;g ijaijk xkserh unh ds izokg {ks= esa ljkM+k ds vklikl Hkh feyh gSA blesa cMs+ xkao ls fudydj mlds vklikl [ksMs+ Qys vFkok Hkkxysa clkus dk fopkj fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g ijEijk ;gk¡ vkt rd jgh gS vkSj xako ds lkFk xkaoMs dh ekU;rk thoUr gSA

eRL;iqjk.k esa bl {ks= dh iz'kalk djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd ikfj;k= ioZrekyk dk lkSUn;Z cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA bleas tks dUnjk,a gSa] os vnHkqr gSa vkSj ogka dh xqQk,a /;ku vkSj ri ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ,oa mÙkeksÙke gSaa ;g ioZr Jà[kyk lHkh _rqvksa esa le'khrks".k vkSj lnSo fodflr gksus okys iq"iksa ls O;kIr jgrh gS] ;gk¡ vusdkusd izdkj ds ou vkSj ouLifr;ka ikbZ tkrh gSa] ;gk¡ fofo/k izdkj dh /kkrqvksa dh izkfIr gksrh gS vkSj /kkrqvksa ds jlxq.k ds dkj.k gh os cgqr fp=&fofp= gS] ;gk¡ jl jlk;u dyk dh vksj ladsr djrk yxrk gSa] ;g vusdkusd xqQkx`gksa ls ;qDr gS] lc vksj ls ?kus o`{kksa f?kjk gqvk gS] jax&fcjaxs ,sls o`{kksa ls ?kuhHkwr gS tks yksxksa dks mudh bPNk ds vuqlkj Qykfn iznku djrs gSa vkSj ;gka vusd vkdkj&izdkj ds i{kh&lewgksa ls O;kIr gSA ;gka ;=&r= >jus >jrs jgrs gSa vkSj vusd tyk'k; ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ¼eRL; iqj.k] 148] 7&10½

bl izns'k ds vkarfjd mi{ks=ksa esa fxjok] nsoM+kokV] exjk] esoy] eqaMy] NIiu&pks.Mk] dkaBy] >kykokM+] HkkseV] cksjkV] lsjk&uyk] L;kyiV~Vh] oukoy] [kM+xkpy] esokM+] flyksVh] [kkjhHkznk] esjokM] xksBak] [ksjkM+] Åijeky] vkarjh vkSj dqaMky tSls bykds eq[; gSA budks mDr ukeksa ds lkFk gh iV~Vh ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;s uke ewyr% d`f"k] i'kqikyu] vkSj flapkbZ vFkok ioZrh; ;k eSnku {ks= vk/kkj ij iMs+ gSa] tSlk fd eqag.kksr uS.klh dk er gSA uS.klh us rks bu {ks=ksa esa gksus okyh [ksrh dh mit&fuit ds

2

uke vkSj eku&izek.k Hkh fn, gSaA vcqy Qty us Hkh esokM+ dh vk; dks vkadM+ksa lfgr js[kkafdr fd;k gSA

Ñf"k o o`{kksa ls Ik;kZoj.k dh /kkj.kk %

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, ;g iz;kl vko'; gS fd ou] ok;q vkSj o`f"V dh fujarjrk cuh jgsA Le`fr;ksa vkSj izkphu czkã.k xzUFkksa lfgr iqjk.k&miiqjk.kksa esa bl lEcU/k esa tksj nsdj dgk x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh ekuoh; vkokl ;k cLrh ds vklikl ou dk fodkl fd;k tk,] iou dks 'kq) j[kk tk, vkSj ckfj'k ds lqfuf'pr mik; fd, tk,A Hkkjr dh ;Ke; laLÑfr ds ewy esa Ik;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k dh vo/kkj.kk feyrh gSA esokM+ us bl lR; dks cgqr vkjaHk ls gh le> fy;k FkkA Ñf"k mRikn vkSj /kkfRod mRiknksa ls /kuh bl /kjrh ij Ik;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk vkSj laj{kk ds fy, /keZ ds lkFk tqMs+ mik;ksa ij tksj fn;k x;k Fkk rFkk bldh psruk yksdkJ; vkSj jkT;kJ; nksuksa gh Lrj ij ns[kus esa vkrh gSaA

esokM+ eas Ñf"k vkSj ou Hkwfe ds laj{k.k dk iwjk /;ku fn;k x;kA ioZrh; vkSj eSnku cgqy bl izns'k esa vusd izdkj ds isM+ksa dh cgqyrk Fkh vkSj dbZ xkaoksa esa ydM+h dkVus dk fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gSA ;gka nso&ouksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA nsoukjk;.k dh Le`fr esa ouksa dk laj{k.k fd;k x;k gSA fpÙkkSM+ vkSj HkhyokM+k gh ugha] mn;iqj ftys esa Hkh ,sls dbZ xkao gS tgka isM+ksa dks ugha dkVk tkrkA ogk¡ o`{kksa dks cpkus dk ladYi fd;k x;k gSA mn;iqj eas lsrq dk exjk] lkdjksnk] cyhpk] lhM+ vkfn xakoksa esa isM+ dkVuk rks nwj] ,d iÙkk Hkh ugha rksM+k tkrk gSA cYnj[kk] fcankfy;k] nsonk] lksfu;k.kk] lkefj;k dyk] lkefj;k [kqnZ] esuky vkfn ntZuksa xakoksa esas oukPNkfnr Hkwfe ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;g nsoth dh ouh dgh tkrh gSA bu LFkkuksa ij nsoukjk;.k ds nsojs vkSj eafnj cus gq, gSaA ;s ouh cgqr iqjkuh gS vkSj tgka ouh gS] ogka vdky dk izHkko de gh gksrk gSA ogk¡ ckfj'k Hkh ;Fks"V gksrh gSA ghM+ vkSj cxM+kor egkxkFkk esa ouh dh efgek feyrh gS vkSj oujkt ds :i esa nsoth dk lqfej.k fd;k tkrk gS%

ouh fojkT;k nsoth] lcjk lkjs dktAMkGk&ikuka jkf[k;ka] ik.kh&lkalk lktAA

vFkkZr~ & ouh esa fojkftr nsoth gj fdlh ds dk;Z dh lk/kuk djrs gSaA os leLr bfPNr dk;ksZa dks iwjk djrs gSaA mudh ouh ds Mky&iku lfgr isM+ksa dh j{kk djus ls ikuh vkSj 'okl ;ksX; ok;q dh j{kk gksrh gSA

nsoukjk;.k dk thoudky egkjk.kk gehjflag dk leorhZ jgk gS fdarq ,slk ugha gS fd igys ;g ijaijk ugha FkhA ou&okfVdkvksa ds fodkl dh /kkj.kk esokM+ esa iwoZ ls gh jgh gSA bZlkiwoZ v'oes/k ;kftu loZrkr~ us uxjh ¼ek/;fedk] fpÙkkSM+x<+½ esa ukjk;.k okfVdk

3

ds fy, ijdksVk cukdj dnkfpr bl mik; dks igyh ckj ns'k ds lkeus j[kk FkkA egkjkoy rstflag vkSj lejflag ds 'kklu dky esa fy[ks x, vfHkys[kksa esa Hkh ou{ks=ksa dk mYys[k vkrk gSA rstflag ds 'kkludky esa fpÙkkSM+x<+ ds ikl ?kk?klk esa is;ty gh ugha] flapkbZ ds fy, dwi dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k FkkA izrkix<+ ls izkIr 942 bZ- ds xqfgy [kqEek.k r`rh; ds vfHkys[k esa ̂dks'kokg^] ̂dPN^ tSls 'kCn mu [ksrksa ds fy, vk, gSa ftudks peM+s ds pM+l ls lhaaps vkSj rj j[ks tkrs FksA ¼jktLFkku dh ,sfrgkfld iz'kfLr;k¡ vkSj rkezi=] i`"B 30&31½ ogk¡ fNÙkqYykd uked [ksr dk fo'ks"k :i ls ftØ gS ftlesa 10 ek.kh izek.k vUu dks cks;k tkrk FkkA blls Ik;kZIr fryksRiknu gksrk FkkA ?kkl Hkh iSnk gksrh] gkj ds fy, iq"iksRiknu fd;k tkrk] lqikM+h mRiUu dh tkrhA ,d [ksr dks ekspk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk tks lEHkor% lsey isM+ksa ls vkPNkfnr jgrk Fkk vkSj ogk¡ ls mRikfnr nl e.k izek.k vukt oV;f{k.kh efUnj dks fn;k tkrk FkkA ohjiqjk xkrksM+ {ks= esa 1185 bZ- ds ,d rkezi= ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ogk¡ flapkbZ ds fy, jgVksa dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA ,d jgV dks ̂ YglkfM;k^ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA blls pkoy ds [ksr dks lhapk tkrk FkkA ,d jgV dk uke Å¡c#vk] ,d vU; jgV dks <hdksy ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA bl dky rd [ksr dh igpku mldh o`{kkoyh] ?kkl] bZa/ku vkSj tylzksr ls gksrh FkhA ¼mi;qZDr i`"B 46½

mn;iqj ds vkgkM+ {ks= esa d`f"k mIiknu ds fy, jgV ls flapkbZ dh tkrh FkhA lu~ 1206 bZ- ds ,d rkezi= ls Kkr gksrk gS fd rc ;gk¡ nks izdkj dh Qlysa yh tkrh Fkha & 1- gjk ¼o"kkZdkyhu½ vkSj 2- ljk ¼'khrdkyhu½A ;gk¡ oekmok uked jgV FkkA ;gk¡ ls mRikfnr gksus okyh nksuksa Qlyksa esa ls 9ok¡ fgLlk LFkkuh; Hkk;yLokeh efUnj dks fn;k tkrk FkkA Hkwfe ij Hkkx] Hkksx] dj] fgj.; tSlh ykxrsa fu/kkZfjr FkhaA ;g fuf'pr gh ;gk¡ d`f"k mRiknu ds csgrj gksus dk lk{; gSA ¼mi;qZDr i`"B 52½

egkjkoy rstflag ds ckjs esa vkcwioZr fLFkr egkjkoy lejflagdkyhu 1285 bZLoh dh iz'kfLr esa dgk x;k gS fd mlus vius 'kklukf/kdkj okyh i`Foh dks eksrh tSls /kkU; mxkus okyh cukus ds fy, mfpr :i ls chtksa dk izcU/k fd;k] mldh flapkbZ ds fy, tylzksrksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj mRlxZ fd;kA ;gh ugha] lnxq: ds lk/ku&funsZ'k ij mlus okfVdkvksa dk fodkl vkSj nkudj iq.; :ih Qyksa dks mitk;k & mDra ekSfDrdchteqÙkeHkqfo R;kxL; nkukEcqfHk% flDRok ln~xq:lk/kusu furjkeknk; iq.;a Qye~A ¼'yksd 45½ blls iwoZ 1266 bZ- ds ?kklk xako ds rstflag dkyhu f'kykys[k esa bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd ml {ks= esa tkS dh Ik;kZIr [ksrh gksrh FkhA vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj xqgM+k xkao ds okXMokfj;s rkykc ds isVs esa gksus okyh [ksrh ¼isVk dk'r½ vkSj ekadM+Fkyk ¼ekaxFkyk½ ds [ksrksa esa iSnk gksus okys tkS dks ewM+h uked izek.k ls ekik tkrk FkkA zewMh tkS ds rkSy ds Vksdjksa ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls izpyu esa Fkk ftlesa nl dy'k vukt gksrk FkkA ¼jktLFkku dh ,sfrgkfld iz'kfLr;k¡ vkSj rkezi=] i`"B 54½

4

rstflag ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh lejflag us jkT; esa d`f"k vkSj ouksRiknu ij iwjk /;ku fn;k FkkA mlds fy, vkcw dh mDr iz'kfLr esa dgk x;k gSa fd mlds iz;klksa ls ;gk¡ ije fu"Bkokuksa dh rjg o`{kksa dk leqnk; leLr _rqvksa esa Qy] iq"ikfn mRiUu djus yxsA blh dkj.k vcqZn tSls ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa eqfu;ksa dh vkoktkgh yxh jghA os eqfux.k izk;% Js"B riLoh fl) gq, vkSj fo"k;o`fÙk;ksa ds R;kx ds fy, iz'kaflr gq,A ¼'yksd 58½ lejflag dkyhu fpjok dh 1273 bZ- dh iz'kfLr esa dkysyk; uked tyk'k; ls flafpr [ksrksa ds nku dk lUnHkZ vk;k gSA bu [ksrksa dks ̂dsnkj^ dgk x;k gS ftldk vk'k; gS /kkU;ksRiknu djus okyh HkwfeA ¼ohj fouksn] izFke i`"B 389½

egkjk.kk gehj us vkez okfVdkvksa ds fodkl ij tksj fn;kA leh/ks'oj egknso dh egkjk.kk eksdydkyhu 1429 bZLoh dh iz'kfLr esa dgk x;k gS fd mlus flapkbZ ds fy, >hy dk fuekZ.k djok;k tks lkxj tSlh fo'kky Fkh vkSj mlds pkjksa gh vksj vkezokfVdkvksa dk fodkl djok;k Fkk%

vph[kur~ lkxjdYieYisrjRljPJqrouhfHkfj)e~AA ¼'yksd 16½

egkjk.kk yk[kk us ftruk /;ku tkoj vkfn dh [kkuksa ls [kuu ij fn;k] mruk gh /;ku [ksrksa dh flapkbZ ij fn;kA bl ckr dk irk eksdydkyhu iz'kfLr ls yxrk gS fd yk[kk us esokM+ eaas flapkbZ ;ksX; rkykcksa dk fuekZ.k djok;kA ;s rkykc vkt Hkh ^yk[kksyk rkykc^ ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA ,sls gh ,d rkykc ds uke ij HkhyokM+k esa yk[kksyk xkao clkA mn;iqj ds ikl y[kkoyh esa igkfM+;ksa ds ikuh dks laxzg djus ds fy, cus rkykc dk uke yk[kkokyk Fkk ftlls xkao dk uke Hkh iM+kA bl dky esa rkykcksa dks deykas dh [ksrh ds :i esa tkuk x;kA iz'kfLr esa ,sslss tyk'k;ksa dh etcwrh ds fy, c`gnkdkj ik"kk.kksa dk iz;ksx djus dk fooj.k gSA ¼leh/ks'oj efUnj dh iz'kfLr] 'yksd 38½ egkjk.kk eksdy dk tks fooj.k dqEHkyx<+ dh iz'kfLr esa vk;k gS mlls fofnr gksrk gS fd esokM+ esa czkã.kksa usa Hkh d`f"kdeZ vkJ; ys fy;k Fkk& foizkuferku~ gfya dy;r% dk';Zsu o`Ùksjye~A ¼'yksd 217½

ou vkSj ogk¡ ds mRiknu %

esokM+ esa ou nsfo;kas ds uke ij Hkh feyrs gSaA bu ouh {ks=ksa esa isM+ksa dk fodkl mÙkjksÙkj pyrk jgrk gSA pawfd dksbZ isM+ dkVk ugha tkrk] ,sls esa ifÙk;k¡ gh fxj&fxjdj [kkn dk dke djrh gS vkSj uohu chtksa dks Hkh egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj nsrh gSA esokM+ esa ;g ekU;rk jgh gS fd o`{k iq:"k ds iq= ds leku ekus x, gSa D;ksafd iq:"k us Lo;a gh mUgsa yxk;k gS] blfy, os mlds iq= rqY; dgs x, gSaaa ( iq:"k ges'kk muds lkFk Lusg dk O;ogkj djrs gSa vkSj os o`{k mudh dkeukvksa dks vo'; gh ifjrÌr djrs gSaA

5

vjkoyh ftls voZyk Hkh dgk x;k gS] ds igkM+ksa ds <kyksa esa ckfj'k vf/kd gksus ls ?kus taxy jgs gSaA ;gka dHkh 'ksj] ck?k]isaFkj vkfn tkuoj cgqyrk esa ik;s tkrs FksA vusd taxyh isM+] ?kkl vkSj ckal vkfn [kwc gksrs FksA isM+ksa esa vke] tkequ] rasnq] uhe beyh] xwnka] lkxoku] [ksj] lsey] ljtuk] egqvk] dxj vkfn eq[; gSa tks eq[; :i ls Qynkj vkSj Nk;knkj gSaA igkM+ksa ls ckal] bZ/ku] bekjrh ydM+h] ?kkl] [kfut] inkFkZ vkfn dbZ mi;ksxh phtsa fey tkrh gSa ;gka fl;kyw ¼[kjhQ½ vkSj mukyw ¼jch½ nks izdkj dh Qlysa gksrh gSaA eq[; Qlyksa esa eDdk vkSj xsgw¡ gSa fdUrq ;gka tokj] puk] mM+n] ewax] fry] ljlksa] bZ[k] dikl] rackdw] ewaxQyh] fephZ] thjk vkSj /kfu;k [kwc gksrk gSA vQhe dh [ksrh fpÙkkSMx<+ ftys vkSj mlls yxs ekyok {ks= esa gksrh gS tks dHkh esokM+ dk fgLlk FkkA igys csxwa esa iku dh [ksrh gksrh Fkh] tSlk fd eqag.kksr uS.klh ftØ djrk gSA dqN o"kksZa igys rd dkuksM+ ds rkacwyiku] [keuksj ds pS=h xqykc] gehjx<+ ds rjcwts] fxokZ dh vjch] jrkyw] lwj.k] okyu ddM+h] t;laen ds ve:n] lywacj dh rjksbZ] ihyknj ds VekVj izfl) jgs gSaA flrkQy] csj vkSj dkpjh ;gk¡ [kwc gksrs gSaA dHkh fpÙkkSM+x<+ {ks= esa lse&jktek dh [ksrh [kwc gksrh Fkh] tSlk fd 6oha lnh esa ogka dh ;k=k ij vk, phuh ;k=h âsulkax us ladsr fn;k gSA vjkoyh ou{ks= esa vusd izdkj dh oukS"kf/k;ka vkSj tM+h&cwfV;ka gksrh gSaA

esokM+ esa egkjk.kk dqaHkk dkyhu Ñf"k mRikn %

esokM+ esa egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds 'kkludky ¼1433&68bZ-½ esa okfVdkvksa ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k x;kA dqEHkk us ukxkSj {ks= dks ;ouksa ls eqDr djokdj xkspjHkwfe ds :i esa NksM+k czkã.kksa dks gkadus ds fy, iznku dj fn;k FkkA ra xkspja ukxiqja fo/kk; fpjk; ;ks czkã.klkndk"khZr~A ¼dhfrZLrEHk iz'kfLr] 'yksd 21½ ;g thrh xbZ Hkwfe ij Ñf"k djokus dh fn'kk esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ igy FkhA rRdkyhu xzaFkksa esa jktoYyHk okLrq'kkL= okLrqe.Mu vkfn esa egyksa] gosfy;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk uohu uxjksa esa Hkh okfVdkvksaa ds fodkl vkSj mudks lnk 'kL; ';keyk cuk, j[kus ds fy, ty;a=ksa dh LFkkiuk ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA

bl dky esa esokM+ essa [ksrh ls mRiUu gksus okys /kkU;ksa dh cM+h lwph egkjk.kk jk;ey dkyhu 1495 bZ- ds ̂,dfyaxiqjk.k^ esa izkIr gksrh gSA bldk iz;ksx [kk|&vkgkj ds :i eas gksrk FkkA esokM+ esa bl dky rd vusd izdkj ds pkoy mRiUu gksrs FksA buesa lky ds pkoy] dkyh lky ds pkoy] lqxa/kh lky ds pkoy] jktksjk dh lky ds pkoy] okxM;k pkoy] pØksnjh lky ds pkoy] dkeksn ds pkoy] 'osr pkoy vkSj lkB;k pkoy lfgr pØksnjh vFkkZr~ ftuds Åij pØ ds fpUg gks ftuls ikSgk cuk, tkrs Fks] esokM+ eas miyC/k gksrs FksA blh izdkj nky ds :i esa ewax dk iz;ksx gksrk Fkk vkSj ;g Ik;kZIr mxk;k tkrk FkkA

6

ew¡x dh nky tks /kksbZ gqbZ vkSj fcuk fNydksa dh gksrh Fkh] mls mÙke ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj fNydksa okyh ew¡x dh nky e/;e ekuh tkrh FkhA blh izdkj rqvj dh nky vkSj pus dh nky lfgr vU; nkysa Hkh ;gka miyC/k FkhA ;gka rjdkfj;k¡ pkj izdkj dh gksrh Fkha vkSj uSos| ds :i eas Hkh mudk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA ;Fkk &1-rkfM+r ¼ftudks ryk tk lds vFkkZr Nksadnkj½] 2- HkftZr ¼ftudks Hkwatk tk lds½] 3- jaf/kr ¼ftudks jk¡/kh tk lds½ vkSj 4- okf"ir ¼ftudks Hkkik ;k mckyk tk lds½A f'kaC;kfn ¼lk¡xjh] oYy½ Qyksa dh lfCt;k¡ ?kh esa idkdj cukbZ tkrh Fkha] os rkfM+r dgh tkrh gSA vU; tks Js"B Qy gksrs] mudks ?kh esa Hkw¡tdj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] mudks HkftZr ¼Hkwaftr½ 'kkd dgk tkrk gSA pkoy dh ikifM;k¡ lfgr vU; tks ikiM+ gksrs gSaA mudks Hkh Hk¡qtk gqvk dgk tkrk gSA okLrqd ¼cFkqvk] ckFkyk½ vkfn tks i= okyh lfCt;k¡ gksrh gSS] os jk¡/kh gqbZ dgh tkrh FkhaA

blh izdkj jrkyq] fi.Mkyq ¼'kdjdUn] lwj.k½ vkfn HkwfedUn dh lfCt;k¡ Hkkih xbZ dgh tkrh gSA y'kqu ¼yglqu½ dk mRiknu Hkh gksrk FkkA [kku&iku esa ikud ;ksx ds fy, uhacw vkfn [kêh oLrqvksa vkSj ukajxh tSls Qyksa dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk FkkA nk[k] fi.M[ktwjkfn lfgr uhacw] ukjaxh] dsyk] iul vkfn esa vkBosa Hkkx beyh feykdj vkSj vU; nzO;kfn Mkydj Ik.kk rS;kj fd;k tkrk FkkA uhacw] vnjd] dsjh] dUn&ewy] dsyk dkS'kkrdh ¼rksjbZ½] ddZVh ¼ddM+h½] /kk=h ¼vk¡oyk½] fcYo ¼csy½] djhj ¼dsj½ bR;kfn dk mRiknu lU/kkud ¼vFkk.kk] vpkj½ ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj HkkstuksijkUr rkEcwy lsou dh ijEijk ds Øe essas ;gk¡ iku mRikfnr fd;k tkrk FkkA ¼,dfyaxiqjk.k19] 73&103½ ;g cgqr jkspd gS fd ;gk¡ brus /kkU;kfn mRikfnr fd, tkrs FksA fuf'pr gh ;s ;gk¡ le`) d`f"k mRiknu ds ifjpk;d gSaA oSls ?kkslq.Mh dh ckoM+h dh iz'kfLr esa ogk¡ ij dsyk] vke] iul vkfn ds mRikn dk lUnHkZ feyrk gS ¼jktLFkku dh ,sfrgkfld iz'kfLr;k¡ vkSj rkezi=] i`"B 201½

egkjk.kk mn;flag us mn;iqj dks clk;k vkSj ogk¡ o`{kksa dks mxkus ij iwjk /;ku fn;kA ;g funsZ'k eRL;iqjk.k dh ml ijEijk dh vksj ladsr djrk gS ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd jktk dks izR;sd cLrh esa mi;ksxh o`{kksa ds vkjksi.k dk funsZ'k fn;k x;k gS%jktk lafpuq;kr~ loZa iqjs fujo'ks"kr%AA ¼eLR;iqjk.k v/;k; 217½ gkykafd bl dky esa Ñf"kdrkZvksa dks fxokZ {ks= esa rkezi=h; izfrKkopu lfgr Hkwfenku Hkh fd;k x;k A eksysyk xk¡o esa f'ko uked jgV okyk [ksr nsus dk mYys[k ,d rkezi= esa feyk gSA bl le; mn;iqj esa ukfj;y] iul] vke vkfn o`{kksa dks Ik;kZIr :i ls yxk;k x;k FkkA ;s isM+ brus vf/kd gks x, Fks fd mudh la[;k dh x.kuk dj ikuk dfBu Fkk& lUukfjdsy iulkez lqo`{kchtS ,rr~ izHkk rjo ,oa cHkwoqfjRFke~A ¼vejlkj ;'k[k.M 55½

7

egkjk.kk izrkidkyhu d`f"k uhfr%

egkjk.kk izrki ds 'kkludky esa fy[ks x, ̂fo'o oYyHk^ xzaFk eas [ksrksa vkSj okfVdkvksa ds fu;ksftr fodkl ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh lUrqyu cuk, j[kus ds fy, bl dky esa d`f"k vkSj o`{k fo|k dks izJ; nsus dk iz;kl gqvkA fo'ooYyHk dks e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk Ik;kZoj.k vkSj Ñf"k 'kkL= ekuk tk ldrk gS vkSj fo'o dks Ik;kZoj.k ds {ks= esa ;g viwoZ ;ksxnku gSA blesa ukS v/;k;ksa ¼mYyklksaa½ esa Hkwfexr tyf'kjk] ty 'kqf)] ck¡/k&dq.M vkfn tylzksrksa ds fuekZ.k] o`{kkjksi.k fof/k] o`{kksa dh ikS"k.k rduhd] jksxh o`{kksa dh fpfdRlk dh fof/k;k¡] o`{kksa dh j{kk] fofp= ikS/kksa dks rS;kj djuk] chtksipkj tSls egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dks fy[kk x;k gSA

fo'ooYyHk ls egkjk.kk izrki dh d`f"k uhfr dk irk pyrk gSA rRdkyhu tulkekU; esa vkRefuHkZjrk ds fy, d`f"k] QyksRiknu dh izpqjrk dks t:jh ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk ds vuqlkj vuwi] tkaxy] feJ vkSj ioZrh; izns'kksa ds vk/kkj ij tks mfpr gks] oSlh [ksrh&ckMh djuk mfpr ekuk x;k FkkA ;g KkrO; gS fd egkjk.kk izrki us ml nkSj esa Ñf"k uhfr dk izorZu fd;k vkSj Ñf"k mUu;u ij tksj fn;k tc ;q) ds ckn ds gkykr Fks] turk ;k rks njcnj Fkh ;k fQj gkykr lrr~ eqxy vkØe.kksa ls inkØkUr FksA eSnkuh bykdksa esa [ksrh ds u rks gkykr Fks vkSj u gh [ksrh lEHko vksj fujkin FkhA ̂ nSoa ok d"kZ.ke~^ vFkkZr HkkX; vFkok d`f"k vFkok ̂ nsork jk oj pkyS vj djlk jk gy ̂ bl dgkor ds vk/kkj ij [ksrh dh egÙkk dks esokM+ esa le>k tkrk jgk gSA

izrki us udnh QlyksRiknu ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;kA ;b bl n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ Fkk fd rc udn ysu&nsu vis{kkd`r de Fkk vksj flDdksa dks <kyus ds fy, Vdlkysa cUn gks pqdh FkhaA ,sls esa jkT; dh vkRefuHkZjrk ds fy, [ksrh vkSj [knku gh eq[; vk/kkj FksA ckjEckj geyksa ds nkSj esa Hkwfe dk dksbZ Nksj Ñf"k ds fy, mi;qDr ugha cpk rc o`{kksa dks LFkk;h ;k nh?kZdkyhu mRiknu iznk;d ekuk tk ldrk FkkA xkao ds xkao [kkyh djokdj yksxkas dks vis{kkd`r fujkin ekyok dh vksj lqj{kk ds fygkt ls Hkstk tkrk Fkk] tSlk fd ̂ ohj fouksn^ ladsr nsrk gSA ,sls esa ;q) dks Vkyus ds lkFk gh oucgqy QyksRiknu ij fopkj cgqr mi;qDr FkkA ;w¡ gh esokM+ tutkfr cgqy jgk gS vkSj taxy esa cls yksx taxy ds mRikn dsk ,d=dj thou;kiu djrs jgsA tu lkekU; ds fy, d`f"k vFkok oukSit vkthfodk dk eq[; lk/ku jgk gSA

fo'ooYyHk esa isM+] ikS/ks] o`{k] xqYe&yrk] fo:/k] Rod vkfn ouLifr;ksa ls gksus okys QyksRiknu dks n`f"Vxr j[kk x;k gS vkSj muds Js"B Qy iznk;d gksus ds fy, vusd ckrsa ikyuh; crkbZ xbZ gSa A ;Fkk&

8

1- Ñf"kdk;Z ds fy, Js"Bre cht miyC/k gksa vkSj chtksa dk mfpr midkj djds gh cks;k tkuk pkfg, A chtks esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh feykoV ugha dh tk,] ;g euqLe`fr dk Hkh funZs'k jgk gSA

2- moZjd] [kkn ij mRiknu dk cgqr izfr'kr fuHkZj djrk gS] vr% iqjh"k ¼xkscj vkfn [kkn½] dqi.k tykfn ¼fof'k"V izdkj ds lgt&lk/; moZjd½ fof/k;ksa dks viuk;k tk, vkSj jktdh; Lrj ij bls izpkfjr vkSj izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,A

3- [ksrh &ckM+h dh le;c) flapkbZ ds fy, mfpr izcU/ku gksaA uxj] xzkekuqlkj flapkbZ ds fy, tylzksrksa dk fodkl fd;k tk, vkSj is;ty vkSj flapkbZ ds fy, iznw"k.k jfgr ikuh dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A

4- [ksrh esa fofp=hdj.k tSls iz;ksx blfy, Hkh gksa fd fdlku] turk mu iz;ksxksa ls ykHkkfUor gksa vkSj fo'ks"k iz;ksxksa dks ns[kdj izsj.kk izkIr djsaA

5- Ñf"k {ks= vkSj cxhpk vkfn dks mtkMs+ tkus ij iqu% jksi.k dh vis{kk tks o`{kkfn u"V gks x, gksa] mudks gh iqu% thfor vkSj Qynk;h cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,] blls le; dh cpr gksrh gSA bl dk;Z ij fujh{k.kkRed n`f"V j[kh tkuh pkfg,A

6- Qlyksa] isM+&ikS/kksa eas gksus okyh bfr&O;kf/k] jksxksa ds mipkj rFkk vkUrfjd vkSj ckgjh dhVksa ds fu;U=.k ds fy, rRdky vkSj izHkkoh mik; fd, tk,¡ rkfd mRikn izHkkfor ugha gksaA

izrki ds dky esa Ñf"k fodkl dk lEcU/k RkRdkyhu vkcknh dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ ls gh ugha] vkcknh }kjk le;≤ ij cnys tkus okys vkokl ¼eqdke½ vkSj 'kkldh; LdU/kkokj ¼fot; dVd jk Msjk] Nkofu;ksa½ ds egRo vFkok uxj vkfn cfLr;ksa ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk gokyk [ksrh ¼'kklukf/kÑr [ksrh½ Hkh tqM+k gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ,sls esa [ksrh pwafd ewyr% o`f"V vk/kkfjr jgh gS rks o`{k fpjdky Ik;ZUr mRikn ns ldrs gSa vr% Qynk;h o`{kksa dh okfVdkvksa ds fodkl ij /;ku fn;k x;kA bl dky esa Ñf"k ds fodkl ds fy, jksx jfgr] mUur vkSj mipkfjr chtksa dk mi;ksx ij tksj fn;k x;k ogha Ñf"k {ks= ds foLrkj ij Hkh /;ku fn;k x;kA flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa ds foLrkj dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZA [kkn o Ñfe&dhVkfn uk'kd vkS"kf/k;ksa dks iz;ksx Hkh fd;k x;kA dye yxkdj fofp= QyksRiknu djus dh fof/k;k¡ Hkh izpkfjr dh xbZaA

blh xzUFk ls fofnr gksrk gS fd esokM+ esa dikl mRiknu ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;k FkkA dikl dh [ksrh ds fy, diklu dks fo'ks"k igpku feyh vkSj mlds ikl gh xksfn;k.kk tSlk xk¡o egkjk.kk izrki }kjk nku djus dk rkezi= Hkh izdk'k esa vk;k gSA bl le; dikl ds Qwyksa dks ihyk] yky vkSj uhyk djus ds iz;ksx Hkh fd, x,A esokM+ esa d`f"k esa

9

fdlh izdkj ds iz;ksx dk igyk lk{; fo'ooYyHk ls gh lkeus vkrk gSA fctyh ds fxjus ls ukdkjk ekus x, o`{kksa ls Qy mRiUu djuk] cka> o`{kksa dks Qynk;h cukuk vkSj o`) o`{kksa ls Qy ysus tSls iz;ksx dh lQyrk bl dke dks cM+h fo'ks"krk gSA blh dky esa 'kkd&lfCt;ksa dh iSnkokj c<+kus vkSj iztkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds iz;kl Hkh gq,A fcuk xqByh vkSj fcuk vfLFk ds xktj vkfn mRikn ysus ds iz;ksx fd, x,A vf/kdkf/kd fryksRiknu lfgr tkS] nky vkSj ljlksa gh ugha vusd iztkfr ds iq"iksa dh iSnkokj esa btkQs ds vuqHko vk/kkfjr iz;ksxksa&;ksxksa dks fy[krk gqvk xzaFkdkj pØikf.k feJ ;g Lohdkjrk gS fd og O;kogkfjd fof/k;ksa dks gh fy[k jgk gSA

ijorhZdky eas d`f"k mRikn vkSj iz;ksx%

fo'ooYyHk xzUFk ds vk/kkj ij jk.kk izrki ds 'kkludky esa rks esokM+ esa okfVdk,¡] cxhps] ckfM;ka vkfn rks cuh gha] ijorhZ 'kkldksa us Hkh blesa :fp n'kkZbZA ;gka le;≤ ij vU; izns'kksa ls vkus okys jktnwr vius lkFk cht] ikS/k vkfn ysdj vk,A mn;iqj esa ,sls dbZ isM+ gSa tks esokM+ ewy ds ugha gS ysfdu ;gk¡ dh tyok;q us mudks yxkus ds ckn iuius esa lg;ksx fd;kA

egkjk.kk vejflag ¼1597&1615 bZ-½ ds le; esokM+ esa pkoyksRiknu Ik;kZIr :i ls gksrk FkkA rq"k ;k fNyds lfgr gksus okys pkoy 'kkfy ;k lky dgs tkrs Fks vkSj muds fNydksa dk gVkus ds fy, vks[ky esa dwVus tSlk dke ?kj&?kj fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s pkoy pUnzek dh dkfUr ds leku pedhys gksrs Fks vFkok mudks ̂ pUnzdkfUrf'kr'kkfy^ dgk tkrk Fkk] ;g Li"V ugha gS ysfdu fo'ks"krk ds vk/kkj ij ukedj.k ij fo'okl fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl dky esa pkoyksa dks cy iznk;d dgk x;k gSA blh le; lCth ds fy, nkyksa dk Ik;kZIr mRiknu gksus yxk FkkA fuf'pr gh ;s nkysa mM+n vkSj ewax dh jgh gksaxhA ¼vejlkj] ;'k[k.M 361&362½ blh izdkj fryksRiknu] gYnh dh [ksrh vkSj xUus dh mit [kwc gksrh FkhA fryksa ls rsy fudkyus ds fy, ?kk.kh ;U= xkao&xkao Fks vkSj gYnh dks pw.kZ cukus ds fy, dwVd vkSj pfDd;k¡ rFkk xUus dks isjus ds fy, pjf[k;k¡ [kwc FkhaA ;s ;a= Øe'k% dk"B vkSj ik"kk.k ds gksrs FksA ¼mi;qZDr 32&33½ blh izdkj bl dky esa esokM+ esa nkfMe] nzk{kk] [ktwZj] vke] uhacw] dq"ek.M ;k dn~nw i;kZIr :i ls gksrs Fks vkSj budk vkgkj ds :i esa [kwc mi;ksx gksrk FkkA ¼mi;qZä 357½

egkjk.kk jktflag ds 'kkludky esa tcfd jktleUn dk fuekZ.k gqvk] rc mldh uhaoksa dks [kksnus ls tks ty jgVksa ls [khspdj ckgj fudkyk x;k] mlls fdlkuksa dks ykHk nsus dk iz;kl gqvk vkSj forfjdk,¡ cukdj ml ty dks vklikl ds xk¡oksaa ds [ksrksa rd igqapk;k x;kA jktiz'kfLr esa vk;k gS fd mDr ikuh dks cM+s&cMs+ /kksjksa ¼ukfy;ksa ugjksa ½ ds ek/;e ls ¼lnqi;ksxkFkZ½ yksx vius xzke&xzke ys x,A blls d`f"k mit c<+us ls os xzke vc uxjksa ds :i okys gks x,A ftl rjg T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa dksbZ fu/kkZfjr fnol

10

Kkr djus ds fy, rkfydk dks Js"B lk/ku ekuk tkrk gS] oSls gh mä ikuh dks izkIr djus ds fy, xzkeh.k yksx viuh ckjh flapkbZ ds fy, ugj esa ikuh NksM+us ds fnu ds fy, rkfydk ¼le; lkfj.kh½ tSlk Js"B lk/ku dke esa ysus yxsA ¼jktiz'kfLr 10] 30&31½

blh dky esa d`f"k dh lQyrk ds fy, o"kkZ ds v/;;u ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;k vkSj blds fy, iqjkfgr xjhcnkl dh vkKk ls laor~ 1746 o"kZs oS'kk[k lqnh 11 ¼vizsy]1689 bZ-½ dks xkxkhZlafgrk^ tSls xzUFk dk lEiknu fd;k x;kA mldh mfDr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij o`f"Vfopkj fdlkuksa ds fgr esa fd;k tkrk FkkA ;Fkk& vk"kk<+ ekl esa }kn'kh] izfrink vkSj iwf.kZek ds fnu ;fn cgqr iou izokg gksrk gS rks loZ= vkSj 'kh?kz gh o`f"V gksrh gS& vk"k<s rq ;nk ekls }kn'kh izfrifíusA iwf.kZekL;ka ;nk o';a egkokra fofuZns'kr~ AA loZ ,o HkosfUuR;a nsoks o"kZfr 'kh?kzr% AA ¼e;wjfp=e~ ifjf'k"V xkxhZlafgrk] 'yksd 220&221½

bl dky rd esokM+ esa RkEckdw dh Ik;kZIr [ksrh gksus yxh Fkh vkSj vkdksyk tSls xk¡o esa mlds Bsds gksus yxs FksA VkWM us ogka ls izkIr ,d f'kykys[k dk ftØ fd;k gS ftlesa jktflag ds 'kkludky esa mDr Bsdk mBk ysus dh vkKk nh xbZ gSA blh rjg gYnh?kkVh {ks= easa ps=h xqykch dh [ksrh cMs+ Lrj ij dh tkus yxh Fkh tks vkt rd fujUrj gSA jktflag ds 'kkludky esa leLr _rqvksa dh NVk izdV djus okys ^LkoZ_rq foykl^ uke ls okfVdkvksa ds fodkl dh ijEijk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA blh dky esa mn;iqj ds pkjksa vksj tyk'k;ksa ds fuekZ.k dk dk;Z O;kid iSekus ij gqvk vkSj ;g dke yxHkx lkS lkyksa rd fujUrj jgkA

egkjk.kk laxzkeflag ¼f}rh;½ ds 'kkludky] laor 1791 rnuqlkj 1734 bZ- esa igyh ckj esokM+ esa eDdk dh [ksrh vkjEHk gqbZ A esukj xkao esa ;g iz;kl gqvk vkSj mlds cht vkxjk&eFkqjk {ks= ls ;gk¡ igq¡ps FksaA [kwc cf<+;k iSnkokj gqbZ vkSj rc tks ukjk 'kq: gqvk] og vkt rd esokM+ esa Ñf"k dk ukjk cuk gqvk gS % xÅ¡ NksM+ us eDdh [kk.kksa] Ik.k esokM+ NksM+ uS dBSbZ uh tk.kksA blh rjg egkjk.kk txrflag ¼f}rh;½ ds 'kkludky esa igyh ckj esokM+ ckBjM+k dyka ds ikl gokys esa fjtdk mxk;k x;kA blls v'oksa dks egRoiw.kZ [kqjkd feyuh 'qk: gqbZA ogk¡ vkt Hkh fjtdk dk dqvka uke ls ,d xkao clk gqvk gSA

dkuksM+ fBdkus dh igy ij xkao esa rEcksfy;ksa us ukxoYyh ;k rkEcwy iku dh [ksrh izkjEHk dhA ;gk¡ dk iku cjlksa rd yksxksa dh igyh ilan cuk jgkA ;g ekyoi.kZ ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk Fkk] ftlds fy, rkEcwyeatjh esa dgk x;k gS fd ;g ukxoYyh vEyjl okyh] rh{.k] e/kqj] :fpdjh] fgek] nkg nwj djus okyh] fiÙk dks c<+kus okyh] nhiudkfj.kh] cyo/kZd] eq[k dks lqxU/k nsus okyh] le`f) o lkSHkkX;of/kZuh] endkfj.kh] jktkvksa dks lnk fiz;] Iyhgk] mnj&LQhfr vkSj dCt dks nwj djus okyh gksrh gS&

11

ukezk ;kEyjlk lqrh{.ke/kqjk :P;k fgek nkguqr~ fiÙkksnzsdgjk lqnhiudjh cY;k eq[kkeksfnuhA

JhlkSHkkSX;foof/kZuh endkjh jkKka lnk oYyHkkxqYek/;ekufocU/kftTp dfFkrk lk ekyos eq Le`rkAA

¼rkEcwyeatjh 85½

egkjk.kk vejflag ds 'kkludky esa rkEcwy esa lqikjh ]diZwj vkSj vejiq"i ;k yoax j[kdj pck;k tkrk FkkA izk;% Hkkstu ds ckn rkEcwy lsou dh ijEijk jgh gS¼vejlkj% iwokZuqlkj 365&366½ iku dk chM+k >sykus ds dbZ izlax bfrgkl esa feyrs gSa] blls izrhr gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ iku dk O;kid O;ogkj FkkA oSls egkjk.kkdqEHkk ds dky esa rkEcwy ds iz;ksx dk ladsr ,dfyaxiqjk.k eas feyrk gS& rkEcwya p rrks·iZ;r~AA ¼19] 103½

egkjk.kk lTtuflag ds 'kkludky ¼1874&84bZ-½ esa mn;iqj esa ̂lTtu fuokl m|ku^ dks fodflr djus dk dk;Z gqvkA rRdkyhu bfrgkldkj vkSj egkjk.kk ds ijke'kZn dfojktk ';keynkl nf/kokfM+;k dh vkKk ls dksVs'oj n'kksjk us ôkfVdk fof/k^ dks fy[kkA izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku esa ekStwn bldh iqf"idk esa vk;k gS % JhekrZ.M oa'k ekSfyef.k egkjktkf/kjkt Jh egkjk.ksanz Jh 108 Jh lTtuflaggkukekKkuqlkjs.k dfodqyksnHk~o nf/kokfM:kUo;ksRiUu lkaoynklkuqeR;k czkã.k n'kksjk dksVsJo~js.k fyf[krsna iqLrdaA laor~ 1934 vk"kkM lqnh15 ¼'yksd 225½

esokMh Hkk"kk esa fy[kh xbZ bl iqLrd ds vkjEHk esa vfXuiqjk.k ds 'yksssdksa dks fy[kk x;k gS tks esokM+ esa ikfjfLFkfrdh larqyu ds okfVdkvksa ds egRo vkSj esokM+ esa muds Øfed fodkl dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa %

vFk okx dk psVk yxkok fd fØ;kA /kUorfj cksys fd vc o`{kk;qosZn dks dgwaxkA ikdfj mÙkj fn'kk esa] iwoZ esa cjxn] nf{k.k esa vkez vkSj if'pe esa ihiy dks yxk;k tkuk 'kqHk gSA nf{k.k fn'kk esa dk¡Vs okys o`{k lehi esa 'kqHk gSA x`g ds oke Hkkx esa m|ku gksuk pkfg,A m|ku esa fry ;k Qwy okys o`{kksa dk jksi.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A jksi.k ls iwoZ czkã.k vkSj pUnzek dh iwtk djuh pkfg,A o`{kksa ds vkjksi.k] /kzqo ¼ rhuksa mÙkjk] jksfg.kh o jsorh½ vfHkftr~] gLr iwokZ"kk<k 'krfHk"kk vkSj ewy u{k=ksa esa gksus pkfg,A

blesa flapkbZ ds fy, mfpr izca/ku ij tksj nsrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd m|ku esa unh ds izokg dk izos'k djok;k tk, vFkok ,d okih cuok,aA iq"dj.kh cuokus ds fy, gLr] e?kk] vuqjk/kk] vf'ouh] iq"i] /kfu"Bk] 'krfHk"kk vkSj rhuksa mÙkjk u{k= mÙke ekus tkrs gSaSA tyk'k; cuokus ls iwoZ o:.k] fo".kq vkSj itZU; dh iwtk dh tkuh pkfg,A vfj"Bk] v'kkssd] iqaukx] f'kjh"k ;k ljl lfgr fiz;axq] vk'kkikyd] dsyk] tkequ] cdqy rFkk

12

nkfMe ds ikS/ks jksi.k ;ksX; ekus tkrs gSa A o"kkZ ds izkjaHk esa lk;adky vkSj izkr%dky o`{kksa dks vkjksi.k djsaa vkSj 'khrdky esa fnu ds vUr esa o`{kkjksi.k fd;k tkuk iz'kLr gSA lkFk gh o"kkZdky esa jkf= esa o`{kkjksi.k fd;k tkuk mfpr gSA i`Foh ds lw[k tkus ij isM+ksa dh flapkbZ djuh pkfg,A

okfVdkvksa esa o`{kksa ds chp fdruk varjky gks] bl laca/k esa dgk x;k gS fd o`{kksa dk ,d ls nwljs ls vUrj chl gkFk ij mÙke ekuk tkrk gS] lksyg gkFk dk vUrj e/;e vkSj ckjg gkFk dk vUrj v/ke ekuk x;k gSA o`{kksa dk jksi.k vfr fudV&fudV ugha djuk pkfg,A ?kus o`{kksa esa Qy ugha yxrsA o`{kksa ds vkjksi.k ds igys 'kL= ls tehu ij xÔk cukdj mldh 'kqf) dh tkuh pkfg, A ftl xÔs esa o`{k yxk;k tk,] mls ty ls Hkj nsa vkSj mlesa ok;foM+ax dk pw.kZ ?k`r esa feykdj NksM+ nsa] blls Hkwfe 'kq) gks tkrh gSA ftl o`{k dk Qy yxdj >M+ tkrk gks] mldh tM+ eas dqyFkh] mM+n] ew¡x] fry vkSj ;o ds pw.kZ ls fefJr 'khry ty ls flapu djs rksa fuR; iq"i vkSj Qy ls ynk jgsxk A blh rjg HksM+ o cdjh dh easxuh dk pw.kZ ;ok dk pw.kZ vkSj fry dk pw.kZ ?k`r ls lku dj 'khry ty esa feyk nsa vkSj mlls o`{k dks lhapus ls Qy yxrs gSa A lkr jkr rd ty esa xksekal j[k ns vkSj mlls o`{k dks lhapus ls lHkh o`{k iq"i o Qy ls yns jgrs gSa eNyh ds /kksou ty ls lhapus ij o`{kksa dh o`f) gksrh gS vkSj ok;fcMa+x]pkoy rFkk eNyh dk ekal o`{kksa ds fy, nksgn rqY; gS rFkk lkekU; :i ls lHkh o`{kksa ds jksxksa dksa nwj djus okyk gSA blh izdkj ds o`{k&fo'ks"k ds fy, jksxksa dk 'keu fd;k tk ldrk gSA iyk'k ds iq"iksa dks lqUnj rFkk lqxa/k ;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA O;kf/k;ksa] fo"kkfn dks nwjdj o`{kksa dks fpjk;q] ljl o Js"B QykfUor fd;k tk ldrk gSA

blh xzaFk esa esokM+h cksyh esa okfVdkvksa ds foU;kl vkSj fu;kstu ij dbZ mik;ksa ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk x;k gS %

;Fkk okxkrs dh fØ;k dkSrqdfparke.ks eN lks rks U;kjh NsA vj ;k fØ;k vfXuiqjk.k esa yh yh[kh NsA okx yxkos tB ikjl ihiy rks mÙkj dh =Q 'kqHk%A iwoZ us oM yxkotsA nf{k.k fn'kk vkac yxkotsA if'pe fn'kk ihiyh yxkosA rFkk dkaVk okyk o`{k nf{k.k dk D;kjk eas yxkotSA vj gosyh esa okx yxkos rks gosyh lawuh ljrka ckbZ =Q yxkotSA lks czkã.k dh ]panzek dh iwtk dj yokoSA o`{k ;ka u{k=k esa yxkoS& jksfg.kh] rhuw mÙkjk] Lokfr] gLr] iwokZHkknzin] vknzkZ Jo.k] ewy& ,rk u{k= yhtSA vj ugj ik.kh dh gks; rks uhdka rFkk ryko dh eksjh uhps yxktSA v: okx oklrs uhoka.k djkos rks ;k u{k=ksa esa djktS & gLr] e?kk] vuqjk/kk] iwokZHkknzin] iq";] /kfu"Bk] 'krfHk"kk] mÙkjk rhuqA vc uhok.k djrk okLrq dh] o:.k dh iwtk dhtSA vc jrh vkos rha eas ;k jhfr lhaps vjMhBks] vklkikyks] ukxpEiks] ljfl] vkEc ] dsfy] tkew.k cksyljh] nkfMe] budkS xzh"e esa nks ckj lhap tS A lhr dky eas ;sd fnu ds vkarjs lhapsA o`"kk jrw esa i`Foh lwdh ns[ks tn lhapsA v: ohl gkFk ds varj o`{k ykxs lks mfÙke] lksyk gkFk ds varj o~`{k ykxs lks

13

e/;eA ckjk gkFk ds varj o`{k ykxs lks v/ke tka.ktSA v: o`{k u dksa ,d txk lksa mikfM nwljh txka yxkts rks uhdkA o`{k l?ku gks; rks lk[kk dkVcks dhtSA

vc fujQy gks; fru dks bykt& ok;foMax] ?k`r rs tM esa ns ikNs ty lhsps rks Qy&Qwy ykfx >fM iMS rks byktA dqyFk] mMn] eawx] to] fry] ?k`r] ;ka dfj tM eas ns; ikNs ty lhaps rks Qy&Qwy lnk vkoSA v: ft.k o`{k dSa Qy&Qwy oMk ugha gks; rks Nkyh dh ehax.kh dks [kkr] to dks pwu] fry dks pwu------ bu dqa ik.kh esa fnu ‰ tkoks dfj tM esa nhtsA rFkk jksx tkos dk mik;& ok;foMax] ekNyh dks ekal ;ka us feyk; tM esa nhts rks jksx tk;A

blh y?kqdk; xazFk esa okM+h ds Qyus ds fy, dh tkus okyh fØ;k ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk x;k gS % xwxy yhts] eksjixh yhts] ukxjeksFkks yhts] lks ;ka dwwa dwaV ?kh feyktS] nhrokj jh jkr oL= gh.k gks; /kwi nhts rks okM+h QySA iqu% Fkkoj ds fnu vj/k fcEc esa dqaHkkj dh yks<h ukSR;kts] v/kZ jkfr lesa R;kj /kwi nsj okMh esa /kfj nhTkS rks okMh cgksr QykSA dqok dk <k.kk lkj.k ds e/; gksn jgs thesa Ik.kks xY;ka [kkr uk[ks lks uk[;ka le Hkkx ty dh lkFk ljh[kksa iksp FkksMkd~ vjlk ikNS /kjrh cnys Ns] iksVyh rFkk tksx eqlkyk dh D;kjk&D;kjk ij uyoks es xkaB /kjhts mnsbZ jks Hk; ugha ghax okok ds okLrs cht pksiMh ts] Hkkax ds D;kjk dslqyh ehaxQy varehl"Vau esFkh ds var Hkhykek rek[kq ds bR;kfn tFkk tksxA ¼o`{kk;qosZn % lEiknd Jhd`".k tqxuw] pkS[kEck laLd`r fljht vkWQhl] okjk.klh] ifjf'k"V½

dguk u gksxk] esokM esa Ik;kZoj.k dks cuk, j[kus vkSj mlds fujarj lao/kZu ds fy, tgka 'kkldksa us Ik;kZIr /;ku fn;k] ogha iztk us Hkh ix&ix ij funsZ'kksa dk ikyu fd;kA blfy, tgka xkao&xkao ckfM;ksa dk fodkl gqvk vkSj ukfM;ksa vksj ou&ouh dk Hkh iYyou gksrk jgkA ;gka ds vfHkys[kkas esa o`{kkofy;ksa] dwi&okfidkvksa dk lqanjre o.kZu Ik;kZoj.k ds izfr iztk ds j{kd Hkko dk gh izn'kZu djrk gSA

MkW- JhÑ".k ^tqxuw^QSyks b.MksykWth

egkjk.kk esokM+ Qkm.Ms'ku okf’kZd lEeku & 2008 dsegkjk.kk dqEHkk lEeku ls lEekfur

fuokl% fo'ok/kkje~40] jktJh dkWyksuh] fouk;duxj

mn;iqj 313001 jktLFkku

14

15

MAHARANA PRATAP AND HIS TIMES1989

16

This document is extracted from the book titled'Maharana Pratap and his times'Convenors: Dr. G.N. Sharma and Shri M.N. Mathur

Published by Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti, Moti Magri, Udaipur

Maharana Pratap and his times

17


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22

MAHARANA PRATAP AUR UNKA YUG1991

23

This document is extracted from the book titled'Maharana Pratap Aur Unaka Yug'Editor: Dr. Dev Kothari

Assistant Editor: Dr. Lalit Pandey

Published by Sahitya Sansthan, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, Udaipur

Printed at Kailash Printers, Buuwana, Udaipur

Maharana Pratap Aur Unaka Yug

24


25


26

MAHARANA PRATAP MAHANJEEWAN VRITTA AUR KRITITVA

1998

27

This document is extracted from the book titled'Maharana Pratap Mahan: Jeewan Vritta Aur Krititva'Authored by Dr. Devilal Paliwal

Published by Rajasthani Granthagar, Sojti Gate, Jodhpur

Printing at S.N. Printers, Delhi

Maharana Pratap Mahan: Jeewan Vritta Aur Krititva

28


29


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31

MAHARANA PRATAPSE SAMBANDHIT SROT AVM STHAN

2002

32

This document is extracted from the book titled'Maharana Pratap Se Sambandhit Srot Avm Sthan'Published by Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti, Moti Magri, Udaipur

Printing at Chirag Printer, Udaipur

Maharana Pratap Se Sambandhit Srot Avm Sthan

33


34


35


36


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39


40

VISHVAVALLABHA(DEAR TO THE WORLD: THE SCIENCE OF PLANT LIFE)

2004

41

This document is extracted from the book titled'Vishvavallabha (Dear to the world: The Science of plant life)'Translated by Ms. Nalini Sadhale

Published by Asian Agri - History Foundation, Hyderabad

Vishvavallabha (Dear to the world: The Science of plant life)

42


43


44


45


46


47


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49


50

MAHARANA PRATAP KA DARBARI PANDITCHAKRAPANI MISHRA AUR USAKA SAHITYA

2004

51

This document is extracted from the book titled'Maharana Pratap Ka Darbari Pandit Chakrapani Mishra Aur Usaka Sahitya'Editor: Dr. Shrikrishna 'Jugnu'

Published by Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti, Moti Magri, Udaipur

Printing at Chirag Printer, Udaipur

Maharana Pratap Ka Darbari Pandit Chakrapani Mishra Aur Usaka Sahitya

52


53


54


55


56


57


58


59


60


61

VISHVAVALLABHA VRAKSHAYUVEDA2005

62

This document is extracted from the book titled'Vishvavallabha Vrakshayuveda'Editor: Dr. Shrikrishna 'Jugnu'

Printing at Jain Amar Printing Press, Delhi

Vishvavallabha Vrakshayuveda

63


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66


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68


69


70


71


72


73


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77

RASHTRARATAN MAHARANA PRATAP2008

78

This document is extracted from the book titled'Rashtraratan Maharana Pratap'Author: Dr. Chandra Shekhar Sharma

Published by Aaryawat Sanskrti Sansthan, Delhi

Printing at B.K. Offset, Delhi

Rashtraratan Maharana Pratap

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MAHARANA PRATAP SATAVANI2010

88

89

This document is extracted from the book titled'Maharana Pratap Satavani'Author: Dr. Omkar Singh Rathore

Printing at Quality Printers, Udaipur

Maharana Pratap Satavani

90


91


92


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94


MAHARANA PRATAP KA YUG2010

95

96

This document is extracted from the book titled'Maharana Pratap Ka Yug'Author: Dr. Shrikrishna 'Jugnu'

Published by Aaryawat Sanskrti Sansthan, Delhi

Printing at B.K. Offset, Delhi

Maharana Pratap Ka Yug

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104

105


VISHVAVALLABHA

106

107

This document is extracted from the book titled'Vishvavallabha'Translated by Dr. Shivcharan Lal Choudhary

Published by Asian Agri - History Foundation, Udaipur

Vishvavallabha

108

Vishvavallabha

109

Vishvavallabha

110

Vishvavallabha

111

Vishvavallabha

112

Vishvavallabha

113

Vishvavallabha

114

Vishvavallabha

Development of the park

at Devasthan Department

MG College Road, Udaipur

Front facade of the restored

Government Girls' Senior Secondary School

Jagdish Chowk, Udaipur

Omkareshwar Mahadev Temple

Shree Bholanath Mandir Public Trust

Intali Kheda, Tehsil - Salumber, Udaipur

Installation of the statue of Maharana Pratap

at Pratap Prangan, Maharana Pratap Airport

Dabok, Udaipur

MMCF at a glance

Medical Camp organised

by Swami Vivekanand Sewa Nyas, Udaipur

Children's Book Fair

The City Palace Museum, Udaipur

Maharana Mewar Foundation Annual Awards Distribution Ceremony

The Manek Chowk, The City Palace, Udaipur

MMCF at a glance

Holika Dahan Ceremony


Ashwa Poojan Ceremony


Maharana of Mewar Charitable FoundationThe City Palace

Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India

T: +91 294 2419021-9 F: 2419020

[email protected] www.eternalmewar.in

Media Design & Printing Centre, The City Palace, Udaipur Code: 14112017/125\\prahlad\designs\mmcf-dev\contribution of maharana pratap in agricultural augmentation.cdr

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Documents

Contribution of Maharana Pratap in Agriculture · This booklet is a compilation of articles on Contribution of Maharana Pratap (r. 1572–1597 CE) in Agricultural Augmentation that